Charles Limb: Building the musical muscle

111,936 views ใƒป 2011-12-01

TED


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

ืžืชืจื’ื: Daniel Drimer ืžื‘ืงืจ: Ido Dekkers
00:15
Now when we think of our senses,
0
15260
5000
ื›ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื—ื•ืฉื™ื ืฉืœื ื•
00:20
we don't usually think of the reasons
1
20260
2000
ืื ื—ื ื• ื‘ื“ืจืš ื›ืœืœ ืœื ื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ืกื™ื‘ื•ืช
00:22
why they probably evolved, from a biological perspective.
2
22260
2000
ื”ืื‘ื•ืœื•ืฆื™ื•ื ืจื™ื•ืช ืฉื‘ื’ืœืœืŸ ื”ื ื”ืชืคืชื—ื•, ืžื ืงื•ื“ืช ืžื‘ื˜ ื‘ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ืช.
00:24
We don't really think of the evolutionary need
3
24260
3000
ืื ื—ื ื• ืœื ื‘ืืžืช ืžื”ืจื”ืจื™ื ื‘ืขื•ื‘ื“ื” ืฉืžื‘ื—ื™ื ื” ืื‘ื•ืœื•ืฆื™ื•ื ื™ืช
00:27
to be protected by our senses,
4
27260
2000
ื”ื—ื•ืฉื™ื ืฉืœื ื• ื”ื›ืจื—ื™ื™ื ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื’ืŸ ืขืœื™ื ื•.
00:29
but that's probably why our senses really evolved --
5
29260
2000
ืืš ื–ื•ื”ื™ ื›ื ืจืื” ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ื”ืกื™ื‘ื” ืœืฉืžื” ื”ื—ื•ืฉื™ื ืฉืœื ื• ื”ืชืคืชื—ื• -
00:31
to keep us safe, to allow us to live.
6
31260
3000
ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื’ืŸ ืขืœื™ื ื•, ื›ื“ื™ ืœืืคืฉืจ ืœื ื• ืœื—ื™ื•ืช.
00:34
Really when we think of our senses,
7
34260
2000
ื›ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื—ื•ืฉื™ื ืฉืœื ื•,
00:36
or when we think of the loss of the sense,
8
36260
2000
ืื• ื›ืฉืื ื• ื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ืขืœ ืื‘ื“ืŸ ื”ื—ื•ืฉื™ื ื”ืœืœื•,
00:38
we really think about something more like this:
9
38260
2000
ืžื” ืฉืื ื• ื‘ืืžืช ื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ืขืœื™ื• ื”ื•ื ื–ื”:
00:40
the ability to touch something luxurious, to taste something delicious,
10
40260
3000
ื”ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ืœื’ืขืช ื‘ืžืฉื”ื• ืžืคื•ืืจ, ืœื˜ืขื•ื ืžืฉื”ื• ืขืจื‘ ืœื—ืš,
00:43
to smell something fragrant,
11
43260
2000
ืœื”ืจื™ื— ืžืฉื”ื• ื ื™ื—ื•ื—ื™,
00:45
to see something beautiful.
12
45260
2000
ืœืจืื•ืช ืžืฉื”ื• ื™ืคื”ืคื”.
00:47
This is what we want out of our senses.
13
47260
2000
ืืœื• ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืœืžืขื ื ืื ื• ืจื•ืฆื™ื ื—ื•ืฉื™ื.
00:49
We want beauty; we don't just want function.
14
49260
3000
ืื ื—ื ื• ืจื•ืฆื™ื ื™ื•ืคื™, ืœื ืจืง ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉื™ื•ืช.
00:52
And when it comes to sensory restoration,
15
52260
2000
ื•ื›ืฉื–ื” ืžื’ื™ืข ืœืฉื—ื–ื•ืจ ื”ื—ื•ืฉื™ื,
00:54
we're still very far away from being able to provide beauty.
16
54260
3000
ืื ื—ื ื• ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืจื—ื•ืงื™ื ืžื”ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ืœืกืคืง ื™ื•ืคื™.
00:57
And that's what I'd like to talk to you a little bit about today.
17
57260
3000
ื•ืขืœ ื ื•ืฉื ื–ื” ืื ื™ ืจื•ืฆื” ืœื“ื‘ืจ ืื™ืชื›ื ื”ื™ื•ื.
01:00
Likewise for hearing.
18
60260
2000
ืื•ืชื• ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ืขื ื—ื•ืฉ ื”ืฉืžื™ืขื”.
01:02
When we think about why we hear,
19
62260
2000
ื›ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ืกื™ื‘ื•ืช ืœืฉืžืŸ ืื ื• ืฉื•ืžืขื™ื
01:04
we don't often think about the ability to hear an alarm or a siren,
20
64260
3000
ืื ื—ื ื• ื‘ื“ืจืš ื›ืœืœ ืœื ื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ืœืฉืžื•ืข ืื–ืขืงื” ืื• ืฆืคื™ืจื”,
01:07
although clearly that's an important thing.
21
67260
2000
ืœืžืจื•ืช ืฉื–ื” ืœืœื ืกืคืง ื—ืฉื•ื‘.
01:09
Really what we want to hear is music.
22
69260
3000
ืžื” ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ื‘ืืžืช ืจื•ืฆื™ื ืœืฉืžื•ืข ื–ื” ืžื•ื–ื™ืงื”.
01:12
(Music)
23
72260
15000
(ืžื•ื–ื™ืงื”)
01:27
So many of you know that that's Beethoven's Seventh Symphony.
24
87260
2000
ืจื•ื‘ื›ื ื›ื ืจืื” ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ืฉื–ื•ื”ื™ ื”ืกื™ืžืคื•ื ื™ื” ื”ืฉื‘ื™ืขื™ืช ืฉืœ ื‘ื˜ื”ื•ื‘ืŸ.
01:29
Many of you know that he was deaf, or near profoundly deaf,
25
89260
3000
ืจื•ื‘ื›ื ื’ื ื›ื ืจืื” ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ืฉื”ื•ื ื”ื™ื” ื—ืจืฉ, ืื• ื›ืžืขื˜ ื—ืจืฉ ืœื—ืœื•ื˜ื™ืŸ,
01:32
when he wrote that.
26
92260
2000
ื›ืฉื”ื•ื ื—ื™ื‘ืจ ืืช ื–ื”.
01:34
Now I'd like to impress upon you
27
94260
2000
ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ, ืื ื™ ืจื•ืฆื” ืœื”ื–ื›ื™ืจ ืœื›ื
01:36
how unusual it is that we can hear music.
28
96260
3000
ื›ืžื” ื–ื” ืœื ืžื•ื‘ืŸ ืžืืœื™ื• ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืฉืžื•ืข ืžื•ื–ื™ืงื”.
01:39
Music is just one of the strangest things that there is.
29
99260
3000
ืžื•ื–ื™ืงื” ื”ื™ื ืื—ื“ ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื”ืžื•ื–ืจื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ.
01:42
It's acoustic vibrations in the air,
30
102260
3000
ื–ื” ื•ื™ื‘ืจืฆื™ื•ืช ืืงื•ืกื˜ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื•ื™ืจ,
01:45
little waves of energy in the air that tickle our eardrum.
31
105260
3000
ื’ืœื™ ืื ืจื’ื™ื” ืงื˜ื ื™ื ืฉืžื’ืจื™ื ืืช ืขื•ืจ ื”ืชื•ืฃ ืฉืœื ื•.
01:48
Somehow in tickling our eardrum
32
108260
2000
ืื™ื›ืฉื”ื•, ืข"ื™ ื’ื™ืจื•ื™ ืขื•ืจ ื”ืชื•ืฃ,
01:50
that transmits energy down our hearing bones,
33
110260
2000
ืื ืจื’ื™ื” ืžื•ืขื‘ืจืช ื“ืจืš ืขืฆืžื•ืช ื”ืฉืžื™ืขื”
01:52
which get converted to a fluid impulse inside the cochlea
34
112260
3000
ื•ื”ื•ืคื›ืช ืœืึดื™ืžึฐืคึผื•ึผืœึฐืก ื ื•ื–ืœื™ ื‘ืชื•ืฃ ืฉื‘ืœื•ืœ ื”ืื•ื–ืŸ,
01:55
and then somehow converted into an electrical signal in our auditory nerves
35
115260
3000
ืฉืื– ื”ื•ืคืš ืœืื•ืช ื—ืฉืžืœื™ ื‘ืขืฆื‘ื™ ื”ืฉืžื™ืขื” ืฉืœื ื•
01:58
that somehow wind up in our brains
36
118260
3000
ืฉืื™ื›ืฉื”ื• ืžื’ื™ืข ื‘ืกื•ืคื• ืฉืœ ื“ื‘ืจ ืœืžื•ื—
02:01
as a perception of a song or a beautiful piece of music.
37
121260
3000
ื›ืชื—ื•ืฉื” ืฉืœ ืฉื™ืจ ืื• ืฉืœ ืงื˜ืข ืžื•ื–ื™ืงืœื™.
02:04
That process is entirely abstract and very, very unusual.
38
124260
3000
ื”ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื”ื–ื” ื”ื•ื ื›ื•ืœื• ืžื•ืคืฉื˜ ื•ืžืื•ื“ ืžืื•ื“ ืžื•ื–ืจ.
02:07
And we could discuss that topic alone for days
39
127260
3000
ื•ืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื“ื‘ืจ ืขืœ ื ื•ืฉื ื–ื” ื‘ืœื‘ื“ ื‘ืžืฉืš ื™ืžื™ื,
02:10
to really try to figure out, how is it that we hear something that's emotional
40
130260
4000
ื›ื“ื™ ืœื ืกื•ืช ื•ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ื›ื™ืฆื“ ื–ื” ืงื•ืจื” ืฉืื ื• ืฉื•ืžืขื™ื ืžืฉื”ื• ืขื ืจื’ืฉ
02:14
from something that starts out as a vibration in the air?
41
134260
3000
ื›ืชื•ืฆืื” ืžืชื–ื•ื–ื•ืช ื‘ืื•ื™ืจ?
02:17
Turns out that if you have hearing loss,
42
137260
2000
ืžืกืชื‘ืจ ืฉืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื‘ืขื™ื•ืช ืฉืžื™ืขื”,
02:19
most people that lose their hearing
43
139260
2000
ืจื•ื‘ ื”ืื ืฉื™ื ืฉืžืื‘ื“ื™ื ืืช ื—ื•ืฉ ื”ืฉืžื™ืขื”
02:21
lose it at what's called the cochlea, the inner ear.
44
141260
3000
ืžืื‘ื“ื™ื ืื•ืชื• ื‘ืžื” ืฉื ืงืจื ืฉื‘ืœื•ืœ ื”ืื•ื–ืŸ, ื”ืื•ื–ืŸ ื”ืคื ื™ืžื™ืช.
02:24
And it's at the hair cell level that they do this.
45
144260
3000
ื•ื–ื” ืงื•ืจื” ื‘ืจืžืช ืชื ื”ืฉืขืจื”.
02:27
Now if you had to pick a sense to lose,
46
147260
2000
ืขื›ืฉื™ื•, ืื ื”ื™ื™ืชื ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœื‘ื—ื•ืจ ืื™ื–ื” ื—ื•ืฉ ืœืื‘ื“,
02:29
I have to be very honest with you
47
149260
2000
ืื ื™ ืžื•ื›ืจื— ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื›ื ื” ืื™ืชื›ื ื•ืœื”ื•ื“ื•ืช
02:31
and say, we're better at restoring hearing
48
151260
2000
ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื•ืชืจ ื˜ื•ื‘ื™ื ื‘ืœืชืงืŸ ืฉืžื™ืขื”
02:33
than we are at restoring any sense that there is.
49
153260
2000
ืžืืฉืจ ื›ืœ ื—ื•ืฉ ืื—ืจ.
02:35
In fact, nothing even actually comes close
50
155260
2000
ืœืžืขืฉื”, ืฉื•ื ื“ื‘ืจ ืœื ืžืชืงืจื‘ ื‘ื›ืœืœ
02:37
to our ability to restore hearing.
51
157260
2000
ืœื™ื›ื•ืœืช ืฉืœื ื• ืœืชืงืŸ ืฉืžื™ืขื”.
02:39
And as a physician and a surgeon, I can confidently tell my patients
52
159260
3000
ื•ื‘ืชื•ืจ ืจื•ืคื ื•ืžื ืชื—, ืื ื™ ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื•ืžืจ ืœืžื˜ื•ืคืœื™ื ืฉืœื™ ื‘ื‘ื™ื˜ื—ื•ืŸ
02:42
that if you had to pick a sense to lose,
53
162260
2000
ืฉืื ืืชื” ืžื•ื›ืจื— ืœื‘ื—ื•ืจ ืื™ื–ื” ื—ื•ืฉ ืœืื‘ื“,
02:44
we are the furthest along medically and surgically with hearing.
54
164260
4000
ืชื—ื•ื ื”ืฉืžื™ืขื” ื”ื•ื ื”ืžืชืงื“ื ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื‘ื—ื™ื ื” ืจืคื•ืื™ืช.
02:48
As a musician, I can tell you
55
168260
2000
ื‘ืชื•ืจ ืžื•ื–ื™ืงืื™, ืื ื™ ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื•ืžืจ ืœื›ื
02:50
that if I had to have a cochlear implant,
56
170260
2000
ืฉืื ื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ืžื•ื›ืจื— ืœืขื‘ื•ืจ ื”ืฉืชืœืช ืฉื‘ืœื•ืœ ื”ืื•ื–ืŸ,
02:52
I'd be heartbroken. I'd just be plainly heartbroken,
57
172260
2000
ืœื™ื‘ื™ ื”ื™ื” ื ืฉื‘ืจ. ืœื™ื‘ื™ ื”ื™ื” ื ืฉื‘ืจ
02:54
because I know that music would never sound the same to me.
58
174260
4000
ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืฉื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ื™ื•ื“ืข ืฉืžื•ื–ื™ืงื” ืœืขื•ืœื ืœื ืชื™ืฉืžืข ืื•ืชื• ื”ื“ื‘ืจ.
02:58
Now this is a video that I'm going to show you
59
178260
3000
ืขื›ืฉื™ื•, ื‘ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื”ื–ื” ืฉืื ื™ ืขื•ืžื“ ืœื”ืจืื•ืช ืœื›ื
03:01
of a girl who's born deaf.
60
181260
2000
ื™ืฉื ื” ื™ืœื“ื” ืฉื ื•ืœื“ื” ื—ืจืฉืช.
03:03
She's in a very supportive environment.
61
183260
2000
ื”ื™ื ื ืžืฆืืช ื‘ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื” ืžืื“ ืชื•ืžื›ืช.
03:05
Her mother's doing everything she can.
62
185260
2000
ืืžื ืฉืœื” ืขื•ืฉื” ื›ืœ ืžื” ืฉื”ื™ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื”.
03:07
Okay, play that video please.
63
187260
2000
ืื•ืงื™ื™, ื ื’ื ื• ืืช ื”ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื‘ื‘ืงืฉื”.
03:09
(Video) Mother: That's an owl.
64
189260
2000
ืืžื: ื–ื” ื™ื ืฉื•ืฃ
03:11
Owl, yeah.
65
191260
3000
ื™ื ืฉื•ืฃ, ื›ืŸ.
03:18
Owl. Owl.
66
198260
3000
ื™ื ืฉื•ืฃ. ื™ื ืฉื•ืฃ.
03:21
Yeah.
67
201260
2000
ื›ืŸ.
03:28
Baby. Baby.
68
208260
3000
ืชื™ื ื•ืง. ืชื™ื ื•ืง.
03:31
You want it?
69
211260
3000
ืืช ืจื•ืฆื” ืืช ื–ื”?
03:34
(Kiss)
70
214260
3000
(ื ืฉื™ืงื”)
03:37
Charles Limb: Now despite everything going for this child
71
217260
2000
ืขื›ืฉื™ื•, ืœืžืจื•ืช ื›ืœ ื”ืขื–ืจื” ืฉื”ื™ืœื“ื” ืžืงื‘ืœืช
03:39
in terms of family support
72
219260
2000
ืžื‘ื—ื™ื ืช ืชืžื™ื›ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืžืฉืคื—ื”
03:41
and simple infused learning,
73
221260
2000
ื•ืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืžื•ื—ื“ืจ,
03:43
there is a limitation to what a child who's deaf, an infant who was born deaf,
74
223260
3000
ื™ืฉ ื’ื‘ื•ืœ ืœื›ืžื” ืจื—ื•ืง ื™ืœื“ ื—ืจืฉ, ืชื™ื ื•ืง ืฉื ื•ืœื“ ื—ืจืฉ,
03:46
has in this world
75
226260
2000
ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื’ื™ืข
03:48
in terms of social, educational, vocational opportunities.
76
228260
3000
ืžื‘ื—ื™ื ืช ืืคืฉืจื•ื™ื•ืช ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ื•ืช, ืืงื“ืžื™ื•ืช, ืื• ืžืงืฆื•ืขื™ื•ืช.
03:51
I'm not saying that they can't live a beautiful, wonderful life.
77
231260
3000
ืื ื™ ืœื ืื•ืžืจ ืฉื”ื ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื—ื™ื•ืช ื—ื™ื™ื ื™ืคื™ื ื•ื ื”ื“ืจื™ื,
03:54
I'm saying that they're going to face obstacles
78
234260
2000
ืื ื™ ืจืง ืื•ืžืจ ืฉืขื•ืžื“ื™ื ื‘ืคื ื™ื”ื ืžื›ืฉื•ืœื™ื
03:56
that most people who have normal hearing will not have to face.
79
236260
3000
ืฉืœืื ืฉื™ื ืขื ืฉืžื™ืขื” ื ื•ืจืžืืœื™ืช ืื™ืŸ.
03:59
Now hearing loss and the treatment for hearing loss
80
239260
2000
ืื•ื‘ื“ืŸ ืฉืžื™ืขื” ื•ื“ืจืš ื”ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ื‘ืื•ื‘ื“ืŸ ืฉืžื™ืขื”
04:01
has really evolved in the past 200 years.
81
241260
2000
ื”ืชืคืชื— ื”ืžื•ืŸ ื‘-200 ื”ืฉื ื™ื ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื•ืช.
04:03
I mean literally,
82
243260
2000
ืื ื™ ืžืชื›ื•ื•ืŸ, ื‘ืืžืช,
04:05
they used to do things like stick ear-shaped objects onto your ears
83
245260
3000
ื‘ืขื‘ืจ ื ื”ื’ื• ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื›ืžื• ืœื”ื“ื‘ื™ืง ื—ืคืฆื™ื ื“ืžื•ื™ื™ ืื•ื–ืŸ ืœืื•ื–ื ื™ื™ื
04:08
and stick funnels in.
84
248260
2000
ื•ืœื—ื‘ืจ ืœื–ื” ืžืฉืคื›ื™ื.
04:10
And that was the best you could do for hearing loss.
85
250260
2000
ื•ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ื”ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ื”ื˜ื•ื‘ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœืื•ื‘ื“ืŸ ืฉืžื™ืขื”.
04:12
Back then you couldn't even look at the eardrum.
86
252260
2000
ื‘ื–ืžื ื•, ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœื ื• ื‘ื›ืœืœ ืœื‘ื—ื•ืŸ ืืช ืขื•ืจ ื”ืชื•ืฃ
04:14
So it's not too surprising
87
254260
2000
ื›ืš ืฉื–ื” ืœื ืžืคืชื™ืข
04:16
that there were no good treatments for hearing loss.
88
256260
2000
ืฉืœื ื”ื™ื• ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœื™ื ืžื•ืฆืœื—ื™ื ืœืื•ื‘ื“ืŸ ืฉืžื™ืขื”.
04:18
And now today we have the modern multi-channel cochlear implant,
89
258260
2000
ื•ื›ื™ื•ื ื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ืืช ื”ืฉืชืœ ื”ืฉื‘ืœื•ืœื™ ืจื‘-ืžืงืœื˜ื™ ื”ืžื•ื“ืจื ื™,
04:20
which is an outpatient procedure.
90
260260
2000
ื”ืœื™ืš ืฉืžืชื‘ืฆืข ื‘ืžืจืคืื•ืช ื—ื•ืฅ.
04:22
It's surgically placed inside the inner ear.
91
262260
2000
ื–ื” ืžื•ื—ื“ืจ ืœืชื•ืš ื”ืื•ื–ืŸ ื”ืคื ื™ืžื™ืช ื‘ื ื™ืชื•ื—.
04:24
It takes about an hour and a half to two hours, depending on where it's done,
92
264260
2000
ื–ื” ืœื•ืงื— ื‘ื™ืŸ ืฉืขื” ื•ื—ืฆื™ ืœืฉืขืชื™ื™ื, ืชืœื•ื™ ืื™ืคื” ืขื•ื‘ืจื™ื ืืช ื”ื ื™ืชื•ื—,
04:26
under general anesthesia.
93
266260
2000
ื•ื–ื” ื ืขืฉื” ื‘ื”ืจื“ืžื” ืžืœืื”.
04:28
And in the end, you achieve something like this
94
268260
2000
ื•ื‘ืกื•ืคื• ืฉืœ ื”ืชื”ืœื™ืš ืื ื—ื ื• ืžืงื‘ืœื™ื ืžืฉื”ื• ื›ื’ื•ืŸ ื–ื”,
04:30
where an electrode array is inserted inside the cochlea.
95
270260
3000
ืฉืžืืคืฉืจ ื”ื—ื“ืจืช ืžืขืจืš ืืœืงื˜ืจื•ื“ื•ืช ืœืชื•ืš ืฉื‘ืœื•ืœ ื”ืื•ื–ืŸ.
04:33
Now actually, this is quite crude
96
273260
2000
ืœืžืขืŸ ื”ืืžืช, ื–ื” ืžื›ืฉื™ืจ ื“ื™ื™ ื’ืก
04:35
in comparison to our regular inner ear.
97
275260
2000
ื‘ื”ืฉื•ื•ืื” ืœืื•ื–ืŸ ื”ืคื ื™ืžื™ืช ื”ืืžื™ืชื™ืช ืฉืœื ื•.
04:37
But here is that same girl who is implanted now.
98
277260
3000
ืื‘ืœ ื”ื™ื ื” ืื•ืชื” ื™ืœื“ื” ืžืžืงื•ื“ื, ื›ืขื˜ ืขื ื”ืฉืชืœ.
04:40
This is her 10 years later.
99
280260
2000
ื–ื” ืขืฉืจ ืฉื ื™ื ืื—ืจื™.
04:42
And this is a video that was taken
100
282260
2000
ื•ื”ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื”ื–ื” ืฆื•ืœื ืข"ื™
04:44
by my surgical mentor, Dr. John Niparko, who implanted her.
101
284260
2000
ื”ืžื ื˜ื•ืจ ืฉืœื™, ื“ืจ. ื’'ื•ืŸ ื ื™ืคืืจืงื•, ืฉื’ื ื”ืฉืชื™ืœ ื‘ื” ืืช ื”ืฉืชืœ.
04:46
If we could play this video please.
102
286260
2000
ืื ื ื•ื›ืœ ืœื ื’ืŸ ืืช ื”ื•ื™ื“ืื•, ื‘ื‘ืงืฉื”.
04:49
(Video) John Niparko: So you've written two books?
103
289260
2000
ื’'ื•ืŸ ื ื™ืคืืจืงื•: ืื– ื›ืชื‘ืช ืฉื ื™ ืกืคืจื™ื?
04:51
Girl: I have written two books. (Mother: Was the other one a book or a journal entry?)
104
291260
3000
ื™ืœื“ื”: ื›ืชื‘ืชื™ ืฉื ื™ ืกืคืจื™ื. (ืืžื: ื”ืฉื ื™ ื”ื™ื” ืกืคืจ ืื• ื™ื•ืžืŸ?)
04:54
Girl: No, the other one was a book. (Mother: Oh, okay.)
105
294260
3000
ื™ืœื“ื”: ืœื, ื”ืฉื ื™ ื”ื™ื” ืกืคืจ. (ืืžื: ืื”, ืื•ืงื™ื™.)
04:58
JN: Well this book has seven chapters,
106
298260
3000
ื’'ื•ืŸ ื ื™ืคืืจืงื•: ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ, ื‘ืกืคืจ ื”ื–ื” ื™ืฉ ืฉื™ื‘ืขื” ืคืจืงื™ื,
05:01
and the last chapter
107
301260
3000
ื•ื”ืคืจืง ื”ืื—ืจื•ืŸ
05:04
is entitled "The Good Things About Being Deaf."
108
304260
4000
ื ืงืจื "ื”ื™ืชืจื•ื ื•ืช ื‘ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื—ืจืฉ."
05:08
Do you remember writing that chapter?
109
308260
3000
ืืช ื–ื•ื›ืจืช ืฉื›ืชื‘ืช ืืช ื”ืคืจืง ื”ื–ื”?
05:11
Girl: Yes I do. I remember writing every chapter.
110
311260
3000
ื™ืœื“ื”: ื›ืŸ, ืื ื™ ื–ื•ื›ืจืช. ืื ื™ ื–ื•ื›ืจืช ืฉื›ืชื‘ืชื™ ื›ืœ ืคืจืง.
05:14
JN: Yeah.
111
314260
2000
ื’'ื•ืŸ ื ื™ืคืืจืงื•: ื›ืŸ.
05:16
Girl: Well sometimes my sister can be kind of annoying.
112
316260
4000
ื™ืœื“ื”: ืœืคืขืžื™ื ืื—ื•ืชื™ ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื“ื™ื™ ืžืขืฆื‘ื ืช.
05:20
So it comes in handy to not be annoyed by her.
113
320260
4000
ืื– ื–ื” ืขื•ื–ืจ ื›ื“ื™ ืœื ืœื”ืชืขืฆื‘ืŸ ืขืœื™ื”.
05:24
JN: I see. And who is that?
114
324260
3000
ื’'ื•ืŸ ื ื™ืคืืจืงื•: ืื ื™ ืžื‘ื™ืŸ. ื•ืžื™ ื–ื•?
05:27
Girl: Holly. (JN: Okay.)
115
327260
2000
ื™ืœื“ื”: ื”ื•ืœื™. ( ื’'ื•ืŸ ื ื™ืคืืจืงื•: ืื•ืงื™ื™.)
05:29
Mother: Her sister. (JN: Her sister.) Girl: My sister.
116
329260
2000
ืืžื: ื–ื• ืื—ื•ืชื”. ( ื’'ื•ืŸ ื ื™ืคืืจืงื•: ืื—ื•ืชื”). ื™ืœื“ื”: ืื—ื•ืชื™.
05:31
JN: And how can you avoid being annoyed by her?
117
331260
3000
ื’'ื•ืŸ ื ื™ืคืืจืงื•: ื•ืื™ืš ืืช ื ืžื ืขืช ืžืœื”ืชืขืฆื‘ืŸ ืขืœื™ื”?
05:34
Girl: I just take off my CI, and I don't hear anything.
118
334260
3000
ื™ืœื“ื”: ืื ื™ ืคืฉื•ื˜ ืžื›ื‘ื” ืืช ื”ืฉืชืœ, ื•ืื ื™ ืœื ืฉื•ืžืขืช ื›ืœื•ื.
05:37
(Laughter)
119
337260
2000
(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
05:39
It comes in handy.
120
339260
2000
ื–ื” ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉื™.
05:41
JN: So you don't want to hear everything that's out there?
121
341260
3000
ื’'ื•ืŸ ื ื™ืคืืจืงื•: ืื– ืืช ืœื ืจื•ืฆื” ืœืฉืžื•ืข ืฉื•ื ื“ื‘ืจ ืฉืงื•ืจื” ืžืกื‘ื™ื‘?
05:44
Girl: No.
122
344260
2000
ื™ืœื“ื”: ืœื.
05:46
CL: And so she's phenomenal.
123
346260
2000
ื”ื™ื ืคืฉื•ื˜ ืžื“ื”ื™ืžื”.
05:48
And there's no way that you can't look at that as an overwhelming success.
124
348260
3000
ื•ืื™ืŸ ืกื™ื›ื•ื™ ืฉืœื ืชื™ืจืื• ืืช ื”ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ื”ื–ื” ื›ื”ืฆืœื—ื” ืžื”ืžืžืช.
05:51
It is. It's a huge success story in modern medicine.
125
351260
3000
ื–ื” ื›ืŸ. ื–ื” ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ื”ืฆืœื—ื” ืขื ืง ื‘ืจืคื•ืื” ืžื•ื“ืจื ื™ืช.
05:54
However, despite this incredible facility
126
354260
3000
ื•ื‘ื›ืœ ื–ืืช, ืœืžืจื•ืช ื”ืงืœื•ืช ื”ืžื“ื”ื™ืžื”
05:57
that some cochlear implant users display with language,
127
357260
2000
ืฉื‘ื” ื—ืœืง ืžื”ืžื•ืฉืชืœื™ื ืขื•ืฉื™ื ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ืฉืคื”,
05:59
you turn on the radio and all of a sudden they can't hear music almost at all.
128
359260
4000
ื‘ืจื’ืข ืฉืืชื” ืžื“ืœื™ืง ืืช ื”ืจื“ื™ื• ื”ื ืœื ืžืกื•ื’ืœื™ื ืœืฉืžื•ืข ืžื•ื–ื™ืงื” ื›ืžืขื˜ ืœื—ืœื•ื˜ื™ืŸ.
06:03
In fact, most implant users really struggle
129
363260
2000
ืœืžืขืฉื”, ืจื•ื‘ ื”ืžื•ืฉืชืœื™ื ืžืชืงืฉื™ื ื ื•ืจื
06:05
and dislike music because it sounds so bad.
130
365260
3000
ื•ืžืชืขื‘ื™ื ืžื•ื–ื™ืงื” ื›ื™ ื”ื™ื ื ืฉืžืขืช ืœื”ื ื›ืœื›ืš ื’ืจื•ืข.
06:08
And so when it comes to this idea
131
368260
2000
ืื– ื›ืฉื–ื” ืžื’ื™ืข ืœืจืขื™ื•ืŸ
06:10
of restoring beauty to somebody's life,
132
370260
2000
ืฉืœ ืœื”ื—ื–ื™ืจ ื™ื•ืคื™ ืœื—ื™ื™ื• ืฉืœ ืžื™ืฉื”ื•,
06:12
we have a long way to go when it comes to audition.
133
372260
2000
ื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ืขื•ื“ ื“ืจืš ืืจื•ื›ื” ื›ืฉื–ื” ื ื•ื’ืข ื‘ืฉืžื™ืขื”.
06:14
Now there are a lot of reasons for that.
134
374260
2000
ื™ืฉื ืŸ ืกื™ื‘ื•ืช ืจื‘ื•ืช ืœื›ืš.
06:16
I mentioned earlier the fact
135
376260
2000
ื”ื–ื›ืจืชื™ ืžืงื•ื“ื ืืช ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื”
06:18
that music is a different capacity because it's abstract.
136
378260
2000
ืฉืžื•ื–ื™ืงื” ืฉื•ื ื” ื‘ื›ืš ืฉื”ื™ื ืžื•ืคืฉื˜ืช.
06:20
Language is very different. Language is very precise.
137
380260
2000
ืฉืคื” ื”ื™ื ืžืื“ ืฉื•ื ื”. ืฉืคื” ื”ื™ื ื ื•ืจื ืžื“ื•ื™ืงืช.
06:22
In fact, the whole reason we use it
138
382260
2000
ืœืžืขืฉื”, ื”ืกื™ื‘ื” ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ื” ืœืฉืžื” ืื ื• ืžืฉืชืžืฉื™ื ื‘ื”
06:24
is because it has semantic-specificity.
139
384260
2000
ื”ื™ื ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืฉื”ื™ื ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ืช ืžื‘ื—ื™ื ื” ืกึถืžึทื ึฐื˜ึดื™ืช.
06:26
When you say a word,
140
386260
2000
ื›ืฉืืชื” ืื•ืžืจ ืžื™ืœื”,
06:28
what you care is that word was perceived correctly.
141
388260
2000
ืžื” ืฉืžืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ืื•ืชืš ื–ื” ืฉื”ืžื™ืœื” ื”ื•ื‘ื ื” ื ื›ื•ื ื”.
06:30
You don't care that the word sounded pretty
142
390260
2000
ืœื ืื›ืคืช ืœืš ืื ื”ืžื™ืœื” ื ืฉืžืขืช ื ื—ืžื“
06:32
when it was spoken.
143
392260
2000
ื›ืฉื”ื™ื ื ืืžืจื”.
06:34
Music is entirely different.
144
394260
2000
ืžื•ื–ื™ืงื” ื”ื™ื ืฉื•ื ื” ืœื—ืœื•ื˜ื™ืŸ.
06:36
When you hear music, if it doesn't sound good, what's the point?
145
396260
2000
ื›ืฉืืชื” ืฉื•ืžืข ืžื•ื–ื™ืงื”, ืื ื”ื™ื ืœื ื ืฉืžืขืช ื˜ื•ื‘, ืื– ืžื” ื”ืงื˜ืข?
06:38
There's really very little point in listening to music
146
398260
2000
ื‘ืืžืช ืฉืื™ืŸ ืกื™ื‘ื” ืœื”ืงืฉื™ื‘ ืœืžื•ื–ื™ืงื”
06:40
when it doesn't sound good to you.
147
400260
2000
ืื ื”ื™ื ืœื ื ืฉืžืขืช ืœืš ื˜ื•ื‘.
06:42
The acoustics of music are much harder than those of language.
148
402260
3000
ื”ืืงื•ืกื˜ื™ืงื” ืฉืœ ืžื•ื–ื™ืงื” ืžืกื•ื‘ื›ืช ื‘ื”ืจื‘ื” ืžื–ื• ืฉืœ ืฉืคื”.
06:45
And you can see on this figure,
149
405260
2000
ื•ืืชื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืจืื•ืช ื‘ื’ืจืฃ ื”ื–ื”
06:47
that the frequency range
150
407260
2000
ืฉื˜ึฐื•ึธื— ื”ืชื“ื™ืจื•ืช
06:49
and the decibel range, the dynamic range of music
151
409260
2000
ื•ื˜ึฐื•ึธื— ื”ื“ืฆื™ื‘ืœื™ื, ื”ื˜ื•ื— ื”ื“ื™ื ืžื™ ืฉืœ ืžื•ื–ื™ืงื”,
06:51
is far more heterogeneous.
152
411260
2000
ื”ื•ื ื”ืจื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืจื‘ื’ื•ื ื™.
06:53
So if we had to design a perfect cochlear implant,
153
413260
2000
ื›ืš ืฉืื ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœืขืฆื‘ ืฉืชืœ ืฉื‘ืœื•ืœื™ ืžื•ืฉืœื,
06:55
what we would try to do
154
415260
2000
ืžื” ืฉื”ื™ื™ื ื• ืžื ืกื™ื ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื–ื”
06:57
is target it to be able to allow music transmission.
155
417260
3000
ืœืขืฆื‘ ืื•ืชื• ื›ืš ืฉื™ื•ื›ืœ ืœื”ืขื‘ื™ืจ ืžื•ื–ื™ืงื”.
07:00
Because I always view music as the pinnacle of hearing.
156
420260
3000
ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืฉื‘ืขื™ื ื™ ืžื•ื–ื™ืงื” ื”ื™ื ื ืงื•ื“ืช ื”ืฉื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ืœืฉืžื•ืข.
07:03
If you can hear music,
157
423260
2000
ืื ืืชื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืฉืžื•ืข ืžื•ื–ื™ืงื”,
07:05
you should be able to hear anything.
158
425260
2000
ืื– ืืชื” ืืžื•ืจ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžืกื•ื’ืœ ืœืฉืžื•ืข ื›ืœ ื“ื‘ืจ.
07:07
Now the problems begin first with pitch perception.
159
427260
3000
ืขื›ืฉื™ื•, ื”ื‘ืขื™ื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ื”ื™ื ืขื ืงืœื™ื˜ืช ื”ื’ื•ื‘ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืฆืœื™ืœ.
07:10
I mean, most of us know that pitch is a fundamental building block of music.
160
430260
3000
ื›ืœื•ืžืจ, ืจื•ื‘ื ื• ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ืฉื’ื•ื‘ื” ื”ืฆืœื™ืœ ื”ื•ื ืื—ื“ ืžืื‘ื ื™ ื”ื™ืกื•ื“ ืฉืœ ื”ืžื•ื–ื™ืงื”.
07:13
And without the ability to perceive pitch well,
161
433260
2000
ื•ื‘ืœื™ ื”ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ืœืงืœื•ื˜ ื’ื‘ื”ื™ื ื ื›ื•ื ื”,
07:15
music and melody is a very difficult thing to do --
162
435260
3000
ืžื•ื–ื™ืงื” ื•ืžื ื’ื™ื ื” ื”ื ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉื ื•ืจื ืงืฉื” ืœื”ืฉื™ื’.
07:18
forget about a harmony and things like that.
163
438260
2000
ื•ืื™ืŸ ื‘ื›ืœืœ ืžื” ืœื“ื‘ืจ ืขืœ ื”ืจืžื•ื ื™ื” ื•ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื›ืืœื”.
07:20
Now this is a MIDI arrangement of Rachmaninoff's Prelude.
164
440260
3000
ืขื›ืฉื™ื•, ื–ื”ื• ืกื™ื“ื•ืจ ื“ื™ื’ื™ื˜ืœื™ ื‘ืžื™ื“ื™ ืฉืœ ื”ืคึผึฐืจึถืœื•ึผื“ ืฉืœ ืจื—ืžื ื™ื ื•ื‘.
07:23
Now if we could just play this.
165
443260
2000
ืื ื ื•ื›ืœ ืœื ื’ืŸ ืืช ื–ื”.
07:25
(Music)
166
445260
24000
(ืžื•ื–ื™ืงื”)
07:49
Okay, now if we consider
167
469260
3000
ืขื›ืฉื™ื•, ืื ื ื–ื›ื•ืจ ืืช ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื”
07:52
that in a cochlear implant patient
168
472260
2000
ืฉืืฆืœ ืžื˜ื•ืคืœ ื‘ืขืœ ืฉืชืœ ืฉื‘ืœื•ืœื™
07:54
pitch perception could be off as much as two octaves,
169
474260
3000
ืงืœื™ื˜ืช ื’ื•ื‘ื” ื”ืฆืœื™ืœ ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœืกื˜ื•ืช ื‘ืขื“ ืœืฉืชื™ ืื•ืงื˜ื‘ื˜ื•ืช,
07:57
let's see what happens here
170
477260
2000
ื‘ื•ืื• ื ืจืื” ืžื” ืงื•ืจื”
07:59
when we randomize this to within one semitone.
171
479260
2000
ื›ืฉืื ื• ืขื•ืฉื™ื ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื ืจื ื“ื•ืžืืœื™ื ืฉืœ ืขื“ ื—ืฆื™ ื˜ื•ืŸ.
08:01
We would be thrilled if we had one semitone pitch perception in cochlear implant users.
172
481260
3000
ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ืžื“ื”ื™ื ืื ืœืžื•ืฉืชืœื™ ื”ืฉื‘ืœื•ืœ ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืงืœื™ื˜ืช ื’ื•ื‘ื” ืฉืœ ื—ืฆื™ ื˜ื•ืŸ.
08:04
Go ahead and play this one.
173
484260
2000
ื ื’ื ื• ืืช ื–ื”.
08:06
(Music)
174
486260
23000
(ืžื•ื–ื™ืงื”)
08:29
Now my goal in showing you that
175
509260
2000
ื”ืกื™ื‘ื” ืฉืื ื™ ืžืจืื” ืœื›ื ืืช ื–ื”
08:31
is to show you that music is not robust to degradation.
176
511260
2000
ื–ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืฉืชืจืื• ืฉืžื•ื–ื™ืงื” ืœื ื—ืกื™ื ื” ืžืคื ื™ ืขื™ื•ื•ืช.
08:33
You distort it a little bit, especially in terms of pitch, and you've changed it.
177
513260
4000
ืืชื” ืžืขื•ื•ืช ืืช ื–ื” ืจืง ื‘ืžืขื˜, ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ืžื‘ื—ื™ื ืช ื”ื’ื•ื‘ื”, ื•ืฉื™ื ื™ืช ืืช ื”ื™ืฆื™ืจื”.
08:37
And it might be that you kind of like that.
178
517260
2000
ื•ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืฉืืชื ื“ื™ ืื•ื”ื‘ื™ื ืืช ื–ื”.
08:39
That's kind of hypnotic.
179
519260
2000
ื–ื” ื“ื™ ืžื”ืคื ื˜.
08:41
But it certainly wasn't the way the music was intended.
180
521260
2000
ืื‘ืœ ื–ื” ื‘ื•ื•ื“ืื•ืช ืœื ืžื” ืฉื”ืžื•ื–ื™ืงื” ื ื™ืกืชื” ืœื”ืขื‘ื™ืจ.
08:43
And you're not hearing the same thing
181
523260
2000
ื•ืืชื” ืœื ืฉื•ืžืข ืืช ืื•ืชื• ื”ื“ื‘ืจ
08:45
that most people who have normal hearing are hearing.
182
525260
2000
ืฉืจื•ื‘ ื”ืื ืฉื™ื ื‘ืขืœื™ ืฉืžื™ืขื” ืชืงื™ื ื” ืฉื•ืžืขื™ื.
08:47
Now the other issue comes with,
183
527260
2000
ื”ื‘ืขื™ื” ื”ืฉื ื™ื” ื‘ืื” ืœื ืจืง ืขื
08:49
not just the ability to tell pitches apart,
184
529260
2000
ื—ื•ืกืจ ื”ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ืœื”ื‘ื“ื™ืœ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื’ื‘ื”ื™ื,
08:51
but the ability to tell sounds apart.
185
531260
2000
ืืœื ื’ื ืขื ื—ื•ืกืจ ื”ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ืœื”ื‘ื“ื™ืœ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืฆืœื™ืœื™ื.
08:53
Most cochlear implant users cannot tell the difference between an instrument.
186
533260
3000
ืจื•ื‘ ืžื•ืฉืชืœื™ ื”ืฉื‘ืœื•ืœ ืœื ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ืœื”ื‘ื“ื™ืœ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื›ืœื™ื ืžื•ื–ื™ืงืœื™ื.
08:56
If we could play these two sound clips in succession.
187
536260
2000
ืื ื ื•ื›ืœ ืœื ื’ืŸ ืืช ื”ืงืœื™ืคื™ื ื”ืœืœื• ืื—ื“ ืื—ืจื™ ื”ืฉื ื™.
08:58
(Trumpet)
188
538260
2000
(ื—ืฆื•ืฆืจื”)
09:00
The trumpet.
189
540260
2000
ื”ื—ืฆื•ืฆืจื”.
09:02
And the second one.
190
542260
2000
ื•ื”ืฉื ื™.
09:04
(Violin)
191
544260
1000
(ื›ื™ื ื•ืจ)
09:05
That's a violin.
192
545260
2000
ื–ื”ื• ื›ื™ื ื•ืจ.
09:07
These have similar wave forms. They're both sustained instruments.
193
547260
2000
ืœืฉื ื™ื”ื ื™ืฉ ืฆื•ืจืช ื’ืœ ื“ื•ืžื”, ืฉื ื™ื”ื ื›ืœื™ื ื ืฉืื™ื.
09:09
Cochlear implant users cannot tell the difference
194
549260
2000
ืžื•ืฉืชืœื™ ืฉื‘ืœื•ืœ ื”ืื•ื–ืŸ ืœื ืฉืžื™ื ืœื‘ ืœื”ื‘ื“ืœ
09:11
between these instruments.
195
551260
2000
ื‘ื™ืŸ ืฉื ื™ ื”ื›ืœื™ื ื”ืœืœื•.
09:13
The sound quality, or the sound of the sound
196
553260
2000
ืื™ื›ื•ืช ื”ืฆืœื™ืœ, ืื• ื”ืงื•ืœ ืฉืœ ื”ืฆืœื™ืœ
09:15
is how I like to describe timbre, tone color --
197
555260
2000
ื”ื™ื ื”ื“ืจืš ื‘ื” ืื ื™ ืžืชืืจ ื’ึผึธื•ึถืŸ ืฉืœ ื˜ื•ืŸ ื›ืœืฉื”ื• -
09:17
they cannot tell these things whatsoever.
198
557260
2000
ืืš ื”ื ืื™ื ื ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื‘ื“ื™ืœ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืฆืœื™ืœื™ื.
09:19
This implant is not transmitting
199
559260
3000
ื”ืฉืชืœ ืœื ืžืขื‘ื™ืจ
09:22
the quality of music that usually provides things like warmth.
200
562260
3000
ืื™ื›ื•ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืžื•ื–ื™ืงื” ื›ื’ื•ืŸ ื—ื•ื.
09:25
Now if you look at the brain of an individual who has a cochlear implant
201
565260
3000
ืื ืชืกืชื›ืœื• ืขืœ ืžื•ื—ื• ืฉืœ ืื“ื ื‘ืขืœ ืฉืชืœ ืฉื‘ืœื•ืœื™
09:28
and you have them listen to speech,
202
568260
2000
ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ืฉื”ื•ื ืžืงืฉื™ื‘ ืœื“ื™ื‘ื•ืจ,
09:30
have them listen to rhythm and have them listen to melody,
203
570260
2000
ืœืžืงืฆื‘, ื•ืœืžื ื’ื™ื ื”,
09:32
what you find is that the auditory cortex
204
572260
2000
ืžื” ืฉืชืžืฆืื• ื–ื” ืฉืงืœื™ืคืช ื”ืฉืžื™ืขื” ื‘ืžื•ื—ื
09:34
is the most active during speech.
205
574260
2000
ืคืขื™ืœื” ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ื“ื™ื‘ื•ืจ.
09:36
You would think that because these implants are optimized for speech,
206
576260
2000
ื–ื” ื ืฉืžืข ื”ื’ื™ื•ื ื™ ืฉืื ื”ืฉืชืœื™ื ื”ืœืœื• ื™ืขื™ืœื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ืงืœื™ื˜ื” ืฉืœ ื“ื™ื‘ื•ืจ,
09:38
they were designed for speech.
207
578260
2000
ื”ื ื›ื ืจืื” ืขื•ืฆื‘ื• ืœืžื˜ืจื” ื–ื•.
09:40
But actually if you look at melody,
208
580260
2000
ืืš ืœืžืขืฉื” ืื ืชืกืชื›ืœื• ืขืœ ืžื™ืงืฆื‘,
09:42
what you find is that there's very little cortical activity
209
582260
2000
ืชืžืฆืื• ืฉื™ืฉ ืžืขื˜ ืžืื“ ืคืขื™ืœื•ืช ืžื•ื—ื™ืช ื‘ืงืœื™ืคืช ื”ืฉืžื™ืขื”
09:44
in implant users compared with normal hearing controls.
210
584260
3000
ืืฆืœ ืžื•ืฉืชืœื™ื ื‘ื™ื—ืก ืœืื ืฉื™ื ื‘ืขืœื™ ืžื›ืฉื™ืจื™ ืฉืžื™ืขื” ืจื’ื™ืœื™ื.
09:47
So for whatever reason,
211
587260
2000
ืžืกื™ื‘ื” ื›ืœืฉื”ื™,
09:49
this implant is not successfully stimulating auditory cortices
212
589260
3000
ื”ืฉืชืœ ืœื ืžื’ืจื” ืืช ืงืœื™ืคืช ื”ืฉืžื™ืขื” ื‘ืžื•ื—
09:52
during melody perception.
213
592260
3000
ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ื”ืงืฉื‘ื” ืœืžื ื’ื™ื ื”.
09:55
Now the next question is,
214
595260
2000
ืขื›ืฉื™ื•, ื”ืฉืืœื” ื”ื‘ืื” ื”ื™ื
09:57
well how does it really sound?
215
597260
2000
ืื™ืš ื–ื” ื‘ืืžืช ื ืฉืžืข?
09:59
Now we've been doing some studies
216
599260
2000
ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ, ื‘ื™ืฆืขื ื• ืžืกืคืจ ืžื—ืงืจื™ื
10:01
to really get a sense of what sound quality is like for these implant users.
217
601260
3000
ื›ื“ื™ ืœืงื‘ืœ ืชืžื•ื ื” ืฉืœ ืื™ืš ืฆืœื™ืœื™ื ื ืฉืžืขื™ื ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืœ ืื ืฉื™ื ืฉืขื‘ืจื• ื”ืฉืชืœื”.
10:04
I'm going to play you two clips of Usher,
218
604260
2000
ืื ื™ ืขื•ืžื“ ืœื ื’ืŸ ืœื›ื ืฉื ื™ ืงืœื™ืคื™ื ืฉืœ ืืฉืจ.
10:06
one which is normal
219
606260
2000
ืื—ื“ ืจื’ื™ืœ,
10:08
and one which has almost no high frequencies, almost no low frequencies
220
608260
2000
ื•ืื—ื“ ืฉืื™ืŸ ื‘ื• ืชื“ืจื™ื ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื™ื ืื• ื ืžื•ื›ื™ื
10:10
and not even that many mid frequencies.
221
610260
2000
ื•ื’ื ืœื ื”ืจื‘ื” ืชื“ืจื™ื ืืžืฆืขื™ื™ื.
10:12
Go ahead and play that.
222
612260
2000
ื ื’ื ื• ืืช ื–ื”.
10:14
(Music)
223
614260
4000
(ืžื•ื–ื™ืงื”)
10:18
(Limited Frequency Music)
224
618260
6000
(ืžื•ื–ื™ืงื” ื‘ืชื“ืจ ืžื•ื’ื‘ืœ)
10:24
I had patients tell me that those sound the same.
225
624260
3000
ื”ื™ื• ืœื™ ืžื˜ื•ืคืœื™ื ืฉืืžืจื• ืœื™ ืฉืฉื ื™ื”ื ื ืฉืžืขื™ื ืื•ืชื• ื“ื‘ืจ.
10:27
They cannot differentiate sound quality differences
226
627260
3000
ื”ื ืœื ืžืกื•ื’ืœื™ื ืœื”ื‘ื—ื™ืŸ ื‘ื”ื‘ื“ืœื™ ืื™ื›ื•ืช ื”ืฆืœื™ืœ
10:30
between those two clips.
227
630260
2000
ื‘ื™ืŸ ืฉื ื™ ื”ืงืœื™ืคื™ื ื”ืœืœื•.
10:32
Again, we are very, very far away in just getting to where we want to get to.
228
632260
3000
ืฉื•ื‘, ืื ื—ื ื• ืžืื“, ืžืื“ ืจื—ื•ืงื™ื ืžืœื”ื’ื™ืข ืœืืŸ ืฉืื ื• ืžืงื•ื•ื™ื.
10:35
Now the question comes to mind: Is there any hope?
229
635260
3000
ืื– ื”ืฉืืœื” ื”ืžืชื‘ืงืฉืช ื”ื™ื - ื”ืื ื™ืฉ ืชืงื•ื•ื”?
10:38
And yes, there is hope.
230
638260
2000
ื•ื”ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ื”ื™ื ื›ืŸ. ื™ืฉ ืชืงื•ื•ื”.
10:40
Now I don't know if anybody knows who this is.
231
640260
2000
ืื ื™ ืœื ื™ื•ื“ืข ืื ืžื™ืฉื”ื• ืžื›ื ื™ื•ื“ืข ืžื™ ื–ื”.
10:42
This is ... does somebody know?
232
642260
2000
ื–ื”... ืžื™ืฉื”ื• ื™ื•ื“ืข?
10:44
This is Beethoven.
233
644260
3000
ื–ื” ื‘ื˜ื”ื•ื‘ืŸ.
10:47
Now why would we know what Beethoven's skull looks like?
234
647260
3000
ืœืžื” ืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื•ื“ืข ื›ื™ืฆื“ ื ืจืืช ื’ื•ืœื’ื•ืœืชื• ืฉืœ ื‘ื˜ื”ื•ื‘ืŸ?
10:50
Because his grave was exhumed.
235
650260
2000
ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืฉื”ื•ื ื”ื•ืฆื ืžืงื™ื‘ืจื•.
10:52
And it turns out that his temporal bones were harvested when he died
236
652260
3000
ื•ืžืกืชื‘ืจ ืฉืขืฆืžื•ืช ื”ืจืงื” ืฉืœื• ื ืœืงื—ื• ื›ืฉื”ื•ื ืžืช
10:55
to try to look at the cause of his deafness,
237
655260
2000
ื‘ื›ื“ื™ ืœื ืกื•ืช ื•ืœื’ืœื•ืช ืืช ืกื™ื‘ืช ื”ื—ืจืฉื•ืช,
10:57
which is why he has molding clay
238
657260
2000
ื•ื–ื•ื”ื™ ื”ืกื™ื‘ื” ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื• ื—ึตืžึธืจ
10:59
and his skull is bulging out on the side there.
239
659260
2000
ื•ืฉื”ื’ื•ืœื’ื•ืœืช ืฉืœื• ื‘ื•ืœื˜ืช ื”ื—ื•ืฆื” ื‘ืฆื“ ื”ื–ื” ืฉื.
11:01
But Beethoven composed music
240
661260
2000
ืื‘ืœ ื‘ื˜ื”ื•ื‘ืŸ ื—ื™ื‘ืจ ืžื•ื–ื™ืงื”
11:03
long after he lost his hearing.
241
663260
2000
ื”ืจื‘ื” ืื—ืจื™ ืฉืื™ื‘ื“ ืืช ื”ืฉืžื™ืขื”.
11:05
What that suggests is that, even in the case of hearing loss,
242
665260
3000
ืžื” ืฉื–ื” ืžืจืžื– ื–ื” ืฉ - ื’ื ื‘ืžืงืจื” ืฉืœ ืื™ื‘ื•ื“ ื”ืฉืžื™ืขื” -
11:08
the capacity for music remains.
243
668260
2000
ื”ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ืœืžื•ื–ื™ืงื” ื ืฉืืจืช.
11:10
The brains remain hardwired for music.
244
670260
4000
ื”ืžื•ื— ื ืฉืืจ ืžืชื•ื›ื ืช ืœืžื•ื–ื™ืงื”.
11:14
I've been very lucky to work with Dr. David Ryugo
245
674260
2000
ื”ื™ื” ืœื™ ื”ืžื–ืœ ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ ืขื ื“ืจ. ื“ื•ื™ื“ ืจื™ื•ื’ื•
11:16
where I've been working on deaf cats that are white
246
676260
3000
ืื™ืชื• ืขื‘ื“ืชื™ ืขืœ ื—ืชื•ืœื™ื ื—ืจืฉื™ื
11:19
and trying to figure out what happens when we give them cochlear implants.
247
679260
3000
ื•ื ื™ืกื™ื ื• ืœื’ืœื•ืช ืžื” ืงื•ืจื” ื›ืžืฉืชื™ืœื™ื ืœื”ื ืืช ืฉืชืœ ืฉื‘ืœื•ืœ ื”ืžื•ื—.
11:22
This is a cat that's been trained to respond to a trumpet for food.
248
682260
4000
ื—ืชื•ืœ ื–ื” ืื•ืœืฃ ืœื”ื’ื™ื‘ ืœื—ืฆื•ืฆืจื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœืงื‘ืœ ืื•ื›ืœ.
11:27
(Music)
249
687260
12000
(ืžื•ื–ื™ืงื”)
11:41
Text: Beethoven doesn't excite her.
250
701260
2000
ื˜ืงืกื˜: ื‘ื˜ื”ื•ื‘ืŸ ืœื ืžืจื’ืฉ ืื•ืชื”.
11:44
(Music)
251
704260
11000
(ืžื•ื–ื™ืงื”)
11:56
The "1812 Overture" isn't worth waking for.
252
716260
2000
ื”-"ืื•ื‘ืจื˜ื•ืจื” 1812" ืœื ืฉื•ื•ื” ืฉื™ืงื•ืžื• ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืœื”.
12:01
(Trumpet)
253
721260
9000
(ื—ืฆื•ืฆืจื”)
12:11
But she jumps to action when called to duty!
254
731260
3000
ืื‘ืœ ื”ื™ื ืงื•ืคืฆืช ืœืคืขื•ืœื” ื›ืฉื”ื™ื ื ืงืจืืช!
12:14
(Trumpet)
255
734260
4000
(ื—ืฆื•ืฆืจื”)
12:18
CL: Now I'm not suggesting
256
738260
2000
ืขื›ืฉื™ื•, ืื ื™ ืœื ืื•ืžืจ
12:20
that the cat is hearing that trumpet the way we're hearing it.
257
740260
3000
ืฉื”ื—ืชื•ืœ ืฉื•ืžืข ืืช ื”ื—ืฆื•ืฆืจื” ื›ืคื™ ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืฉื•ืžืขื™ื ืื•ืชื”.
12:23
I'm suggesting that with training
258
743260
2000
ืื ื™ ืžื ืกื” ืœื”ื’ื™ื“ ืฉืขื ืื™ืžื•ืŸ,
12:25
you can imbue a musical sound with significance,
259
745260
3000
ืืคืฉืจ ืœื”ื˜ืžื™ืข ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช ื‘ืฆืœื™ืœ ืžื•ื–ื™ืงืœื™,
12:28
even in a cat.
260
748260
2000
ืืคื™ืœื• ืืฆืœ ื—ืชื•ืœ.
12:30
If we were to direct efforts
261
750260
2000
ืื ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ืžืงื“ื™ืฉื™ื ืžืืžืฆื™ื
12:32
towards training cochlear implant users to hear music --
262
752260
3000
ืœืžื˜ืจืช ืื™ืžื•ืŸ ืžื•ืฉืชืœื™ ื”ืฉื‘ืœื•ืœ ืœืฉืžื•ืข ืžื•ื–ื™ืงื” -
12:35
because right now there's virtually no effort put towards that,
263
755260
3000
ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืฉื›ื™ื•ื ืœื ื ืขืฉื™ื ืฉื•ื ืžืืžืฆื™ื ืžืกื•ื’ ื–ื”,
12:38
no rehabilitative strategies,
264
758260
2000
ืฉื•ื ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืฉื™ืงื•ื,
12:40
very little in the way of technological advances to actually improve music --
265
760260
3000
ื•ืžืขื˜ ืžืื“ ืคื™ืชื•ื—ื™ื ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื ื‘ื ืกื™ื•ืŸ ืœืฉืคืจ ืฉืžื™ืขืช ืžื•ื–ื™ืงื” -
12:43
we would come a long way.
266
763260
2000
ื ื’ื™ืข ืจื—ื•ืง.
12:45
Now I want to show you one last video.
267
765260
3000
ืืจืฆื” ืœื”ืจืื•ืช ืœื›ื ื•ื™ื“ืื• ืื—ื“ ืื—ืจื•ืŸ.
12:48
And this is of a student of mine named Joseph
268
768260
2000
ื•ื–ื” ืกื˜ื•ื“ื ื˜ ืฉืœื™ ื‘ืฉื ื’'ื•ืกืฃ,
12:50
who I had the good fortune to work with for three years in my lab.
269
770260
3000
ืฉื”ืชืžื–ืœ ืžื–ืœื™ ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ ืื™ืชื• ื‘ืžืฉืš ืฉืœื•ืฉ ืฉื ื™ื ื‘ืžืขื‘ื“ื” ืฉืœื™.
12:53
He's deaf, and he learned to play the piano
270
773260
3000
ื”ื•ื ื—ืจืฉ, ื•ื”ื•ื ืœืžื“ ืœื ื’ืŸ ื‘ืคืกื ืชืจ
12:56
after he received the cochlear implant.
271
776260
2000
ืื—ืจื™ ืฉืขื‘ืจ ื ื™ืชื•ื— ืฉืชืœ ืฉื‘ืœื•ืœื™.
12:58
And here's a video of Joseph.
272
778260
3000
ื•ื”ื™ื ื” ื•ื™ื“ืื• ืฉืœ ื’'ื•ืกืฃ.
13:01
(Music)
273
781260
14000
(ืžื•ื–ื™ืงื”)
13:45
(Video) Joseph: I was born in 1986.
274
825260
3000
ื’'ื•ืกืฃ: ื ื•ืœื“ืชื™ ื‘-1986.
13:48
And at about four months old,
275
828260
2000
ื•ื›ืฉื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ื‘ืŸ ืืจื‘ืข ื‘ืขืจืš,
13:50
I was diagnosed with profoundly severe hearing loss.
276
830260
2000
ืื•ื‘ื—ื ืชื™ ืขื ื‘ืขื™ื•ืช ืฉืžื™ืขื” ื›ื‘ื“ื•ืช.
13:52
Not long after,
277
832260
2000
ืœื ื”ืจื‘ื” ืœืื—ืจ ืžื›ืŸ,
13:54
I was fitted with hearing aids.
278
834260
2000
ื”ื•ื‘ืื• ืœื™ ืขื–ืจื™ ืฉืžื™ืขื”.
13:56
But although these hearing aids
279
836260
2000
ืืš ืœืžืจื•ืช ืฉืขื–ืจื™ ื”ืฉืžื™ืขื” ื”ืืœื”
13:58
were the most powerful hearing aids on the market at the time,
280
838260
2000
ื”ื™ื• ืขื–ืจื™ ื”ืฉืžื™ืขื” ื”ื›ื™ ื—ื–ืงื™ื ื‘ืฉื•ืง ื‘ืื•ืชื• ื–ืžืŸ,
14:00
they weren't very helpful.
281
840260
2000
ื”ื ืœื ื‘ืืžืช ืขื–ืจื• ืœื™.
14:02
So as a result, I had to rely on lip reading a lot,
282
842260
5000
ื•ื›ืชื•ืฆืื” ืžื›ืš ื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื”ืกืชืžืš ืขืœ ืงืจื™ืืช ืฉืคืชื™ื™ื,
14:07
and I couldn't really hear what people were saying.
283
847260
2000
ื•ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœืชื™ ืœืฉืžื•ืข ืžื” ืื ืฉื™ื ื”ื™ื• ืื•ืžืจื™ื.
14:09
When I was 12 years old,
284
849260
2000
ื›ืฉื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ื‘ืŸ 12,
14:11
I was one of the first few people in Singapore
285
851260
3000
ื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ืื—ื“ ืžื”ืื ืฉื™ื ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื ื‘ืกื™ื ื’ืคื•ืจ
14:14
who underwent cochlear implantation.
286
854260
3000
ืฉืขื‘ืจื• ื ื™ืชื•ื— ืฉืชืœ ืฉื‘ืœื•ืœื™.
14:17
And not long after I got my cochlear implant,
287
857260
4000
ื•ื–ืžืŸ ืœื ืจื‘ ืื—ืจื™ ื”ื”ืฉืชืœื”,
14:21
I started learning how to play piano.
288
861260
2000
ื”ืชื—ืœืชื™ ืœืœืžื•ื“ ืื™ืš ืœื ื’ืŸ ื‘ืคืกื ืชืจ.
14:23
And it was absolutely wonderful.
289
863260
2000
ื•ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ืคืฉื•ื˜ ื ื”ื“ืจ.
14:25
Since then, I've never looked back.
290
865260
2000
ืžืื– ื•ืขื“ ื”ื™ื•ื ืœื ื”ื‘ื˜ืชื™ ืœืื—ื•ืจ.
14:27
CL: Joseph is phenomenal. He's brilliant.
291
867260
2000
ื’'ื•ืกืฃ ื”ื•ื ืคื ื•ืžื ืืœื™. ื”ื•ื ืžื‘ืจื™ืง.
14:29
He is now a medical student at Yale University,
292
869260
2000
ื›ื™ื•ื ื”ื•ื ืœื•ืžื“ ืจืคื•ืื” ื‘ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ืช ื™ื™ืœ.
14:31
and he's contemplating a surgical career --
293
871260
2000
ื•ื”ื•ื ืฉื•ืงืœ ืงืจื™ื™ืจื” ื›ืžื ืชื— -
14:33
one of the first deaf individuals to consider a career in surgery.
294
873260
3000
ืื—ื“ ื”ื—ืจืฉื™ื ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื ืฉืฉื•ืงืœ ืงืจื™ื™ืจื” ื›ืžื ืชื—.
14:36
There are almost no deaf surgeons anywhere.
295
876260
3000
ื›ืžืขื˜ ื•ืื™ืŸ ืžื ืชื—ื™ื ื—ืจืฉื™ื ื‘ืืฃ ืžืงื•ื.
14:39
And this is really unheard of stuff, and this is all because of this technology.
296
879260
3000
ื•ื–ื” ืžืฉื”ื• ื—ืกืจ ืชืงื“ื™ื, ื•ื”ื›ืœ ื‘ื–ื›ื•ืช ื”ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ื”ื–ื•.
14:42
And the fact that he can play the piano like that
297
882260
2000
ื•ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื” ืฉื”ื•ื ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื ื’ืŸ ื›ืš ื‘ืคืกื ืชืจ
14:44
is a testament to his brain.
298
884260
2000
ื”ื™ื ื”ื•ื›ื—ื” ืœืžื•ื—ื• ื”ื ืคืœื.
14:46
Truth of the matter is you can play the piano without a cochlear implant,
299
886260
3000
ืœืžืขืŸ ื”ืืžืช, ืืคืฉืจ ืœื ื’ืŸ ื‘ืคืกื ืชืจ ื’ื ื‘ืœื™ ืฉืชืœ ืฉื‘ืœื•ืœื™,
14:49
because all you have to do is press the keys at the right time.
300
889260
2000
ื›ื™ ื›ืœ ืžื” ืฉืฆืจื™ืš ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื–ื” ืœื”ืงื™ืฉ ืขืœ ื”ืงืœื™ื“ื™ื ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ื”ื ื›ื•ืŸ.
14:51
You don't actually have to hear it.
301
891260
2000
ืœื ื‘ืืžืช ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœืฉืžื•ืข ืืช ื–ื”.
14:53
I know he doesn't hear well, because I've heard him do Karaoke.
302
893260
3000
ืื ื™ ื™ื•ื“ืข ืฉื”ื•ื ืœื ืฉื•ืžืข ื˜ื•ื‘, ื›ื™ ืฉืžืขืชื™ ืื•ืชื• ืฉืจ ืงืจื™ื•ืงื™.
14:56
(Laughter)
303
896260
2000
(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
14:58
And it's one of the most awful things --
304
898260
3000
ื•ื–ื” ืื—ื“ ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื”ื ื•ืจืื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ.
15:01
heartwarming, but awful.
305
901260
2000
ืžืจื ื™ืŸ ืœื‘, ืืš ื ื•ืจื.
15:03
(Laughter)
306
903260
2000
(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
15:05
And so there is certainly a lot of hope,
307
905260
2000
ื›ืš ืฉื•ื•ื“ืื™ ื™ืฉ ื”ืžื•ืŸ ืชืงื•ื•ื” ืœืขืชื™ื“,
15:07
but there's a lot more that needs to be done.
308
907260
2000
ืืš ื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ืขื•ื“ ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืจื‘ื” ืœืขืฉื•ืช.
15:09
So I just want to conclude with the following words.
309
909260
2000
ืืจืฆื” ืœืกื™ื™ื ื‘ืžื™ืœื™ื ื”ื‘ืื•ืช.
15:11
When it comes to restoration of hearing,
310
911260
2000
ื›ืฉื–ื” ืžื’ื™ืข ืœืฉื™ื—ื–ื•ืจ ื”ืฉืžื™ืขื”,
15:13
we have certainly come a long way, a remarkably long way.
311
913260
3000
ืขืฉื™ื ื• ื“ืจืš ืืจื•ื›ื”, ืœืœื ืกืคืง.
15:16
And we have a much longer way to go
312
916260
3000
ื•ื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ืขื•ื“ ื“ืจืš ืืจื•ื›ื” ืœืœื›ืช
15:19
when it comes to the idea of restoring perfect hearing.
313
919260
2000
ื›ืฉื–ื” ืžื’ื™ืข ืœืฉื™ื—ื–ื•ืจ ืฉืžื™ืขื” ืžื•ืฉืœืžืช.
15:21
And let me tell you right now,
314
921260
2000
ื•ื”ืจืฉื• ืœื™ ืœื•ืžืจ ืœื›ื ืžืจืืฉ,
15:23
it's fine that we would all be very happy with speech.
315
923260
2000
ื–ื” ื‘ืกื“ืจ ื’ืžื•ืจ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžืจื•ืฆื” ืžืฉื™ื—ื–ื•ืจ ื”ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ืœืฉืžื•ืข ื“ื™ื‘ื•ืจ.
15:25
But I tell you, if we lost our hearing,
316
925260
2000
ืืš ืชืืžื™ื ื• ืœื™, ืื ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ืžืื‘ื“ื™ื ืืช ื—ื•ืฉ ื”ืฉืžื™ืขื”,
15:27
if anyone here suddenly lost your hearing,
317
927260
2000
ืื ื›ืœ ืื—ื“ ืžื›ื ื”ื™ื” ืžืื‘ื“ ืืช ื—ื•ืฉ ื”ืฉืžื™ืขื”,
15:29
you would want perfect hearing back.
318
929260
2000
ื”ื™ื™ืชื ืจื•ืฆื™ื ืืช ื”ืฉืžื™ืขื” ื”ืชืงื™ื ื” ื›ื•ืœื” ื‘ื—ื–ืจื”.
15:31
You wouldn't want decent hearing, you would want perfect hearing.
319
931260
3000
ืœื ื”ื™ื™ืชื ืžืกืชืคืงื™ื ื‘ืฉืžื™ืขื” ื—ืœืงื™ืช, ืืœื ืจื•ืฆื™ื ืฉืžื™ืขื” ืžื•ืฉืœืžืช.
15:34
Restoration of basic sensory function is critical.
320
934260
3000
ืฉื™ื—ื–ื•ืจ ืชืคืงื•ื“ื™ื ื‘ืกื™ืกื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ื—ื•ืฉื™ื ื–ื” ืงืจื™ื˜ื™.
15:37
And I don't mean to understate
321
937260
2000
ื•ืื ื™ ืœื ืžืชื›ื•ื•ืŸ ืœื”ืžืขื™ื˜ ื‘ืขืจืš
15:39
how important it is to restore basic function.
322
939260
2000
ืฉืœ ืฉื™ื—ื–ื•ืจ ื”ืชืคืงื•ื“ ื”ื‘ืกื™ืกื™,
15:41
But it's really restoration of the ability to perceive beauty
323
941260
3000
ืืš ื–ื”ื• ืฉื™ื—ื–ื•ืจ ื”ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ืœื—ื•ืฉ ื™ื•ืคื™
15:44
where we can get inspiring.
324
944260
2000
ืืœื™ื• ืื ื• ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœืฉืื•ืฃ.
15:46
And I don't think that we should give up on beauty.
325
946260
2000
ืื ื™ ืœื ื—ื•ืฉื‘ ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœื•ื•ืชืจ ืขืœ ื™ื•ืคื™.
15:48
And I want to thank you for your time.
326
948260
2000
ื•ืื ื™ ืจื•ืฆื” ืจื•ืฆื” ืœื”ื•ื“ื•ืช ืœื›ื ืขืœ ื–ืžื ื›ื.
15:50
(Applause)
327
950260
3000
(ืžื—ื™ืื•ืช ื›ืคื™ื™ื)
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

https://forms.gle/WvT1wiN1qDtmnspy7