Charles Limb: Building the musical muscle

111,406 views ・ 2011-12-01

TED


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Prevoditelj: Senzos Osijek Recezent: Ivona Papa
00:15
Now when we think of our senses,
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Kada razmišljamo o našim osjetilima,
00:20
we don't usually think of the reasons
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obično ne razmišljamo o razlogu
00:22
why they probably evolved, from a biological perspective.
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zbog kojeg su se vjerojatno razvila, sa biološke strane.
00:24
We don't really think of the evolutionary need
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Zapravo ne razmišljamo o evolucijskoj potrebi
00:27
to be protected by our senses,
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da budemo zaštićeni svojim osjetilima,
00:29
but that's probably why our senses really evolved --
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ali to je vjerojatno razlog što su se naša osjetila stvarno razvila –
00:31
to keep us safe, to allow us to live.
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da nas zaštite, da nam dopuste da živimo.
00:34
Really when we think of our senses,
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Zapravo kad razmišljamo o svojim osjetilima
00:36
or when we think of the loss of the sense,
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ili kad razmišljamo o njihovom gubitku,
00:38
we really think about something more like this:
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zapravo razmišljamo o nečemu sličnijem ovome:
00:40
the ability to touch something luxurious, to taste something delicious,
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sposobnost da dotaknemo nešto luksuzno, okusimo nešto ukusno,
00:43
to smell something fragrant,
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pomirišimo nešto mirišljavo,
00:45
to see something beautiful.
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vidimo nešto predivno.
00:47
This is what we want out of our senses.
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To je ono što mi želimo od naših osjetila.
00:49
We want beauty; we don't just want function.
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Želimo ljepotu, ne želimo samo funkciju.
00:52
And when it comes to sensory restoration,
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I kad se radi o oporavku osjetila,
00:54
we're still very far away from being able to provide beauty.
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još uvijek smo vrlo daleko od toga da možemo pružiti ljepotu.
00:57
And that's what I'd like to talk to you a little bit about today.
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I to je ono o čemu bih vam htio malo pričati danas.
01:00
Likewise for hearing.
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Isto vrijedi i za sluh.
01:02
When we think about why we hear,
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Kad razmislimo o tome zašto čujemo,
01:04
we don't often think about the ability to hear an alarm or a siren,
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ne pomislimo često na mogućnost da čujemo alarm ili sirenu,
01:07
although clearly that's an important thing.
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iako je to očito bitna stvar.
01:09
Really what we want to hear is music.
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Ono što stvarno želimo čuti je glazba.
01:12
(Music)
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(Glazba)
01:27
So many of you know that that's Beethoven's Seventh Symphony.
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Mnogi od vas znaju da je to Beethovenova Sedma simfonija.
01:29
Many of you know that he was deaf, or near profoundly deaf,
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Mnogi od vas znaju da je on bio gluh, ili gotovo gluh
01:32
when he wrote that.
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kada je to napisao.
01:34
Now I'd like to impress upon you
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Sada bih vas htio impresionirati
01:36
how unusual it is that we can hear music.
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time koliko je neobično to što možemo čuti glazbu.
01:39
Music is just one of the strangest things that there is.
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Glazba je jedna od najčudnijih stvari što postoje.
01:42
It's acoustic vibrations in the air,
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To su akustične vibracije u zraku,
01:45
little waves of energy in the air that tickle our eardrum.
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mali valovi energije u zraku koje škakljaju naš bubnjić.
01:48
Somehow in tickling our eardrum
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Nekako tijekom škakljanja tog bubnjića
01:50
that transmits energy down our hearing bones,
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prenosi se energija do naših slušnih koščica,
01:52
which get converted to a fluid impulse inside the cochlea
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što se pretvara u tečan impuls unutar pužnice
01:55
and then somehow converted into an electrical signal in our auditory nerves
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i onda se nekako pretvara u električni signal u našim slušnim živcima
01:58
that somehow wind up in our brains
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koji nekako završe u našem mozgu
02:01
as a perception of a song or a beautiful piece of music.
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kao percepcija pjesme ili prekrasnog glazbenog djela.
02:04
That process is entirely abstract and very, very unusual.
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Taj proces je potpuno apstraktan i vrlo, vrlo neobičan.
02:07
And we could discuss that topic alone for days
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I mogli bismo pričati samo o toj temi danima
02:10
to really try to figure out, how is it that we hear something that's emotional
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da bismo pokušali shvatiti kako to da nešto
02:14
from something that starts out as a vibration in the air?
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što je počelo kao vibracija u zraku čujemo kao emocionalno?
02:17
Turns out that if you have hearing loss,
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Čini se da ako imate gubitak sluha,
02:19
most people that lose their hearing
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većina ljudi koji izgube svoj sluh,
02:21
lose it at what's called the cochlea, the inner ear.
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izgube ga u onome što se zove pužnica, unutrašnje uho.
02:24
And it's at the hair cell level that they do this.
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I to na razini stanica sa dlačicama.
02:27
Now if you had to pick a sense to lose,
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Kad biste morali izabrati koji ćete osjet izgubiti,
02:29
I have to be very honest with you
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moram biti iskren
02:31
and say, we're better at restoring hearing
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i reći da smo bolji u obnavljanju sluha
02:33
than we are at restoring any sense that there is.
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nego u obnavljanju bilo kojeg drugog osjeta koji postoji.
02:35
In fact, nothing even actually comes close
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Zapravo, ništa nije ni blizu
02:37
to our ability to restore hearing.
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našoj sposobnost da vratimo sluh.
02:39
And as a physician and a surgeon, I can confidently tell my patients
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Kao doktor i kirurg mogu pouzdano reći svojim pacijentima da,
02:42
that if you had to pick a sense to lose,
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kada bi morali birati koji osjet će izgubiti,
02:44
we are the furthest along medically and surgically with hearing.
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da smo medicinski i kirurški najdalje stigli sa sluhom.
02:48
As a musician, I can tell you
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Kao glazbenik, mogu vam reći da,
02:50
that if I had to have a cochlear implant,
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kada bih morao imati umjetnu pužnicu,
02:52
I'd be heartbroken. I'd just be plainly heartbroken,
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to bi mi slomilo srce. Jednostavno bi mi slomilo srce,
02:54
because I know that music would never sound the same to me.
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jer znam da mi glazba nikada ne bi isto zvučala.
02:58
Now this is a video that I'm going to show you
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Ovo je video koji ću vam pokazati
03:01
of a girl who's born deaf.
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o curici koja je rođena gluha.
03:03
She's in a very supportive environment.
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Ona je u okruženju koje je jako podržava.
03:05
Her mother's doing everything she can.
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Njena majka radi sve što može.
03:07
Okay, play that video please.
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U redu, pustite taj video molim.
03:09
(Video) Mother: That's an owl.
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(Video) Majka: To je sova.
03:11
Owl, yeah.
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Sova, da.
03:18
Owl. Owl.
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Sova. Sova.
03:21
Yeah.
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Da.
03:28
Baby. Baby.
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Dijete. Dijete.
03:31
You want it?
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Želiš ju?
03:34
(Kiss)
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(Poljubac)
03:37
Charles Limb: Now despite everything going for this child
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Charles Limb: Unatoč svemu što ide u korist ovom djetetu
03:39
in terms of family support
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u vidu obiteljske podrške
03:41
and simple infused learning,
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i jednostavnog učenja
03:43
there is a limitation to what a child who's deaf, an infant who was born deaf,
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postoji ograničenje prema onome što dijete koje je gluho, maleno dijete rođeno gluho,
03:46
has in this world
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ima u ovom svijetu
03:48
in terms of social, educational, vocational opportunities.
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što se tiče društvenih, obrazovnih i glasovnih mogućnosti.
03:51
I'm not saying that they can't live a beautiful, wonderful life.
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Ne kažem da ne mogu imati prekrasan, predivan život.
03:54
I'm saying that they're going to face obstacles
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Kažem da će naići na prepreke
03:56
that most people who have normal hearing will not have to face.
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s kojima se većina ljudi s normalnim sluhom ne mora suočiti.
03:59
Now hearing loss and the treatment for hearing loss
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Dakle, gubitak sluha i liječenje gubitka sluha
04:01
has really evolved in the past 200 years.
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se mnogo razvilo u zadnjih 200 godina.
04:03
I mean literally,
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Mislim doslovno,
04:05
they used to do things like stick ear-shaped objects onto your ears
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nekada su ljudi znali zataknuti predmete nalik uhu na vaše uho
04:08
and stick funnels in.
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i umetnuti lijevke u njih.
04:10
And that was the best you could do for hearing loss.
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I to je bilo najbolje što ste mogli napraviti za gubitak sluha.
04:12
Back then you couldn't even look at the eardrum.
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Tada niste mogli ni pogledati bubnjić.
04:14
So it's not too surprising
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Stoga nije previše iznenađujuće
04:16
that there were no good treatments for hearing loss.
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što nije bilo nikakvog dobrog tretmana za gubitak sluha.
04:18
And now today we have the modern multi-channel cochlear implant,
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A danas ugrađujemo modernu višekanalnu umjetnu pužnicu,
04:20
which is an outpatient procedure.
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što je procedura koja ne zahtijeva noćenje u bolnici.
04:22
It's surgically placed inside the inner ear.
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Kirurški se stavlja unutar unutarnjeg uha.
04:24
It takes about an hour and a half to two hours, depending on where it's done,
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Traje otprilike sat i pol do dva sata, ovisno o tome gdje se obavlja,
04:26
under general anesthesia.
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pod općom anestezijom.
04:28
And in the end, you achieve something like this
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I na kraju, postignete nešto kao ovo ovdje
04:30
where an electrode array is inserted inside the cochlea.
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gdje je niz elektroda umetnut unutar pužnice.
04:33
Now actually, this is quite crude
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No zapravo , ovo je vrlo banalno
04:35
in comparison to our regular inner ear.
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u usporedbi s našim normalnim unutarnjim uhom.
04:37
But here is that same girl who is implanted now.
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Ali ovdje je ona ista curica koja sada ima pužnicu.
04:40
This is her 10 years later.
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To je ona 10 godina kasnije.
04:42
And this is a video that was taken
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I ovo je video koji je snimio
04:44
by my surgical mentor, Dr. John Niparko, who implanted her.
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moj kirurški mentor, dr. John Niparko koji joj je usadio implant.
04:46
If we could play this video please.
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Ako biste mogli pustiti ovaj video, molim.
04:49
(Video) John Niparko: So you've written two books?
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(Video) John Niparko: Dakle napisala si dvije knjige?
04:51
Girl: I have written two books. (Mother: Was the other one a book or a journal entry?)
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Djevojčica: Napisala sam dvije knjige. (Majka: Je li druga bila knjiga ili dnevnik?)
04:54
Girl: No, the other one was a book. (Mother: Oh, okay.)
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Djevojčica: Ne, druga je bila knjiga. (Majka: O, dobro. )
04:58
JN: Well this book has seven chapters,
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JN: Pa ova knjiga ima sedam poglavlja,
05:01
and the last chapter
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i zadnje poglavlje
05:04
is entitled "The Good Things About Being Deaf."
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je naslovljeno „Dobre stvari u gluhoći.“
05:08
Do you remember writing that chapter?
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Sjećaš li se da si napisala ovo poglavlje?
05:11
Girl: Yes I do. I remember writing every chapter.
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Djevojčica: Da, sjećam se. Sjećam se pisanja svakog poglavlja.
05:14
JN: Yeah.
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JN: Da.
05:16
Girl: Well sometimes my sister can be kind of annoying.
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Djevojčica: Pa ponekad moja sestra zna biti pomalo naporna.
05:20
So it comes in handy to not be annoyed by her.
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Pa bude korisno kad mi ona ne smeta.
05:24
JN: I see. And who is that?
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JN: Vidim. A tko je ovo?
05:27
Girl: Holly. (JN: Okay.)
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Djevojčica: Holly. (JN: U redu.)
05:29
Mother: Her sister. (JN: Her sister.) Girl: My sister.
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Majka: Njena sestra. (JN: Njena sestra) Djevojčica: Moja sestra.
05:31
JN: And how can you avoid being annoyed by her?
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JN: I kako možeš izbjeći da ti ona dosađuje?
05:34
Girl: I just take off my CI, and I don't hear anything.
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Djevojčica: Samo skinem svoj umetak i onda ništa ne čujem.
05:37
(Laughter)
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(Smijeh)
05:39
It comes in handy.
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Korisno je.
05:41
JN: So you don't want to hear everything that's out there?
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JN: Dakle ne želiš čuti sve što možeš?
05:44
Girl: No.
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Djevojčica: Ne.
05:46
CL: And so she's phenomenal.
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CL: I dakle, ona je fenomenalna.
05:48
And there's no way that you can't look at that as an overwhelming success.
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I nema šanse da ne možete gledati na to kao na nadmoćan uspjeh.
05:51
It is. It's a huge success story in modern medicine.
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Stvarno je. To je ogromna priča o uspjehu moderne medicine.
05:54
However, despite this incredible facility
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Međutim, unatoč ovoj nevjerojatnoj mogućnosti
05:57
that some cochlear implant users display with language,
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koju neki korisnici umjetnih pužnica pokazuju sa jezikom,
05:59
you turn on the radio and all of a sudden they can't hear music almost at all.
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upalite radio i odjednom gotovo uopće ne mogu čuti glazbu.
06:03
In fact, most implant users really struggle
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Zapravo, većina korisnika umjetnih pužnica stvarno se muči
06:05
and dislike music because it sounds so bad.
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i ne voli glazbu jer zvuči tako loše.
06:08
And so when it comes to this idea
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I kada dođemo do zamisli
06:10
of restoring beauty to somebody's life,
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da vratimo ljepotu u nečiji život,
06:12
we have a long way to go when it comes to audition.
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imamo vrlo dug put kada se radi o sluhu.
06:14
Now there are a lot of reasons for that.
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No, postoji puno razloga za to.
06:16
I mentioned earlier the fact
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Spomenuo sam ranije
06:18
that music is a different capacity because it's abstract.
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da je glazba drugačije svojstvo zato što je apstraktna.
06:20
Language is very different. Language is very precise.
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Jezik je puno drugačiji. Jezik je vrlo precizan.
06:22
In fact, the whole reason we use it
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Zapravo, pravi razlog zašto ga koristimo
06:24
is because it has semantic-specificity.
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je taj što ima semantičku specifičnost.
06:26
When you say a word,
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Kad kažete riječ,
06:28
what you care is that word was perceived correctly.
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ono što je bitno jest da je ta riječ pravilno percepirana.
06:30
You don't care that the word sounded pretty
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Nije vas briga je li riječ zvučala lijepo
06:32
when it was spoken.
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kad je izgovorena.
06:34
Music is entirely different.
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Glazba je potpuno drugačija.
06:36
When you hear music, if it doesn't sound good, what's the point?
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Kada čujete glazbu, ako ne zvuči dobro, koji je smisao?
06:38
There's really very little point in listening to music
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Gotovo da nema svrhe u slušanju glazbe
06:40
when it doesn't sound good to you.
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kada vam ne zvuči dobro.
06:42
The acoustics of music are much harder than those of language.
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Akustika glazbe je puno složenija od jezične.
06:45
And you can see on this figure,
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I možete vidjeti na ovoj slici
06:47
that the frequency range
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da raspon frekvencije
06:49
and the decibel range, the dynamic range of music
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i raspon decibela, raspon dinamike glazbe
06:51
is far more heterogeneous.
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je puno više heterogen.
06:53
So if we had to design a perfect cochlear implant,
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Stoga kada bismo morali dizajnirati savršenu umjetnu pužnicu,
06:55
what we would try to do
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ono što bismo pokušali napraviti
06:57
is target it to be able to allow music transmission.
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jest ciljati da možemo omogućiti prijenos glazbe.
07:00
Because I always view music as the pinnacle of hearing.
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Zato što uvijek vidim glazbu kao vrhunac sluha.
07:03
If you can hear music,
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Ako možete čuti glazbu,
07:05
you should be able to hear anything.
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trebali biste moći čuti sve.
07:07
Now the problems begin first with pitch perception.
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Problem počinje prvo s percepcijom visine tona.
07:10
I mean, most of us know that pitch is a fundamental building block of music.
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Mislim, većina nas zna da je visina tona osnovni građevni materijal glazbe.
07:13
And without the ability to perceive pitch well,
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I bez sposobnosti da percepiramo visinu tona dobro,
07:15
music and melody is a very difficult thing to do --
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glazba i melodija su vrlo teške za napraviti –
07:18
forget about a harmony and things like that.
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zaboravite na harmoniju i slične stvari.
07:20
Now this is a MIDI arrangement of Rachmaninoff's Prelude.
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Ovo je MIDI aranžman Rachmaninoffova preludija.
07:23
Now if we could just play this.
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Ako bismo mogli to pustiti.
07:25
(Music)
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(Glazba)
07:49
Okay, now if we consider
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Ok, ako uzmemo u obzir
07:52
that in a cochlear implant patient
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da percepcija visine tona pacijenta s ugrađenom umjetnom pužnicom
07:54
pitch perception could be off as much as two octaves,
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može biti pogrešna za čak dvije oktave,
07:57
let's see what happens here
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pogledajmo šta se događa
07:59
when we randomize this to within one semitone.
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kada uzmemo slučajni uzorak unutar jednog polutona.
08:01
We would be thrilled if we had one semitone pitch perception in cochlear implant users.
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Bilo bi zaista izvrsno kada bismo imali percepciju visine jednog polutona kod pacijenata s ugrađenom pužnicom.
08:04
Go ahead and play this one.
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Pustite glazbu.
08:06
(Music)
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(Glazba)
08:29
Now my goal in showing you that
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Moj cilj je pokazati vam
08:31
is to show you that music is not robust to degradation.
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da glazba nije otporna na degradaciju.
08:33
You distort it a little bit, especially in terms of pitch, and you've changed it.
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Napravimo distorziju, pogotovo visine tona, i promijenili smo ju.
08:37
And it might be that you kind of like that.
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Možda vam se to i sviđa.
08:39
That's kind of hypnotic.
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Hipnotično je, na neki način,
08:41
But it certainly wasn't the way the music was intended.
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ali zasigurno ne predstavlja oblik koji je prvobitno zamišljen.
08:43
And you're not hearing the same thing
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Nećete čuti istu stvar
08:45
that most people who have normal hearing are hearing.
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koju čuje većina ljudi s normalnim sluhom.
08:47
Now the other issue comes with,
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Sljedeći problem je
08:49
not just the ability to tell pitches apart,
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ne samo sa sposobnošću razlikovanja visine tona,
08:51
but the ability to tell sounds apart.
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nego i sa sposobnošću razlikovanja zvukova.
08:53
Most cochlear implant users cannot tell the difference between an instrument.
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Većina korisnika umjetne pužnice ne može razlikovati zvukove koje proizvode različiti instrumenti.
08:56
If we could play these two sound clips in succession.
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Ako bismo pustili ova dva zvuka jedan za drugim.
08:58
(Trumpet)
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(Truba)
09:00
The trumpet.
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Truba.
09:02
And the second one.
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I sljedeći.
09:04
(Violin)
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(Violina)
09:05
That's a violin.
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To je violina.
09:07
These have similar wave forms. They're both sustained instruments.
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Ova dva instrumenta imaju slične valne oblike i trajanje tona.
09:09
Cochlear implant users cannot tell the difference
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Korisnici umjetne pužnice ne mogu razlikovati
09:11
between these instruments.
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ova dva instrumenta.
09:13
The sound quality, or the sound of the sound
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Kvaliteta zvuka, ili "zvuk zvuka"
09:15
is how I like to describe timbre, tone color --
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kako ja volim opisati boju tona -
09:17
they cannot tell these things whatsoever.
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oni ju uopće ne mogu razlikovati.
09:19
This implant is not transmitting
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Ovaj implantat ne prenosi
09:22
the quality of music that usually provides things like warmth.
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osobine glazbe koje joj obično daju toplinu i slično.
09:25
Now if you look at the brain of an individual who has a cochlear implant
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Ako pogledate mozak osobe koja ima umjetnu pužnicu
09:28
and you have them listen to speech,
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i date joj da sluša govor,
09:30
have them listen to rhythm and have them listen to melody,
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ritam i melodiju,
09:32
what you find is that the auditory cortex
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otkrit ćete da će slušni korteks
09:34
is the most active during speech.
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biti najaktivniji tijekom slušanja govora.
09:36
You would think that because these implants are optimized for speech,
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Pomislit ćete da je to zato što su te pužnice namijenjene govoru,
09:38
they were designed for speech.
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dizajnirane za slušanje govora.
09:40
But actually if you look at melody,
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Ali, ako pogledate slušanje melodije,
09:42
what you find is that there's very little cortical activity
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otkrit ćete da je tu vrlo malo kortikalne aktivnosti
09:44
in implant users compared with normal hearing controls.
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kod korisnika umjetne pužnice, u odnosu na kontrolnu skupinu normalnog sluha.
09:47
So for whatever reason,
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Tako da, koji god je razlog,
09:49
this implant is not successfully stimulating auditory cortices
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umjetna pužnica nije uspješna u stimulaciji slušnog korteksa
09:52
during melody perception.
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tijekom percepcije melodije.
09:55
Now the next question is,
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Sljedeće pitanje je,
09:57
well how does it really sound?
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kako to doista zvuči?
09:59
Now we've been doing some studies
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Radili smo neka istraživanja
10:01
to really get a sense of what sound quality is like for these implant users.
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da bismo shvatili kakva je kvaliteta zvuka za korisnike implanta.
10:04
I'm going to play you two clips of Usher,
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Pustit ću vam dva isječka Ushera,
10:06
one which is normal
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jedan normalan,
10:08
and one which has almost no high frequencies, almost no low frequencies
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a jedan skoro u potpunosti bez visokih frekvencija, bez niskih frekvencija,
10:10
and not even that many mid frequencies.
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a čak ne ni tako puno srednjih frekvencija.
10:12
Go ahead and play that.
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Pustite to.
10:14
(Music)
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(Glazba)
10:18
(Limited Frequency Music)
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(Glazba ograničene frekvencije)
10:24
I had patients tell me that those sound the same.
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Imao sam pacijente koji bi mi rekli da zvuče jednako.
10:27
They cannot differentiate sound quality differences
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Ne mogu razlikovati kvalitetu zvuka
10:30
between those two clips.
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između ova dva isječka.
10:32
Again, we are very, very far away in just getting to where we want to get to.
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Opet, mi smo vrlo, vrlo daleko od postizanja cilja.
10:35
Now the question comes to mind: Is there any hope?
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Sada na pamet pada pitanje: Ima li ikakve nade?
10:38
And yes, there is hope.
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Da, ima nade.
10:40
Now I don't know if anybody knows who this is.
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Ne znam zna li itko tko je ovo.
10:42
This is ... does somebody know?
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Ovo je ... Zna li netko?
10:44
This is Beethoven.
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Ovo je Beethoven.
10:47
Now why would we know what Beethoven's skull looks like?
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Zašto bismo mi znali kako izgleda Beethovenova lubanja?
10:50
Because his grave was exhumed.
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Zato što je njegov grob ekshumiran
10:52
And it turns out that his temporal bones were harvested when he died
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i pokazalo se da su njegove temporalne kosti uzete
10:55
to try to look at the cause of his deafness,
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kako bi se ustanovio razlog gluhoće,
10:57
which is why he has molding clay
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stoga je tu glina za oblikovanje,
10:59
and his skull is bulging out on the side there.
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a njegova lubanja strši tu sa strane.
11:01
But Beethoven composed music
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Ali, Beethoven je skladao
11:03
long after he lost his hearing.
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dugo nakon što je izgubio sluh.
11:05
What that suggests is that, even in the case of hearing loss,
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To nam pokazuje da, čak i u slučaju gubitka sluha,
11:08
the capacity for music remains.
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zadržavamo glazbenu sposobnost.
11:10
The brains remain hardwired for music.
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Mozak ostaje "ožičen" za glazbu.
11:14
I've been very lucky to work with Dr. David Ryugo
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Imao sam sreću raditi s dr. Davidom Ryugom,
11:16
where I've been working on deaf cats that are white
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gdje sam radio na gluhim, bijelim mačkama,
11:19
and trying to figure out what happens when we give them cochlear implants.
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pokušavajući shvatiti što se dogodi kad im ugradimo umjetnu pužnicu.
11:22
This is a cat that's been trained to respond to a trumpet for food.
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Ovo je mačka koja je trenirana da nakon trubljenja očekuje hranu.
11:27
(Music)
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(Glazba)
11:41
Text: Beethoven doesn't excite her.
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Tekst: Beethoven ju ne uzbuđuje.
11:44
(Music)
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(Glazba)
11:56
The "1812 Overture" isn't worth waking for.
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"1812. uvertira" nije vrijedna buđenja.
12:01
(Trumpet)
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(Truba)
12:11
But she jumps to action when called to duty!
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Ali skače u akciju kada je pozvana na dužnost!
12:14
(Trumpet)
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(Truba)
12:18
CL: Now I'm not suggesting
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CL: Ne želim reći da
12:20
that the cat is hearing that trumpet the way we're hearing it.
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mačka čuje trubu na način na koji ju mi čujemo.
12:23
I'm suggesting that with training
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Samo hoću reći da se treningom
12:25
you can imbue a musical sound with significance,
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može usvojiti zvuk sa značenjem,
12:28
even in a cat.
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čak i kod mačke.
12:30
If we were to direct efforts
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Ako bismo ulagali trud
12:32
towards training cochlear implant users to hear music --
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u treniranje korisnika umjetne pužnice da čuju glazbu,
12:35
because right now there's virtually no effort put towards that,
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budući da se trenutno ne ulaže trud u to,
12:38
no rehabilitative strategies,
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nema rehabilitacijskih strategija,
12:40
very little in the way of technological advances to actually improve music --
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jako malo je tehničkih pristupa da bi se poboljšala glazba -
12:43
we would come a long way.
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napravili bismo veliki napredak.
12:45
Now I want to show you one last video.
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Sada vam želim pokazati zadnji video.
12:48
And this is of a student of mine named Joseph
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Ovo je jedan moj student, Joseph,
12:50
who I had the good fortune to work with for three years in my lab.
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s kojim sam imao sreću raditi 3 godine u svom laboratoriju.
12:53
He's deaf, and he learned to play the piano
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On je gluh i naučio je svirati klavir
12:56
after he received the cochlear implant.
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nakon što mu je ugrađena umjetna pužnica.
12:58
And here's a video of Joseph.
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Ide video o Josephu.
13:01
(Music)
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(Glazba)
13:45
(Video) Joseph: I was born in 1986.
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(Video) Joseph: Rođen sam 1986.
13:48
And at about four months old,
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Kad sam imao oko 4 mjeseca,
13:50
I was diagnosed with profoundly severe hearing loss.
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dijagnosticirano mi je teško oštećenje sluha.
13:52
Not long after,
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Nedugo nakon toga,
13:54
I was fitted with hearing aids.
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dobio sam slušna pomagala.
13:56
But although these hearing aids
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Ali, iako su ta slušna pomagala
13:58
were the most powerful hearing aids on the market at the time,
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bila najjača na tržištu tada,
14:00
they weren't very helpful.
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nisu bila od pomoći.
14:02
So as a result, I had to rely on lip reading a lot,
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Kao rezultat, morao sam se puno oslanjati na čitanje s usana,
14:07
and I couldn't really hear what people were saying.
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i nisam baš čuo što ljudi govore.
14:09
When I was 12 years old,
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Kada sam imao 12 godina,
14:11
I was one of the first few people in Singapore
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bio sam jedan od prvih ljudi u Singapuru
14:14
who underwent cochlear implantation.
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koji je podvrgnut implantaciji pužnice.
14:17
And not long after I got my cochlear implant,
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Ubrzo nakon toga,
14:21
I started learning how to play piano.
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počeo sam učiti svirati klavir.
14:23
And it was absolutely wonderful.
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I bilo je apsolutno prekrasno.
14:25
Since then, I've never looked back.
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Od tada, nisam pomišljao na prošlost.
14:27
CL: Joseph is phenomenal. He's brilliant.
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CL: Joseph je izvanredan. On je sjajan.
14:29
He is now a medical student at Yale University,
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Sada je student medicine na Yaleu
14:31
and he's contemplating a surgical career --
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i razmišlja o kirurškoj karijeri -
14:33
one of the first deaf individuals to consider a career in surgery.
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jedan je od prvih gluhih osoba koje razmišljaju o karijeri u kirurgiji.
14:36
There are almost no deaf surgeons anywhere.
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Skoro nigdje nema gluhih kirurga.
14:39
And this is really unheard of stuff, and this is all because of this technology.
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Ovo je doista nečuveno, sve zbog te tehnologije.
14:42
And the fact that he can play the piano like that
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A činjenica da on može svirati klavir -
14:44
is a testament to his brain.
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to je testament njegova mozga.
14:46
Truth of the matter is you can play the piano without a cochlear implant,
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Istina je da možete svirati klavir bez umjetne pužnice,
14:49
because all you have to do is press the keys at the right time.
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budući da je sve što morate pritisnuti tipke u točno vrijeme.
14:51
You don't actually have to hear it.
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Ne morate to čuti.
14:53
I know he doesn't hear well, because I've heard him do Karaoke.
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Ja znam da on ne čuje dobro, budući da sam ga slušao kako pjeva na karaokama.
14:56
(Laughter)
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(Smijeh)
14:58
And it's one of the most awful things --
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I to je jedna od najgroznijih stvari -
15:01
heartwarming, but awful.
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možda vam od toga bude toplo oko srca, ali je istovremeno grozno.
15:03
(Laughter)
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(Smijeh)
15:05
And so there is certainly a lot of hope,
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Dakle, postoji nada,
15:07
but there's a lot more that needs to be done.
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ali preostaje još mnogo truda.
15:09
So I just want to conclude with the following words.
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Zato želim zaključiti sljedećim riječima.
15:11
When it comes to restoration of hearing,
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Kada je u pitanju vraćanje sluha,
15:13
we have certainly come a long way, a remarkably long way.
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prešli smo dug put, zamjetno dug put.
15:16
And we have a much longer way to go
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Ali moramo prijeći puno duži put
15:19
when it comes to the idea of restoring perfect hearing.
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kad je u pitanju vraćanje savršenog sluha.
15:21
And let me tell you right now,
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I, dopustite da vam kažem,
15:23
it's fine that we would all be very happy with speech.
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u redu je što bismo svi bili sretni s govorom.
15:25
But I tell you, if we lost our hearing,
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Ali, reći ću vam, ako izgubimo sluh,
15:27
if anyone here suddenly lost your hearing,
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kad bi itko ovdje odjednom izgubio sluh,
15:29
you would want perfect hearing back.
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htio bi nazad svoj savršeni sluh.
15:31
You wouldn't want decent hearing, you would want perfect hearing.
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Ne biste htjeli pristojan sluh, htjeli biste savršen sluh.
15:34
Restoration of basic sensory function is critical.
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Obnova osnovne senzorne funkcije je kritična.
15:37
And I don't mean to understate
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Ne želim podcjenjivati
15:39
how important it is to restore basic function.
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važnost obnove osnovne funkcije.
15:41
But it's really restoration of the ability to perceive beauty
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Ali potpuna obnova mogućnosti spoznaje ljepote
15:44
where we can get inspiring.
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je ono što nas može inspirirati.
15:46
And I don't think that we should give up on beauty.
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I ne mislim da bismo trebali odustati od ljepote.
15:48
And I want to thank you for your time.
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I želim vam zahvaliti za vaše vrijeme.
15:50
(Applause)
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(Pljesak)
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