Sean Carroll: Distant time and the hint of a multiverse

209,448 views ใƒป 2011-05-06

TED


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

ืžืชืจื’ื: Yubal Masalker ืžื‘ืงืจ: Ido Dekkers
00:15
The universe
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ื”ื™ืงื•ื
00:17
is really big.
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ื”ื•ื ื‘ืืžืช ื’ื“ื•ืœ.
00:19
We live in a galaxy, the Milky Way Galaxy.
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ืื ื• ื—ื™ื™ื ื‘ื’ืœืงืกื™ื”, ื’ืœืงืกื™ื™ืช ืฉื‘ื™ืœ ื”ื—ืœื‘.
00:22
There are about a hundred billion stars in the Milky Way Galaxy.
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ื™ืฉื ื ื›-100 ืžื™ืœื™ืืจื“ ื›ื•ื›ื‘ื™ื ื‘ื’ืœืงืกื™ื™ืช ืฉื‘ื™ืœ ื”ื—ืœื‘.
00:25
And if you take a camera
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ืื ืžื›ื•ื•ื ื™ื ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืืงืจืื™ ืžืฆืœืžื”
00:27
and you point it at a random part of the sky,
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ืœืื–ื•ืจ ื›ืœืฉื”ื• ื‘ืฉืžื™ื™ื,
00:29
and you just keep the shutter open,
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ืžืฉืื™ืจื™ื ืืช ื”ืฆืžืฆื ืคืชื•ื—,
00:31
as long as your camera is attached to the Hubble Space Telescope,
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ื•ื›ืœ ืขื•ื“ ื”ืžืฆืœืžื” ืžื—ื•ื‘ืจืช ืœื˜ืœืกืงื•ืค ื”ื—ืœืœ ื”ืื‘ืœ,
00:34
it will see something like this.
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ื–ื” ื™ื™ืจืื” ื‘ืขืจืš ื›ืš.
00:36
Every one of these little blobs
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ื›ืœ ืื—ื“ ืžื”ื’ื•ืฉื™ื ื”ืงื˜ื ื™ื ื”ืœืœื•,
00:39
is a galaxy roughly the size of our Milky Way --
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ื”ื•ื ื’ืœืงืกื™ื” ืฉื’ื•ื“ืœื” ื›ืฉืœ ื”ื’ืœืงืกื™ื” ืฉืœื ื• --
00:41
a hundred billion stars in each of those blobs.
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100 ืžื™ืœื™ืืจื“ ื›ื•ื›ื‘ื™ื ื‘ื›ืœ ืื—ื“ ืžื”ื’ื•ืฉื™ื ื”ืืœื”.
00:44
There are approximately a hundred billion galaxies
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ื™ืฉื ืŸ ื›-100 ืžื™ืœื™ืืจื“ ื’ืœืงืกื™ื•ืช
00:47
in the observable universe.
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ื‘ื™ืงื•ื ื”ื ืจืื” ืœืขื™ืŸ.
00:49
100 billion is the only number you need to know.
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ืžืื” ืžื™ืœื™ืืจื“ ื”ื•ื ื”ืžืกืคืจ ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ ืฉืฆืจื™ืš ืœื“ืขืช.
00:51
The age of the universe, between now and the Big Bang,
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ื’ื™ืœ ื”ื™ืงื•ื, ืžื”ืžืคืฅ ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ ืœื”ื™ื•ื,
00:54
is a hundred billion in dog years.
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ื”ื•ื 100 ืžื™ืœื™ืืจื“ ื‘ืฉื ื•ืช ื›ืœื‘.
00:56
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
00:58
Which tells you something about our place in the universe.
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ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ืื•ืžืจ ืœื ื• ืžืฉื”ื• ืœื’ื‘ื™ ืžืงื•ืžื ื• ื‘ื™ืงื•ื. ืžื” ืฉื ื™ืชืŸ
01:01
One thing you can do with a picture like this is simply admire it.
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ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืขื ืชืžื•ื ื” ื–ื• ื”ื•ื ืคืฉื•ื˜ ืœื”ืขืจื™ืฅ ืื•ืชื”.
01:03
It's extremely beautiful.
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ื”ื™ื ื™ืคื” ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ื‘ืœืชื™ ืจื’ื™ืœื”.
01:05
I've often wondered, what is the evolutionary pressure
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ืชื”ื™ืชื™ ืœืขื™ืชื™ื ืงืจื•ื‘ื•ืช, ืžื”ื™ ื”ืกื™ื‘ื” ื”ืื‘ื•ืœื•ืฆื™ื•ื ื™ืช
01:08
that made our ancestors in the Veldt adapt and evolve
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ืฉื’ืจืžื” ืœืื‘ื•ืชื™ื ื• ื‘ืขืจื‘ื•ืช-ื”ื“ืฉื, ืœื”ืกืชื’ืœ ื•ืœื”ืชืคืชื—
01:11
to really enjoy pictures of galaxies
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ื›ืš ืฉืื ื• ื›ืœ-ื›ืš ื ื”ื ื™ื ืžืชืžื•ื ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื’ืœืงืกื™ื•ืช
01:13
when they didn't have any.
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ื‘ืขื•ื“ ืฉื”ื ืขืฆืžื ืืฃ ืคืขื ืœื ื—ื–ื• ื‘ื”ืŸ.
01:15
But we would also like to understand it.
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ืื‘ืœ ืื ื• ื’ื ืจื•ืฆื™ื ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืืช ื›ืœ ื–ื”.
01:17
As a cosmologist, I want to ask, why is the universe like this?
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ื‘ืชื•ืจ ืงื•ืกืžื•ืœื•ื’ ื‘ืจืฆื•ื ื™ ืœืฉืื•ืœ, ืžื“ื•ืข ื”ื™ืงื•ื ื”ื•ื ื›ืžื•ืช ืฉื”ื•ื?
01:21
One big clue we have is that the universe is changing with time.
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ืจืžื– ืื—ื“ ื’ื“ื•ืœ ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ื”ื•ื ืฉื”ื™ืงื•ื ืžืฉืชื ื” ื›ืœ ื”ื–ืžืŸ.
01:24
If you looked at one of these galaxies and measured its velocity,
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ืื ืžืกืชื›ืœื™ื ืขืœ ืื—ืช ืžื”ื’ืœืงืกื™ื•ืช ื”ืœืœื• ื•ืžื•ื“ื“ื™ื ืืช ืžื”ื™ืจื•ืชื”,
01:27
it would be moving away from you.
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ื ืžืฆื ืฉื”ื™ื ืžืชืจื—ืงืช ืžืื™ืชื ื•.
01:29
And if you look at a galaxy even farther away,
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ื•ืื ืžืกืชื›ืœื™ื ืขืœ ื’ืœืงืกื™ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืจื—ื•ืงื”,
01:31
it would be moving away faster.
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ื”ื™ื ืชืชืจื—ืง ืžืื™ืชื ื• ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื”ืจ.
01:33
So we say the universe is expanding.
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ืœื›ืŸ ืื ื• ืื•ืžืจื™ื ืฉื”ื™ืงื•ื ืžืชืคืฉื˜.
01:35
What that means, of course, is that, in the past,
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ืžื” ืฉื–ื” ืื•ืžืจ ืฉื‘ืขื‘ืจ,
01:37
things were closer together.
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ื”ืขืฆืžื™ื ื”ื™ื• ืงืจื•ื‘ื™ื ืื—ื“ ืœืฉื ื™.
01:39
In the past, the universe was more dense,
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ื‘ืขื‘ืจ, ื”ื™ืงื•ื ื”ื™ื” ืฆืคื•ืฃ ื™ื•ืชืจ,
01:41
and it was also hotter.
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ื•ื’ื ื—ื ื™ื•ืชืจ.
01:43
If you squeeze things together, the temperature goes up.
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ืื ืžืฆื•ืคืคื™ื ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื‘ื™ื—ื“, ื”ื˜ืžืคืจื˜ื•ืจื” ืขื•ืœื”.
01:45
That kind of makes sense to us.
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ื–ื” ื“ื™ ืžื•ื‘ืŸ ืœื ื•.
01:47
The thing that doesn't make sense to us as much
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ืžื” ืฉืœื ืžื•ื‘ืŸ ืœื ื• ื›ืœ-ื›ืš
01:49
is that the universe, at early times, near the Big Bang,
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ื”ื•ื ืฉื”ื™ืงื•ื, ื‘ื–ืžื ื™ื ืงื“ื•ืžื™ื, ื‘ืกืžื™ื›ื•ืช ื–ืžื ื™ื ืœืžืคืฅ ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ,
01:52
was also very, very smooth.
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ื”ื™ื” ื’ื ืžืื•ื“, ืžืื•ื“ ืื—ื™ื“.
01:54
You might think that that's not a surprise.
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ืืชื ืขืฉื•ื™ื™ื ืœื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืฉื–ื” ื‘ืจื•ืจ ืžืืœื™ื•.
01:56
The air in this room is very smooth.
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ื”ืื•ื™ืจ ื‘ืื•ืœื ื–ื” ื”ื•ื ืžืื•ื“ ืื—ื™ื“.
01:58
You might say, "Well, maybe things just smoothed themselves out."
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ืืชื ืชืืžืจื•, "ืื•ืœื™ ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื”ื—ืœื™ืงื• ืืช ืขืฆืžื."
02:01
But the conditions near the Big Bang are very, very different
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ืชื ืื™ื ืžื™ื™ื“ ืื—ืจื™ ื”ืžืคืฅ ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื”ื™ื• ืžืื•ื“, ืžืื•ื“ ืฉื•ื ื™ื
02:04
than the conditions of the air in this room.
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ืžืืฉืจ ื”ืชื ืื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืื•ื™ืจ ื‘ืื•ืœื ื–ื”.
02:06
In particular, things were a lot denser.
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ื‘ื™ื™ื—ื•ื“, ื”ื›ืœ ื”ื™ื” ื”ืจื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฆืคื•ืฃ.
02:08
The gravitational pull of things
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ืžืฉื™ื›ืช ื”ื›ื‘ื™ื“ื” ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืขืฆืžื™ื
02:10
was a lot stronger near the Big Bang.
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ื”ื™ืชื” ื”ืจื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ื—ื–ืงื” ื‘ืกืžื•ืš ืœืžืคืฅ ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ.
02:12
What you have to think about
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ืžื” ืฉืฆืจื™ืš ืœื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืขืœื™ื•
02:14
is we have a universe with a hundred billion galaxies,
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ื–ื” ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ื™ืงื•ื ืขื 100 ืžื™ืœื™ืืจื“ ื’ืœืงืกื™ื•ืช,
02:16
a hundred billion stars each.
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100 ืžื™ืœื™ืืจื“ ื›ื•ื›ื‘ื™ื ื‘ื›ืœ ืื—ืช.
02:18
At early times, those hundred billion galaxies
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ื‘ื–ืžื ื™ื ืงื“ื•ืžื™ื, 100 ืžื™ืœื™ืืจื“ ื’ืœืงืกื™ื•ืช ื”ืœืœื•
02:21
were squeezed into a region about this big --
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ื”ื™ื• ื“ื—ื•ืกื•ืช ื‘ืื–ื•ืจ ื‘ื’ื•ื“ืœ ื›ื–ื” --
02:24
literally -- at early times.
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ืžืžืฉ ื›ืš, ื‘ื–ืžื ื™ื ื”ืงื“ื•ืžื™ื.
02:26
And you have to imagine doing that squeezing
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ื•ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื–ื›ื•ืจ ืฉืฆืคื™ืคื•ืช ื–ื•
02:28
without any imperfections,
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ื”ื™ืชื” ืœืœื ืฉื•ื ืคื’ืžื™ื,
02:30
without any little spots
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ืœืœื ืฉื•ื ื ืงื•ื“ื•ืช ื–ืขื™ืจื•ืช
02:32
where there were a few more atoms than somewhere else.
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ืฉื‘ื”ืŸ ื”ื™ื• ืงืฆืช ื™ื•ืชืจ ืื˜ื•ืžื™ื ืžืืฉืจ ื‘ืžืงื•ื ืื—ืจ.
02:34
Because if there had been, they would have collapsed under the gravitational pull
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ื•ื–ื” ืžืคื ื™ ืฉืื ื”ื™ื• ื ืงื•ื“ื•ืช ื›ืืœื•, ื”ื™ืชื” ืฉื ืงืจื™ืกื” ืชื—ืช ืžืฉื™ื›ืช ื”ื›ื‘ื™ื“ื”
02:37
into a huge black hole.
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ื•ื”ื™ื” ื ื•ืฆืจ ื—ื•ืจ ืฉื—ื•ืจ ืขื ืงื™.
02:39
Keeping the universe very, very smooth at early times
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ืงื™ื•ื ืฉืœ ื™ืงื•ื ืžืื•ื“, ืžืื•ื“ ืื—ื™ื“ ื‘ื–ืžื ื™ื ื”ืงื“ื•ืžื™ื
02:42
is not easy; it's a delicate arrangement.
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ืื™ื ื• ื“ื‘ืจ ืงืœ, ื–ื”ื• ืื™ื–ื•ืŸ ืขื“ื™ืŸ.
02:44
It's a clue
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ื–ื”ื• ืจืžื–
02:46
that the early universe is not chosen randomly.
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ืฉื”ื™ืงื•ื ื”ืžื•ืงื“ื ืœื ื ื•ืฆืจ ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืืงืจืื™.
02:48
There is something that made it that way.
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ื™ืฉ ืžืฉื”ื• ืฉืขืฉื” ืื•ืชื• ื›ื–ื”.
02:50
We would like to know what.
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ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ืจื•ืฆื™ื ืœื“ืขืช ืžื” ื–ื”.
02:52
So part of our understanding of this was given to us by Ludwig Boltzmann,
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ื—ืœืง ืžื”ื”ื‘ื ื” ืฉืœื ื• ืœื’ื‘ื™ ื–ื” ืžื’ื™ืขื” ืžืœื•ื“ื•ื™ื’ ื‘ื•ืœืฆืžืŸ,
02:55
an Austrian physicist in the 19th century.
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ืคื™ื–ื™ืงืื™ ืื•ืกื˜ืจื™ ืžืŸ ื”ืžืื” ื”-19.
02:58
And Boltzmann's contribution was that he helped us understand entropy.
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ื”ืชืจื•ืžื” ืฉืœ ื‘ื•ืœืฆืžืŸ ื”ื™ืชื” ื‘ื›ืš ืฉื”ื•ื ืกื™ื™ืข ืœื ื• ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื ื˜ืจื•ืคื™ื”.
03:01
You've heard of entropy.
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ืฉืžืขืชื ืขืœ ืื ื˜ืจื•ืคื™ื”.
03:03
It's the randomness, the disorder, the chaoticness of some systems.
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ื–ื•ื”ื™ ื”ืืงืจืื™ื•ืช, ื—ื•ืกืจ-ื”ืกื“ืจ, ื”ืขืจื‘ื•ื‘ื™ื” ื‘ื›ืžื” ืžืขืจื›ื•ืช.
03:06
Boltzmann gave us a formula --
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ื‘ื•ืœืฆืžืŸ ื ืชืŸ ืœื ื• ื ื•ืกื—ื” --
03:08
engraved on his tombstone now --
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ื”ื—ืจื•ื˜ื” ืขืœ ื”ืžืฆื‘ื” ืฉืœื• --
03:10
that really quantifies what entropy is.
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ืฉืžืžืฉ ืžื›ืžืชืช ืืช ื”ืื ื˜ืจื•ืคื™ื”.
03:12
And it's basically just saying
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ื•ื”ื™ื ื‘ืขื™ืงืจื•ืŸ ืื•ืžืจืช
03:14
that entropy is the number of ways
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ืฉืื ื˜ืจื•ืคื™ื” ื–ื” ืžืกืคืจ ื”ื“ืจื›ื™ื
03:16
we can rearrange the constituents of a system so that you don't notice,
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ื‘ื”ืŸ ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืกื“ืจ ืžืจื›ื™ื‘ื™ ืžืขืจื›ืช ืžื‘ืœื™ ืฉื ื•ื›ืœ ืœื”ื‘ื—ื™ืŸ ื‘ื”ื‘ื“ืœ,
03:19
so that macroscopically it looks the same.
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ื›ืš ืฉื‘ืžืืงืจื• ื”ื™ื ื ืจืื™ืช ืื•ืชื• ื”ื“ื‘ืจ.
03:21
If you have the air in this room,
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ืื ื ื™ืงื— ืืช ื”ืื•ื™ืจ ื‘ื—ื“ืจ,
03:23
you don't notice each individual atom.
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ืื ื• ืœื ืžื‘ื—ื™ื ื™ื ื‘ื›ืœ ืื˜ื•ื ื‘ื ืคืจื“.
03:26
A low entropy configuration
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ืžืขืจืš ื‘ืขืœ ืื ื˜ืจื•ืคื™ื” ื ืžื•ื›ื” ื”ื•ื ื–ื”
03:28
is one in which there's only a few arrangements that look that way.
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ืืฉืจ ื™ืฉ ื‘ื• ืจืง ืžืขื˜ ืกื™ื“ื•ืจื™ื ื”ื ืจืื™ื ื–ื”ื™ื.
03:30
A high entropy arrangement
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ืžืขืจืš ื‘ืขืœ ืื ื˜ืจื•ืคื™ื” ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื” ื”ื•ื ื–ื”
03:32
is one that there are many arrangements that look that way.
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ืืฉืจ ื™ืฉ ื‘ื• ื”ืจื‘ื” ืกื™ื“ื•ืจื™ื ื”ื ืจืื™ื ื–ื”ื™ื.
03:34
This is a crucially important insight
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ื–ื•ื”ื™ ืชื•ื‘ื ื” ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื” ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืงืจื™ื˜ื™,
03:36
because it helps us explain
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ืžืื—ืจ ื•ื”ื™ื ืขื•ื–ืจืช ืœื ื• ืœื”ืกื‘ื™ืจ
03:38
the second law of thermodynamics --
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ืืช ื”ื—ื•ืง ื”ืฉื ื™ ืฉืœ ืชืจืžื•ื“ื™ื ืžื™ืงื” --
03:40
the law that says that entropy increases in the universe,
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ื”ื—ื•ืง ื”ืื•ืžืจ ืฉืื ื˜ืจื•ืคื™ื” ืขื•ืœื” ื‘ื™ืงื•ื,
03:43
or in some isolated bit of the universe.
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ืื• ื‘ืื–ื•ืจ ืžื‘ื•ื“ื“ ืฉืœ ื”ื™ืงื•ื.
03:45
The reason why entropy increases
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ื”ืกื™ื‘ื” ืฉื”ืื ื˜ืจื•ืคื™ื” ืขื•ืœื”
03:47
is simply because there are many more ways
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ื”ื™ื ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืฉื™ืฉ ื™ื•ืชืจ ื“ืจื›ื™ื ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช
03:50
to be high entropy than to be low entropy.
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ื‘ืžืฆื‘ ืฉืœ ืื ื˜ืจื•ืคื™ื” ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื” ืžืืฉืจ ื ืžื•ื›ื”.
03:52
That's a wonderful insight,
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ื–ื•ื”ื™ ืชื•ื‘ื ื” ื ืคืœืื”,
03:54
but it leaves something out.
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ื™ื ืžื—ืกื™ืจื” ืžืฉื”ื•.
03:56
This insight that entropy increases, by the way,
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ื”ืชื•ื‘ื ื” ืฉื”ืื ื˜ืจื•ืคื™ื” ืขื•ืœื”,
03:58
is what's behind what we call the arrow of time,
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ืขื•ืžื“ืช ื‘ื‘ืกื™ืก ืžื” ืฉืื ื• ืžื›ื ื™ื "ื—ืฅ ื”ื–ืžืŸ",
04:01
the difference between the past and the future.
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ื”ื”ื‘ื“ืœ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืขื‘ืจ ืœืขืชื™ื“.
04:03
Every difference that there is
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ื›ืœ ื”ื‘ื“ืœ ืฉืงื™ื™ื
04:05
between the past and the future
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ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืขื‘ืจ ืœืขืชื™ื“
04:07
is because entropy is increasing --
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ื ื•ื‘ืข ืžืขืœื™ื” ื‘ืื ื˜ืจื•ืคื™ื” --
04:09
the fact that you can remember the past, but not the future.
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ืขื•ื‘ื“ื” ื”ื™ื ืฉืื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื–ื›ื•ืจ ืืช ื”ืขื‘ืจ, ืื‘ืœ ืœื ืืช ื”ืขืชื™ื“.
04:12
The fact that you are born, and then you live, and then you die,
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ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื” ืฉืื ื• ื ื•ืœื“ื™ื, ื•ืื– ื—ื™ื™ื ื•ื‘ืกื•ืฃ ืžืชื™ื,
04:15
always in that order,
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ืชืžื™ื“ ื‘ืกื“ืจ ื”ื–ื”,
04:17
that's because entropy is increasing.
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ื–ื” ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืฉื”ืื ื˜ืจื•ืคื™ื” ืขื•ืœื”.
04:19
Boltzmann explained that if you start with low entropy,
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ื‘ื•ืœืฆืžืŸ ื”ืกื‘ื™ืจ ืฉืื ืžืชื—ื™ืœื™ื ื‘ืื ื˜ืจื•ืคื™ื” ื ืžื•ื›ื”,
04:21
it's very natural for it to increase
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ื–ื” ืืš ื˜ื‘ืขื™ ืฉื”ื™ื ืชืขืœื”,
04:23
because there's more ways to be high entropy.
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ืžืคื ื™ ืฉื™ืฉ ื™ื•ืชืจ ื“ืจื›ื™ื ื‘ื”ืŸ ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื˜ืจื•ืคื™ื” ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื”.
04:26
What he didn't explain
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ืžื” ืฉื”ื•ื ืœื ื”ืกื‘ื™ืจ
04:28
was why the entropy was ever low in the first place.
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ื–ื” ืžื“ื•ืข ืžืœื›ืชื—ื™ืœื” ื”ืื ื˜ืจื•ืคื™ื” ื”ื™ืชื” ื‘ื›ืœืœ ื ืžื•ื›ื”.
04:31
The fact that the entropy of the universe was low
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ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื” ืฉื”ืื ื˜ืจื•ืคื™ื” ืฉืœ ื”ื™ืงื•ื ื”ื™ืชื” ื ืžื•ื›ื”
04:33
was a reflection of the fact
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ื”ื™ื ื”ืฉืชืงืคื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื”
04:35
that the early universe was very, very smooth.
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ืฉื”ื™ืงื•ื ื”ืงื“ื•ื ื”ื™ื” ืžืื•ื“, ืžืื•ื“ ืื—ื™ื“.
04:37
We'd like to understand that.
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ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ืจื•ืฆื™ื ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ื–ืืช.
04:39
That's our job as cosmologists.
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ื–ื•ื”ื™ ืขื‘ื•ื“ืชื ื• ื‘ืชื•ืจ ืงื•ืกืžื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื.
04:41
Unfortunately, it's actually not a problem
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ืื‘ืœ ืœืฆืขืจื™, ืื ื• ืœื ืžืงื“ื™ืฉื™ื ืžืกืคื™ืง
04:43
that we've been giving enough attention to.
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ืชืฉื•ืžืช ืœื‘ ืœื‘ืขื™ื” ื–ื•.
04:45
It's not one of the first things people would say,
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ื–ื” ืœื ืื—ื“ ืžื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื ืฉื™ื’ื™ื“ื• ืœื›ื,
04:47
if you asked a modern cosmologist,
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ืื ื”ื™ื™ืชื ืฉื•ืืœื™ื ืงื•ืกืžื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื ืขื›ืฉื•ื•ื™ื™ื,
04:49
"What are the problems we're trying to address?"
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"ืืœื• ื‘ืขื™ื•ืช ืื ื• ืžื ืกื™ื ื›ื™ื•ื ืœืคืชื•ืจ?"
04:51
One of the people who did understand that this was a problem
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ืื—ื“ ื”ืื ืฉื™ื ืฉื›ืŸ ื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืฉื–ื• ืื›ืŸ ื”ื‘ืขื™ื”
04:53
was Richard Feynman.
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ื”ื™ื” ืจื™ืฆ'ืจื“ ืคื™ื™ื ืžืŸ.
04:55
50 years ago, he gave a series of a bunch of different lectures.
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ืœืคื ื™ 50 ืฉื ื”, ื”ื•ื ื ืชืŸ ืกื“ืจื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืจืฆืื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื•ืช.
04:57
He gave the popular lectures
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ื”ื•ื ื ืชืŸ ืืช ื”ื”ืจืฆืื•ืช ื”ืžืคื•ืจืกืžื•ืช
04:59
that became "The Character of Physical Law."
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ืฉื”ืคื›ื• ืœ"ื”ื˜ื‘ืข ืฉืœ ื—ื•ืง ืคื™ื–ื™ืงืœื™".
05:01
He gave lectures to Caltech undergrads
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ื”ื•ื ื ืชืŸ ื”ืจืฆืื•ืช ื‘ืคื ื™ ืชืœืžื™ื“ื™ ืชื•ืืจ ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ื‘ืงืœื˜ืง
05:03
that became "The Feynman Lectures on Physics."
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ืฉื”ืคื›ื• ืœ "ื”ืจืฆืื•ืช ืคื™ื™ื ืžืŸ ืขืœ ืคื™ื–ื™ืงื”".
05:05
He gave lectures to Caltech graduate students
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ื”ื•ื ื ืชืŸ ื”ืจืฆืื•ืช ืœื‘ื•ื’ืจื™ ืงืœื˜ืง
05:07
that became "The Feynman Lectures on Gravitation."
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ืฉื”ืคื›ื• ืœ"ื”ืจืฆืื•ืช ืคื™ื™ื ืžืŸ ืขืœ ื›ื‘ื™ื“ื”".
05:09
In every one of these books, every one of these sets of lectures,
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ื‘ื›ืœ ืื—ื“ ืžื”ืกืคืจื™ื ื”ืืœื”, ื‘ื›ืœ ืื—ืช ืžื”ืงื‘ื•ืฆื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ื”ืจืฆืื•ืช ื”ืœืœื•,
05:12
he emphasized this puzzle:
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ื”ื•ื ื”ื“ื’ื™ืฉ ืืช ื”ื—ื™ื“ื” ื”ื‘ืื”:
05:14
Why did the early universe have such a small entropy?
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ืžื“ื•ืข ืœื™ืงื•ื ื”ืงื“ืžื•ื ื™ ื”ื™ืชื” ืื ื˜ืจื•ืคื™ื” ื›ื” ื ืžื•ื›ื”?
05:17
So he says -- I'm not going to do the accent --
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ื”ื•ื ืืžืจ -- ืื ื™ ืœื ื”ื•ืœืš ืœื—ืงื•ืช ืื•ืชื• --
05:19
he says, "For some reason, the universe, at one time,
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ื”ื•ื ืืžืจ, "ืžืกื™ื‘ื” ื›ืœืฉื”ื™, ื”ื™ืงื•ื ื”ื™ื” ืคืขื
05:22
had a very low entropy for its energy content,
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ื‘ืขืœ ืื ื˜ืจื•ืคื™ื” ืžืื•ื“ ื ืžื•ื›ื” ื™ื—ืกื™ืช ืœื›ืžื•ืช ื”ืื ืจื’ื™ื” ืฉื‘ื•,
05:25
and since then the entropy has increased.
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ื•ืžืื– ื”ืื ื˜ืจื•ืคื™ื” ืขืœืชื”.
05:27
The arrow of time cannot be completely understood
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ืœื ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืขื“ ื”ืกื•ืฃ ืืช ื—ืฅ ื”ื–ืžืŸ
05:30
until the mystery of the beginnings of the history of the universe
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ืขื“ ืฉื”ืชืขืœื•ืžื” ืฉืœ ืชื—ื™ืœืช ื”ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ืฉืœ ื”ื™ืงื•ื
05:33
are reduced still further
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ืชืคื•ืฆื—, ื›ืš ืฉื ืขื‘ื•ืจ
05:35
from speculation to understanding."
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ืžื”ืฉืขืจื” ืœื”ื‘ื ื”."
05:37
So that's our job.
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ืื– ื–ื• ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืฉืœื ื•.
05:39
We want to know -- this is 50 years ago, "Surely," you're thinking,
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ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ืœืคื ื™ 50 ืฉื ื”. ืืชื ื‘ื˜ื— ื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื
05:41
"we've figured it out by now."
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ืฉื”ืกืคืงื ื• ื›ื‘ืจ ืœืคืฆื— ืืช ื–ื”.
05:43
It's not true that we've figured it out by now.
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ืื– ืœื ื ื›ื•ืŸ ืฉืคื™ืฆื—ื ื• ืืช ื–ื”.
05:45
The reason the problem has gotten worse,
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ื‘ืžืงื•ื ืœื”ื™ืคืชืจ, ื”ื‘ืขื™ื” ืจืง
05:47
rather than better,
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ื”ื—ืจื™ืคื” ื•ื”ืกื™ื‘ื” ืœื›ืš
05:49
is because in 1998
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ื”ื™ื ืฉื‘ืฉื ืช 1998
05:51
we learned something crucial about the universe that we didn't know before.
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ืœืžื“ื ื• ืžืฉื”ื• ืงืจื™ื˜ื™ ืขืœ ื”ื™ืงื•ื, ืžืฉื”ื• ืฉืœื ื™ื“ืขื ื• ืงื•ื“ื.
05:54
We learned that it's accelerating.
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ืœืžื“ื ื• ืฉื”ื™ืงื•ื ืžืื™ืฅ.
05:56
The universe is not only expanding.
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ื”ื™ืงื•ื ืื™ื ื• ืจืง ืžืชืคืฉื˜.
05:58
If you look at the galaxy, it's moving away.
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ืื ืžืกืชื›ืœื™ื ืขืœ ื’ืœืงืกื™ื”, ื”ื™ื ืžืชืจื—ืงืช ืžืื™ืชื ื•.
06:00
If you come back a billion years later and look at it again,
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ืื ื ื‘ื•ื ืขื•ื“ ืžื™ืœื™ืืจื“ ืฉื ื” ื•ื ืกืชื›ืœ ืขืœื™ื”,
06:02
it will be moving away faster.
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ื ืžืฆื ืฉื”ื™ื ืžืชืจื—ืงืช ืžืื™ืชื ื• ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื”ืจ.
06:05
Individual galaxies are speeding away from us faster and faster
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ื›ืœ ื’ืœืงืกื™ื” ื‘ื ืคืจื“ ืžืชืจื—ืงืช ืžืื™ืชื ื• ื™ื•ืชืจ ื•ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื”ืจ.
06:08
so we say the universe is accelerating.
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ืœื›ืŸ ืื ื• ืื•ืžืจื™ื ืฉื”ื™ืงื•ื ืžืื™ืฅ.
06:10
Unlike the low entropy of the early universe,
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ืื‘ืœ ืฉืœื ื›ืžื• ื”ืื ื˜ืจื•ืคื™ื” ื”ื ืžื•ื›ื” ืฉืœ ื”ื™ืงื•ื ื”ืงื“ืžื•ืŸ,
06:12
even though we don't know the answer for this,
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ืืฃ ืขืœ-ืคื™ ืฉืื ื• ืœื ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ืืช ื”ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ืœื›ืš,
06:14
we at least have a good theory that can explain it,
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ืœืคื—ื•ืช ื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ืชืื•ืจื™ื” ื˜ื•ื‘ื” ืฉืชื•ื›ืœ ืœื”ืกื‘ื™ืจ ื–ืืช.
06:16
if that theory is right,
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ืื ื”ืชืื•ืจื™ื” ื ื›ื•ื ื”,
06:18
and that's the theory of dark energy.
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ื–ื• ื”ืชืื•ืจื™ื” ืฉืœ ืื ืจื’ื™ื” ืฉื—ื•ืจื”.
06:20
It's just the idea that empty space itself has energy.
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ื”ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ื”ื•ื ืฉืœื—ืœืœ ื”ืจื™ืง ืขืฆืžื• ื™ืฉ ืื ืจื’ื™ื”.
06:23
In every little cubic centimeter of space,
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ื‘ื›ืœ ืกืž"ืง ืฉืœ ื—ืœืœ,
06:26
whether or not there's stuff,
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ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื ื™ืฉ ืื• ืื™ืŸ ืฉื ื—ื•ืžืจ,
06:28
whether or not there's particles, matter, radiation or whatever,
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ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื ื™ืฉ ืฉื ื—ืœืงื™ืงื™ื, ื—ื•ืžืจ, ืงืจื™ื ื”, ื•ื‘ื™ืŸ ืฉืื™ืŸ,
06:30
there's still energy, even in the space itself.
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ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืงื™ื™ืžืช ืฉื ืื ืจื’ื™ื”, ืžืžืฉ ื‘ื—ืœืœ ืขืฆืžื•.
06:33
And this energy, according to Einstein,
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ื•ืื ืจื’ื™ื” ื–ื•, ืขืœ-ืคื™ ืื™ื™ื ืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ,
06:35
exerts a push on the universe.
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ืžืคืขื™ืœื” ื›ื— ื“ื—ื™ืคื” ืขืœ ื”ื™ืงื•ื.
06:38
It is a perpetual impulse
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ื–ื”ื• ื“ื—ืฃ ืชืžื™ื“ื™
06:40
that pushes galaxies apart from each other.
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ืืฉืจ ื“ื•ื—ืฃ ืืช ื”ื’ืœืงืกื™ื•ืช ื”ืจื—ืง ืื—ืช ืžื”ืฉื ื™ื”.
06:42
Because dark energy, unlike matter or radiation,
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ืื ืจื’ื™ื” ืฉื—ื•ืจื”, ืฉืœื ื›ืžื• ื—ื•ืžืจ ืื• ืงืจื™ื ื”,
06:45
does not dilute away as the universe expands.
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ืื™ื ื” ื“ื•ืขื›ืช ื›ื›ืœ ืฉื”ื™ืงื•ื ืžืชืคืฉื˜.
06:48
The amount of energy in each cubic centimeter
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ื›ืžื•ืช ื”ืื ืจื’ื™ื” ื‘ื›ืœ ืกืž"ืง
06:50
remains the same,
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ื ืฉืืจืช ืงื‘ื•ืขื”,
06:52
even as the universe gets bigger and bigger.
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ื’ื ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ื™ืงื•ื ืžืชืคืฉื˜.
06:54
This has crucial implications
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ื™ืฉ ืœื›ืš ื”ืฉืœื›ื•ืช ืงืจื™ื˜ื™ื•ืช
06:57
for what the universe is going to do in the future.
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ืขืœ ืžื” ืฉื”ื™ืงื•ื ื™ืขืฉื” ื‘ืขืชื™ื“.
07:00
For one thing, the universe will expand forever.
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ืงื•ื“ื ื›ืœ, ื”ื™ืงื•ื ื™ืชืคืฉื˜ ืœืขื“.
07:02
Back when I was your age,
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ืคืขื ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ื‘ื’ื™ืœื›ื,
07:04
we didn't know what the universe was going to do.
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ืœื ื™ื“ืขื ื• ืžื” ื”ื™ืงื•ื ื”ื•ืœืš ืœืขืฉื•ืช.
07:06
Some people thought that the universe would recollapse in the future.
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ื”ื™ื• ื›ืืœื” ืฉื—ืฉื‘ื• ืฉื”ื™ืงื•ื ื™ืงืจื•ืก ื‘ืขืชื™ื“ ื‘ื—ื–ืจื”.
07:09
Einstein was fond of this idea.
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ืื™ื™ื ืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ ื—ื™ื‘ื‘ ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ื–ื”.
07:11
But if there's dark energy, and the dark energy does not go away,
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ืื‘ืœ ืื ืงื™ื™ืžืช ืื ืจื’ื™ื” ืฉื—ื•ืจื”, ื•ื”ืื ืจื’ื™ื” ื”ืฉื—ื•ืจื” ืœื ื ืขืœืžืช,
07:14
the universe is just going to keep expanding forever and ever and ever.
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ื”ื™ืงื•ื ื”ื•ืœืš ืœื”ืชืคืฉื˜ ืœืขื“.
07:17
14 billion years in the past,
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14 ืžื™ืœื™ืืจื“ ืฉื ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืขื‘ืจ,
07:19
100 billion dog years,
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100 ืžื™ืœื™ืืจื“ ืฉื ื•ืช ื—ื™ื™-ื›ืœื‘,
07:21
but an infinite number of years into the future.
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ืื‘ืœ ืžืกืคืจ ืื™ืŸ-ืกื•ืคื™ ืฉืœ ืฉื ื•ืช ืขืชื™ื“.
07:24
Meanwhile, for all intents and purposes,
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ื‘ื™ื ืชื™ื™ื, ืžื›ืœ ื”ื‘ื—ื™ื ื•ืช,
07:27
space looks finite to us.
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ื”ื—ืœืœ ื ืจืื” ืœื ื• ื›ืกื•ืคื™.
07:29
Space may be finite or infinite,
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ื—ืœืœ ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืกื•ืคื™ ืื• ืื™ืŸ-ืกื•ืคื™,
07:31
but because the universe is accelerating,
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ืื‘ืœ ืžืื—ืจ ื•ื”ื™ืงื•ื ืžืชืคืฉื˜,
07:33
there are parts of it we cannot see
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ื™ืฉ ืื–ื•ืจื™ื ื‘ื—ืœืœ ืฉืื ื• ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืจืื•ืช
07:35
and never will see.
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ื•ื’ื ืœืขื•ืœื ืœื ื ืจืื”.
07:37
There's a finite region of space that we have access to,
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ื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ื’ื™ืฉื” ืœืื–ื•ืจ ืฉืœ ื—ืœืœ, ืฉื’ื•ื“ืœื• ืกื•ืคื™,
07:39
surrounded by a horizon.
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ืืฉืจ ืžื•ืงืฃ ื‘ืื•ืคืง.
07:41
So even though time goes on forever,
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ื›ืฃ ืฉืืคื™ืœื• ืื ื”ื–ืžืŸ ื™ืชืงื™ื™ื ืœื ืฆื—,
07:43
space is limited to us.
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ื”ื—ืœืœ ืขื‘ื•ืจื ื• ื”ื•ื ืžื•ื’ื‘ืœ.
07:45
Finally, empty space has a temperature.
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ื•ืื—ืจื•ืŸ, ืœื—ืœืœ ืจื™ืง ื™ืฉ ื˜ืžืคืจื˜ื•ืจื”.
07:48
In the 1970s, Stephen Hawking told us
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ื‘ืฉื ื•ืช ื”-70, ืกื˜ืคืŸ ื”ื•ืงื™ื ื’ ืกื™ืคืจ ืœื ื•
07:50
that a black hole, even though you think it's black,
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ืฉื—ื•ืจ ืฉื—ื•ืจ, ื’ื ืื ื ื“ืžื” ืœื ื• ืฉื”ื•ื ืฉื—ื•ืจ,
07:52
it actually emits radiation
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ื”ื•ื ืœืžืขืฉื” ืคื•ืœื˜ ืงืจื™ื ื”,
07:54
when you take into account quantum mechanics.
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ืื ืžืชื—ืฉื‘ื™ื ื‘ืžื›ื ื™ืงื” ืงื•ื•ื ื˜ื™ืช.
07:56
The curvature of space-time around the black hole
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ืขืงืžื•ืžื™ื•ืช ื”ื—ืœืœ-ื–ืžืŸ ืกื‘ื™ื‘ ื”ื—ื•ืจ ื”ืฉื—ื•ืจ ืžืขื•ืจืจืช ืœื—ื™ื™ื
07:59
brings to life the quantum mechanical fluctuation,
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ืืช ื”ืื™-ื™ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืช ื”ื ื•ื‘ืขืช ืžื”ืžื›ื ื™ืงื” ื”ืงื•ื•ื ื˜ื™ืช,
08:02
and the black hole radiates.
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ื•ื›ืš ื”ื—ื•ืจ ื”ืฉื—ื•ืจ ืคื•ืœื˜ ืงืจื™ื ื”.
08:04
A precisely similar calculation by Hawking and Gary Gibbons
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ื—ื™ืฉื•ื‘ ื“ื•ืžื” ืœื”ืคืœื™ื ืฉื‘ื•ืฆืข ืขืœ-ื™ื“ื™ ื”ื•ืงื™ื ื’ ื•ื’ืืจื™ ื’ื™ื‘ื•ื ืก
08:07
showed that if you have dark energy in empty space,
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ื”ืจืื” ืฉืื ืงื™ื™ืžืช ืื ืจื’ื™ื” ืฉื—ื•ืจื” ื‘ื—ืœืœ ืจื™ืง,
08:10
then the whole universe radiates.
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ืื– ื›ืœ ื”ื™ืงื•ื ืคื•ืœื˜ ืงืจื™ื ื”.
08:13
The energy of empty space
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ื”ืื ืจื’ื™ื” ืฉืœ ื—ืœืœ ืจื™ืง
08:15
brings to life quantum fluctuations.
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ืžืขื•ืจืจืช ืœื—ื™ื™ื ืชื ื•ื“ื•ืช ืงื•ื•ื ื˜ื™ื•ืช.
08:17
And so even though the universe will last forever,
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ื•ื›ืš, ืืคื™ืœื• ืื ื”ื™ืงื•ื ื™ืชืงื™ื™ื ืœืขื“,
08:19
and ordinary matter and radiation will dilute away,
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ื•ื—ื•ืžืจ ื•ืงืจื™ื ื” ืจื’ื™ืœื™ื ื™ืชืคื•ื’ื’ื•,
08:22
there will always be some radiation,
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ืชืžื™ื“ ืชื™ืฉืืจ ืงืจื™ื ื” ื›ืœืฉื”ื™,
08:24
some thermal fluctuations,
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ื›ืžื” ืชื ื•ื“ื•ืช ืชืจืžื™ื•ืช,
08:26
even in empty space.
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ืืคื™ืœื• ื‘ื—ืœืœ ืจื™ืง.
08:28
So what this means
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ืžื” ืฉื–ื” ืื•ืžืจ
08:30
is that the universe is like a box of gas
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ื”ื•ื ืฉื”ื™ืงื•ื ื”ื•ื ื›ืžื• ืงื•ืคืกื” ื”ืžื›ื™ืœื” ื’ื–
08:32
that lasts forever.
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ื”ืžืชืงื™ื™ืžืช ืœืขื“.
08:34
Well what is the implication of that?
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ืื– ืžื”ื™ ื”ื”ืฉืœื›ื” ืฉืœ ื–ื”?
08:36
That implication was studied by Boltzmann back in the 19th century.
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ื”ืฉืœื›ื” ื–ื• ื ื—ืงืจื” ืขืœ-ื™ื“ื™ ื‘ื•ืœืฆืžืŸ ื‘ืžืื” ื”-19.
08:39
He said, well, entropy increases
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ื”ื•ื ืืžืจ, ืื ื˜ืจื•ืคื™ื” ืขื•ืœื”
08:42
because there are many, many more ways
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ืžื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉื™ืฉ ื”ืจื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ื“ืจื›ื™ื
08:44
for the universe to be high entropy, rather than low entropy.
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ืœื™ืงื•ื ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื™ืžืฆื ื‘ืื ื˜ืจื•ืคื™ื” ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื”, ืžืืฉืจ ื‘ืื ื˜ืจื•ืคื™ื” ื ืžื•ื›ื”.
08:47
But that's a probabilistic statement.
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ืื‘ืœ ื–ื•ื”ื™ ื”ืฆื”ืจื” ื”ืกืชื‘ืจื•ืชื™ืช.
08:50
It will probably increase,
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ื”ื™ื ื›ื›ืœ ื”ื ืจืื” ืชืขืœื”,
08:52
and the probability is enormously huge.
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ื•ื”ื”ืกืชื‘ืจื•ืช ื”ื™ื ืขื ืงื™ืช ื‘ืžื™ื“ื” ืขืฆื•ืžื”.
08:54
It's not something you have to worry about --
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ื–ื” ืœื ืžืฉื”ื• ืฉืฆืจื™ืš ืœื“ืื•ื’ ื‘ื’ืœืœื• --
08:56
the air in this room all gathering over one part of the room and suffocating us.
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ืฉื”ืื•ื™ืจ ื‘ืื•ืœื ื–ื” ื™ืฆื˜ื‘ืจ ืคืชืื•ื ื‘ืคื™ื ื” ืื—ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืื•ืœื ื•ื™ื’ืจื•ื ืœื ื• ืœื—ื ืง.
09:00
It's very, very unlikely.
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ื–ื” ืžืื•ื“, ืžืื•ื“ ื‘ืœืชื™-ืกื‘ื™ืจ.
09:02
Except if they locked the doors
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ืืœื ืื ื ื ืขืœ ืืช ื”ื“ืœืชื•ืช
09:04
and kept us here literally forever,
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ื•ื ื™ืฉืืจ ื›ืืŸ ืœื ืฆื—,
09:06
that would happen.
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ืื– ื–ื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืงืจื•ืช.
09:08
Everything that is allowed,
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ื›ืœ ืžื” ืฉืืคืฉืจื™,
09:10
every configuration that is allowed to be obtained by the molecules in this room,
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ื›ืœ ืกื™ื“ื•ืจ ืฉื”ืžื•ืœืงื•ืœื•ืช ื‘ืื•ืœื ื–ื” ื™ื›ื•ืœื•ืช ืœื”ืฉื™ื’,
09:13
would eventually be obtained.
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ื™ื•ื•ืฆืจ ื‘ืกื•ืคื• ืฉืœ ื“ื‘ืจ.
09:15
So Boltzmann says, look, you could start with a universe
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ื‘ื•ืœืฆืžืŸ ื˜ืขืŸ ืฉื™ืงื•ื ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ืชื—ื™ืœ
09:18
that was in thermal equilibrium.
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ื‘ืžืฆื‘ ืฉืœ ืฉื™ื•ื•ื™-ืžืฉืงืœ ืชืจืžื™.
09:20
He didn't know about the Big Bang. He didn't know about the expansion of the universe.
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ื”ื•ื ืœื ื™ื“ืข ืื– ืขืœ ื”ืžืคืฅ ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ. ื”ื•ื ืœื ื™ื“ืข ืขืœ ื”ืชืคืฉื˜ื•ืช ื”ื™ืงื•ื.
09:23
He thought that space and time were explained by Isaac Newton --
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ื”ื•ื ื—ืฉื‘ ืฉื”ื—ืœืœ ื•ื”ื–ืžืŸ ื”ื•ืกื‘ืจื• ื”ื™ื˜ื‘ ืขืœ-ื™ื“ื™ ื ื™ื•ื˜ื•ืŸ --
09:26
they were absolute; they just stuck there forever.
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ืฉื”ื ืžื•ื—ืœื˜ื™ื; ืฉื”ื ื™ื™ืฉืืจื• ืฉื ืœื ืฆื—.
09:28
So his idea of a natural universe
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ื›ืš ืฉืจืขื™ื•ื ื• ืขืœ ื™ืงื•ื ื˜ื‘ืขื™
09:30
was one in which the air molecules were just spread out evenly everywhere --
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ื”ื™ื” ื›ื–ื” ืฉื‘ื• ืžื•ืœืงื•ืœื•ืช ืื•ื™ืจ ื”ื™ื• ืคื–ื•ืจื•ืช ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืื—ื™ื“ ื‘ื›ืœ ืžืงื•ื --
09:33
the everything molecules.
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ื”ืžื•ืœืงื•ืœื•ืช ื”ื›ืœ-ื™ื›ื•ืœื•ืช.
09:35
But if you're Boltzmann, you know that if you wait long enough,
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ืื‘ืœ ื‘ื•ืœืฆืžืŸ ื’ื ื™ื“ืข ืฉืื ืžืžืชื™ื ื™ื ืžืกืคื™ืง ื–ืžืŸ,
09:38
the random fluctuations of those molecules
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ื”ืชื ื•ื“ื•ืช ื”ืืงืจืื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืžื•ืœืงื•ืœื•ืช ื”ืœืœื•
09:41
will occasionally bring them
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ื™ื‘ื™ืื• ืื•ืชืŸ ืžืคืขื ืœืคืขื
09:43
into lower entropy configurations.
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ืœืžื‘ื ื™ื ืฉืœ ืื ื˜ืจื•ืคื™ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ื ืžื•ื›ื”.
09:45
And then, of course, in the natural course of things,
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ื•ืื–, ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื”ืขื ื™ื™ื ื™ื ื”ื˜ื‘ืขื™,
09:47
they will expand back.
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ื”ืŸ ืชืชืคืฉื˜ื ื” ืฉื•ื‘.
09:49
So it's not that entropy must always increase --
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ื–ื” ืื•ืžืจ ืฉืœื ืชืžื™ื“ ื”ืื ื˜ืจื•ืคื™ื” ื—ื™ื™ื‘ืช ืœืขืœื•ืช --
09:51
you can get fluctuations into lower entropy,
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ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืงื‘ืœ ืชื ื•ื“ื•ืช ืฉื™ื’ืจืžื• ืœื”ื™ื•ื•ืฆืจื•ืช ืื ื˜ืจื•ืคื™ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ื ืžื•ื›ื”,
09:54
more organized situations.
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ืžืฆื‘ื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืื•ืจื’ื ื™ื.
09:56
Well if that's true,
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ืื ื–ื” ื ื›ื•ืŸ,
09:58
Boltzmann then goes onto invent
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ื‘ื•ืœืฆืžืŸ ืžืžืฉื™ืš ื•ืžืžืฆื™ื
10:00
two very modern-sounding ideas --
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ืฉื ื™ ืจืขื™ื•ื ื•ืช ืฉื ืฉืžืขื™ื ืžื•ื“ืจื ื™ื™ื --
10:02
the multiverse and the anthropic principle.
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ื™ืงื•ืžื™ื ืžืงื‘ื™ืœื™ื ื•ื”ืขื™ืงืจื•ืŸ ื”ืื ื˜ืจื•ืคื™.
10:05
He says, the problem with thermal equilibrium
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ื”ื•ื ื˜ื•ืขืŸ ืฉื”ื‘ืขื™ื” ืขื ืฉื™ื•ื•ื™-ืžืฉืงืœ ืชืจืžื™
10:07
is that we can't live there.
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ื”ื™ื ืฉืื ื• ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื—ื™ื•ืช ื‘ื•.
10:09
Remember, life itself depends on the arrow of time.
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ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื–ื›ื•ืจ ืฉื”ื—ื™ื™ื ืขืฆืžื ืชืœื•ื™ื™ื ื‘ื—ืฅ ื”ื–ืžืŸ.
10:12
We would not be able to process information,
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ืœื ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ืžืกื•ื’ืœื™ื ืœืขื‘ื“ ืžื™ื“ืข,
10:14
metabolize, walk and talk,
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ืœื‘ืฆืข ื—ื™ืœื•ืฃ-ื—ื•ืžืจื™ื, ืœืœื›ืช ื•ืœื“ื‘ืจ,
10:16
if we lived in thermal equilibrium.
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ืื ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ื—ื™ื™ื ื‘ืฉื™ื•ื•ื™-ืžืฉืงืœ ืชืจืžื™.
10:18
So if you imagine a very, very big universe,
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ื›ืš ืฉืื ืžื“ืžื™ื™ื ื™ื ื™ืงื•ื ืžืื•ื“, ืžืื•ื“ ื’ื“ื•ืœ,
10:20
an infinitely big universe,
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ื™ืงื•ื ืื™ืŸ-ืกื•ืคื™,
10:22
with randomly bumping into each other particles,
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ืฉื‘ื• ื—ืœืงื™ืงื™ื ืžืชื ื’ืฉื™ื ืืงืจืื™ืช ื”ืื—ื“ ื‘ืฉื ื™,
10:24
there will occasionally be small fluctuations in the lower entropy states,
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ืชื”ื™ื™ื ื” ืœืคืขืžื™ื ืชื ื•ื“ื•ืช ืงื˜ื ื•ืช ืืœ ืขื‘ืจ ืžืฆื‘ื™ ืื ื˜ืจื•ืคื™ื” ื ืžื•ื›ื”,
10:27
and then they relax back.
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ื•ืื– ื—ื–ืจื” ืœืžืฆื‘ ื”ืฉื›ื™ื— ื™ื•ืชืจ.
10:29
But there will also be large fluctuations.
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ืื‘ืœ ืชื”ื™ื™ื ื” ื’ื ืชื ื•ื“ื•ืช ื’ื“ื•ืœื•ืช.
10:31
Occasionally, you will make a planet
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ืžืคืขื ืœืคืขื, ื™ื•ื•ืฆืจ ื›ื•ื›ื‘-ืœื›ืช,
10:33
or a star or a galaxy
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ืื• ื›ื•ื›ื‘ ืื• ื’ืœืงืกื™ื”
10:35
or a hundred billion galaxies.
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ืื• 100 ืžื™ืœื™ืืจื“ ื’ืœืงืกื™ื•ืช.
10:37
So Boltzmann says,
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ื‘ื•ืœืฆืžืŸ ื˜ื•ืขืŸ
10:39
we will only live in the part of the multiverse,
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ืฉืื ื• ื ื—ื™ื” ืจืง ื‘ืื•ืชื• ื—ืœืง ืฉืœ ื™ืงื•ืžื™ื ืžืงื‘ื™ืœื™ื,
10:42
in the part of this infinitely big set of fluctuating particles,
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ื‘ืื•ืชื• ื—ืœืง ืฉืœ ื”ืžืขืจืš ื”ืื™ืŸ-ืกื•ืคื™ ืฉืœ ื—ืœืงื™ืงื™ื ืžืชื ื•ื“ื“ื™ื,
10:45
where life is possible.
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ืฉืฉื ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ืืคืฉืจื™ื™ื.
10:47
That's the region where entropy is low.
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ื–ื” ื”ืื–ื•ืจ ื‘ื• ื”ืื ื˜ืจื•ืคื™ื” ื ืžื•ื›ื”.
10:49
Maybe our universe is just one of those things
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ืื•ืœื™ ื”ื™ืงื•ื ืฉืœื ื• ื”ื•ื ืคืฉื•ื˜ ืื—ื“ ืžืื•ืชื ืชืจื—ื™ืฉื™ื
10:52
that happens from time to time.
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ืฉืงื•ืจื™ื ืžืคืขื ืœืคืขื.
10:54
Now your homework assignment
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ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™-ื”ื‘ื™ืช ืฉืœื›ื
10:56
is to really think about this, to contemplate what it means.
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ื”ื ืœื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืขืœ ื–ื”, ืœื”ืจื”ืจ ื‘ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช ืฉืœ ื–ื”.
10:58
Carl Sagan once famously said
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ื˜ื™ืขื•ืŸ ืื—ื“ ืžืคื•ืจืกื ืฉืœ ืงืจืœ ืกื™ื™ื’ืŸ
11:00
that "in order to make an apple pie,
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ื”ื•ื ืฉื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื›ื™ืŸ ืขื•ื’ืช ืชืคื•ื—ื™ื,
11:02
you must first invent the universe."
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ื—ื•ื‘ื” ืงื•ื“ื ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ืืช ื”ื™ืงื•ื.
11:05
But he was not right.
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ื•ื ื˜ืขื”.
11:07
In Boltzmann's scenario, if you want to make an apple pie,
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ืœืคื™ ืชืกืจื™ื˜ ื‘ื•ืœืฆืžืŸ, ืื ืจื•ืฆื™ื ืœื”ื›ื™ืŸ ืขื•ื’ืช ืชืคื•ื—ื™ื,
11:10
you just wait for the random motion of atoms
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ืฆืจื™ืš ืจืง ืœื”ืžืชื™ืŸ ืฉื”ืชื ื•ืขื” ื”ืืงืจืื™ืช ืฉืœ ืื˜ื•ืžื™ื
11:13
to make you an apple pie.
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ืชื™ืฆื•ืจ ืืช ืขื•ื’ืช ื”ืชืคื•ื—ื™ื.
11:15
That will happen much more frequently
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ื–ื” ื™ืงืจื” ืœืขื™ืชื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ืงืจื•ื‘ื•ืช
11:17
than the random motions of atoms
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ืžืืฉืจ ืฉื”ืชื ื•ืขื” ื”ืืงืจืื™ืช ืฉืœ ืื˜ื•ืžื™ื
11:19
making you an apple orchard
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ืชื™ืฆื•ืจ ืžื˜ืข ืชืคื•ื—ื™ื
11:21
and some sugar and an oven,
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ื•ืกื•ื›ืจ ื•ืชื ื•ืจ,
11:23
and then making you an apple pie.
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ื•ืื– ืชื™ืฆื•ืจ ืืช ืขื•ื’ืช ื”ืชืคื•ื—ื™ื.
11:25
So this scenario makes predictions.
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ื›ืš ืฉืชืกืจื™ื˜ ื–ื” ืžื ื‘ื ืžืฉื”ื•.
11:28
And the predictions are
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ืœืคื™ ืื•ืชื• ืชืกืจื™ื˜,
11:30
that the fluctuations that make us are minimal.
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ื”ืชื ื•ื“ื•ืช ืฉื™ื•ืฆืจื•ืช ืื•ืชื ื• ื”ืŸ ืžื™ื ื™ืžืœื™ื•ืช.
11:33
Even if you imagine that this room we are in now
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ื’ื ืื ืžื“ืžื™ื™ื ื™ื ืฉืื•ืœื ื–ื” ืฉืื ื• ื ืžืฆืื™ื ื‘ื•
11:36
exists and is real and here we are,
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ืงื™ื™ื ื•ื”ื•ื ืืžื™ืชื™,
11:38
and we have, not only our memories,
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ื•ื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ืœื ืจืง ื”ื–ื›ืจื•ื ื•ืช,
11:40
but our impression that outside there's something
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ืื‘ืœ ื’ื ืืช ื”ืจื•ืฉื ืฉืื›ืŸ ืงื™ื™ื ืžืฉื”ื• ื‘ื—ื•ืฅ
11:42
called Caltech and the United States and the Milky Way Galaxy,
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ื”ื ืงืจื ืงืœื˜ืง ื•ืืจื”"ื‘ ื•ื’ืœืงืกื™ื™ืช ืฉื‘ื™ืœ-ื”ื—ืœื‘,
11:46
it's much easier for all those impressions to randomly fluctuate into your brain
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ื–ื” ื”ืจื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืงืœ ืœื”ืชืจืฉืžื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ืฉื•ื ื•ืช ืœื”ืชืงื™ื™ื ื‘ืžื•ื—ื ื•
11:49
than for them actually to randomly fluctuate
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ืžืืฉืจ ืฉื”ืชื ื•ื“ื•ืช ื”ืืงืจืื™ื•ืช ืื›ืŸ ืชืชื’ืฉืžื ื”
11:51
into Caltech, the United States and the galaxy.
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ืœืฆื•ืจื” ืฉืœ ืงืœื˜ืง, ืืจื”"ื‘ ื•ื”ื’ืœืงืกื™ื”.
11:54
The good news is that,
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ื”ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช ื”ื˜ื•ื‘ื•ืช ื”ืŸ
11:56
therefore, this scenario does not work; it is not right.
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ืฉืœื›ืŸ ืชืกืจื™ื˜ ื–ื” ืื™ื ื• ืขื•ื‘ื“; ื”ื•ื ืœื ื ื›ื•ืŸ.
11:59
This scenario predicts that we should be a minimal fluctuation.
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ื”ืชืกืจื™ื˜ ืžื ื‘ื ืฉืื ื• ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืชื ื•ื“ื” ืžื™ื ื™ืžืœื™ืช.
12:02
Even if you left our galaxy out,
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ื ื ื™ื— ืฉืงื™ื‘ืœื ื• ืืช ื”ื’ืœืงืกื™ื” ืฉืœื ื•,
12:04
you would not get a hundred billion other galaxies.
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ืœื ื ืงื‘ืœ ืืช ืžืื” ืžื™ืœื™ืืจื“ ื”ื’ืœืงืกื™ื•ืช ื”ืื—ืจื•ืช.
12:06
And Feynman also understood this.
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ื’ื ืคื™ื™ื ืžืŸ ื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ื–ืืช.
12:08
Feynman says, "From the hypothesis that the world is a fluctuation,
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ืคื™ื™ื ืžืŸ ืืžืจ, "ืžื”ื”ื ื—ื” ืฉื”ืขื•ืœื ื”ื•ื ืชื ื•ื“ื”,
12:12
all the predictions are that
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ื›ืœ ื”ืชื—ื–ื™ื•ืช ื”ืŸ
12:14
if we look at a part of the world we've never seen before,
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ืฉืื ื ืกืชื›ืœ ืขืœ ื—ืœืง ืžืกื•ื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืขื•ืœื ืฉืœื ืจืื™ื ื• ืงื•ื“ื,
12:16
we will find it mixed up, and not like the piece we've just looked at --
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ื ื’ืœื” ืฉื”ื•ื ื—ืกืจ ืกื“ืจ, ื•ืœื ื›ืžื• ื”ืื–ื•ืจ ืฉืจืื™ื ื• ืงื•ื“ื --
12:18
high entropy.
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ืฉื”ื•ื ื‘ืขืœ ืื ื˜ืจื•ืคื™ื” ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื”.
12:20
If our order were due to a fluctuation,
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ืื ื”ืกื“ืจ ืฉืœื ื• ื”ื•ื ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืชื ื•ื“ื”,
12:22
we would not expect order anywhere but where we have just noticed it.
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ืื™ืŸ ืœืฆืคื•ืช ืœืกื“ืจ ื‘ื›ืœ ืžืงื•ื ืื—ืจ ืืœื ืจืง ื‘ืื•ืชื• ืžืงื•ื ืฉืจืื™ื ื•.
12:24
We therefore conclude the universe is not a fluctuation."
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ืœื›ืŸ ืื ื• ืžืกื™ืงื™ื ืฉื”ื™ืงื•ื ืื™ื ื• ืชื ื•ื“ื”."
12:28
So that's good. The question is then what is the right answer?
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ื˜ื•ื‘. ื”ืฉืืœื” ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ื”ื™ื ืžื”ื™ ื”ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ื”ื ื›ื•ื ื”?
12:31
If the universe is not a fluctuation,
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ืื ื”ื™ืงื•ื ืื™ื ื• ืชื ื•ื“ื”,
12:33
why did the early universe have a low entropy?
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ืžื“ื•ืข ืœื™ืงื•ื ื”ืงื“ืžื•ื ื™ ื”ื™ืชื” ืื ื˜ืจื•ืคื™ื” ื ืžื•ื›ื”?
12:36
And I would love to tell you the answer, but I'm running out of time.
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ื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ืžืื•ื“ ืจื•ืฆื” ืœื”ื’ื™ื“ ืืช ื”ืชืฉื•ื‘ื”, ืื‘ืœ ื–ืžื ื™ ืื•ื–ืœ.
12:39
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
12:41
Here is the universe that we tell you about,
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ื”ื ื” ื”ื™ืงื•ื ืฉืื ื™ ืžื“ื‘ืจ ืขืœื™ื•,
12:43
versus the universe that really exists.
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ื›ื ื’ื“ ื”ื™ืงื•ื ืฉืงื™ื™ื ื‘ืคื•ืขืœ.
12:45
I just showed you this picture.
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ื”ืจืืชื™ ืœื›ื ืจืง ืืช ื”ืชืžื•ื ื” ื”ื–ื•.
12:47
The universe is expanding for the last 10 billion years or so.
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ื”ื™ืงื•ื ืžืชืคืฉื˜ ื‘ืžืฉืš 10 ืžื™ืœื™ืืจื“ ื”ืฉื ื™ื ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื•ืช.
12:49
It's cooling off.
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ื”ื•ื ื‘ืชื”ืœื™ืš ืฉืœ ื”ืชืงืจืจื•ืช.
12:51
But we now know enough about the future of the universe
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ืื‘ืœ ืื ื• ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ืžืกืคื™ืง ืขืœ ืขืชื™ื“ ื”ื™ืงื•ื
12:53
to say a lot more.
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ื›ืš ืฉื ื•ื›ืœ ืœื•ืžืจ ื”ืจื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ.
12:55
If the dark energy remains around,
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ืื ื”ืื ืจื’ื™ื” ื”ืฉื—ื•ืจื” ืชืžืฉื™ืš ืœื”ืชืงื™ื™ื,
12:57
the stars around us will use up their nuclear fuel, they will stop burning.
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ื”ื›ื•ื›ื‘ื™ื ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื ื• ื™ื›ืœื• ืืช ื”ื“ืœืง ื”ื’ืจืขื™ื ื™ ืฉืœื”ื ื•ื™ืคืกื™ืงื• ืœื‘ืขื•ืจ.
13:00
They will fall into black holes.
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ื”ื ื™ืงืจืกื• ื•ื™ื”ืคื›ื• ืœื—ื•ืจื™ื ืฉื—ื•ืจื™ื.
13:02
We will live in a universe
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ื ื—ื™ื” ื‘ื™ืงื•ื ืฉืœื ื™ื”ื™ื” ื‘ื•
13:04
with nothing in it but black holes.
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ื›ืœื•ื ืžืœื‘ื“ ื—ื•ืจื™ื ืฉื—ื•ืจื™ื.
13:06
That universe will last 10 to the 100 years --
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ื™ืงื•ื ื–ื” ื™ืชืงื™ื™ื 10 ื‘ื—ื–ืงืช 100 ืฉื ื™ื --
13:10
a lot longer than our little universe has lived.
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ื”ืจื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืžื” ืฉื”ื™ืงื•ื ืฉืœื ื• ื”ืชืงื™ื™ื ืขื“ ืขืชื”.
13:12
The future is much longer than the past.
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ื”ืขืชื™ื“ ื”ืจื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืืจื•ืš ืžื”ืขื‘ืจ.
13:14
But even black holes don't last forever.
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ืื‘ืœ ืืคื™ืœื• ื”ื—ื•ืจื™ื ืฉื—ื•ืจื™ื ืœื ืžืชืงื™ื™ืžื™ื ืขื“ ืื™ืŸ-ืงืฅ.
13:16
They will evaporate,
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ื”ื ื™ืชืื“ื•,
13:18
and we will be left with nothing but empty space.
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ื•ื ื™ืฉืืจ ืขื ืฉื•ื ื“ื‘ืจ ืžืœื‘ื“ ื—ืœืœ ืจื™ืง.
13:20
That empty space lasts essentially forever.
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ื”ื—ืœืœ ื”ืจื™ืง ื™ืชืงื™ื™ื ืœื ืฆื—.
13:24
However, you notice, since empty space gives off radiation,
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ืขื ื–ืืช, ืžืื—ืจ ื•ื—ืœืœ ืจื™ืง ืคื•ืœื˜ ืงืจื™ื ื”,
13:27
there's actually thermal fluctuations,
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ืœืžืขืฉื” ื™ืฉ ืชื ื•ื“ื•ืช ืชืจืžื™ื•ืช,
13:29
and it cycles around
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ื•ื”ื•ื ืขื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ื™ืŸ
13:31
all the different possible combinations
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ื›ืœ ื”ืฆื™ืจื•ืคื™ื ื”ืฉื•ื ื™ื ื”ืืคืฉืจื™ื™ื
13:33
of the degrees of freedom that exist in empty space.
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ืฉืœ ื“ืจื’ื•ืช ื”ื—ื•ืคืฉ ืืฉืจ ืงื™ื™ืžื•ืช ื‘ื—ืœืœ ืจื™ืง.
13:36
So even though the universe lasts forever,
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ืœื›ืŸ ืœืžืจื•ืช ืฉื”ื™ืงื•ื ืžืชืงื™ื™ื ืœื ืฆื—,
13:38
there's only a finite number of things
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ื™ืฉ ืจืง ืžืกืคืจ ืกื•ืคื™ ืฉืœ ื“ื‘ืจื™ื
13:40
that can possibly happen in the universe.
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ืฉื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ืชืจื—ืฉ ื‘ื™ืงื•ื.
13:42
They all happen over a period of time
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ื”ื ื›ื•ืœื ืงื•ืจื™ื ื‘ืžืฉืš ืชืงื•ืคืช ื–ืžืŸ
13:44
equal to 10 to the 10 to the 120 years.
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ื”ืฉื•ื•ื” ืœ-10 ื‘ื—ื–ืงืช 10 ื‘ื—ื–ืงืช 120 ืฉื ื™ื.
13:47
So here's two questions for you.
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ืื– ื”ื ื” ืฉืชื™ ืฉืืœื•ืช ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืœื›ื.
13:49
Number one: If the universe lasts for 10 to the 10 to the 120 years,
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1: ืื ื”ื™ืงื•ื ืžืชืงื™ื™ื 10 ื‘ื—ื–ืงืช 10 ื‘ื—ื–ืงืช 120 ืฉื ื™ื,
13:52
why are we born
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ืžื“ื•ืข ื ื•ืœื“ื ื•
13:54
in the first 14 billion years of it,
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ื‘-14 ืžื™ืœื™ืืจื“ ื”ืฉื ื™ื ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื•ืช ืฉืœื•,
13:57
in the warm, comfortable afterglow of the Big Bang?
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ื‘ื“ืžื“ื•ืžื™ื ื”ื—ืžื™ื ื•ื”ื ืขื™ืžื™ื ืฉืœืื—ืจ ื”ืžืคืฅ ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ?
14:00
Why aren't we in empty space?
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ืžื“ื•ืข ืœื ื ื•ืœื“ื ื• ื‘ื—ืœืœ ืจื™ืง?
14:02
You might say, "Well there's nothing there to be living,"
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ืืชื ืชืืžืจื•, "ื›ื™ ืื™ืŸ ืฉื ืžืžื” ืœื—ื™ื•ืช."
14:04
but that's not right.
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ืื‘ืœ ื–ื” ืœื ื ื›ื•ืŸ.
14:06
You could be a random fluctuation out of the nothingness.
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ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืชื ื•ื“ื” ืืงืจืื™ืช ืžืชื•ืš ื”ืืคืกื•ืช.
14:08
Why aren't you?
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ืžื“ื•ืข ืื ื—ื ื• ืœื?
14:10
More homework assignment for you.
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ืขื•ื“ ืžืฉื™ืžื” ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืœื›ื ืœื‘ื™ืช.
14:13
So like I said, I don't actually know the answer.
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ื•ื›ืคื™ ืฉืืžืจืชื™, ืื ื™ ืœื ื™ื•ื“ืข ืืช ื”ืชืฉื•ื‘ื”.
14:15
I'm going to give you my favorite scenario.
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ืืกืคืจ ืœื›ื ืืช ืžื” ืฉืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘.
14:17
Either it's just like that. There is no explanation.
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ืื• ืฉื–ื” ื›ื›ื” ื•ื–ื”ื•. ืื™ืŸ ื”ืกื‘ืจ.
14:20
This is a brute fact about the universe
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ืฉื–ื•ื”ื™ ืขื•ื‘ื“ืช-ื—ื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ื™ืงื•ื
14:22
that you should learn to accept and stop asking questions.
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ื•ืฉืขืœื™ื›ื ืœืœืžื•ื“ ืœืงื‘ืœื” ื•ืœื”ืคืกื™ืง ืœืฉืื•ืœ ืฉืืœื•ืช.
14:26
Or maybe the Big Bang
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ืื• ืฉืื•ืœื™ ื”ืžืคืฅ ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ
14:28
is not the beginning of the universe.
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ื”ื•ื ืœื ื”ื”ืชื—ืœื” ืฉืœ ื”ื™ืงื•ื.
14:30
An egg, an unbroken egg, is a low entropy configuration,
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ื‘ื™ืฆื”, ื‘ื™ืฆื” ืฉืœืžื”, ื”ื™ื ืžืขืจืš ื‘ืขืœ ืื ื˜ืจื•ืคื™ื” ื ืžื•ื›ื”,
14:33
and yet, when we open our refrigerator,
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ื•ื‘ื›ืœ ื–ืืช, ื›ืืฉืจ ืื ื• ืคื•ืชื—ื™ื ืžืงืจืจ,
14:35
we do not go, "Hah, how surprising to find
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ืื ื• ืœื ืžื•ืคืชืขื™ื ืœืžืฆื•ื ืืช ื”ืžืขืจืš ื”ื–ื”
14:37
this low entropy configuration in our refrigerator."
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ื‘ืขืœ ืื ื˜ืจื•ืคื™ื” ื ืžื•ื›ื” ื‘ืžืงืจืจ.
14:39
That's because an egg is not a closed system;
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ื–ื” ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืฉื”ื‘ื™ืฆื” ืื™ื ื” ืžืขืจื›ืช ืกื’ื•ืจื”;
14:42
it comes out of a chicken.
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ื”ื™ื ื™ื•ืฆืืช ืžืชืจื ื’ื•ืœืช.
14:44
Maybe the universe comes out of a universal chicken.
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ืื•ืœื™ ื”ื™ืงื•ื ืฉืœื ื• ื™ืฆื ืžืชืจื ื’ื•ืœืช ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกืœื™ืช.
14:48
Maybe there is something that naturally,
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ืื•ืœื™ ืงื™ื™ื ืžืฉื”ื• ืฉื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื˜ื‘ืขื™,
14:50
through the growth of the laws of physics,
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ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื”ืชืคืชื—ื•ืช ื—ื•ืงื™ ื”ืคื™ื–ื™ืงื”,
14:53
gives rise to universe like ours
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ื”ื•ืœื™ื“ ื™ืงื•ื ื›ืžื• ืฉืœื ื•
14:55
in low entropy configurations.
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ื‘ืžืฆื‘ ืฉืœ ืื ื˜ืจื•ืคื™ื” ื ืžื•ื›ื”.
14:57
If that's true, it would happen more than once;
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ืื ื–ื” ื ื›ื•ืŸ, ื–ื” ื™ืชืจื—ืฉ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืคืขื ืื—ืช;
14:59
we would be part of a much bigger multiverse.
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ืื ื• ืขืฉื•ื™ื™ื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื—ืœืง ืžื™ืงื•ื ืžืงื‘ื™ืœื™ ื”ืจื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ื’ื“ื•ืœ.
15:02
That's my favorite scenario.
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ื–ื” ื”ืชืกืจื™ื˜ ื”ื—ื‘ื™ื‘ ืขืœื™ื™.
15:04
So the organizers asked me to end with a bold speculation.
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ืžืืจื’ื ื™ ื”ื›ื ืก ื‘ื™ืงืฉื• ืžืžื ื™ ืœืกื™ื™ื ืขื ื”ืฉืขืจื” ื ื•ืขื–ืช.
15:07
My bold speculation
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ื”ืฉืขืจืชื™ ื”ื ื•ืขื–ืช
15:09
is that I will be absolutely vindicated by history.
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ื”ื™ื ืฉื”ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ืชื•ื›ื™ื— ืฉืฆื“ืงืชื™ ืœื’ืžืจื™.
15:12
And 50 years from now,
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ืฉ-50 ืฉื ื” ืžื”ื™ื•ื,
15:14
all of my current wild ideas will be accepted as truths
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ื›ืœ ื”ืจืขื™ื•ื ื•ืช ื”ืคืจื•ืขื™ื ืฉืœื™ ื™ืชืงื‘ืœื• ื›ืืžื™ืชื•ืช
15:17
by the scientific and external communities.
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ืขืœ-ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืงื”ื™ืœื™ื™ื” ื”ืžื“ืขื™ืช ื•ืื—ืจื™ื.
15:20
We will all believe that our little universe
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ื›ื•ืœื ื• ื ืืžื™ืŸ ืฉื™ืงื•ืžื ื• ื”ืงื˜ืŸ
15:22
is just a small part of a much larger multiverse.
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ื”ื•ื ืจืง ื—ืœืง ืงื˜ืŸ ืžื™ืงื•ื ืžืงื‘ื™ืœื™ ื”ืจื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ื’ื“ื•ืœ.
15:25
And even better, we will understand what happened at the Big Bang
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ื•ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื–ื”, ื ื‘ื™ืŸ ืืช ืžื” ืฉืงืจื” ื‘ืžืคืฅ ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ
15:28
in terms of a theory
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ื‘ืžื•ื ื—ื™ื ืชืื•ืจื˜ื™ื™ื,
15:30
that we will be able to compare to observations.
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ื•ืฉื ื•ื›ืœ ืœื”ืฉื•ื•ืช ืื•ืชื ืœืชืฆืคื™ื•ืช.
15:32
This is a prediction. I might be wrong.
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ื–ื”ื• ื”ื ื™ื‘ื•ื™. ืื•ืœื™ ืื ื™ ื˜ื•ืขื”.
15:34
But we've been thinking as a human race
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ืื‘ืœ ืื ื• ื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ืžื ืงื•ื“ืช ืžื‘ื˜ ืื ื•ืฉื™ืช,
15:36
about what the universe was like,
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ืขืœ ืžื” ืฉื”ื™ืงื•ื ื”ื™ื”, ื•ืžื“ื•ืข ื”ื•ื
15:38
why it came to be in the way it did for many, many years.
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ื”ืคืš ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืœืžื” ืฉื”ื•ื ื‘ืžืฉืš ืฉื ื™ื ื›ื” ืจื‘ื•ืช.
15:41
It's exciting to think we may finally know the answer someday.
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ื–ื” ื ื•ืชืŸ ื”ืฉืจืื” ืœื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืฉืื•ืœื™ ื‘ืกื•ืฃ ื ื“ืข ืืช ื”ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ื™ื•ื ืื—ื“.
15:44
Thank you.
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ืชื•ื“ื” ืœื›ื.
15:46
(Applause)
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(ืžื—ื™ืื•ืช ื›ืคื™ื™ื)
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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