Sean Carroll: Distant time and the hint of a multiverse

209,448 views ใƒป 2011-05-06

TED


์•„๋ž˜ ์˜๋ฌธ์ž๋ง‰์„ ๋”๋ธ”ํด๋ฆญํ•˜์‹œ๋ฉด ์˜์ƒ์ด ์žฌ์ƒ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

๋ฒˆ์—ญ: Young-ho Park ๊ฒ€ํ† : Bianca Lee
00:15
The universe
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์šฐ์ฃผ๋Š”
00:17
is really big.
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์ •๋ง๋กœ ๊ฑฐ๋Œ€ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:19
We live in a galaxy, the Milky Way Galaxy.
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์€ํ•˜๊ณ„ ์•ˆ์—์„œ ์‚ด๊ณ  ์žˆ์ฃ .
00:22
There are about a hundred billion stars in the Milky Way Galaxy.
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์€ํ•˜๊ณ„์—๋Š” ์•ฝ ์ฒœ์–ต๊ฐœ์˜ ๋ณ„๋“ค์ด ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:25
And if you take a camera
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์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„๊ป˜์„œ
00:27
and you point it at a random part of the sky,
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ํ—ˆ๋ธ”์šฐ์ฃผ๋ง์›๊ฒฝ์—
00:29
and you just keep the shutter open,
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์นด๋ฉ”๋ผ๋ฅผ ๋‹ฌ๊ณ 
00:31
as long as your camera is attached to the Hubble Space Telescope,
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์•„๋ฌด๋Ÿฐ ๋ฐฉํ–ฅ์œผ๋กœ๋‚˜ ์‚ฌ์ง„์„ ์ฐ๋Š”๋‹ค๋ฉด ์ด์™€ ๋น„์Šทํ•œ
00:34
it will see something like this.
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์‚ฌ์ง„์ด ์ฐํž ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:36
Every one of these little blobs
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์—ฌ๊ธฐ์— ๋ณด์ด๋Š” ์ž‘์€ ๋ฉ์–ด๋ฆฌ ํ•˜๋‚˜ ํ•˜๋‚˜๊ฐ€
00:39
is a galaxy roughly the size of our Milky Way --
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์•ฝ ์ฒœ์–ต๊ฐœ์˜ ๋ณ„๋“ค๋กœ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ๋œ
00:41
a hundred billion stars in each of those blobs.
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ ์€ํ•˜๊ณ„์™€ ๋น„์Šทํ•œ ํฌ๊ธฐ์˜ ์€ํ•˜๋“ค์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:44
There are approximately a hundred billion galaxies
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๊ด€์ธกํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ์šฐ์ฃผ์˜ ๊ตฌ์—ญ๋งŒํ•ด๋„ ์•ฝ ์ฒœ์–ต๊ฐœ์˜
00:47
in the observable universe.
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์€ํ•˜๊ฐ€ ์กด์žฌํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:49
100 billion is the only number you need to know.
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์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์€ ์ฒœ์–ต๊ฐœ๋ผ๋Š” ์ˆซ์ž๋งŒ ๊ธฐ์–ตํ•˜์‹œ๋ฉด ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:51
The age of the universe, between now and the Big Bang,
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๋น…๋ฑ…๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์ง€๊ธˆ๊นŒ์ง€ ์šฐ์ฃผ์˜ ๋‚˜์ด๋Š” ๊ฐœ์˜ ๋‚˜์ด๋กœ ์น˜๋ฉด
00:54
is a hundred billion in dog years.
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์ฒœ์–ต์‚ด์ด์ง€์š”.
00:56
(Laughter)
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(์›ƒ์Œ)
00:58
Which tells you something about our place in the universe.
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์ด๋Ÿฐ ์‚ฌ์‹ค์€ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ์™€ ์šฐ์ฃผ์™€์˜ ๊ด€๊ณ„๋ฅผ ์ž˜ ๋งํ•ด์ค๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:01
One thing you can do with a picture like this is simply admire it.
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์ด๋Ÿฐ ์‚ฌ์ง„์„ ๋ณด๋ฉด ๊ฒฝ์™ธ์‹ฌ์„ ๊ธˆํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์—†์ง€์š”.
01:03
It's extremely beautiful.
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์ •๋ง ๋„ˆ๋ฌด๋‚˜ ์•„๋ฆ„๋‹ต์ฃ .
01:05
I've often wondered, what is the evolutionary pressure
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์ €๋Š” ์ด๋Ÿฐ ์‚ฌ์ง„์„ ์ƒ์ƒ๋„ ํ•˜์ง€ ๋ชปํ•˜๋ฉฐ ๋‚จ์•„ํ”„๋ฆฌ์นด์˜
01:08
that made our ancestors in the Veldt adapt and evolve
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์ดˆ์›์ง€๋Œ€์—์„œ ์‚ด๋˜ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ ์กฐ์ƒ๋“ค์ด ์–ด๋–ค ์ง„ํ™”์  ์••๋ ฅ์— ์˜ํ•ด
01:11
to really enjoy pictures of galaxies
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์ด ์‚ฌ์ง„์˜ ์•„๋ฆ„๋‹ค์›€์„ ์ •๋ง๋กœ ์ฆ๊ธธ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋„๋ก
01:13
when they didn't have any.
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์ง„ํ™”ํ–ˆ๋Š”์ง€ ์ข…์ข… ๊ถ๊ธˆํ•ดํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:15
But we would also like to understand it.
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์ด๋Ÿฐ ์‚ฌ์ง„์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ง€์  ํ˜ธ๊ธฐ์‹ฌ๋„ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ์ง€์š”.
01:17
As a cosmologist, I want to ask, why is the universe like this?
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์šฐ์ฃผํ•™์ž๋กœ์„œ ์ œ๊ฐ€ ์•Œ๊ณ  ์‹ถ์€ ๊ฒƒ์€ ์™œ ์šฐ์ฃผ๊ฐ€ ์ด๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ์ƒ๊ฒผ๋ƒ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:21
One big clue we have is that the universe is changing with time.
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์ด ์งˆ๋ฌธ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ํฐ ๋‹จ์„œ๋Š” ์‹œ๊ฐ„์ด ํ๋ฅด๋ฉฐ ์šฐ์ฃผ๊ฐ€ ๋ณ€ํ•œ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:24
If you looked at one of these galaxies and measured its velocity,
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์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์ด ์€ํ•˜ ํ•˜๋‚˜๋ฅผ ๊ณจ๋ผ์„œ ๊ทธ ์†๋„๋ฅผ ์ธก์ •ํ•˜๋ฉด ๊ทธ ์€ํ•˜๊ฐ€
01:27
it would be moving away from you.
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์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์œผ๋กœ ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ๋ฉ€๋ฆฌ ์›€์ง์ด๋Š”๋ฐ,
01:29
And if you look at a galaxy even farther away,
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๋” ๋จผ๊ณณ์— ์žˆ๋Š” ์€ํ•˜๋Š” ๋” ๋นจ๋ฆฌ ๋ฉ€์–ด์ง„๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„
01:31
it would be moving away faster.
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์•Œ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:33
So we say the universe is expanding.
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์šฐ์ฃผ๊ฐ€ ํŒฝ์ฐฝํ•œ๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋งํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:35
What that means, of course, is that, in the past,
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์ด๋ง์€ ์ฆ‰ ๊ณผ๊ฑฐ์—๋Š” ์€ํ•˜๋“ค์ด ํ˜„์žฌ๋ณด๋‹ค ๋” ๊ฐ€๊นŒ์ด
01:37
things were closer together.
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์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ์˜๋ฏธํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:39
In the past, the universe was more dense,
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์ฆ‰, ๊ณผ๊ฑฐ์—๋Š” ์šฐ์ฃผ๊ฐ€ ๋” ๋ฐ€์ง‘ํ–ˆ์—ˆ๊ณ .
01:41
and it was also hotter.
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๋˜ ๋” ๋œจ๊ฑฐ์› ์—ˆ์ง€์š”.
01:43
If you squeeze things together, the temperature goes up.
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์–ด๋–ค๊ฒƒ์ด๋˜์ง€ ์••์ถ•์„ ํ•˜๋ฉด ์˜จ๋„๊ฐ€ ์˜ฌ๋ผ๊ฐ€๋Š”๋ฐ
01:45
That kind of makes sense to us.
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๊ทธ๊ฑด ์‰ฝ๊ฒŒ ์ดํ•ดํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์ง€์š”.
01:47
The thing that doesn't make sense to us as much
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜, ๋น…๋ฑ… ์งํ›„์ธ ์šฐ์ฃผ์˜ ์ดˆ์ฐฝ๊ธฐ์—
01:49
is that the universe, at early times, near the Big Bang,
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๋งŒ์‚ฌ๊ฐ€ ์—„์ฒญ๋‚˜๊ฒŒ ์Šค๋ฌด์Šคํ–ˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€
01:52
was also very, very smooth.
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์‰ฝ๊ฒŒ ์ดํ•ดํ•˜๊ธฐ ํž˜๋“ญ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:54
You might think that that's not a surprise.
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์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์€ ๊ทธ๊ฒŒ ๊ทธ๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ๋†€๋ž์ง€ ์•Š๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐํ• ์ง€ ๋ชจ๋ฆ…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:56
The air in this room is very smooth.
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์ด ๊ฐ•์˜์‹ค ๋‚ด์˜ ๊ณต๊ธฐ๋Š” ๋งค์šฐ ์Šค๋ฌด์Šคํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:58
You might say, "Well, maybe things just smoothed themselves out."
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์–ด๋–ค ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์€ "์‹œ๊ฐ„์ด ํ๋ฅด๋ฉฐ ์ €์ ˆ๋กœ ์Šค๋ฌด์Šคํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋๋‹ค"๋ผ๊ณ  ๋งํ• ์ง€ ๋ชจ๋ฆ…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:01
But the conditions near the Big Bang are very, very different
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ๋น…๋ฑ… ์งํ›„ ์–ผ๋งˆ ๋™์•ˆ์˜ ๋ชจ๋“  ์ƒํ™ฉ์€ ์ง€๊ธˆ ์ด ๊ฐ•์˜์‹ค ๋‚ด์˜
02:04
than the conditions of the air in this room.
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์ƒํ™ฉ๊ณผ๋Š” ์™„์ „ํžˆ ๋‹ฌ๋ž์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:06
In particular, things were a lot denser.
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ํŠนํžˆ, ๋ชจ๋“ ๊ฒƒ์ด ํ›จ์”ฌ ๋” ์••์ถ•๋œ ์ƒํƒœ์˜€์ง€์š”.
02:08
The gravitational pull of things
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๋น…๋ฑ… ์งํ›„ ์–ผ๋งˆ๊ฐ„์€ ๋ชจ๋“  ์‚ฌ๋ฌผ์—
02:10
was a lot stronger near the Big Bang.
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์ž‘์šฉํ•˜๋Š” ์ค‘๋ ฅ์˜ ํž˜์ด ํ›จ์”ฌ ๋” ๊ฐ•ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:12
What you have to think about
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์šฐ์ฃผ์—๋Š” ์ฒœ์–ต ๊ฐœ์˜ ์€ํ•˜๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๊ณ 
02:14
is we have a universe with a hundred billion galaxies,
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๋˜ํ•œ, ๊ฐ ์€ํ•˜์—๋Š” ์ฒœ์–ต๊ฐœ์˜ ๋ณ„์ด ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š”
02:16
a hundred billion stars each.
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์‚ฌ์‹ค์„ ์ƒ๊ฐํ•ด ๋ณด์ง€์š”.
02:18
At early times, those hundred billion galaxies
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์ดˆ๊ธฐ ์šฐ์ฃผ์—๋Š” ์ด๋Ÿฐ ์ฒœ์–ต๊ฐœ์˜ ์€ํ•˜๋“ค์ด
02:21
were squeezed into a region about this big --
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์ •๋ง๋กœ ์ด์ •๋„์˜ ํฌ๊ธฐ๋กœ
02:24
literally -- at early times.
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์••์ถ•๋œ ์ƒํƒœ์— ์žˆ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:26
And you have to imagine doing that squeezing
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๊ทธ์•ผ๋ง๋กœ ์›์ž ํ•˜๋‚˜๋„ ํ‹€๋ฆผ์—†๊ฒŒ,
02:28
without any imperfections,
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์•„๋ฌด๋Ÿฐ ๊ฒฐํ•จ๋„ ์—†๊ฒŒ,
02:30
without any little spots
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๋ฌธ์ž๊ทธ๋Œ€๋กœ ์™„๋ฒฝ๋ฌด๊ฒฐํ•˜๊ฒŒ,
02:32
where there were a few more atoms than somewhere else.
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์••์ถ•๋œ ์ƒํ™ฉ์„ ๋งํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:34
Because if there had been, they would have collapsed under the gravitational pull
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๋งŒ์•ฝ์— ์กฐ๊ธˆ์ด๋ผ๋„ ์ด ์••์ถ•๋œ ์ƒํƒœ์— ๊ฒฐํ•จ์ด ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค๋ฉด ์ค‘๋ ฅ์— ์˜ํ•ด ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์ด
02:37
into a huge black hole.
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๊ฑฐ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋ธ”๋ž™ํ™€๋กœ ๋ถ•๊ดด๋˜์—ˆ์„ํ…Œ๋‹ˆ๊นŒ์š”.
02:39
Keeping the universe very, very smooth at early times
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์šฐ์ฃผ ์ดˆ๊ธฐ์— ์šฐ์ฃผ๋ฅผ ๋งค์šฐ ๋งค์šฐ ์Šค๋ฌด์Šคํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์œ ์ง€ํ•˜๋ ค๋ฉด ๋ชจ๋“ ๊ฒƒ์ด
02:42
is not easy; it's a delicate arrangement.
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์„ฌ์„ธํ•˜๊ณ  ์ •ํ™•ํžˆ ๋ฐฐ์—ด๋ผ์•ผ ํ•˜๋‹ˆ๊นŒ ์‰ฌ์šด์ผ์ด ์•„๋‹™๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:44
It's a clue
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๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์€ ์ดˆ๊ธฐ ์šฐ์ฃผ๊ฐ€ ์ž„์˜๋กœ
02:46
that the early universe is not chosen randomly.
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์„ ํƒ๋œ ๊ฒƒ์ด ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ๋Š” ๋งํ•ด์ฃผ๋Š” ํ•˜๋‚˜์˜ ๋‹จ์„œ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:48
There is something that made it that way.
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์ฆ‰, ๋ฌด์—‡์ธ๊ฐ€ ๊ทธ๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ๋งŒ๋“ค์—ˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๋ง์ด๋ฉฐ
02:50
We would like to know what.
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์ด ๋ฌด์—ˆ์ธ์ง€ ์•Œ๋ ค๊ณ  ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:52
So part of our understanding of this was given to us by Ludwig Boltzmann,
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์˜ค์ŠคํŠธ๋ฆฌ์•„์˜ 19 ์„ธ๊ธฐ ๋ฌผ๋ฆฌ ํ•™์ž์ธ ๋ฃจ๋“œ๋น„ํžˆ ๋ณผ์ธ ๋งŒ์€
02:55
an Austrian physicist in the 19th century.
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ์—๊ฒŒ ์—”ํŠธ๋กœํ”ผ๋ผ๋Š” ๊ฐœ๋…์„ ๊ฐ€๋ฅด์ผœ์คŒ์œผ๋กœ์„œ
02:58
And Boltzmann's contribution was that he helped us understand entropy.
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์ด ๋ฌธ์ œ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋‹ต์„ ์ดํ•ดํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋„๋ก ๋„์™€ ์ฃผ์—ˆ์ง€์š”.
03:01
You've heard of entropy.
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์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์€ ์—”ํŠธ๋กœํ”ผ๋ผ๋Š” ๋ง์„ ๋“ค์–ด๋ณด์…จ์ฃ ?
03:03
It's the randomness, the disorder, the chaoticness of some systems.
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์—”ํŠธ๋กœํ”ผ๋Š” ์–ด๋–ค ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์˜ ๋ฌด์งˆ์„œ, ๋ถˆ๊ทœ์น™์„ฑ, ํ˜ผ๋ž€์„ฑ์„ ๋งํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:06
Boltzmann gave us a formula --
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๋ณผ์ธ ๋งŒ์˜ ๋ฌ˜๋น„์—๋Š” ์—”ํŠธ๋กœํ”ผ๋ฅผ
03:08
engraved on his tombstone now --
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์‹ค์ œ ์ˆซ์ž๋กœ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ด ์ฃผ๋Š”
03:10
that really quantifies what entropy is.
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๊ณต์‹์ด ์ƒˆ๊ฒจ์ ธ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:12
And it's basically just saying
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๊ฐ„๋‹จํžˆ ๋งํ•ด์„œ, ์—”ํŠธ๋กœํ”ผ๋ผ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€
03:14
that entropy is the number of ways
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์•„๋ฌด๋ฆฌ ์ž์„ธํžˆ ์‚ดํŽด๋ณด๋”๋ผ๋„
03:16
we can rearrange the constituents of a system so that you don't notice,
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๋ชจ๋“ ๊ฒƒ์ด ๋™์ผํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋ณด์ด๋„๋ก ์–ด๋–ค ํ•œ ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์˜ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ์š”์†Œ๋“ค์„
03:19
so that macroscopically it looks the same.
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๋ช‡๋ฒˆ์ด๋‚˜ ์žฌ๋ฐฐ์—ดํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฐ€๋ฅผ ๋งํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:21
If you have the air in this room,
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์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์€ ์ด ๊ฐ•์˜์‹ค ์•ˆ์— ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ณต๊ธฐ์˜
03:23
you don't notice each individual atom.
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์›์ž ํ•˜๋‚˜ํ•˜๋‚˜์˜ ์ฐจ์ด๋ฅผ ๋Š๋ผ์ง€ ๋ชปํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:26
A low entropy configuration
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์—”ํŠธ๋กœํ”ผ๊ฐ€ ๋‚ฎ๋‹ค๋Š” ๋ง์€
03:28
is one in which there's only a few arrangements that look that way.
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๊ทธ๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ๋ณด์ผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ฒŒ ์ •๋ ฌํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ์ˆ˜๊ฐ€ ์ ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋งํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:30
A high entropy arrangement
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์—”ํŠธ๋กœํ”ผ๊ฐ€ ๋†’๋‹ค๋Š” ๋ง์€
03:32
is one that there are many arrangements that look that way.
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๊ทธ๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ๋ณด์ผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ฒŒ ์ •๋ ฌํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ์ˆ˜๊ฐ€ ๋งŽ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋งํ•˜์ง€์š”.
03:34
This is a crucially important insight
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์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ์šฐ์ฃผ ๋˜๋Š” ์šฐ์ฃผ์˜ ๊ณ ๋ฆฝ๋œ
03:36
because it helps us explain
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ํ•œ ์ง€์—ญ์—์„œ ์—”ํŠธ๋กœํ”ผ๊ฐ€
03:38
the second law of thermodynamics --
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์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š”
03:40
the law that says that entropy increases in the universe,
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์—ด์—ญํ•™ ์ œ2๋ฒ•์น™์„ ์„ค๋ช…ํ•˜๋Š”๋ฐ ๋„์›€์„ ์ฃผ๋Š”
03:43
or in some isolated bit of the universe.
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๊ฒฐ์ •์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ์‹๊ฒฌ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:45
The reason why entropy increases
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์—”ํŠธ๋กœํ”ผ๊ฐ€ ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ•˜๋Š” ์ด์œ ๋Š”
03:47
is simply because there are many more ways
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์—”ํŠธ๋กœํ”ผ๊ฐ€ ๋†’๊ฒŒ ๋˜๋Š” ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์ด ๋‚ฎ๊ฒŒ๋˜๋Š” ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•๋ณด๋‹ค
03:50
to be high entropy than to be low entropy.
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ํ›จ์”ฌ ๋” ๋งŽ๋‹ค๋Š” ๋‹จ์ˆœํ•œ ์ด์œ  ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:52
That's a wonderful insight,
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์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ์—„์ฒญ๋‚œ ์‹๊ฒฌ์ด์ง€๋งŒ
03:54
but it leaves something out.
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๋ฌด์–ธ๊ฐ€๊ฐ€ ๋น ์ง„ ๊ฒƒ์ด ์žˆ์ง€์š”.
03:56
This insight that entropy increases, by the way,
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์ฐธ๊ณ ๋กœ, ์—”ํŠธ๋กœํ”ผ๊ฐ€ ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ•œ๋‹ค๋Š” ์‹๊ฒฌ์€
03:58
is what's behind what we call the arrow of time,
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๊ณผ๊ฑฐ์™€ ๋ฏธ๋ž˜์˜ ์ฐจ์ด๋ฅผ ๋งํ•ด์ฃผ๋Š” ์†Œ์œ„ '์‹œ๊ฐ„์˜ ํ™”์‚ด'์ด๋ผ๋Š”
04:01
the difference between the past and the future.
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์•„์ด๋””์–ด๋ฅผ ๋’ท๋ฐ”์นจํ•ด ์ค๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:03
Every difference that there is
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๊ณผ๊ฑฐ์™€ ๋ฏธ๋ž˜ ๊ฐ„์˜ ๋ชจ๋“  ์ฐจ์ด์ ์€
04:05
between the past and the future
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์—”ํŠธ๋กœํ”ผ๊ฐ€ ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ–ˆ๊ธฐ
04:07
is because entropy is increasing --
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๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค --
04:09
the fact that you can remember the past, but not the future.
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๊ณผ๊ฑฐ๋Š” ๊ธฐ์–ตํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ๋ฏธ๋ž˜๋Š” ๋ชจ๋ฆ…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:12
The fact that you are born, and then you live, and then you die,
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์‚ฌ๋žŒ์€ ํƒœ์–ด๋‚˜๊ณ , ์‚ด๊ณ , ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ฃฝ๋Š”๋ฐ
04:15
always in that order,
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ํ•ญ์ƒ ์ˆœ์„œ๊ฐ€ ๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ ์ด์œ ๋Š”
04:17
that's because entropy is increasing.
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์—”ํŠธ๋กœํ”ผ๊ฐ€ ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ•˜๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:19
Boltzmann explained that if you start with low entropy,
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๋ณผ์ธ ๋งŒ์€ ์—”ํŠธ๋กœํ”ผ๊ฐ€ ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€ ์ง€๊ทนํžˆ
04:21
it's very natural for it to increase
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์ž์—ฐ์Šค๋Ÿฌ์šด ๊ฒƒ์ธ๋ฐ ๊ทธ ์ด์œ ๋Š” ์—”ํŠธ๋กœํ”ผ๊ฐ€
04:23
because there's more ways to be high entropy.
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์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์ด ๋” ๋งŽ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ์„ค๋ช…ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:26
What he didn't explain
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ๊ทธ๋Š” ์™œ ์• ๋‹น์ดˆ์— ์—”ํŠธ๋กœํ”ผ๊ฐ€
04:28
was why the entropy was ever low in the first place.
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๋‚ฎ์•˜๋Š”๊ฐ€์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด์„œ๋Š” ์„ค๋ช…ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์•˜์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:31
The fact that the entropy of the universe was low
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์šฐ์ฃผ์˜ ์—”ํŠธ๋กœํ”ผ๊ฐ€ ๋‚ฎ์•˜๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€
04:33
was a reflection of the fact
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์ดˆ๊ธฐ ์šฐ์ฃผ๊ฐ€ ๋งค์šฐ ๋งค์šฐ
04:35
that the early universe was very, very smooth.
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์Šค๋ฌด์Šคํ–ˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋งํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ธ๋ฐ
04:37
We'd like to understand that.
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๊ทธ ์ด์œ ๋ฅผ ์•Œ๊ณ  ์‹ถ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:39
That's our job as cosmologists.
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๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์ด ์šฐ๋ฆฌ ์šฐ์ฃผํ•™์ž๋“ค์˜ ๊ณผ์ œ์ด์ง€์š”.
04:41
Unfortunately, it's actually not a problem
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๋ถˆํ–‰ํžˆ๋„ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์ด ๋ฌธ์ œ๋ฅผ ํ’€๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด
04:43
that we've been giving enough attention to.
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์ง€๊ธˆ๊นŒ์ง€ ์ถฉ๋ถ„ํ•œ ๋…ธ๋ ฅ์„ ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์•˜์ง€์š”.
04:45
It's not one of the first things people would say,
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"์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์ง€๊ธˆ ํ•ด๊ฒฐํ•˜๊ณ ์ž ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ณผ์ œ๋Š” ๋ฌด์—‡์ž…๋‹ˆ๊นŒ?"๋ผ๊ณ 
04:47
if you asked a modern cosmologist,
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์šฐ์ฃผํ•™์ž๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ ๋ฌผ์—ˆ์„๋•Œ
04:49
"What are the problems we're trying to address?"
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๋ฐ”๋กœ ์ด ๋ฌธ์ œ๋ผ๊ณ  ์„ ๋œป๋งํ•˜๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์€ ๋ณ„๋กœ ์—†์ง€์š”.
04:51
One of the people who did understand that this was a problem
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์ด๊ฒƒ์ด ์šฐ๋ฆฌ์˜ ํฐ ๊ณผ์ œ๋ผ๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐํ–ˆ๋˜
04:53
was Richard Feynman.
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์‚ฌ๋žŒ์˜ ํ•˜๋‚˜๋Š” ๋ฆฌ์ฒ˜๋“œ ํŒŒ์ธ๋งŒ์˜€์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:55
50 years ago, he gave a series of a bunch of different lectures.
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ํŒŒ์ธ๋งŒ์€ 50 ๋…„ ์ „์— ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ๋ถ„์•ผ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ฐ•์˜์‹œ๋ฆฌ์ฆˆ๋ฅผ ํ–ˆ์ง€์š”.
04:57
He gave the popular lectures
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๊ทธ๋•Œ ์ธ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๋Œ์—ˆ๋˜ ๊ฐ•์˜์‹œ๋ฆฌ์ฆˆ ํ•˜๋‚˜๋Š”
04:59
that became "The Character of Physical Law."
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"The Character of Physical Law"๋ผ๋Š” ์ฑ…์œผ๋กœ ์ถœํŒ๋˜์—ˆ์ง€์š”.
05:01
He gave lectures to Caltech undergrads
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๊ทธ๊ฐ€ ์นผํ… ๋Œ€ํ•™์ƒ์—๊ฒŒ ํ•œ ๊ฐ•์˜ ์‹œ๋ฆฌ์ฆˆ๋Š”
05:03
that became "The Feynman Lectures on Physics."
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"The Feynman Lectures on Physics"์œผ๋กœ ์ถœํŒ๋˜์—ˆ๊ณ 
05:05
He gave lectures to Caltech graduate students
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๊ทธ๊ฐ€ ์นผํ… ๋Œ€ํ•™์›์ƒ์—๊ฒŒ ํ•œ ๊ฐ•์˜ ์‹œ๋ฆฌ์ฆˆ๋Š”
05:07
that became "The Feynman Lectures on Gravitation."
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"The Feynman Lectures on Gravitation"์œผ๋กœ ์ถœํŒ๋˜์—ˆ์ง€์š”.
05:09
In every one of these books, every one of these sets of lectures,
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๊ทธ๋Š” ์ด ์ฑ…๋“ค ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๊ทธ์˜ ๊ฐ•์˜ ์‹œ๋ฆฌ์ฆˆ์—์„œ
05:12
he emphasized this puzzle:
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๋‹ค์Œ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์€ ์งˆ๋ฌธ์„ ๊ณ„์†ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค:
05:14
Why did the early universe have such a small entropy?
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์™œ ์ดˆ๊ธฐ ์šฐ์ฃผ์˜ ์—”ํŠธ๋กœํ”ผ๊ฐ€ ๊ทธ๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ์ž‘์•˜์„๊นŒ์š”?
05:17
So he says -- I'm not going to do the accent --
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๊ทธ๋Š” ๋งํ•˜๊ธฐ๋ฅผ - ํŒŒ์ธ๋งŒ์˜ ์•ก์„ผํŠธ๋Š” ์ƒ๋žตํ•˜์ง€์š” -
05:19
he says, "For some reason, the universe, at one time,
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"์šฐ์ฃผ๋Š” ํ•œ๋•Œ ์ด ์—๋„ˆ์ง€์˜
05:22
had a very low entropy for its energy content,
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์—”ํŠธ๋กœํ”ผ๊ฐ€ ๋‚ฎ์•˜๋˜ ์‹œ์ ˆ์ด ์žˆ์—ˆ๋Š”๋ฐ
05:25
and since then the entropy has increased.
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๊ทธ ์ดํ›„๋กœ ์—”ํŠธ๋กœํ”ผ๊ฐ€ ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ–ˆ๋‹ค.
05:27
The arrow of time cannot be completely understood
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์šฐ์ฃผ ์ดˆ๊ธฐ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ˆ˜์ˆ˜๊ป˜๋ผ๊ฐ€
05:30
until the mystery of the beginnings of the history of the universe
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์ถ”์ธก์˜ ๊ฒฝ์ง€์—์„œ ์ดํ•ด์˜ ๊ฒฝ์ง€๋กœ ๋„˜์–ด์˜ฌ๋•Œ ๊นŒ์ง€
05:33
are reduced still further
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'์‹œ๊ฐ„์˜ ํ™”์‚ด'์„ ์™„์ „ํžˆ
05:35
from speculation to understanding."
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์ดํ•ดํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์—†๋‹ค"๊ณ  ๋งํ–ˆ์ง€์š”.
05:37
So that's our job.
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์ด ๊ณผ์ œ๋ฅผ ํ’€์–ด์•ผ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:39
We want to know -- this is 50 years ago, "Surely," you're thinking,
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50๋…„ ์ „์— ๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ๋ง์ด ๋‚˜์™”์œผ๋ฉด ์ง€๊ธˆ์ฏค์€
05:41
"we've figured it out by now."
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๊ทธ ๋Œ€๋‹ต์„ ์ฐพ์•„๋ƒˆ์„๋งŒ๋„ ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ
05:43
It's not true that we've figured it out by now.
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์•„์ง๋„ ๊ทธ ๋‹ต์„ ์ฐพ์ง€ ๋ชปํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:45
The reason the problem has gotten worse,
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ๋ฐ 1998๋…„์— ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์šฐ์ฃผ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ
05:47
rather than better,
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์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ์‚ฌ์‹ค์„ ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌํ•˜๋ฉฐ
05:49
is because in 1998
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์ด ๋ฌธ์ œ๋ฅผ ํ•ด๊ฒฐํ•˜๊ธฐ๊ฐ€
05:51
we learned something crucial about the universe that we didn't know before.
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์˜คํžˆ๋ ค ๋” ํž˜๋“ค์–ด ์กŒ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:54
We learned that it's accelerating.
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์ฆ‰, ์šฐ์ฃผ๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ€์†ํ•œ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์ด์ฃ .
05:56
The universe is not only expanding.
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์šฐ์ฃผ๊ฐ€ ๋‹จ์ˆœํžˆ ํŒฝ์ฐฝ๋งŒ ํ•˜๋Š”๊ฒƒ์ด ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ๋Š” ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:58
If you look at the galaxy, it's moving away.
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์€ํ•˜๊ณ„๋ฅผ ๋ฐ”๋ผ๋ณด๋ฉด ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์ด ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋กœ ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ
06:00
If you come back a billion years later and look at it again,
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๋ฉ€๋ฆฌ ๋‚ ์•„๊ฐ€๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š”๋ฐ ์–ต๋…„ ํ›„์—๋Š” ์ง€๊ธˆ๋ณด๋‹ค๋„
06:02
it will be moving away faster.
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๋” ๋นจ๋ฆฌ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋กœ ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ๋ฉ€๋ฆฌ ๋‚ ๋ผ๊ฐ€๊ณ  ์žˆ์„ ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:05
Individual galaxies are speeding away from us faster and faster
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๋ชจ๋“  ์€ํ•˜๋Š” ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋กœ ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์ ์  ๋” ๋นจ๋ฆฌ ๋ฉ€๋ฆฌ ๋‚ ๋ผ๊ฐ€๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:08
so we say the universe is accelerating.
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์šฐ์ฃผ๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ€์†ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋งํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:10
Unlike the low entropy of the early universe,
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์ดˆ๊ธฐ ์šฐ์ฃผ์˜ ๋‚ฎ์€ ์—”ํŠธ๋กœํ”ผ์™€๋Š” ๋‹ฌ๋ฆฌ,
06:12
even though we don't know the answer for this,
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๋น„๋ก ์šฐ์ฃผ์˜ ๊ฐ€์†์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋‹ต์€ ๋ชจ๋ฅด์ง€๋งŒ,
06:14
we at least have a good theory that can explain it,
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์ตœ์†Œํ•œ ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์„ ์„ค๋ช…ํ•  ์ˆ˜์žˆ๋Š”
06:16
if that theory is right,
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์ข‹์€ ์„ค์ด ์žˆ๋Š”๋ฐ ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์€ ๋ฐ”๋กœ
06:18
and that's the theory of dark energy.
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์•”ํ‘์—๋„ˆ์ง€์„ค์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:20
It's just the idea that empty space itself has energy.
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์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ๋นˆ ๊ณต๊ฐ„ ์ž์ฒด๊ฐ€ ์—๋„ˆ์ง€๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ์•„์ด๋””์–ด์ฃ .
06:23
In every little cubic centimeter of space,
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์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ์ฆ‰ ๋งค ์ž…๋ฐฉ ์„ผํ‹ฐ๋ฏธํ„ฐ์˜ ๊ณต๊ฐ„์—
06:26
whether or not there's stuff,
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์ž…์ž, ๋ฌผ์ฒด, ๋ฐฉ์‚ฌ์„  ๋˜๋Š”
06:28
whether or not there's particles, matter, radiation or whatever,
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๊ทธ ์–ด๋–ค ๊ฒƒ์ด ์กด์žฌํ•˜๊ฑด ์•ˆํ•˜๊ฑด
06:30
there's still energy, even in the space itself.
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๊ทธ ๊ณต๊ฐ„ ์ž์ฒด์— ์—๋„ˆ์ง€๊ฐ€ ์กด์žฌํ•œ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:33
And this energy, according to Einstein,
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์•„์ธ์Šˆํƒ€์ธ์€ ์ด ์—๋„ˆ์ง€๊ฐ€ ์šฐ์ฃผ์—
06:35
exerts a push on the universe.
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๋ฏธ๋Š” ํž˜์„ ๊ฐ€ํ•œ๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋งํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:38
It is a perpetual impulse
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์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ์€ํ•˜๊ณ„๋“ค์ด ์„œ๋กœ ๋ฉ€๋ฆฌ ๋–จ์–ด์ง€๊ฒŒ
06:40
that pushes galaxies apart from each other.
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๋ฐ€์–ด์ฃผ๋Š” ์˜๊ตฌ์ ์ธ ์ถ”์ง„๋ ฅ์„ ์ œ๊ณตํ•ด ์ค๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:42
Because dark energy, unlike matter or radiation,
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ๋ฐ ์•”ํ‘์—๋„ˆ์ง€๋Š”
06:45
does not dilute away as the universe expands.
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๋ฌผ์ฒด๋‚˜ ๋ฐฉ์‚ฌ์„ ๊ณผ๋Š” ๋‹ฌ๋ฆฌ ์šฐ์ฃผ๊ฐ€ ๊ณ„์†
06:48
The amount of energy in each cubic centimeter
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ํ™•์žฅ๋˜์–ด๋„ ๋งค ์ž…๋ฐฉ ์„ผํ‹ฐ๋ฏธํ„ฐ์˜
06:50
remains the same,
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๊ณต๊ฐ„์— ์žˆ๋Š”
06:52
even as the universe gets bigger and bigger.
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์—๋„ˆ์ง€๋Š” ๊ฐ์†Œ๋˜์ง€ ์•Š์ง€์š”.
06:54
This has crucial implications
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์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ์šฐ์ฃผ์˜ ๋ฏธ๋ž˜์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด
06:57
for what the universe is going to do in the future.
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์‹ ์ค‘ํ•œ ์˜๋ฏธ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š”๋ฐ ์ด์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅด๋Š”
07:00
For one thing, the universe will expand forever.
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์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ๊ฒฐ๋ก ์˜ ํ•˜๋‚˜๋Š” ์šฐ์ฃผ๊ฐ€ ์˜์›ํžˆ ํ™•์žฅ๋œ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:02
Back when I was your age,
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์ œ๊ฐ€ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์˜ ๋‚˜์ด์˜€์„๋•Œ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋“ค์€
07:04
we didn't know what the universe was going to do.
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์šฐ์ฃผ์˜ ์žฅ๋ž˜๊ฐ€ ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ๋ ์ง€ ๋ชฐ๋ž์ง€์š”.
07:06
Some people thought that the universe would recollapse in the future.
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์–ด๋–ค ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์€ ์šฐ์ฃผ๊ฐ€ ๋ถ•๊ดด๋  ๊ฒƒ์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ๋ฏฟ์—ˆ์ง€์š”.
07:09
Einstein was fond of this idea.
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์•„์ธ์Šˆํƒ€์ธ์€ ์ด ์•„์ด๋””์–ด๋ฅผ ์ข‹์•„ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:11
But if there's dark energy, and the dark energy does not go away,
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ๋งŒ์•ฝ์— ์•”ํ‘์—๋„ˆ์ง€๊ฐ€ ์กด์žฌํ•˜๊ณ  ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์ด ์†Œ๋ฉธ๋˜์ง€ ์•Š๋Š”๋‹ค๋ฉด
07:14
the universe is just going to keep expanding forever and ever and ever.
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์šฐ์ฃผ๋Š” ์˜์›ํžˆ ์˜์›ํžˆ ๊ณ„์† ํŒฝ์ฐฝํ•  ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:17
14 billion years in the past,
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์šฐ์ฃผ๋Š” ์ง€๊ธˆ๊นŒ์ง€ 140์–ต๋…„ ๋™์•ˆ,
07:19
100 billion dog years,
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์ฆ‰, ๊ฐœ์˜ ์—ฐ์ˆ˜๋กœ ์น˜๋ฉด 1000์–ต๋…„ ๋™์•ˆ ํŒฝ์ฐฝํ•ด ์™”๊ณ 
07:21
but an infinite number of years into the future.
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์•ž์œผ๋กœ๋„ ๋ฌดํ•œํ•œ ์‹œ๊ฐ„์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ํŒฝ์ฐฝํ•˜๊ฒ ์ง€์š”.
07:24
Meanwhile, for all intents and purposes,
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ ์ธ๊ฐ„์— ๊ด€ํ•œ ํ•œ ์šฐ์ฃผ๋Š”
07:27
space looks finite to us.
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ํ•œ์ •๋œ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋ณด์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:29
Space may be finite or infinite,
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์šฐ์ฃผ๋Š” ์œ ํ•œํ•  ์ˆ˜๋„ ์žˆ๊ณ  ๋ฌดํ•œ
07:31
but because the universe is accelerating,
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ํ•  ์ˆ˜๋„ ์žˆ์ง€๋งŒ ์šฐ์ฃผ๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ€์†ํŒฝ์ฐฝํ•˜๊ธฐ
07:33
there are parts of it we cannot see
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๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๋ณผ ์ˆ˜๋„ ์—†๊ณ 
07:35
and never will see.
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๋ณด์ง€๋„ ๋ชปํ•  ๋ถ€๋ถ„์ด ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:37
There's a finite region of space that we have access to,
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์šฐ์ฃผ์—์„œ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๊ฐˆ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ณณ์€ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ์ค‘์‹ฌ์œผ๋กœ ํ•œ
07:39
surrounded by a horizon.
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ํ•œ์ •๋œ ๊ตฌ์—ญ์ด์ง€์š”.
07:41
So even though time goes on forever,
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์‹œ๊ฐ„์ด ์˜์›ํžˆ ๊ณ„์†๋˜๋”๋ผ๋„
07:43
space is limited to us.
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ์— ๊ด€ํ•œ ํ•œ ์šฐ์ฃผ๋Š” ํ•œ์ •๋ผ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:45
Finally, empty space has a temperature.
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๋งˆ์ง€๋ง‰์œผ๋กœ, ์šฐ์ฃผ์˜ ๋นˆ ๊ณต๊ฐ„์—๋Š” ์˜จ๋„๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:48
In the 1970s, Stephen Hawking told us
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์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์€ ๋ธ”๋ž™ํ™€์ด ํ‘์ฒด๋ผ๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐํ•  ์ง€ ๋ชฐ๋ผ๋„
07:50
that a black hole, even though you think it's black,
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1970 ๋…„๋Œ€์— ์Šคํ‹ฐ๋ธ ํ˜ธํ‚น์€
07:52
it actually emits radiation
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์–‘์ž์—ญํ•™์„ ๊ฐ์•ˆํ•˜๋ฉด
07:54
when you take into account quantum mechanics.
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์‹ค์ง€๋กœ ๋ฐฉ์‚ฌ์„ ์„ ๋ฐฉ์ถœํ•œ๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋งํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:56
The curvature of space-time around the black hole
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๋ธ”๋ž™ํ™€ ์ฃผ์œ„์˜ ์‹œ๊ณต๊ฐ„ ๊ณก๋ฅ ์€
07:59
brings to life the quantum mechanical fluctuation,
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์–‘์ž์—ญํ•™์  ์š”๋™์„ ์ผ์œผํ‚ค๋ฉฐ ๊ทธ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ
08:02
and the black hole radiates.
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๋ธ”๋ž™ํ™€์„ ๋ฐฉ์‚ฌํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:04
A precisely similar calculation by Hawking and Gary Gibbons
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ํ˜ธํ‚น๊ณผ ๊ฒŒ๋ฆฌ ๊ธฐ๋ธ์Šค์˜ ์ •ํ™•ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์œ ์‚ฌํ•œ ๊ณ„์‚ฐ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋“ค์€
08:07
showed that if you have dark energy in empty space,
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๋นˆ ๊ณต๊ฐ„์— ์•”ํ‘์—๋„ˆ์ง€๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋‹ค๋ฉด ์šฐ์ฃผ ์ „์ฒด๊ฐ€
08:10
then the whole universe radiates.
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๋ฐฉ์‚ฌํ•œ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋ณด์—ฌ์คฌ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:13
The energy of empty space
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๋นˆ ๊ณต๊ฐ„์˜ ์—๋„ˆ์ง€๋Š”
08:15
brings to life quantum fluctuations.
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์–‘์ž์  ์š”๋™์„ ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:17
And so even though the universe will last forever,
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๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ, ์šฐ์ฃผ๊ฐ€ ์˜์›ํžˆ ์ง€์†๋˜๊ณ ,
08:19
and ordinary matter and radiation will dilute away,
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์šฐ์ฃผํŒฝ์ฐฝ์— ์˜ํ•ด ์ผ๋ฐ˜ ๋ฌผ์งˆ๊ณผ ๋ฐฉ์‚ฌ์„ ์ด ํฌ์„๋˜๋”๋ผ๋„
08:22
there will always be some radiation,
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์šฐ์ฃผ์˜ ๋นˆ ๊ณต๊ฐ„์—๋Š”
08:24
some thermal fluctuations,
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์–ธ์ œ๋‚˜ ์•ฝ๊ฐ„์˜ ๋ฐฉ์‚ฌ์„ ๊ณผ
08:26
even in empty space.
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์—ด์š”๋™์ด ์žˆ์„๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:28
So what this means
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์ด๋Š” ์ฆ‰, ์šฐ์ฃผ๋Š” ๋งˆ์น˜
08:30
is that the universe is like a box of gas
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๋Š์ž„์—†์ด ๊ฐ€์Šค๊ฐ€ ๋‚˜์˜ค๋Š”
08:32
that lasts forever.
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๋ฌด์Šจ ์ƒ์ž ๊ฐ™๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฑฐ์ฃ .
08:34
Well what is the implication of that?
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๊ทธ๋Ÿผ ์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ๋ฌด์—‡์„ ์˜๋ฏธํ• ๊นŒ์š”?
08:36
That implication was studied by Boltzmann back in the 19th century.
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19 ์„ธ๊ธฐ์— ๋ณผ์ธ ๋งŒ์€ ์ด๊ฒƒ์ด ๋ฌด์—‡์„ ์˜๋ฏธํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฐ€์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์—ฐ๊ตฌํ–ˆ์ง€์š”.
08:39
He said, well, entropy increases
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๊ทธ๋Š” ์šฐ์ฃผ์˜ ์—”ํŠธ๋กœํ”ผ๊ฐ€
08:42
because there are many, many more ways
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๋†’๊ฒŒ ๋˜๋Š” ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์ด ๋‚ฎ๊ฒŒ ๋˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ๋ณด๋‹ค
08:44
for the universe to be high entropy, rather than low entropy.
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ํ›จ์”ฌ ๋” ๋งŽ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ์—”ํŠธ๋กœํ”ผ๊ฐ€ ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ•œ๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋งํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:47
But that's a probabilistic statement.
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์€ ํ™•๋ฅ ์ ์ธ ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์ด์—ˆ์ง€์š”.
08:50
It will probably increase,
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์ฆ‰, ์—”ํŠธ๋กœํ”ผ๋Š” ์•„๋งˆ๋„ ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ•  ๊ฒƒ์ด๊ณ 
08:52
and the probability is enormously huge.
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๋˜ํ•œ ๊ทธ๋Ÿด ํ™•๋ฅ ์€ ์—„์ฒญ๋‚˜๊ฒŒ ํฌ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด์—ˆ์ง€์š”.
08:54
It's not something you have to worry about --
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์ด ๊ฐ•์˜์‹ค ์•ˆ์— ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ณต๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ๋ชจ๋‘ ํ•œ๊ณณ์œผ๋กœ ๋ชฐ๋ ค์„œ
08:56
the air in this room all gathering over one part of the room and suffocating us.
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์งˆ์‹ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋  ํ™•์œจ์€ ๋งค์šฐ ๋งค์šฐ ๋‚ฎ์œผ๋ฏ€๋กœ ๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ ๊ฑฑ์ •์„ ํ•  ํ•„์š”๋Š”
09:00
It's very, very unlikely.
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์ „ํ˜€ ์—†์ง€์š”.
09:02
Except if they locked the doors
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜, ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์ด ๊ฐ•์˜์‹ค ์•ˆ์—
09:04
and kept us here literally forever,
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๊ฐ‡ํ˜€์ง„ ์ƒํƒœ์—์„œ ์˜์›ํžˆ ๊ธฐ๋‹ค๋ฆฐ๋‹ค๋ฉด
09:06
that would happen.
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ์ผ์ด ์ƒ๊ธฐ์ง€์š”.
09:08
Everything that is allowed,
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์ด ๊ฐ•์˜์‹ค ์•ˆ์— ์žˆ๋Š”
09:10
every configuration that is allowed to be obtained by the molecules in this room,
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๋ชจ๋“  ๋ถ„์ž๋“ค์ด ๋งŒ๋“ค ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๋ชจ๋“  ๋ถ„์ž ๊ตฌ์„ฑ๋“ค์ด ์–ธ์  ๊ฐ€๋Š”
09:13
would eventually be obtained.
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๊ทธ๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ๋งŒ๋“คํ…Œ๋‹ˆ๊นŒ์š”.
09:15
So Boltzmann says, look, you could start with a universe
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์ฆ‰, ๋ณผ์ธ ๋งŒ์€ ์—ดํ‰ํ˜• ์ƒํƒœ๋กœ ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์šฐ์ฃผ๊ฐ€
09:18
that was in thermal equilibrium.
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์‹œ์ž‘๋๋‹ค๊ณ  ๊ฐ€์ •ํ•˜์ž๊ณ  ๋งํ–ˆ์ง€์š”.
09:20
He didn't know about the Big Bang. He didn't know about the expansion of the universe.
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๊ทธ๋Š” ๋น…๋ฑ…์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด์„œ๋„ ๋ชฐ๋ž๊ณ  ์šฐ์ฃผ์˜ ํŒฝ์ฐฝ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด์„œ๋„ ๋ชฐ๋ž์ง€์š”.
09:23
He thought that space and time were explained by Isaac Newton --
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๊ทธ๋Š” ๊ณต๊ฐ„๊ณผ ์‹œ๊ฐ„์€ ์•„์ด์ž‘ ๋‰ดํ„ด์ด ์„ค๋ช…ํ•œ ๋ฐ”์™€๊ฐ™์ด
09:26
they were absolute; they just stuck there forever.
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์ ˆ๋Œ€์ ์ด๋ฉฐ ๋ณ€ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๋Š”๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐํ–ˆ์ง€์š”.
09:28
So his idea of a natural universe
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ๊ทธ๋Š” ์šฐ์ฃผ์˜ ๋ชจ๋“  ๊ณณ์—๋Š”
09:30
was one in which the air molecules were just spread out evenly everywhere --
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๋ชจ๋“  ๋ฌผ์งˆ์˜ ๋ถ„์ž์ธ ๊ณต๊ธฐ๋ถ„์ž๋“ค์ด ๊ณจ๊ณ ๋ฃจ
09:33
the everything molecules.
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ํผ์ ธ์žˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐํ–ˆ์ง€์š”.
09:35
But if you're Boltzmann, you know that if you wait long enough,
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๋ณผ์ธ ๋งŒ์˜ ์•„์ด๋””์–ด๋Š” ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋“ค์ด ์ถฉ๋ถ„ํžˆ ์˜ค๋žœ ์‹œ๊ฐ„ ๋™์•ˆ์„ ๊ธฐ๋‹ค๋ฆฐ๋‹ค๋ฉด
09:38
the random fluctuations of those molecules
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์ด๋“ค ๋ถ„์ž๋“ค์˜ ์ž„์˜์ ์ธ ์š”๋™์— ์˜ํ•ด
09:41
will occasionally bring them
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๊ฐ€๋” ์—”ํŠธ๋กœํ”ผ๊ฐ€ ๋‚ฎ์€
09:43
into lower entropy configurations.
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๊ตฌ์„ฑ์ด ๋œ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:45
And then, of course, in the natural course of things,
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ ๋‹ค์Œ์—๋Š” ๋ฌผ๋ก  ์‹œ๊ฐ„์ด ํ๋ฆ„์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ์ž์—ฐ์ ์œผ๋กœ
09:47
they will expand back.
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๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์ด ๋‹ค์‹œ ํ™•์žฅ๋œ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด์ฃ .
09:49
So it's not that entropy must always increase --
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์ฆ‰, ์—”ํŠธ๋กœํ”ผ๋Š” ๋ฐ˜๋“œ์‹œ ํ•ญ์ƒ ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ•ด์•ผ ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ์•„๋‹ˆ๊ณ 
09:51
you can get fluctuations into lower entropy,
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๋ณด๋‹ค ๋” ์ •๋ˆ๋˜๊ณ  ๋‚ฎ์€ ์—”ํŠธ๋กœํ”ผ์˜ ์ƒํƒœ๋กœ
09:54
more organized situations.
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์š”๋™ํ•  ์ˆ˜๋„ ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:56
Well if that's true,
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๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์ด ์‚ฌ์‹ค์ด๋ผ๋ฉด ๋ณผ์ธ ๋งŒ์€
09:58
Boltzmann then goes onto invent
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๋‹ค์ค‘์šฐ์ฃผ์™€ ์ธ๋ฅ˜์ง€ํ–ฅ ์›์น™์ด๋ผ๋Š”
10:00
two very modern-sounding ideas --
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2๊ฐ€์ง€์˜ ๋งค์šฐ ํ˜„๋Œ€์ ์œผ๋กœ
10:02
the multiverse and the anthropic principle.
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๋“ค๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์•„์ด๋””์–ด๋ฅผ ๋ฐœ๋ช…ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์ด์ง€์š”.
10:05
He says, the problem with thermal equilibrium
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๊ทธ๋Š” ์—ดํ‰ํ˜• ์•„์ด๋””์–ด์˜ ๋ฌธ์ œ์ ์€ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌํ•œ
10:07
is that we can't live there.
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์ƒํ™ฉ์—์„œ๋Š” ์‚ด ์ˆ˜ ์—†๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ๋งํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:09
Remember, life itself depends on the arrow of time.
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์ƒ๋ช… ์ž์ฒด๋Š” '์‹œ๊ฐ„์˜ ํ™”์‚ด'์— ์˜์กดํ•œ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ๊ธฐ์–ตํ•ด์•ผ์ฃ .
10:12
We would not be able to process information,
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์—ดํ‰ํ˜• ์ƒํƒœ์— ์žˆ๋‹ค๋ฉด ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š”
10:14
metabolize, walk and talk,
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์ •๋ณด ์ฒ˜๋ฆฌ, ์‹ ์ง„๋Œ€์‚ฌ, ๊ฑท๋Š”๊ฒƒ ๋˜๋Š”
10:16
if we lived in thermal equilibrium.
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๋Œ€ํ™”๋ฅผ ํ•˜์ง€ ๋ชปํ•  ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:18
So if you imagine a very, very big universe,
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์ƒ์ƒ๋„ ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์—†๊ฒŒ, ๋ฌดํ•œ์œผ๋กœ ํฐ ์šฐ์ฃผ์•ˆ์—์„œ
10:20
an infinitely big universe,
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์ž…์ž๋“ค์ด ์ž„์˜๋กœ ์„œ๋กœ ์ถฉ๋Œํ•œ๋‹ค๋ฉด
10:22
with randomly bumping into each other particles,
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๊ฐ€๋”๊ฐ€๋‹ค ์–ด๋–ค๊ณณ์ด ๋‚ฎ์€ ์—”ํŠธ๋กœํ”ผ ์ƒํƒœ๋กœ
10:24
there will occasionally be small fluctuations in the lower entropy states,
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์•ฝ๊ฐ„ ์š”๋™ํ•˜๋‹ค๊ฐ€๋Š” ๋‹ค์‹œ ๋ฆด๋ž™์Šคํ•œ ์ƒํƒœ๋กœ
10:27
and then they relax back.
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๋˜๋Œ์•„์˜ค๊ฒŒ ๋˜๊ฒ ์ง€์š”.
10:29
But there will also be large fluctuations.
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ํฐ ์š”๋™๋„ ์žˆ์„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ฒ ์ง€์š”.
10:31
Occasionally, you will make a planet
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋ฉด ๊ฐ„ํ˜น ํ–‰์„ฑ์ด๋‚˜, ๋ณ„์ด๋‚˜, ์€ํ•˜
10:33
or a star or a galaxy
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๋˜๋Š” 1000์–ต๊ฐœ์˜ ์€ํ•˜๋ฅผ
10:35
or a hundred billion galaxies.
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๋งŒ๋“ค ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ฒ ์ง€์š”.
10:37
So Boltzmann says,
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ๋ณผ์ธ ๋งŒ์€
10:39
we will only live in the part of the multiverse,
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์ƒ๋ช…์ด ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•˜๋ฉฐ, ์š”๋™ํ•˜๋Š” ์ž…์ž๋“ค์ด ์žˆ๋Š” ๋ฌดํ•œํ•œ
10:42
in the part of this infinitely big set of fluctuating particles,
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์„ธํŠธ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋Š” ๋‹ค์ค‘์šฐ์ฃผ์˜ ์ผ๋ถ€์—์„œ๋งŒ
10:45
where life is possible.
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์‚ด ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋งํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:47
That's the region where entropy is low.
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์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๊ณณ์€ ์—”ํŠธ๋กœํ”ผ๊ฐ€ ๋‚ฎ์€ ๊ณณ์ด์ง€์š”.
10:49
Maybe our universe is just one of those things
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์–ด์ฉŒ๋ฉด ์šฐ๋ฆฌ์˜ ์šฐ์ฃผ๋ผ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€ ๊ทธ๋ƒฅ ๋•Œ๋–„๋กœ
10:52
that happens from time to time.
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์ƒ๊ธฐ๋Š”๊ฒƒ๋“ค ์ค‘์˜ ํ•˜๋‚˜์ผ์ง€ ๋ชจ๋ฆ…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:54
Now your homework assignment
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์ด์ œ ์ œ๊ฐ€ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์—๊ฒŒ ์ˆ™์ œ๋ฅผ ํ•˜๋‚˜ ๋“œ๋ฆฌ๊ฒ ๋Š”๋ฐ
10:56
is to really think about this, to contemplate what it means.
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๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์€ ์ด ๋ง์˜ ์˜๋ฏธ๋ฅผ ์ •๋ง๋กœ ๊นŠ์ด ์ƒ๊ฐํ•˜๊ณ  ์ˆ™๊ณ ํ•˜๋ผ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:58
Carl Sagan once famously said
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์นผ ์„ธ์ด๊ฑด์€ ์‚ฌ๊ณผ ํŒŒ์ด๋ฅผ ๋งŒ๋“ค๋ ค๋ฉด
11:00
that "in order to make an apple pie,
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์šฐ์ฃผ๋ฅผ ๋จผ์ € ๋ฐœ๋ช…ํ•ด์•ผ ํ•œ๋‹ค๋Š”
11:02
you must first invent the universe."
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์œ ๋ช…ํ•œ ๋ง์„ ํ•œ์ ์ด ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:05
But he was not right.
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ๊ทธ์˜ ๋ง์€ ํ‹€๋ฆฐ ๋ง์ด์ง€์š”.
11:07
In Boltzmann's scenario, if you want to make an apple pie,
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๋ณผ์ธ ๋งŒ์˜ ์‹œ๋‚˜๋ฆฌ์˜ค์— ์˜ํ•˜๋ฉด, ์‚ฌ๊ณผ ํŒŒ์ด๋ฅผ ๋งŒ๋“ค๋ ค๋ฉด ์›์ž๋“ค์˜
11:10
you just wait for the random motion of atoms
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์ž„์˜ ์šด๋™์ด ์‚ฌ๊ณผ ํŒŒ์ด๋ฅผ ๋งŒ๋“ค๋•Œ ๊นŒ์ง€
11:13
to make you an apple pie.
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๊ธฐ๋‹ค๋ฆฌ๊ธฐ๋งŒ ํ•˜๋ฉด ๋˜๋‹ˆ๊นŒ์š”.
11:15
That will happen much more frequently
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์™œ๋ƒํ•˜๋ฉด, ์›์ž๋“ค์˜ ์ž„์˜ ์šด๋™์œผ๋กœ
11:17
than the random motions of atoms
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์‚ฌ๊ณผ ๊ณผ์ˆ˜์›๊ณผ ์„คํƒ• ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์˜ค๋ธ์ด
11:19
making you an apple orchard
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๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด์ง€๊ณ  ๋˜ ๊ทธ์•ˆ์—์„œ ํŒŒ์ด๊ฐ€ ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด์ง€๋Š” ๊ฒƒ
11:21
and some sugar and an oven,
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๋ณด๋‹ค๋Š” ์‚ฌ๊ณผํŒŒ์ด๊ฐ€ ์ง์ ‘ ์šฐ์—ฐํžˆ ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด์งˆ
11:23
and then making you an apple pie.
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ํ™•๋ฅ ์ด ํ›จ์”ฌ ๋” ๋†’์„ํ…Œ๋‹ˆ๊นŒ์š”.
11:25
So this scenario makes predictions.
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์ฆ‰, ์ด ์‹œ๋‚˜๋ฆฌ์˜ค๊ฐ€ ์˜ˆ์ธกํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€
11:28
And the predictions are
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์—”ํŠธ์˜คํ”ผ๊ฐ€ ์กฐ๊ธˆ๋งŒ ์š”๋™ํ•˜๋ฉด
11:30
that the fluctuations that make us are minimal.
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด ์งˆ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:33
Even if you imagine that this room we are in now
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์ง€๊ธˆ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋Š” ์ด ๊ฐ•์˜์‹ค์ด ์กด์žฌํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๊ณ ,
11:36
exists and is real and here we are,
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์ด ๊ฐ•์˜์‹ค ๋ฐ–์—๋Š” ์นผํ…์ด๋ผ๋Š” ๋Œ€ํ•™, ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์ด๋ผ๋Š” ๋‚˜๋ผ,
11:38
and we have, not only our memories,
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์€ํ•˜์ˆ˜๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ธฐ์–ต๊ณผ ์ธ์ƒ์„
11:40
but our impression that outside there's something
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ๋”๋ผ๋„, ์—”ํŠธ๋กœํ”ผ์˜
11:42
called Caltech and the United States and the Milky Way Galaxy,
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์š”๋™์— ์˜ํ•ด ์‹ค์ œ๋กœ ์นผํ…๋Œ€ํ•™, ๋ฏธ๊ตญ, ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์€ํ•˜๊ณ„๊ฐ€
11:46
it's much easier for all those impressions to randomly fluctuate into your brain
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๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด์ง€๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์— ๋น„๊ตํ•˜๋ฉด, ์—”ํŠธ๋กœํ”ผ์˜ ์š”๋™์— ์˜ํ•ด
11:49
than for them actually to randomly fluctuate
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ์˜ ๋‘๋‡Œ๊ฐ€ ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๊ฐ€์ง€ ์ธ์ƒ์„ ๋ฐ›๊ฒŒ
11:51
into Caltech, the United States and the galaxy.
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๋งŒ๋“œ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ํ›จ์”ฌ ๋” ์‰ฝ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:54
The good news is that,
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ๋ฐ ๋‹คํ–‰ํžˆ๋„
11:56
therefore, this scenario does not work; it is not right.
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์ด ์‹œ๋‚˜๋ฆฌ์˜ค๋Š” ํ‹€๋ ธ์ง€์š”.
11:59
This scenario predicts that we should be a minimal fluctuation.
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์ด ์‹œ๋‚˜๋ฆฌ์˜ค๋Š” ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์ตœ์†Œํ•œ์˜ ์—”ํŠธ๋กœํ”ผ ์š”๋™์˜ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ์—ฌ์•ผ ํ•œ๋‹ค๊ณ  ์˜ˆ์ธกํ–ˆ์ง€์š”.
12:02
Even if you left our galaxy out,
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ ์€ํ•˜๊ณ„๋ฅผ ๋ฌด์‹œํ•˜๋”๋ผ๋„,
12:04
you would not get a hundred billion other galaxies.
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1000์–ต๊ฐœ๋‚˜ ๋˜๋Š” ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์€ํ•˜๊ณ„๋“ค์„ ๋ฌด์‹œํ•  ์ˆ˜๋Š” ์—†๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด์ฃ .
12:06
And Feynman also understood this.
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ํŒŒ์ธ๋งŒ๋„ ์ด๊ฒƒ์„ ์ดํ•ดํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์—ˆ์ฃ .
12:08
Feynman says, "From the hypothesis that the world is a fluctuation,
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ํŒŒ์ธ๋งŒ์€ "์„ธ๊ณ„๊ฐ€ ๋ฌผ์งˆ์ด ์š”๋™ํ•œ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ผ๋Š” ๊ฐ€์„ค๋กœ ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ
12:12
all the predictions are that
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์ถฉ๋ถ„ํžˆ ์˜ˆ์ธกํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€
12:14
if we look at a part of the world we've never seen before,
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์ „์— ๋ณธ์ ์ด ์—†๋Š” ์„ธ๊ณ„์˜ ์ผ๋ถ€๋ฅผ ์ฒ˜์Œ์œผ๋กœ ๋ณธ๋‹ค๋ฉด
12:16
we will find it mixed up, and not like the piece we've just looked at --
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๊ทธ๊ณณ์€ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๊ทธ ๋ฐฉ๊ธˆ์ „์— ๋ดค๋˜ ๊ณณ๊ณผ๋Š” ๋‹ฌ๋ฆฌ ํ˜ผ๋ˆ๋œ, ์ฆ‰ ์—”ํŠธ๋กœํ”ผ๊ฐ€
12:18
high entropy.
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๋†’์€ ์ƒํƒœ์— ์žˆ์„ ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค.
12:20
If our order were due to a fluctuation,
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ์˜ ์ •๋ˆ๋œ ์ƒํƒœ๊ฐ€ ์š”๋™์— ์˜ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์ด๋ผ๋ฉด ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๋ฐฉ๊ธˆ
12:22
we would not expect order anywhere but where we have just noticed it.
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๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์„ ๊ด€์ฐฐํ•œ ๊ณณ ์ด์™ธ์—๋Š” ์ •๋ˆ์„ ๊ธฐ๋Œ€ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๊ฒ ์œผ๋ฉฐ
12:24
We therefore conclude the universe is not a fluctuation."
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๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์šฐ์ฃผ๊ฐ€ ์š”๋™ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๋Š”๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒฐ๋ก ์„ ๋‚ด๋ฆฐ๋‹ค. "๋ผ๊ณ  ๋งํ–ˆ์ง€์š”.
12:28
So that's good. The question is then what is the right answer?
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๊ทธ๊ฑด ์ข‹์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ๋ฐ ๊ทธ๋ ‡๋‹ค๋ฉด ๊ณผ์—ฐ ์ •๋‹ต์€ ๋ฌด์—‡์ธ๊ฐ€์š”?
12:31
If the universe is not a fluctuation,
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๋งŒ์•ฝ์— ์šฐ์ฃผ๊ฐ€ ์š”๋™์ด ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ๋ฉด
12:33
why did the early universe have a low entropy?
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์™œ ์ดˆ๊ธฐ ์šฐ์ฃผ์˜ ์—”ํŠธ๋กœํ”ผ๊ฐ€ ๋‚ฎ์•˜์„๊นŒ์š”?
12:36
And I would love to tell you the answer, but I'm running out of time.
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์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์—๊ฒŒ ๋‹ต์„ ๋งํ•ด ์ฃผ๊ณ  ์‹ถ์ง€๋งŒ ๊ทธ๋Ÿด ์‹œ๊ฐ„์ด ์—†๊ตฐ์š”.
12:39
(Laughter)
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(์›ƒ์Œ)
12:41
Here is the universe that we tell you about,
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์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์ง€๊ธˆ ๋งํ•˜๋Š” ์šฐ์ฃผ์™€
12:43
versus the universe that really exists.
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์‹ค์ œ๋กœ ์กด์žฌํ•˜๋Š” ์šฐ์ฃผ๋ฅผ ๋ณด์—ฌ์ฃผ๋Š”
12:45
I just showed you this picture.
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๊ทธ๋ฆผ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:47
The universe is expanding for the last 10 billion years or so.
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์šฐ์ฃผ๋Š” ์•ฝ ์ง€๋‚œ 100 ์–ต๋…„๊ฐ„ ํ™•์žฅ๋˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๊ณ 
12:49
It's cooling off.
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์ง€๊ธˆ ๋ƒ‰๊ฐ๋˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์ง€์š”.
12:51
But we now know enough about the future of the universe
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์˜ค๋Š˜์˜ ๊ณผํ•™์€ ์šฐ์ฃผ์˜ ๋ฏธ๋ž˜์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด
12:53
to say a lot more.
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๋” ๋งŽ์€ ์˜ˆ์ธก์„ ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:55
If the dark energy remains around,
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๋งŒ์•ฝ์— ์•”ํ‘์—๋„ˆ์ง€๊ฐ€ ๋‚จ์•„์žˆ์œผ๋ฉด
12:57
the stars around us will use up their nuclear fuel, they will stop burning.
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ ์ฃผ์œ„์— ์žˆ๋Š” ๋ณ„๋“ค์€ ํ•ต ์—ฐ๋ฃŒ๋ฅผ ๋‹ค ์†Œ์ง„ํ•˜๊ณ  ํ•ต๋ฐ˜์‘์ด ์ค‘๋‹จ๋˜๊ฒ ์ง€์š”.
13:00
They will fall into black holes.
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๊ณ ๋Š” ๋ธ”๋ž™ํ™€๋กœ ๋–จ์–ด์งˆ ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:02
We will live in a universe
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋ฉด ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๋ธ”๋ž™ํ™€ ๋ฐ–์— ์—†๋Š”
13:04
with nothing in it but black holes.
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์šฐ์ฃผ์—์„œ ์‚ด๊ฒŒ ๋˜๊ฒ ์ง€์š”.
13:06
That universe will last 10 to the 100 years --
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ ์šฐ์ฃผ๋Š” 10์˜ 100์Šน ๋…„ ์ •๋„ ์ง€์†๋  ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค -
13:10
a lot longer than our little universe has lived.
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์ฆ‰, ์ง€๊ธˆ๊นŒ์ง€์˜ ์šฐ์ฃผ์˜ ์—ญ์‚ฌ๋ณด๋‹ค ํ›จ์”ฌ ๋” ๊ธด ์‹œ๊ฐ„์ด์ง€์š”.
13:12
The future is much longer than the past.
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๋ฏธ๋ž˜๋Š” ๊ณผ๊ฑฐ๋ณด๋‹ค ํ›จ์”ฌ ๋” ๊ธธ๊ฒ ์ง€์š”.
13:14
But even black holes don't last forever.
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ๋ธ”๋ž™ํ™€๋“ค๋„ ์˜์›ํžˆ ์ง€์†๋˜์ง€๋Š” ์•Š์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:16
They will evaporate,
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๋ธ”๋ž™ํ™€์€ ์ฆ๋ฐœํ•  ๊ฒƒ์ด๋ฉฐ
13:18
and we will be left with nothing but empty space.
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์•„๋ฌด๊ฒƒ๋„ ์—†๊ณ  ๋นˆ ๊ณต๊ฐ„๋งŒ ๋‚จ์•„์žˆ์„ ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:20
That empty space lasts essentially forever.
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๊ทธ ๋นˆ ๊ณต๊ฐ„์€ ๊ทผ๋ณธ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์˜์›ํžˆ ์ง€์†๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:24
However, you notice, since empty space gives off radiation,
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ๋นˆ ๊ณต๊ฐ„์€ ๋ฐฉ์‚ฌ์„ ์„ ๋ฐฉ์ถœํ•˜๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์—
13:27
there's actually thermal fluctuations,
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์‚ฌ์‹ค์€ ์—ด์š”๋™์ด ์žˆ๊ณ 
13:29
and it cycles around
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๋นˆ๊ณต๊ฐ„์—์„œ
13:31
all the different possible combinations
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ํ—ˆ์šฉ๋˜๋Š” ๋ชจ๋“  ๋ฐฐํ•ฉ์„
13:33
of the degrees of freedom that exist in empty space.
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๊ณ„์†ํ•ด์„œ ํ•˜๊ฒ ์ง€์š”.
13:36
So even though the universe lasts forever,
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์šฐ์ฃผ๊ฐ€ ์˜์›ํžˆ ์ง€์†ํ•˜๋”๋ผ๋„
13:38
there's only a finite number of things
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์šฐ์ฃผ์— ์กด์žฌํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ๋“ค์€
13:40
that can possibly happen in the universe.
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ํ•œ์ •๋ผ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:42
They all happen over a period of time
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์ด๋Ÿฐ์ผ๋“ค์€ ๋ชจ๋‘ 10์˜ 10์Šน์˜ 120์Šน๋…„
13:44
equal to 10 to the 10 to the 120 years.
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์ด๋ผ๋Š” ์‹œ๊ฐ„์— ๊ฑธ์ณ ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:47
So here's two questions for you.
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์ด์ œ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„๊ป˜ 2๊ฐ€์ง€ ์งˆ๋ฌธ์„ ๋“œ๋ฆฌ์ง€์š”.
13:49
Number one: If the universe lasts for 10 to the 10 to the 120 years,
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์ฒซ์งธ๋กœ : ์šฐ์ฃผ๊ฐ€ 10์˜ 10์Šน์˜ 120์Šน ๋…„ ๋™์•ˆ ์ง€์†๋œ๋‹ค๋ฉด
13:52
why are we born
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์™œ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๋น…๋ฑ…์ด ์žˆ์€ ์งํ›„๋ผ์„œ
13:54
in the first 14 billion years of it,
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๋”ฐ์Šคํ•œ ์ž”๊ด‘์ด ์•„์ง๋„ ๋‚จ์•„์žˆ๋Š”
13:57
in the warm, comfortable afterglow of the Big Bang?
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์ฒซ 140์–ต๋…„ ์ด๋ผ๋Š” ์งง์€ ์‹œ๊ฐ„ ๋™์•ˆ์— ํƒœ์–ด๋‚ฌ์„๊นŒ์š”?
14:00
Why aren't we in empty space?
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์™œ ๋นˆ ๊ณต๊ฐ„์— ์žˆ์ง€ ์•Š์„๊นŒ์š”?
14:02
You might say, "Well there's nothing there to be living,"
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์–ด๋–ค ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์€ "๋นˆ๊ณต๊ฐ„์—๋Š” ์‚ด๊ณ  ์–ด์ฉŒ๊ณ  ํ•  ์•„๋ฌด๊ฒƒ๋„ ์—†๋‹ค "๋ผ๊ณ 
14:04
but that's not right.
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๋งํ•  ์ง€ ๋ชจ๋ฅด์ง€๋งŒ ๊ทธ๊ฑด ํ‹€๋ฆฐ ๋ง์ด์ฃ .
14:06
You could be a random fluctuation out of the nothingness.
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์™œ๋ƒ๋ฉด ์ž„์˜์˜ ์š”๋™์œผ๋กœ ๋ฌด์—์„œ ๋‹น์‹ ์ด ์ƒ๊ธธ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์œผ๋‹ˆ๊นŒ์š”.
14:08
Why aren't you?
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์™œ ๋‹น์‹ ์€ ๋นˆ๊ณต๊ฐ„์— ์‚ด์ง€ ์•Š์ฃ ?
14:10
More homework assignment for you.
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์ด๊ฒƒ๋„ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„๊ป˜ ๋“œ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์ˆ™์ œ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
14:13
So like I said, I don't actually know the answer.
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์ œ๊ฐ€ ๋งํ–ˆ๋“ฏ์ด ์ €๋„ ์‚ฌ์‹ค์€ ๊ทธ ๋Œ€๋‹ต์„ ๋ชจ๋ฆ…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
14:15
I'm going to give you my favorite scenario.
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๊ทธ ๋Œ€์‹  ์ œ๊ฐ€ ์ข‹์•„ํ•˜๋Š” ์‹œ๋‚˜๋ฆฌ์˜ค๋ฅผ ๋งํ•ด๋“œ๋ฆฌ์ง€์š”.
14:17
Either it's just like that. There is no explanation.
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์ฒซ๋ฒˆ์งธ๋Š”, ์•„๋ฌด๋Ÿฐ ์„ค๋ช…๋„ ํ•  ํ•„์š”๊ฐ€ ์—†์ด ๊ทธ๋ƒฅ ๊ทธ๋ ‡๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
14:20
This is a brute fact about the universe
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์ด๊ฒƒ์ด ์šฐ์ฃผ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋ƒ‰์ •ํ•œ ์‚ฌ์‹ค์ด๋‹ˆ๊นŒ
14:22
that you should learn to accept and stop asking questions.
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๊ทธ๋ƒฅ ๊ทธ๋ ‡๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋ฏฟ๊ณ  ๋” ์ด์ƒ ๋ฌป์ง€ ๋ง๋ผ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
14:26
Or maybe the Big Bang
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๋‘๋ฒˆ์งธ๋Š”, ๋น…๋ฑ…์ด ์šฐ์ฃผ์˜
14:28
is not the beginning of the universe.
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์‹œ์ž‘์ด ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
14:30
An egg, an unbroken egg, is a low entropy configuration,
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๊นจ์ง€์ง€ ์•Š์€ ๋‹ฌ๊ฑ€์€ ์—”ํŠธ๋กœํ”ผ๊ฐ€ ๋‚ฎ์€ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ์ด์ง€๋งŒ
14:33
and yet, when we open our refrigerator,
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๋ƒ‰์žฅ๊ณ  ๋ฌธ์„ ์—ด๋ฉด์„œ "์šฐ๋ฆฌ ๋ƒ‰์žฅ๊ณ 
14:35
we do not go, "Hah, how surprising to find
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์•ˆ์— ๋‚ฎ์€ ์—”ํŠธ๋กœํ”ผ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋‹ค๋‹ˆ ์ฐธ ๋†€๋ž๊ตฌ๋‚˜"๋ผ๊ณ 
14:37
this low entropy configuration in our refrigerator."
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๋งํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์ง€์š”.
14:39
That's because an egg is not a closed system;
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๊ทธ ์ด์œ ๋Š” ๋‹ฌ๊ฑ€์€ ๋‹ซํžŒ ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์ด ์•„๋‹ˆ๊ณ 
14:42
it comes out of a chicken.
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๋‹ญ์—์„œ ๋‚˜์™”๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ด์ฃ .
14:44
Maybe the universe comes out of a universal chicken.
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์–ด์ฉŒ๋ฉด ์šฐ์ฃผ๋Š” ์šฐ์ฃผ๋‹ญ์—์„œ ๋‚˜์™”์„์ง€๋„ ๋ชจ๋ฆ…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
14:48
Maybe there is something that naturally,
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์–ด์ฉŒ๋ฉด ๋ฌผ๋ฆฌ๋ฒ•์น™์˜ ์„ฑ์žฅ์„ ํ†ตํ•ด
14:50
through the growth of the laws of physics,
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๋‚ฎ์€ ์—”ํŠธ๋กœํ”ผ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ์—์„œ ์ž์—ฐ์Šค๋Ÿฝ๊ฒŒ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ์˜
14:53
gives rise to universe like ours
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์šฐ์ฃผ ๊ฐ™์€ ๊ฒƒ์ด ํƒœ์–ด๋‚˜๊ฒŒ ๋˜๋Š”
14:55
in low entropy configurations.
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๋ฌด์—‡์ธ๊ฐ€๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์„์ง€๋„ ๋ชจ๋ฆ…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
14:57
If that's true, it would happen more than once;
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๊ทธ๊ฒŒ ์‚ฌ์‹ค์ด๋ผ๋ฉด ๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ์ผ์€ ํ•œ๋ฒˆ ์ด์ƒ ์ผ์–ด๋‚  ๊ฒƒ์ด๋ฉฐ
14:59
we would be part of a much bigger multiverse.
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ํ›จ์”ฌ ๋” ๊ด‘๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋‹ค์ค‘์šฐ์ฃผ์˜ ์ผ๋ถ€๋ผ๋Š” ๊ฒฐ๋ก ์ด ๋‚ด๋ฆฌ๊ฒ ์ง€์š”.
15:02
That's my favorite scenario.
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์ด๊ฒŒ ์ œ๊ฐ€ ์ œ์ผ ์ข‹์•„ํ•˜๋Š” ์‹œ๋‚˜๋ฆฌ์˜ค์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
15:04
So the organizers asked me to end with a bold speculation.
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์ฃผ์ตœ์ž๊ฐ€ ์ด ๊ฐ•์˜์„ ๋๋‚ผ๋•Œ ๋Œ€๋‹ดํ•œ ์ถ”์ธก์„ ํ•ด๋‹ฌ๋ผ๊ณ  ๋ถ€ํƒํ–ˆ์ง€์š”.
15:07
My bold speculation
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์ €์˜ ๋Œ€๋‹ดํ•œ ์ถ”์ธก์€
15:09
is that I will be absolutely vindicated by history.
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์ œ๊ฐ€ ์˜ณ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€ ์•ž์œผ๋กœ ์—ญ์‚ฌ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ฆ๋ช…๋  ๊ฒƒ์ด๋ผ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
15:12
And 50 years from now,
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์•ž์œผ๋กœ 50 ๋…„ํ›„์—๋Š” ์ง€๊ธˆ ์ œ๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š”
15:14
all of my current wild ideas will be accepted as truths
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๋šฑ๋”ด์ง€ ๊ฐ™์€ ๋ชจ๋“  ์•„์ด๋””์–ด๋“ค์„
15:17
by the scientific and external communities.
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๊ณผํ•™๊ณ„์™€ ๋Œ€์ค‘์ด ๋ฏฟ๊ฒŒ๋  ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
15:20
We will all believe that our little universe
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๋ชจ๋“  ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ด ์šฐ๋ฆฌ์˜ ์ž‘์€ ์šฐ์ฃผ๊ฐ€ ํ›จ์”ฌ ๋” ํฐ
15:22
is just a small part of a much larger multiverse.
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๋‹ค์ค‘์šฐ์ฃผ์˜ ์ž‘์€ ํ•œ ๋ถ€๋ถ„์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ๋ฏฟ๊ฒŒ ๋˜๊ฒ ์ง€์š”.
15:25
And even better, we will understand what happened at the Big Bang
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ๋ณด๋‹ค๋„ ๋” ์ข‹์€ ๊ฒƒ์€ ๋น…๋ฑ…์—์„œ ๋ฌด์Šจ ์ผ์ด
15:28
in terms of a theory
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์ผ์–ด ๋‚ฌ๋Š”์ง€๋ฅผ ์ด๋ก ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ดํ•ดํ•˜๊ณ  ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์„
15:30
that we will be able to compare to observations.
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๊ด€์ธก๊ฒฐ๊ณผ์™€ ๋น„๊ตํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ฒŒ ๋˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด๊ฒ ์ง€์š”.
15:32
This is a prediction. I might be wrong.
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์ œ ์˜ˆ์ธก์€ ํ‹€๋ฆด ์ˆ˜๋„ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
15:34
But we've been thinking as a human race
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ ์ธ๋ฅ˜๋Š” ๊ณ ๋Œ€ ์‹œ์ ˆ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ
15:36
about what the universe was like,
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์šฐ์ฃผ์˜ ์—ญ์‚ฌ๋Š” ์–ด๋– ํ–ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ ๋˜ํ•œ ์™œ ๊ทธ๋ ‡๊ฒŒ
15:38
why it came to be in the way it did for many, many years.
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์šฐ์ฃผ๊ฐ€ ์ƒ๊ฒผ์—ˆ๋Š”๊ฐ€๋ฅผ ์ƒ๊ฐํ•ด ์™”์ง€์š”.
15:41
It's exciting to think we may finally know the answer someday.
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์–ธ์  ๊ฐ€ ์ด์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋‹ต์„ ์•Œ๊ฒŒ ๋ ์ง€ ๋ชจ๋ฅธ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€ ํฅ๋ฏธ์ง„์ง„ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
15:44
Thank you.
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๊ฐ์‚ฌํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
15:46
(Applause)
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(๋ฐ•์ˆ˜)
์ด ์›น์‚ฌ์ดํŠธ ์ •๋ณด

์ด ์‚ฌ์ดํŠธ๋Š” ์˜์–ด ํ•™์Šต์— ์œ ์šฉํ•œ YouTube ๋™์˜์ƒ์„ ์†Œ๊ฐœํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ „ ์„ธ๊ณ„ ์ตœ๊ณ ์˜ ์„ ์ƒ๋‹˜๋“ค์ด ๊ฐ€๋ฅด์น˜๋Š” ์˜์–ด ์ˆ˜์—…์„ ๋ณด๊ฒŒ ๋  ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฐ ๋™์˜์ƒ ํŽ˜์ด์ง€์— ํ‘œ์‹œ๋˜๋Š” ์˜์–ด ์ž๋ง‰์„ ๋”๋ธ” ํด๋ฆญํ•˜๋ฉด ๊ทธ๊ณณ์—์„œ ๋™์˜์ƒ์ด ์žฌ์ƒ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋น„๋””์˜ค ์žฌ์ƒ์— ๋งž์ถฐ ์ž๋ง‰์ด ์Šคํฌ๋กค๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์˜๊ฒฌ์ด๋‚˜ ์š”์ฒญ์ด ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ์ด ๋ฌธ์˜ ์–‘์‹์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ฌธ์˜ํ•˜์‹ญ์‹œ์˜ค.

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