Andrew Blum: What is the Internet, really?

445,470 views ใƒป 2012-09-19

TED


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

00:00
Translator: Joseph Geni Reviewer: Morton Bast
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ืžืชืจื’ื: Zeeva Livshitz ืžื‘ืงืจ: Ido Dekkers
00:16
I've always written primarily about architecture,
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ืชืžื™ื“ ื›ืชื‘ืชื™ ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ืขืœ ืื“ืจื™ื›ืœื•ืช,
00:18
about buildings, and writing about architecture
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ืขืœ ื‘ื ื™ื™ื ื™ื, ื•ื›ืชื™ื‘ื” ืขืœ ืื“ืจื™ื›ืœื•ืช
00:20
is based on certain assumptions.
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ืžื‘ื•ืกืกืช ืขืœ ื”ื ื—ื•ืช ืžืกื•ื™ืžื•ืช.
00:23
An architect designs a building, and it becomes a place,
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ืื“ืจื™ื›ืœ ืžืขืฆื‘ ื‘ื ื™ื™ืŸ, ื•ื”ื•ื ื”ื•ืคืš ืœืžืงื•ื,
00:25
or many architects design many buildings, and it becomes
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ืื• ืื“ืจื™ื›ืœื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื ืžืขืฆื‘ื™ื ื‘ื ื™ื ื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื, ื•ื–ื” ื™ื”ืคื•ืš
00:28
a city, and regardless of this complicated mix of forces
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ืœืขื™ืจ, ื•ืœืœื ืงืฉืจ ืœืชืžื”ื™ืœ ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ ื–ื” ืฉืœ ื›ื•ื—ื•ืช
00:31
of politics and culture and economics that shapes
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ืฉืœ ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ืงื”, ื•ืชืจื‘ื•ืช ื•ื›ืœื›ืœื” ืฉืžืขืฆื‘ื™ื
00:33
these places, at the end of the day, you can go
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ืืช ื”ืžืงื•ืžื•ืช ื”ืืœื”, ื‘ืกื•ืคื• ืฉืœ ื™ื•ื, ืืชื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืœื›ืช
00:36
and you can visit them. You can walk around them.
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ื•ืืชื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื‘ืงืจ ืื•ืชื. ืืชื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืœื›ืช ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื.
00:39
You can smell them. You can get a feel for them.
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ืืชื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ืจื™ื— ืื•ืชื. ืืชื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ืจื’ื™ืฉ ืื•ืชื.
00:41
You can experience their sense of place.
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ืืชื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื—ื•ื•ืช ืืช ืชื—ื•ืฉืช ื”ืžืงื•ื ืฉืœื”ื.
00:44
But what was striking to me over the last several years
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ืื‘ืœ ืžื” ืฉื”ืจืฉื™ื ืื•ืชื™ ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ืžืกืคืจ ื”ืฉื ื™ื ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื•ืช
00:47
was that less and less was I going out into the world,
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ื”ื™ื” ืฉื›ื›ืœ ืฉื™ืฆืืชื™ ืืœ ื”ืขื•ืœื ืคื—ื•ืช ื•ืคื—ื•ืช,
00:50
and more and more, I was sitting in front of my computer screen.
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ื™ื•ืชืจ ื•ื™ื•ืชืจ, ื™ืฉื‘ืชื™ ืžื•ืœ ืžืกืš ื”ืžื—ืฉื‘ ืฉืœื™.
00:53
And especially since about 2007, when I got an iPhone,
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ื•ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ืžืื– 2007 ื‘ืขืจืš , ื›ืฉืงื™ื‘ืœืชื™ ืื™ื™ืคื•ืŸ,
00:58
I was not only sitting in front of my screen all day,
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ืœื ืจืง ื™ืฉื‘ืชื™ ืžื•ืœ ื”ืžืกืš ืฉืœื™ ื›ืœ ื”ื™ื•ื,
00:59
but I was also getting up at the end of the day
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ืื‘ืœ ื’ื ื‘ืกื•ืคื• ืฉืœ ื”ื™ื•ื ื™ืฉื‘ืชื™
01:02
and looking at this little screen that I carried in my pocket.
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ื•ื”ืชื‘ื•ื ื ืชื™ ื‘ืžืกืš ื”ืงื˜ืŸ ื”ื–ื” ืฉื ืฉืืชื™ ื‘ื›ื™ืก ืฉืœื™.
01:05
And what was surprising to me was how quickly
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ื•ืžื” ืฉื”ืคืชื™ืข ืื•ืชื™ ื”ื™ื” ื›ืžื” ืžื”ืจ
01:08
my relationship to the physical world had changed.
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ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ื™ื—ืกื™ื ืฉืœื™ ืขื ื”ืขื•ืœื ื”ืคื™ื–ื™ ื”ืฉืชื ืชื”.
01:11
In this very short period of time, you know, whether you
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ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ื›ืœ ื›ืš ืงืฆืจ, ืืชื ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื, ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื ืืชื
01:12
call it the last 15 years or so of being online, or the last,
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ืงื•ืจืื™ื ืœื–ื” 15 ื”ืฉื ื™ื ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžื—ื•ื‘ืจื™ื ืื•ื ืœื™ื™ืŸ, ืื• ืืจื‘ืข
01:16
you know, four or five years of being online all the time,
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ืื• ื—ืžืฉ ื”ืฉื ื™ื ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืื•ื ืœื™ื™ืŸ ื›ืœ ื”ื–ืžืŸ,
01:19
our relationship to our surroundings had changed in that
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ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ื™ื—ืกื™ื ืฉืœื ื• ืขื ื”ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื” ืฉืœื ื• ื”ืฉืชื ืชื” ื‘ื›ืš
01:22
our attention is constantly divided. You know,
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ืฉืชืฉื•ืžืช ื”ืœื‘ ืฉืœื ื• ืžื—ื•ืœืงืช ื›ืœ ื”ื–ืžืŸ. ืืชื ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื,
01:24
we're both looking inside the screens and we're looking
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ื›ื•ืœื ื• ืžืกืชื›ืœื™ื ืœืชื•ืš ื”ืžืกื›ื™ื, ื•ืื ื—ื ื• ืžืกืชื›ืœื™ื
01:26
out in the world around us.
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ื”ื—ื•ืฆื” ื‘ืขื•ืœื ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื ื•.
01:28
And what was even more striking to me, and what I really
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ื•ืžื” ืฉื”ื™ื” ื‘ืขื™ื ื™ ืืคื™ืœื• ืขื•ื“ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื“ื”ื™ื , ื•ืžื” ืฉื‘ืืžืช
01:31
got hung up on, was that the world inside the screen
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ื”ื˜ืจื™ื“ ืื•ืชื™, ื”ื™ื” ืฉื”ืขื•ืœื ื‘ืชื•ืš ื”ืžืกืš
01:34
seemed to have no physical reality of its own.
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ื ืจืื” ื›ืื™ืœื• ื”ื•ื ื—ืกืจ ืžืฆื™ืื•ืช ืคื™ื–ื™ืช ืžืฉืœื•.
01:38
If you went and looked for images of the Internet,
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ืื ื”ืœื›ืชื ื•ื—ื™ืคืฉืชื ืชืžื•ื ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืื™ื ื˜ืจื ื˜,
01:40
this was all that you found, this famous image by Opte
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ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ื›ืœ ืžื” ืฉืžืฆืืชื, ืชืžื•ื ื” ืžืคื•ืจืกืžืช ื–ื• ืขืœ-ื™ื“ื™ "ืื•ืคื˜ื”"
01:43
of the Internet as the kind of Milky Way, this infinite expanse
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ืฉืœ ื”ืื™ื ื˜ืจื ื˜ ื›ืกื•ื’ ืฉืœ ืฉื‘ื™ืœ ื”ื—ืœื‘, ืžืจื—ื‘ ืื™ื ืกื•ืคื™ ื–ื”
01:47
where we don't seem to be anywhere on it.
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ืฉื‘ื• ืœื ื ืจืื” ืฉืื ื• ื ืžืฆืื™ื ื‘ืžืงื•ื ื›ืœืฉื”ื•.
01:49
We can never seem to grasp it in its totality.
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ื ืจืื” ืฉืœืขื•ืœื ืœื ื ื•ื›ืœ ืœืชืคื•ืก ืื•ืชื” ื‘ืกืš ื”ื›ืœ.
01:51
It's always reminded me of the Apollo image of the Earth,
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ื–ื” ืชืžื™ื“ ื”ื–ื›ื™ืจ ืœื™ ืืช ืชืžื•ื ืช ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ ืฉืœ ืืคื•ืœื•,
01:55
the blue marble picture, and it's similarly meant to suggest,
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ืชืžื•ื ืช ื”ื’ื•ืœื” ื›ื—ื•ืœ, ื•ื”ื™ื ื ื™ืกืชื” ืœื”ืฆื™ืข ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ื“ื•ืžื”
01:57
I think, that we can't really understand it as a whole.
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ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘, ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืœื ื‘ืืžืช ืžื‘ื™ื ื™ื ื–ืืช ื‘ืฉืœืžื•ืช.
02:00
We're always sort of small in the face of its expanse.
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืชืžื™ื“ ืงื˜ื ื™ื ืžืฉื”ื• ืืœ ืžื•ืœ ื”ืžืจื—ื‘ ืฉืœื•.
02:04
So if there was this world and this screen, and if there was
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ืื– ืœื• ื”ื™ื” ืขื•ืœื ื–ื” ื•ืžืกืš ื–ื”, ื•ืœื• ื”ื™ื”
02:07
the physical world around me, I couldn't ever get them
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ื”ืขื•ืœื ื”ืคื™ื–ื™ ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื™, ืœื ื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืขื•ืœื ืœื”ื‘ื™ื
02:10
together in the same place.
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ืื•ืชื ืœืื•ืชื• ืžืงื•ื.
02:13
And then this happened.
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ื•ืื– ื–ื” ืงืจื”.
02:16
My Internet broke one day, as it occasionally does,
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ื™ื•ื ืื—ื“ ื”ืื™ื ื˜ืจื ื˜ ืฉืœื™ ื”ืชืงืœืงืœ , ื›ืคื™ ืฉืงื•ืจื” ืžื“ื™ ืคืขื,
02:19
and the cable guy came to fix it, and he started with
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ืื™ืฉ ื”ื›ื‘ืœื™ื ื‘ื ืœืชืงืŸ ืืช ื–ื”, ื•ื”ื•ื ื”ืชื—ื™ืœ ืขื
02:22
the dusty clump of cables behind the couch,
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ื”ืกื‘ืš ื”ืžืื•ื‘ืง ืฉืœ ื”ื›ื‘ืœื™ื ืžืื—ื•ืจื™ ื”ืกืคื”,
02:24
and he followed it to the front of my building and into the basement and out to the back yard,
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ื•ื”ื•ื ืขืงื‘ ืื—ืจื™ื• ืœื—ื–ื™ืช ื”ื‘ื ื™ื™ืŸ ืฉืœื™, ืœืชื•ืš ื”ืžืจืชืฃ ื•ื”ื—ื•ืฆื”, ืืœ ื”ื—ืฆืจ ื”ืื—ื•ืจื™ืช,
02:27
and there was this big jumble of cables against the wall.
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ื•ื”ื™ื” ื‘ืœื™ืœ ื’ื“ื•ืœ ืฉืœ ื›ื‘ืœื™ื ื›ื ื’ื“ ื”ืงื™ืจ.
02:30
And then he saw a squirrel running along the wire,
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ื•ืื– ื”ื•ื ืจืื” ืกื ืื™ ืจืฅ ืœืื•ืจืš ื”ื—ื•ื˜,
02:32
and he said, "There's your problem.
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ื•ืืžืจ, "ื”ื ื” ื”ื‘ืขื™ื” ืฉืœืš.
02:35
A squirrel is chewing on your Internet." (Laughter)
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ืกื ืื™ ืœื•ืขืก ืœืš ืืช ื”ืื™ื ื˜ืจื ื˜." (ืฆื—ื•ืง)
02:40
And this seemed astounding. The Internet is
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ื•ื–ื” ื ืฉืžืข ืžื“ื”ื™ื. ื”ืื™ื ื˜ืจื ื˜ ื”ื•ื
02:43
a transcendent idea. It's a set of protocols that has changed
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ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ื ืฉื’ื‘. ื”ื•ื ืขืจื›ื” ืฉืœ ืคืจื•ื˜ื•ืงื•ืœื™ื ืฉืฉื™ื ื•
02:46
everything from shopping to dating to revolutions.
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ื”ื›ืœ ื”ื—ืœ ืžืงื ื™ื•ืช, ืœื—ื™ื–ื•ืจื™ื,ื•ืขื“ ืœืžื”ืคื›ื•ืช.
02:49
It was unequivocally not something
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ื—ื“ ืžืฉืžืขื™ืช ื–ื” ืœื ื”ื™ื” ืžืฉื”ื•
02:52
a squirrel could chew on. (Laughter)
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ืฉืกื ืื™ ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืœืขื•ืก. (ืฆื—ื•ืง)
02:55
But that in fact seemed to be the case.
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ืื•ืœื ื ืจืื” ื›ื™ ืœืžืขืฉื” ื–ื” ืžื” ืฉืงืจื” .
02:57
A squirrel had in fact chewed on my Internet. (Laughter)
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ืกื ืื™ ืœืžืขืฉื” ืœืขืก ืืช ื”ืื™ื ื˜ืจื ื˜ ืฉืœื™. (ืฆื—ื•ืง)
03:00
And then I got this image in my head of what would happen
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ื•ืื– ื“ืžื™ื™ื ืชื™ ืžื” ื™ืงืจื”
03:03
if you yanked the wire from the wall and if you started
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ืื ืชืฉืœืคื• ืืช ื”ื›ื‘ืœ ืžื”ืงื™ืจ, ื•ืื ืชืชื—ื™ืœื•
03:05
to follow it. Where would it go?
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ืœืขืงื•ื‘ ืื—ืจื™ื•. ืœืืŸ ื”ื•ื ื™ื’ื™ืข?
03:06
Was the Internet actually a place that you could visit?
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ื”ืื ื”ืื™ื ื˜ืจื ื˜ ื”ื•ื ืœืžืขืฉื” ืžืงื•ื ืฉื‘ื• ืืชื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื‘ืงืจ?
03:10
Could I go there? Who would I meet?
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ื”ืื ืื•ื›ืœ ืœืœื›ืช ืœืฉื? ืืช ืžื™ ืื ื™ ืืคื’ื•ืฉ?
03:11
You know, was there something actually out there?
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ืืชื ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื, ื”ืื ื™ืฉ ืฉื ื‘ืืžืช ืžืฉื”ื• ื‘ื—ื•ืฅ?
03:15
And the answer, by all accounts, was no.
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ื•ื”ืชืฉื•ื‘ื”, ืœื›ืœ ื”ื“ืขื•ืช, ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืœื.
03:18
This was the Internet, this black box with a red light on it,
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ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ื”ืื™ื ื˜ืจื ื˜, ืงื•ืคืกื ืฉื—ื•ืจื” ื–ื• ืขื ืื•ืจ ืื“ื•ื
03:21
as represented in the sitcom "The IT Crowd."
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ื›ืžื• ืฉืžื™ื•ืฆื’ืช ื‘ืกื™ื˜ืงื•ื "ืงื”ืœ ื”-IT".
03:24
Normally it lives on the top of Big Ben,
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ื‘ื“ืจืš ื›ืœืœ ื”ื•ื ื—ื™ ื‘ืจืืฉื• ืฉืœ ื”ื‘ื™ื’ ื‘ืŸ,
03:28
because that's where you get the best reception,
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ื›ื™ ื–ื” ื”ืžืงื•ื ืฉื‘ื• ืืชื” ืžืงื‘ืœ ืืช ื”ืงืœื™ื˜ื” ื”ื˜ื•ื‘ื” ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ,
03:31
but they had negotiated that their colleague could borrow it
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ื ื ืฉืื• ื•ื ืชื ื• ื›ื“ื™ ืฉืขืžื™ืชื” ืฉืœื”ื ืชื•ื›ืœ ืœืœื•ื•ืช ืื•ืชื•
03:34
for the afternoon to use in an office presentation.
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ืœืžืฉืš ืื—ืจ ื”ืฆื”ืจื™ื™ื ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ื• ื‘ืžืฆื’ืช ืื•ืคื™ืก.
03:37
The elders of the Internet were willing to part with it
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ื–ืงื ื™ ื”ืื™ื ื˜ืจื ื˜ ื”ื™ื• ืžื•ื›ื ื™ื ืœื”ื™ืคืจื“ ืžืžื ื•
03:39
for a short while, and she looks at it and she says,
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ืœืžืฉืš ื–ืžืŸ ืงืฆืจ, ื•ื”ื™ื ืžื‘ื™ื˜ื” ื‘ื•, ื•ืื•ืžืจืช,
03:42
"This is the Internet? The whole Internet? Is it heavy?"
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"ื–ื”ื• ื”ืื™ื ื˜ืจื ื˜? ื”ืื™ื ื˜ืจื ื˜ ื›ื•ืœื•? ื”ื•ื ื›ื‘ื“?"
03:46
They say, "Of course not, the Internet doesn't weigh anything."
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ื”ื ืื•ืžืจื™ื, "ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ ืฉืœื, ื”ืื™ื ื˜ืจื ื˜ ืœื ืฉื•ืงืœ ื›ืœื•ื."
03:50
And I was embarrassed. I was looking for this thing
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ื•ืื ื™ ื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ื ื‘ื•ืš. ื—ื™ืคืฉืชื™ ืืช ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ื–ื”
03:52
that only fools seem to look for.
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ืฉื ืจืื” ืฉืจืง ื˜ื™ืคืฉื™ื ืžื—ืคืฉื™ื.
03:54
The Internet was that amorphous blob, or it was a silly
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ื”ืื™ื ื˜ืจื ื˜ ื”ื™ื” ื“ืžื•ืช ืืžื•ืจืคื™ืช, ืื• ืฉื”ื•ื
03:57
black box with a blinking red light on it.
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ืงื•ืคืกื” ืฉื—ื•ืจื” ืžื˜ื•ืคืฉืช ืขื ืื•ืจ ืื“ื•ื ืžื”ื‘ื”ื‘ ืขืœื™ื•.
03:59
It wasn't a real world out there.
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ื–ื” ืœื ื”ื™ื” ืขื•ืœื ืžืฆื™ืื•ืชื™.
04:02
But, in fact, it is. There is a real world of the Internet out there,
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ืื‘ืœ, ืœืžืขืฉื”, ื–ื” ื›ืŸ. ื™ืฉื ื• ืขื•ืœื ืืžื™ืชื™ ืฉืœ ื”ืื™ื ื˜ืจื ื˜
04:05
and that's what I spent about two years visiting,
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ื•ืื•ืชื• ื‘ื™ืงืจืชื™ ื‘ืžืฉืš ืฉื ืชื™ื™ื,
04:07
these places of the Internet. I was in large data centers
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ืžืงื•ืžื•ืช ืืœื” ืฉืœ ื”ืื™ื ื˜ืจื ื˜. ื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ื‘ืžืจื›ื–ื™ ืžื™ื“ืข ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื
04:10
that use as much power as the cities in which they sit,
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ืฉืžืฉืชืžืฉื™ื ื‘ื›ื•ื— ืจื‘ ื›ืžื• ื”ืขืจื™ื ืฉื‘ื”ืŸ ื”ื ื™ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื,
04:13
and I visited places like this, 60 Hudson Street in New York,
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ื•ื‘ื™ืงืจื ื• ื‘ืžืงื•ืžื•ืช ื›ืžื• ื–ื”, ืจื—ื•ื‘ ื”ื“ืกื•ืŸ ืžืก.60 ื‘ื ื™ื• ื™ื•ืจืง,
04:16
which is one of the buildings in the world,
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ืฉื”ื•ื ืื—ื“ ื”ื‘ื ื™ื™ื ื™ื ื‘ืขื•ืœื
04:18
one of a very short list of buildings, about a dozen buildings,
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ืื—ื“ ืžืจืฉื™ืžื” ืงืฆืจื” ืžืื•ื“ ืฉืœ ื‘ื ื™ื™ื ื™ื, ื›ืชืจื™ืกืจ ื‘ื ื™ื ื™ื,
04:21
where more networks of the Internet connect to each other
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ืฉื™ืฉ ื‘ื”ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ืจืฉืชื•ืช ืื™ื ื˜ืจื ื˜ ืžื—ื•ื‘ืจื•ืช ื–ื• ืœื–ื•
04:23
than anywhere else.
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ืžืืฉืจ ื‘ื›ืœ ืžืงื•ื ืื—ืจ.
04:25
And that connection is an unequivocally physical process.
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ื•ื—ื™ื‘ื•ืจ ื–ื” ื”ื•ื ืชื”ืœื™ืš ืคื™ื–ื™ ื—ื“ ืžืฉืžืขื™.
04:27
It's about the router of one network, a Facebook or
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ืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ืขืœ ื”ื ืชื‘ ืฉืœ ืจืฉืช ืื—ืช, ืคื™ื™ืกื‘ื•ืง ืื•
04:30
a Google or a B.T. or a Comcast or a Time Warner, whatever it is,
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ื’ื•ื’ืœ ืื• B.T. ืื• ืงื•ืžืงืืกื˜ ืื• ื˜ื™ื™ื ื•ื•ืจื ืจ, ืžื” ืฉืœื ื™ื”ื™ื”,
04:33
connecting with usually a yellow fiber optic cable up into
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ืžืชื—ื‘ืจ ื‘ื“ืจืš ื›ืœืœ ืขื ื›ื‘ืœ ืกื™ื‘ ืื•ืคื˜ื™ ืฆื”ื•ื‘ ืœืžืขืœื” ืœืชื•ืš
04:35
the ceiling and down into the router of another network,
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ื”ืชืงืจื” ื•ืœืžื˜ื” ืœื ืชื‘ ืฉืœ ืจืฉืช ืื—ืจืช,
04:38
and that's unequivocally physical, and it's surprisingly intimate.
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ื”ื•ื ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื—ื“ ืžืฉืžืขื™ ืคื™ื–ื™ , ื•ื–ื” ืžืคืชื™ืข ื‘ืื™ื ื˜ื™ืžื™ื•ืชื•.
04:42
A building like 60 Hudson, and a dozen or so others,
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ื‘ื‘ื ื™ื™ืŸ ื›ืžื• ื”ื“ืกื•ืŸ 60 ื•ืขื•ื“ ื›ืชืจื™ืกืจ ืื—ืจื™ื,
04:46
has 10 times more networks connecting within it
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ื™ืฉ ืคื™ 10 ื—ื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ ืจืฉืชื•ืช ื‘ืชื•ื›ื•
04:48
than the next tier of buildings.
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ืžืืฉืจ ื‘ืฉื•ืจืช ื”ืžื‘ื ื™ื ืฉืœื™ื“ื•.
04:50
There's a very short list of these places.
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ื™ืฉ ืจืฉื™ืžื” ืงืฆืจื” ืžืื•ื“ ืฉืœ ืžืงื•ืžื•ืช ืืœื”.
04:52
And 60 Hudson in particular is interesting because it's home
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ื•ื”ื“ืกื•ืŸ 60 ืžืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ืคืจื˜ ื›ื™ ื–ื” ื”ื‘ื ื™ื™ืŸ
04:55
to about a half a dozen very important networks,
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ืฉื‘ื• ื ืžืฆืื•ืช ื—ืฆื™ ืชืจื™ืกืจ ืžื”ืจืฉืชื•ืช ื”ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื•ืช ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ,
04:57
which are the networks which serve the undersea cables
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ืฉื”ืŸ ืจืฉืชื•ืช ืฉืžืฉืจืชื•ืช ืืช ื”ื›ื‘ืœื™ื ื”ืชืช-ื™ืžื™ื™ื
05:00
that travel underneath the ocean
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ืฉืขื•ื‘ืจื™ื ืžืชื—ืช ืœืื•ืงื™ื™ื ื•ืก
05:02
that connect Europe and America and connect all of us.
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ืฉืžื—ื‘ืจื™ื ืืช ืื™ืจื•ืคื” ื•ืืžืจื™ืงื” ื•ืืช ื›ื•ืœื ื•.
05:04
And it's those cables in particular that I want to focus on.
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ื•ืขืœ ื›ื‘ืœื™ื ืืœื” ื‘ืคืจื˜ ืื ื™ ืจื•ืฆื” ืœื”ืชืžืงื“.
05:08
If the Internet is a global phenomenon, if we live
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ืื ื”ืื™ื ื˜ืจื ื˜ ื”ื•ื ืชื•ืคืขื” ื’ืœื•ื‘ืœื™ืช, ืื ืื ื• ื—ื™ื™ื
05:12
in a global village, it's because there are cables underneath
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ื‘ื›ืคืจ ื’ืœื•ื‘ืœื™, ื–ื” ื‘ื’ืœืœ ื”ื›ื‘ืœื™ื ืžืชื—ืช
05:14
the ocean, cables like this.
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ืœืื•ืงื™ื™ื ื•ืก, ื›ื‘ืœื™ื ื›ืžื• ืืœื” .
05:16
And in this dimension, they are incredibly small.
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ื•ื‘ืžืžื“ื™ื ืืœื”, ื”ื ืงื˜ื ื™ื ืœื”ืคืœื™ื.
05:19
You can you hold them in your hand. They're like a garden hose.
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ืืชื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื—ื–ื™ืง ืื•ืชื ื‘ื™ื“. ื”ื ื›ืžื• ืฆื™ื ื•ืจ ื’ื™ื ื”.
05:22
But in the other dimension they are incredibly expansive,
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ืื‘ืœ ื‘ืžืžื“ ื”ืื—ืจ ื”ื ืžืื•ื“ ืจื—ื‘ื™ ื™ื“ื™ื™ื,
05:26
as expansive as you can imagine.
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ืจื—ื‘ื™ื ื›ื›ืœ ืฉืืชื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื“ืžื™ื™ืŸ.
05:28
They stretch across the ocean. They're three or five
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ื”ื ื ืžืชื—ื™ื ืœืื•ืจืš ื”ืื•ืงื™ื™ื ื•ืก. ื‘ืื•ืจืš ืฉืœ ื—ืžื™ืฉื” ืื• ืฉืžื•ื ื”
05:30
or eight thousand miles in length, and
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ืื• ืฉืœื•ืœื” ืขืฉืจ ืืœืฃ ืงื™ืœื•ืžื˜ืจื™ื ,
05:33
if the material science and the computational technology
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ืื ื—ื•ืžืจ ืžื“ืขื™ ื•ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ื—ื™ืฉื•ื‘ื™ืช
05:36
is incredibly complicated, the basic physical process
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ื•ื–ื” ืžืื•ื“ ืžืกื•ื‘ืš, ื”ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื”ืคื™ื–ื™ ื”ื‘ืกื™ืกื™
05:39
is shockingly simple. Light goes in on one end of the ocean
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ื”ื•ื ืคืฉื•ื˜ ืœื”ืคืœื™ื. ืื•ืจ ื ื›ื ืก ื‘ืงืฆื” ืื—ื“ ืฉืœ ื”ืื•ืงื™ื™ื ื•ืก
05:43
and comes out on the other, and it usually comes
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ื•ื™ื•ืฆื ืžื”ืฆื“ ื”ืฉื ื™, ื•ื–ื” ื‘ื“ืจืš ื›ืœืœ ืžื’ื™ืข
05:46
from a building called a landing station that's often
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ืžื‘ื ื™ื™ืŸ ืฉื ืงืจื ืชื—ื ืช ื ื—ื™ืชื” ืฉืœืขื™ืชื™ื ืงืจื•ื‘ื•ืช
05:49
tucked away inconspicuously in a little seaside neighborhood,
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ื—ื‘ื•ื™ ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื‘ืœืชื™ ืžื•ืจื’ืฉ ื‘ืฉื›ื•ื ื” ืงื˜ื ื” ืฉืขืœ ืฉืคืช ื”ื™ื,
05:52
and there are amplifiers that sit on the ocean floor
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ื•ื™ืฉ ื’ื ืžื’ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉื™ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ืขืœ ืงืจืงืขื™ืช ื”ืื•ืงื™ื™ื ื•ืก
05:54
that look kind of like bluefin tuna, and every 50 miles
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ืฉื ืจืื™ื ื›ืžื• ืกื•ื’ ืฉืœ ื˜ื•ื ื” ื›ื—ื•ืœืช-ืกื ืคื™ืจ, ื•ื›ืœ 80 ืงื™ืœื•ืžื˜ืจ
05:57
they amplify the signal, and since the rate of transmission
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ื”ื ืžื’ื‘ื™ืจื™ื ืืช ื”ืื•ืช, ื•ืžืื—ืจ ื•ืงืฆื‘ ื”ืฉื™ื“ื•ืจ
06:01
is incredibly fast, the basic unit is a 10-gigabit-per-second
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ื”ื•ื ืžื”ื™ืจ ืขื“ ืžืื•ื“, ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ื” ื”ื‘ืกื™ืกื™ืช ื”ื™ื 10 ื’'ื™ื’ื”-ื‘ื™ื˜ ืœืฉื ื™ื”
06:04
wavelength of light, maybe a thousand times your own
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ืœืื•ืจืš ื’ืœ ืฉืœ ืื•ืจ, ืื•ืœื™ ืคื™ ืืœืฃ ื™ื•ืชืจ
06:06
connection, or capable of carrying 10,000 video streams,
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ืžื”ื—ื™ื‘ื•ืจ ืฉืœืš, ืื• ืžืกื•ื’ืœ ืœืฉืืช 10,000 ื–ืจืžื™ ื•ื™ื“ืื•,
06:10
but not only that, but you'll put not just one wavelength of light
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ืื‘ืœ ืœื ืจืง ื–ื”, ืื‘ืœ ืชืฉื™ืžื• ืœื ืจืง ืื•ืจืš ื’ืœ ืื—ื“ ืฉืœ ืื•ืจ
06:13
through one of the fibers, but you'll put maybe
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ื“ืจืš ืื—ื“ ื”ืกื™ื‘ื™ื, ืืœื ืชืฉื™ืžื• ืื•ืœื™
06:16
50 or 60 or 70 different wavelengths or colors of light
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50 ืื• 60 ืื• 70 ืื•ืจื›ื™ ื’ืœ ืฉื•ื ื™ื ืื• ืฆื‘ืขื™ื ืฉืœ ืื•ืจ
06:19
through a single fiber, and then you'll have maybe
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ื“ืจืš ืกื™ื‘ ื‘ื•ื“ื“, ื•ืœืื—ืจ ืžื›ืŸ ื™ื”ื™ื• ืœื›ื ืื•ืœื™
06:22
eight fibers in a cable, four going in each direction.
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ืฉืžื•ื ื” ืกื™ื‘ื™ื ื‘ื›ื‘ืœ, ืืจื‘ืขื” ืฉื”ื•ืœื›ื™ื ืœื›ืœ ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ.
06:24
And they're tiny. They're the thickness of a hair.
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ื•ื”ื ื–ืขื™ืจื™ื. ื”ื ื‘ืขื•ื‘ื™ ืฉืœ ืฉืขืจื”.
06:28
And then they connect to the continent somewhere.
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ื•ืœืื—ืจ ืžื›ืŸ ื”ื ืžืชื—ื‘ืจื™ื ืœื™ื‘ืฉืช ื‘ืžืงื•ื ื›ืœืฉื”ื•.
06:30
They connect in a manhole like this. Literally,
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ื”ื ืžืชื—ื‘ืจื™ื ื‘ื’ื•ื‘ ื›ืžื• ื–ื”. ืคืฉื•ื˜ื• ื›ืžืฉืžืขื•,
06:32
this is where the 5,000-mile cable plugs in.
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ื–ื” ื”ืžืงื•ื ืฉืœืชื•ื›ื• ื›ื‘ืœ ืฉืœ 8,000 ืง"ืž ืžืชื—ื‘ืจ.
06:35
This is in Halifax, a cable that stretches from Halifax to Ireland.
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ื–ื”ื• ื‘ื”ืœื™ืคืงืก, ื›ื‘ืœ ื”ืคืจื•ืฉ ืžื”ืœื™ืคืงืก ืœืื™ืจืœื ื“.
06:39
And the landscape is changing. Three years ago,
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ื•ื”ื ื•ืฃ ืžืฉืชื ื”. ืœืคื ื™ ืฉืœื•ืฉ ืฉื ื™ื
06:42
when I started thinking about this, there was one cable
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ื›ืฉื”ืชื—ืœืชื™ ืœื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืขืœ ื–ื”, ื”ื™ื” ื›ื‘ืœ ืื—ื“
06:44
down the Western coast of Africa, represented
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ืœืื•ืจืš ื”ื—ื•ืฃ ื”ืžืขืจื‘ื™ ืฉืœ ืืคืจื™ืงื”, ืฉืžื™ื•ืฆื’
06:48
in this map by Steve Song as that thin black line.
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ื‘ืžืคื” ื–ื• ืขืœ-ื™ื“ื™ ืกื˜ื™ื‘ ืกื•ื ื’ ื›ืงื• ืฉื—ื•ืจ ื“ืง ื–ื”.
06:50
Now there are six cables and more coming, three down each coast.
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ื›ืขืช ื™ืฉื ื ืฉืฉื” ื›ื‘ืœื™ื ื•ื™ื”ื™ื• ืขื•ื“ , ืฉืœื•ืฉื” ืœืื•ืจืš ื›ืœ ื—ื•ืฃ.
06:55
Because once a country gets plugged in by one cable,
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ื›ื™ ื‘ืจื’ืข ืฉืžื“ื™ื ื” ืžืงื‘ืœืช ื—ื™ื‘ื•ืจ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื›ื‘ืœ ืื—ื“,
06:58
they realize that it's not enough. If they're going to build
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ื”ื ืžื‘ื™ื ื™ื ืฉื–ื” ืœื ืžืกืคื™ืง. ืื ื”ื ืžืชื›ื•ื•ื ื™ื ืœื‘ื ื•ืช
07:00
an industry around it, they need to know that their connection
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ืชืขืฉื™ื™ื” ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื•, ื”ื ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœื“ืขืช ืฉื”ื—ื™ื‘ื•ืจ ืฉืœื”ื
07:02
isn't tenuous but permanent, because if a cable breaks,
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ืื™ื ื• ืจืขื•ืข ืืœื ืงื‘ื•ืข, ื›ื™ ืื ื›ื‘ืœ ื ื™ืชืง,
07:05
you have to send a ship out into the water, throw
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ืฆืจื™ืš ืœืฉืœื•ื— ืกืคื™ื ื” ื”ื—ื•ืฆื” ืืœ ื”ืžื™ื, ืœื–ืจื•ืง
07:07
a grappling hook over the side, pick it up, find the other end,
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ื•ื• ืชืคื™ืกื” ืžื”ืฆื“, ืœื”ืจื™ื ืื•ืชื•, ืœืžืฆื•ื ืืช ื”ืงืฆื” ื”ืฉื ื™,
07:10
and then fuse the two ends back together and then dump it over.
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ื•ืœืื—ืจ ืžื›ืŸ ืœื—ื‘ืจ ื—ื–ืจื” ืืช ืฉื ื™ ื”ืงืฆื•ื•ืช ื•ืœื”ืฉืœื™ืš ื—ื–ืจื”.
07:13
It's an intensely, intensely physical process.
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ื–ื”ื• ืชื”ืœื™ืš ืื™ื ื˜ื ืกื™ื‘ื™ ืชื”ืœื™ืš ืคื™ื–ื™ ืื™ื ื˜ื ืกื™ื‘ื™ .
07:18
So this is my friend Simon Cooper, who until very recently
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ืื– ื–ื”ื• ื™ื“ื™ื“ื™ ืกื™ื™ืžื•ืŸ ืงื•ืคืจ, ืฉืขื“ ืœืื—ืจื•ื ื”
07:22
worked for Tata Communications, the communications wing
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ืขื‘ื“ ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื˜ื˜ื” ืงื•ืžื•ื ื™ืงื™ื™ืฉื ืก, ื‘ืื’ืฃ ื”ืชืงืฉื•ืจืช
07:25
of Tata, the big Indian industrial conglomerate.
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ืฉืœ ื˜ื˜ื”, ื”ืงื•ื ืฆืจืŸ ื”ืชืขืฉื™ื™ืชื™ ื”ื”ื•ื“ื™ ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ.
07:28
And I've never met him. We've only communicated
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ื•ืืฃ ืคืขื ืœื ืคื’ืฉืชื™ ืื•ืชื•. ืื ื—ื ื• ืจืง ืžืชืงืฉืจื™ื
07:31
via this telepresence system, which always makes me
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ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ืžืขืจื›ืช ื ื•ื›ื—ื•ืช ืžืจื—ื•ืง ื–ื•, ืฉืชืžื™ื“ ื’ื•ืจืžืช ืœื™
07:34
think of him as the man inside the Internet. (Laughter)
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ืœื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืขืœื™ื• ื›ืขืœ ื”ืื“ื ื‘ืชื•ืš ื”ืื™ื ื˜ืจื ื˜. (ืฆื—ื•ืง)
07:38
And he is English. The undersea cable industry
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ื•ื”ื•ื ืื ื’ืœื™. ืชืขืฉื™ื™ืช ื”ื›ื‘ืœื™ื ื”ืชืช-ื™ืžื™ื™ื
07:41
is dominated by Englishmen, and they all seem to be 42.
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ื ืฉืœื˜ืช ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ื, ื•ื›ื•ืœื ื ืจืื™ื ื‘ื ื™ 42.
07:45
(Laughter) Because they all started at the same time
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง) ืžื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉื”ื ื›ื•ืœื ื”ืชื—ื™ืœื• ื‘ืื•ืชื• ื–ืžืŸ
07:48
with the boom about 20 years ago.
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ืขื ื”"ื‘ื•ื" ืœืคื ื™ 20 ืฉื ื”.
07:51
And Tata had gotten its start as a communications business
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ื•ื”ื”ืชื—ืœื” ืฉืœ ื˜ื˜ื” ื”ื™ืชื” ื›ืขืกืง ืชืงืฉื•ืจืช
07:54
when they bought two cables, one across the Atlantic
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ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ื ืงื ื• ืฉื ื™ ื›ื‘ืœื™ื, ืื—ื“ ื“ืจืš ื”ืื•ืงื™ื™ื ื•ืก ื”ืื˜ืœื ื˜ื™
07:56
and one across the Pacific, and proceeded to add pieces
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ื•ืื—ื“ ื“ืจืš ื”ืื•ืงื™ื™ื ื•ืก ื”ืฉืงื˜, ื•ื”ืžืฉื™ื›ื• ืœื”ื•ืกื™ืฃ ืœื”ื ื—ืœืงื™ื
07:59
onto them, until they had built a belt around the world,
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, ืขื“ ืฉื”ื ื‘ื ื• ื—ื’ื•ืจื” ืกื‘ื™ื‘ ื”ืขื•ืœื,
08:03
which means they will send your bits to the East or the West.
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ื›ืœื•ืžืจ, ื”ื ื™ืฉืœื—ื• ืืช ื”ืกื™ื‘ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœื›ื ืœืžื–ืจื— ืื• ืœืžืขืจื‘.
08:05
They have -- this is literally a beam of light around the world,
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-ื™ืฉ ืœื”ื - ื–ื” ืคืฉื•ื˜ ืงืจืŸ ืื•ืจ ืกื‘ื™ื‘ ื”ืขื•ืœื,
08:07
and if a cable breaks in the Pacific, it'll send it around
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ืื ื›ื‘ืœ ืžืชื ืชืง ื‘ืื•ืงื™ื™ื ื•ืก ื”ืฉืงื˜, ื”ื™ื ืชืฉืœื— ืื•ืชื•
08:10
the other direction. And then having done that,
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ืœื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืื—ืจ. ื•ืœืื—ืจ ืฉืขืฉื• ืืช ื–ื”,
08:13
they started to look for places to wire next.
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ื”ื ื”ืชื—ื™ืœื• ืœื—ืคืฉ ืžืงื•ืžื•ืช ืœื—ื™ื•ื•ื˜ ื”ื‘ื.
08:17
They looked for the unwired places, and that's meant
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ื”ื ื—ื™ืคืฉื• ืžืงื•ืžื•ืช ืœื ืžื—ื•ื•ื˜ื™ื, ื•ื–ื” ืื•ืžืจ
08:19
North and South, primarily these cables to Africa.
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ืœืฆืคื•ืŸ ื•ืœื“ืจื•ื, ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ื›ื‘ืœื™ื ืืœื” ืœืืคืจื™ืงื”.
08:22
But what amazes me is Simon's incredible geographic imagination.
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ืื‘ืœ ืžื” ืฉืžื“ื”ื™ื ืื•ืชื™ ื”ื“ืžื™ื•ืŸ ื”ื’ืื•ื’ืจืคื™ ื”ืžื“ื”ื™ื ืฉืœ ืกื™ื™ืžื•ืŸ.
08:26
He thinks about the world with this incredible expansiveness.
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ื”ื•ื ื—ื•ืฉื‘ ืขืœ ื”ืขื•ืœื ืขื ื”ืจื—ื‘ื” ืžื“ื”ื™ืžื” ื–ื•.
08:29
And I was particularly interested because I wanted to see
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ื•ื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ืžืขื•ื ื™ื™ืŸ ื›ื™ ืจืฆื™ืชื™ ืœืจืื•ืช
08:32
one of these cables being built. See, you know, all the time
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ืื—ื“ ืžื›ื‘ืœื™ื ืืœื” ื‘ื”ืงืžื”. ืจืื•, ืืชื ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื, ื›ืœ ื”ื–ืžืŸ
08:35
online we experience these fleeting moments of connection,
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ืื•ื ืœื™ื™ืŸ ืื ื—ื ื• ื—ื•ื•ื™ื ืจื’ืขื™ื ืืœื” ืฉืœ ื—ื™ื‘ื•ืจ,
08:37
these sort of brief adjacencies, a tweet or a Facebook post
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ืชื—ื•ืฉื” ืงืฆืจื” ื–ื• ืฉืœ ืงื™ืจื‘ื”, ืฆื™ื•ืฅ ืื• ืคื•ืกื˜ ื‘ืคื™ื™ืกื‘ื•ืง,
08:40
or an email, and it seemed like there was a physical corollary to that.
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ืื• ื“ื•ื"ืœ, ื•ื–ื” ื ืจืื” ื›ืื™ืœื• ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืœื›ืš ืชื•ืฆืื” ืคื™ื–ื™ืช.
08:44
It seemed like there was a moment when the continent
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ื ื“ืžื” ื›ืื™ืœื• ื”ื™ื” ืจื’ืข ืฉื—ื™ื‘ืจื•
08:46
was being plugged in, and I wanted to see that.
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ืืช ื”ื™ื‘ืฉืช , ื•ืจืฆื™ืชื™ ืœืจืื•ืช ืืช ื–ื”.
08:49
And Simon was working on a new cable,
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ืกื™ื™ืžื•ืŸ ืขื‘ื“ ืขืœ ื›ื‘ืœ ื—ื“ืฉ,
08:51
WACS, the West Africa Cable System, that stretched
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WACS, ืžืขืจื›ืช ื›ื‘ืœื™ื ื‘ืžืขืจื‘ ืืคืจื™ืงื”, ืฉื”ืฉืชืจืขื”
08:54
from Lisbon down the west coast of Africa,
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ืžืœื™ืกื‘ื•ืŸ ืœื—ื•ืฃ ื”ืžืขืจื‘ื™ ืฉืœ ืืคืจื™ืงื”,
08:56
to Cote d'Ivoire, to Ghana, to Nigeria, to Cameroon.
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ืœื—ื•ืฃ ื”ืฉื ื”ื‘, ืœื’ืื ื”, ืœื ื™ื’ืจื™ื”, ืœืงืžืจื•ืŸ.
08:59
And he said there was coming soon, depending
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ื•ื”ื•ื ืืžืจ ืฉื–ื” ืžื’ื™ืข ื‘ืงืจื•ื‘, ื‘ื”ืชื—ืฉื‘
09:01
on the weather, but he'd let me know when,
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ื‘ืžื–ื’ ื”ืื•ื•ื™ืจ, ืืš ื”ื•ื ื™ื•ื“ื™ืข ืœื™ ืžืชื™,
09:03
and so with about four days notice, he said to go
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ื•ืื– ืขื ื”ื•ื“ืขื” ืžืจืืฉ ืฉืœ ื‘ืขืจืš ืืจื‘ืขื” ื™ืžื™ื, ื”ื•ื ืืžืจ ืœื™ ืœื”ื’ื™ืข
09:06
to this beach south of Lisbon, and a little after 9,
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ืœื—ื•ืฃ ื–ื” ืฉืžื“ืจื•ื ืœืœื™ืกื‘ื•ืŸ, ื•ืงืฆืช ืื—ืจื™ 9.00,
09:09
this guy will walk out of the water. (Laughter)
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ื”ื‘ื—ื•ืจ ื”ื–ื” ื™ืฆื ืžื”ืžื™ื. (ืฆื—ื•ืง)
09:13
And he'll be carrying a green nylon line, a lightweight line,
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ื•ื”ื•ื ื ื•ืฉื ืงื• ื ื™ื™ืœื•ืŸ ื™ืจื•ืง , ืงื• ืงืœ,
09:17
called a messenger line, and that was the first link
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ืฉื ืงืจื ืงื• -ืฉืœื™ื—, ื•ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ื”ืงื™ืฉื•ืจ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ
09:20
between sea and land, this link that would then be
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ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื™ื ืœื™ื‘ืฉื”, ืงื™ืฉื•ืจ ื–ื” ื–ื” ื™ื”ื™ื” ืœืื—ืจ ืžื›ืŸ
09:22
leveraged into this 9,000-mile path of light.
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ืžืžื•ื ืฃ ืœื ืชื™ื‘ ืื•ืจ ื–ื” ื‘ืŸ 14500 ืงื™ืœื•ืžื˜ืจ .
09:26
Then a bulldozer began to pull the cable in from this
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ืœืื—ืจ ืžื›ืŸ ื“ื—ืคื•ืจ ื™ืชื—ื™ืœ ืœืžืฉื•ืš ืืช ื”ื›ื‘ืœ ืคื ื™ืžื”
09:29
specialized cable landing ship, and it was floated
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ืžืชื•ืš ืกืคื™ื ื” ื™ื™ืขื•ื“ื™ืช ืœื”ื ื—ืชืช ื›ื‘ืœ, ื•ื”ื•ื ื”ื•ืฉื˜
09:32
on these buoys until it was in the right place.
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ืขืœ ื’ื‘ื™ ืžืฆื•ืคื™ื ืืœื” ืขื“ ืฉื–ื” ื”ื’ื™ืข ืœืžืงื•ื ื”ื ื›ื•ืŸ.
09:35
Then you can see the English engineers looking on.
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ื•ืืชื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืจืื•ืช ืืช ื”ืžื”ื ื“ืกื™ื ื”ืื ื’ืœื™ื ืžืฉืงื™ืคื™ื.
09:38
And then, once it was in the right place, he got back
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ื•ืื–, ื‘ืจื’ืข ืฉื–ื” ื”ื’ื™ืข ืœืžืงื•ื ื”ื ื›ื•ืŸ, ื”ื•ื ื ื›ื ืก ืฉื•ื‘
09:40
in the water holding a big knife, and he cut each buoy off,
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ืœืžื™ื ื›ืฉื”ื•ื ืžื—ื–ื™ืง ืกื›ื™ืŸ ื’ื“ื•ืœื”, ื•ื—ืชืš ืžืฆื•ืฃ ืื—ืจ ืžืฆื•ืฃ,
09:44
and the buoy popped up into the air, and the cable
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ื•ืžืฆื•ืคื™ื ืฆืฆื• ื”ื—ื•ืฆื” ืœืื•ื•ื™ืจ, ื•ื”ื›ื‘ืœ
09:46
dropped to the sea floor, and he did that all the way out
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ื ืคืœ ืœืงืจืงืขื™ืช ื”ื™ื, ื•ื”ื•ื ืขืฉื” ืืช ื–ื” ื›ืœ ื”ื“ืจืš ื”ื—ื•ืฆื”
09:48
to the ship, and when he got there,
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ืืœ ื”ืกืคื™ื ื”, ื•ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ื•ื ื”ื’ื™ืข ืœืฉื,
09:50
they gave him a glass of juice and a cookie,
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ื ืชื ื• ืœื• ื›ื•ืก ืžื™ืฅ, ื•ืขื•ื’ื™ื™ื”,
09:52
and then he jumped back in, and he swam back to shore,
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ื•ืœืื—ืจ ืžื›ืŸ ื”ื•ื ืงืคืฅ ืื—ื•ืจื” ื•ืฉื—ื” ื‘ื—ื–ืจื” ืืœ ื”ื—ื•ืฃ,
09:55
and then he lit a cigarette. (Laughter)
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ื•ืœืื—ืจ ืžื›ืŸ ื”ื•ื ื”ื“ืœื™ืง ืกื™ื’ืจื™ื”. (ืฆื—ื•ืง)
10:02
And then once that cable was on shore,
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ื•ืื– ื›ืฉื”ื›ื‘ืœ ื”ื™ื” ืขืœ ื”ื—ื•ืฃ,
10:05
they began to prepare to connect it to the other side,
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ื”ื ื”ื—ืœื• ืœื”ืชื›ื•ื ืŸ ืœื—ื‘ืจ ืื•ืชื• ืืœ ื”ืฆื“ ื”ืื—ืจ,
10:08
for the cable that had been brought down from the landing station.
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ืœื›ื‘ืœ ืฉื”ื•ื‘ื ืžืชื—ื ืช ื”ื ื—ื™ืชื”.
10:11
And first they got it with a hacksaw, and then they start
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ืชื—ื™ืœื” ื”ื ื˜ื™ืคืœื• ื‘ื• ืขื ืžืกื•ืจ ื•ืœืื—ืจ ืžื›ืŸ ื”ื ื”ืชื—ื™ืœื•
10:14
sort of shaving away at this plastic interior with a --
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ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืขืœื™ื• ืกื•ื’ ืฉืœ ืฉืœ ื”ืงืฆืขื” ืžืชื•ืš ื”ืคื ื™ื ืžื”ืคืœืกื˜ื™ืง
10:17
sort of working like chefs, and then finally they're working
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ื‘ืžืขื™ืŸ ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื›ืžื• ืฉืœ ืฉืคื™ื, ืขื“ ืฉืœื‘ืกื•ืฃ ื”ื ืขื‘ื“ื•
10:19
like jewelers to get these hair-thin fibers to line up
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ื›ืžื• ืฆื•ืจืคื™ื ื›ื“ื™ ืœืกื“ืจ ื™ืฉืจ ืกื™ื‘ื™ื ื“ืงื™ื ื›ืฉืขืจื” ืืœื”
10:22
with the cable that had come down,
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ืขื ื”ื›ื‘ืœ ืฉื”ื’ื™ืข ืœืžื˜ื”,
10:23
and with this hole-punch machine they fuse it together.
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ื•ืขื ืžื›ื•ื ืช ื ื™ืงื•ื‘ ื—ื•ืจื™ื ื–ื• ื”ื ื—ื™ื‘ืจื• ื–ืืช ื™ื—ื“.
10:26
And when you see these guys going at this cable with a hacksaw,
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ื•ื›ืืฉืจ ืชืจืื• ืืช ื”ื—ื‘ืจ'ื” ื”ืืœื” ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ืขืœ ื›ื‘ืœ ื–ื” ืขื ืžืกื•ืจ,
10:30
you stop thinking about the Internet as a cloud.
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ืชืคืกื™ืงื• ืœื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืขืœ ื”ืื™ื ื˜ืจื ื˜ ื›ืขืœ ืขื ืŸ.
10:32
It starts to seem like an incredibly physical thing.
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ื–ื” ืžืชื—ื™ืœ ืœื”ื™ืจืื•ืช ื›ืžื• ื“ื‘ืจ ืคื™ื–ื™ ืžืื™ืŸ ื›ืžื•ื”ื•.
10:36
And what surprised me as well was that as much as this
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ื•ืžื” ืฉืžืคืชื™ืข ืื•ืชื™ ื’ื ื”ื™ื” ืฉื›ื›ืœ ืฉื–ื”
10:39
is based on the most sophisticated technology, as much
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ืžื‘ื•ืกืก ืขืœ ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ืžืชื•ื—ื›ืžืช ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ, ื›ื›ืœ
10:42
as this is an incredibly new thing, the physical process
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ืฉื–ื” ื“ื‘ืจ ื—ื“ืฉื ื™ ืœื”ืคืœื™ื, ื”ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื”ืคื™ื–ื™
10:44
itself has been around for a long time, and the culture is the same.
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ืขืฆืžื• ืงื™ื™ื ื›ื‘ืจ ื–ืžืŸ ืจื‘, ื•ื”ืชืจื‘ื•ืช ื”ื™ื ืื•ืชื” ืชืจื‘ื•ืช..
10:48
You see the local laborers. You see the English engineer
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ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื• ื‘ืคื•ืขืœื™ื ื”ืžืงื•ืžื™ื™ื. ืืชื ืจื•ืื™ื ืืช ื”ืžื”ื ื“ืก ืื ื’ืœื™
10:50
giving directions in the background. And more importantly,
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ื ื•ืชืŸ ื”ื•ืจืื•ืช ื‘ืจืงืข. ื•ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื›ืš,
10:53
the places are the same. These cables still connect
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ื”ืžืงื•ืžื•ืช ื–ื”ื™ื. ื›ื‘ืœื™ื ืืœื” ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืžืชื—ื‘ืจื™ื
10:56
these classic port cities, places like Lisbon, Mombasa,
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ืœืขืจื™ ื”ื ืžืœ ื”ืงืœืืกื™ื•ืช, ื‘ืžืงื•ืžื•ืช ื›ืžื• ืœื™ืกื‘ื•ืŸ, ืžื•ืžื‘ืกื”,
10:59
Mumbai, Singapore, New York.
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ืžื•ืžื‘ืื™, ืกื™ื ื’ืคื•ืจ, ื ื™ื• ื™ื•ืจืง.
11:02
And then the process on shore takes around three or four days,
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ื•ืœืื—ืจ ืžื›ืŸ ื”ืชื”ืœื™ืš ืขืœ ื”ื—ื•ืฃ ื ืžืฉืš ื›ืฉืœื•ืฉื” ืื• ืืจื‘ืขื” ื™ืžื™ื,
11:06
and then, when it's done, they put the manhole cover
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ื•ืื–, ื›ืืฉืจ ื–ื” ื’ืžื•ืจ, ื”ื ืžื›ืกื™ื ืืช ื”ื’ื•ื‘ ื‘ืžื›ืกื”
11:11
back on top, and they push the sand over that,
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ื•ืžื›ืกื™ื ืื•ืชื• ื‘ื—ื•ืœ,
11:13
and we all forget about it.
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ื•ื›ื•ืœื ื• ืฉื•ื›ื—ื™ื ืžื–ื”.
11:17
And it seems to me that we talk a lot about the cloud,
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ื•ื ืจืื” ืœื™ ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืžื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื”ืจื‘ื” ืขืœ ื”ืขื ืŸ,
11:19
but every time we put something on the cloud,
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ืืš ื‘ื›ืœ ืคืขื ืฉืื ื• ืฉืžื™ื ืžืฉื”ื• ืขืœ ื”ืขื ืŸ,
11:21
we give up some responsibility for it.
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ืื ื—ื ื• ื—ื“ืœื™ื ืœืงื—ืช ืขืœื™ื• ืื—ืจื™ื•ืช.
11:23
We are less connected to it. We let other people worry about it.
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืคื—ื•ืช ืžื—ื•ื‘ืจื™ื ืืœื™ื•. ืื ื—ื ื• ืžืฉืื™ืจื™ื ืœืื ืฉื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื ืœื“ืื•ื’ ืœื•.
11:27
And that doesn't seem right.
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ื•ื–ื” ืœื ื ืจืื” ื ื›ื•ืŸ.
11:28
There's a great Neal Stephenson line where he says
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ื™ืฉื ื” ืฉื•ืจื” ืžืคื™ื• ืฉืœ ื ื™ืœ ืกื˜ื™ื‘ื ืกื•ืŸ ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ ืฉื‘ื” ื”ื•ื ืื•ืžืจ
11:30
that wired people should know something about wires.
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ืฉืื ืฉื™ื ืžื—ื•ื•ื˜ื™ื ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœื“ืขืช ืžืฉื”ื• ืขืœ ื—ื•ื˜ื™ื.
11:35
And we should know, I think, we should know
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ื•ืขืœื™ื ื• ืœื“ืขืช, ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘, ืขืœื™ื ื• ืœื“ืขืช
11:37
where our Internet comes from, and we should know
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ืžืื™ืŸ ืžื’ื™ืข ื”ืื™ื ื˜ืจื ื˜ ืฉืœื ื•, ื•ืขืœื™ื ื• ืœื“ืขืช
11:40
what it is that physically, physically connects us all.
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ืžื” ื”ื™ื ื”ืคื™ื–ื™ื•ืช, ื”ืคื™ื–ื™ื•ืช ืฉืžื—ื‘ืจืช ืืช ื›ื•ืœื ื•.
11:45
Thank you. (Applause)
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ืชื•ื“ื”. (ืžื—ื™ืื•ืช ื›ืคื™ื™ื)
11:47
(Applause)
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(ืžื—ื™ืื•ืช ื›ืคื™ื™ื)
11:49
Thanks. (Applause)
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ืชื•ื“ื”. (ืžื—ื™ืื•ืช ื›ืคื™ื™ื)
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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