Murray Gell-Mann: Beauty and truth in physics

281,696 views ใƒป 2007-12-07

TED


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

ืžืชืจื’ื: Oran Tzuman ืžื‘ืงืจ: Shaike Katz
00:12
Thank you for putting up these pictures of my colleagues over here.
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ืชื•ื“ื” ืฉืฉืžืชื ืชืžื•ื ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืงื•ืœื’ื•ืช ืฉืœื™ ื›ืืŸ.
00:16
(Laughter) We'll be talking about them.
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ื ื“ื‘ืจ ืขืœื™ื”ื ื”ื™ื•ื.
00:21
Now, I'm going try an experiment. I don't do experiments, normally. I'm a theorist.
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ืืขืฉื” ื ื™ืกื•ื™ ืขื›ืฉื™ื•. ื‘ื“ืจืš ื›ืœืœ ืื ื™ ืœื ืขื•ืฉื” ื ื™ืกื•ื™ื™ื, ืื ื™ ืชืื•ืจื˜ื™ืงืŸ.
00:26
But I'm going see what happens if I press this button.
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ืžื” ื™ืงืจื” ืื ืืœื—ืฅ ืขืœ ื”ื›ืคืชื•ืจ ื”ื–ื”.
00:30
Sure enough. OK. I used to work in this field of elementary particles.
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ื˜ื•ื‘ ื•ื™ืคื”. ืขื‘ื“ืชื™ ื‘ืชื—ื•ื ื”ื—ืœืงื™ืงื™ื ื”ืืœืžื ื˜ืจื™ื.
00:35
What happens to matter if you chop it up very fine?
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ืžื” ืงื•ืจื” ืœื—ื•ืžืจ ืฉืงื•ืฆืฆื™ื ืื•ืชื• ืœื—ืœืงื™ื ืžืื•ื“ ืงื˜ื ื™ื,
00:39
What is it made of?
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ืžืžื” ื”ื•ื ืขืฉื•ื™?
00:41
And the laws of these particles are valid throughout the universe,
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ื•ื”ื—ื•ืงื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ื—ืœืงื™ืงื™ื ื”ืœืœื• ื—ืœื™ื ื‘ื›ืœ ื”ื™ืงื•ื,
00:46
and they're very much connected with the history of the universe.
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ื•ืงืฉื•ืจื™ื ืžืื•ื“ ืœื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ืฉืœื•.
00:49
We know a lot about four forces. There must be a lot more,
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ืื ื• ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ื”ืžื•ืŸ ืขืœ ืืจื‘ืขื” ื—ื•ืงื™ื ื›ืืœื•. ื‘ื˜ื— ื™ืฉ ื™ื•ืชืจ,
00:52
but those are at very, very small distances,
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ืืš ื”ื ื ืžืฆืื™ื ื‘ืžืจื—ืงื™ื ืžืื•ื“ ืงื˜ื ื™ื,
00:54
and we haven't really interacted with them very much yet.
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ื•ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืœื ื™ืฆืจื ื• ืื™ื ื˜ืจืืงืฆื™ื” ืขืžื.
00:57
The main thing I want to talk about is this:
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ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ืžืจื›ื–ื™ ืฉืืจืฆื” ืœื“ื‘ืจ ืขืœื™ื•
01:01
that we have this remarkable experience in this field of fundamental physics
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ื”ื•ื ืฉื‘ื ื™ืกื™ื•ืŸ ื”ืขืฉื™ืจ ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ื‘ืชื—ื•ื ื”ืคื™ืกื™ืงื” ื”ืืœืžื ื˜ืจื™ืช
01:05
that beauty is a very successful criterion for choosing the right theory.
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ื”ื™ื•ืคื™ ื”ื•ื ืงืจื™ื˜ืจื™ื•ืŸ ืžืื•ื“ ืžื•ืฆืœื— ืœืชื™ืื•ืจื™ื” ื ื›ื•ื ื”.
01:12
And why on earth could that be so?
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ืžื“ื•ืข ื–ื” ืงื•ืจื”?
01:17
Well, here's an example from my own experience.
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ื”ื ื” ื“ื•ื’ืžื ืžื”ื ื™ืกื™ื•ืŸ ื”ืื™ืฉื™ ืฉืœื™.
01:20
It's fairly dramatic, actually, to have this happen.
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ื“ื•ื’ืžื ื“ื™ ื“ืจืžื˜ื™ืช.
01:25
Three or four of us, in 1957,
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ื‘-,1957 ืฉืœื•ืฉื” ืื• ืืจื‘ืขื” ืžืื™ืชื ื•,
01:28
put forward a partially complete theory of one of these forces, this weak force.
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ื”ืฆืขื ื• ืชื™ืื•ืจื™ื” ื›ืžืขื˜ ืžืœืื” ืฉืœ ืื—ื“ ื”ื›ื•ื—ื•ืช, ื”ื›ื•ื— ื”ื—ืœืฉ.
01:33
And it was in disagreement with seven -- seven, count them, seven experiments.
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ื•ื”ื™ื ื”ื™ืชื” ืžื ื•ื’ื“ืช ืœืชื•ืฆืื•ืช ืฉืœ ืฉื‘ืขื”! ืฉื‘ืขื” ื ื™ืกื•ื™ื™ื!
01:39
Experiments were all wrong.
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ื›ื•ืœื ื”ื™ื• ืฉื’ื•ื™ื™ื.
01:42
And we published before knowing that,
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ื•ืคื™ืจืกืžื ื• ืืช ื”ืชื™ืื•ืจื™ื” ืœืคื ื™ ืฉื™ื“ืขื ื• ื–ืืช,
01:44
because we figured it was so beautiful, it's gotta be right!
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ื›ื™ ื—ืฉื‘ื ื• ืฉื”ื™ื ื›ืœ ื›ืš ื™ืคื”- ื”ื™ื ื—ื™ื™ื‘ืช ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื ื›ื•ื ื”!
01:47
The experiments had to be wrong, and they were.
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ื•ืฉื”ื ื™ืกื•ื™ื™ื ื—ื™ื™ื‘ื™ื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืฉื’ื•ื™ื™ื. ื•ื”ื ื”ื™ื•.
01:50
Now our friend over there, Albert Einstein,
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ื”ื—ื‘ืจ ืฉืœื ื• ืฉื, ืืœื‘ืจื˜ ืื™ื™ื ืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ,
01:53
used to pay very little attention when people said,
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ื ื”ื’ ืœื ืœื”ืชื™ื™ื—ืก ื›ืœ ื›ืš ื›ืฉืื ืฉื™ื ืืžืจื•,
01:57
"You know, there's a man with an experiment that seems to disagree with special relativity.
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"ืืชื” ื™ื•ื“ืข, ื™ืฉ ืื™ื–ื” ื ื™ืกื•ื™ ืฉืœื ืขื•ืœื” ื‘ืงื ื” ืื—ื“ ืขื ืชื•ืจืช ื”ื™ื—ืกื•ืช ื”ืคืจื˜ื™ืช.
02:02
DC Miller. What about that?" And he would say, "Aw, that'll go away." (Laughter)
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ื“ื™.ืกื™ ืžื™ืœืจ. ืžื” ืืชื” ืื•ืžืจ ืขืœ ื–ื”?" ื•ื”ื•ื ื”ื™ื” ืื•ืžืจ, "ืื”ื” ื–ื” ื™ืขื‘ื•ืจ". (ืฆื—ื•ืง).
02:11
Now, why does stuff like that work? That's the question.
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ืžื“ื•ืข ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื›ืืœื• ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื? ื–ืืช ื”ืฉืืœื”.
02:14
Now, yeah, what do we mean by beautiful? That's one thing.
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ื“ื‘ืจ ืจืืฉื•ืŸ, ืœืžื” ืื ื• ืžืชื›ื•ื•ื ื™ื ื›ืฉืื ื• ืื•ืžืจื™ื ื™ืคื”?
02:19
I'll try to make that clear -- partially clear.
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ืื ืกื” ืœื”ื‘ื”ื™ืจ ื–ืืช.
02:22
Why should it work, and is this something to do with human beings?
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ืžื“ื•ืข ื–ื” ืืžื•ืจ ืœืขื‘ื•ื“, ื•ื”ืื ื–ื” ืงืฉื•ืจ ืœื‘ื ื™ ืื“ื?
02:27
I'll let you in on the answer to the last one that I offer,
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ืื ืกื” ืœื”ืฆื™ืข ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ืœืฉืืœื” ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื”,
02:30
and that is, it has nothing to do with human beings.
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ื•ื”ื™ื ืฉื–ื” ืœื ืงืฉื•ืจ ืœื‘ื ื™ ื”ืื“ื.
02:32
Somewhere in some other planet, orbiting some very distant star,
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ืื™ืคืฉื”ื• ื‘ื›ื•ื›ื‘ ืœื›ืช ืื—ืจ ื”ืกื•ื‘ื‘ ื›ื•ื›ื‘ ืจื—ื•ืง ืžืื•ื“,
02:37
maybe in a another galaxy,
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ืื•ืœื™ ื‘ื’ืœืงืกื™ื” ืื—ืจืช,
02:39
there could well be entities that are at least as intelligent as we are,
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ื™ืชื›ืŸ ืฉื™ืฉื ืŸ ื™ื™ืฉื•ื™ื•ืช ืื™ื ื˜ืœื™ื’ื ื˜ื™ื•ืช ืœืคื—ื•ืช ื›ืžื•ื ื•,
02:43
and are interested in science. It's not impossible; I think there probably are lots.
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ืฉืžืชืขื ื™ื ื•ืช ื‘ืžื“ืข. ื–ื” ืœื ื‘ืœืชื™ ืืคืฉืจื™, ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ ืฉื™ืฉื ืŸ ืจื‘ื•ืช.
02:48
Very likely, none is close enough to interact with us.
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ืžืื•ื“ ืกื‘ื™ืจ ืฉืืฃ ืœื ืื—ืช ืžื”ืŸ ืžืกืคื™ืง ืงืจื•ื‘ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ื ื˜ืจืืงืฆื™ื” ืื™ืชื ื•.
02:51
But they could be out there, very easily.
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ืืš ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ื”ืŸ ื™ื›ื•ืœื•ืช ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืฉื.
02:56
And suppose they have, you know, very different sensory apparatus, and so on.
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ื•ื ื ื™ื— ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื”ืŸ ืื™ื‘ืจื™ ื—ื™ืฉื” ืžืื•ื“ ืฉื•ื ื™ื.
03:02
They have seven tentacles, and they have 14 little funny-looking compound eyes,
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ื™ืฉ ืœื”ื ืฉื‘ืข ื–ืจื•ืขื•ืช, ื•ืืจื‘ืข ืขืฉืจื” ืขื™ื ื™ื™ื ืงื˜ื ื•ืช ื•ืžืฆื—ื™ืงื•ืช,
03:07
and a brain shaped like a pretzel.
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ื•ืžื•ื— ื‘ืฆื•ืจืช ื‘ื™ื™ื’ืœื”.
03:11
Would they really have different laws?
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ื”ืื ื™ื”ื™ื• ืœื”ืŸ ื—ื•ืงื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื?
03:14
There are lots of people who believe that, and I think it is utter baloney.
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ืจื‘ื™ื ื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ืฉื›ืŸ, ื•ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ ืฉื–ื” ืžืžืฉ ืฉื˜ื•ื™ื•ืช.
03:18
I think there are laws out there,
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ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ ืฉื™ืฉื ื ื—ื•ืงื™ื
03:20
and we of course don't understand them at any given time very well
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ื•ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ ืื™ื ื ื• ืžื‘ื™ื ื™ื ืื•ืชื ื“ื™ ื”ืฆื•ืจืš ื‘ื›ืœ ืจื’ืข ื ืชื•ืŸ
03:26
-- but we try. And we try to get closer and closer.
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ืืš ืื ื• ืžื ืกื™ื ืœื”ืชืงืจื‘ ื™ื•ืชืจ ื•ื™ื•ืชืจ.
03:29
And someday, we may actually figure out the fundamental unified theory
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ื•ื™ื•ื ืื—ื“, ืื•ืœื™ ื ืžืฆื ืืช ื”ืชื™ืื•ืจื™ื” ื”ื‘ืกื™ืกื™ืช ื”ืื—ื•ื“ื”
03:33
of the particles and forces, what I call the "fundamental law."
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ืฉืœ ื”ื—ืœืงื™ืงื™ื ื•ื”ื›ื•ื—ื•ืช ืื•ืชื” ืื ื™ ืžื›ื ื” "ื”ื—ื•ืง ื”ื‘ืกื™ืกื™".
03:38
We may not even be terribly far from it.
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ื™ืชื›ืŸ ืฉืื ื• ืืคื™ืœื• ืœื ื›ืœ ื›ืš ืจื—ื•ืงื™ื ืžืžื ื”.
03:40
But even if we don't run across it in our lifetimes,
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ืืคื™ืœื• ืื ืœื ื ืชืงืœ ื‘ื” ื‘ื™ืžื™ ื—ื™ื™ื ื•,
03:43
we can still think there is one out there,
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ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืฉื™ืฉ ืื—ืช ื›ื–ื•,
03:46
and we're just trying to get closer and closer to it.
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ื•ืœื”ืชืงืจื‘ ืืœื™ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ื•ื™ื•ืชืจ.
03:48
I think that's the main point to be made.
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ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ ืฉื–ื• ื”ื ืงื•ื“ื” ื”ืžืจื›ื–ื™ืช..
03:51
We express these things mathematically.
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ืื ื• ืžื‘ื˜ืื™ื ืืช ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื”ืœืœื• ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ืžืชืžื˜ื™ืช.
03:54
And when the mathematics is very simple --
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ื•ื›ืฉื”ืžืชืžื˜ื™ืงื” ื”ื™ื ืžืื•ื“ ืคืฉื•ื˜ื”-
03:56
when in terms of some mathematical notation,
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ืžื‘ื•ื˜ืืช ื‘ืกื™ืžื ื™ื ืžืชืžื˜ื™ื™ื ืคืฉื•ื˜ื™ื,
04:00
you can write the theory in a very brief space, without a lot of complication --
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ืœื•ืงื—ืช ืžืขื˜ ืžืงื•ื ื•ืœืœื ื”ืจื‘ื” ืกื™ื‘ื•ื›ื™ื-
04:06
that's essentially what we mean by beauty or elegance.
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ืœื–ื” ืื ื• ืžืชื›ื•ื•ื ื™ื ื™ื•ืคื™ ื•ืืœื’ื ื˜ื™ื•ืช.
04:10
Here's what I was saying about the laws. They're really there.
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ื”ื ื” ืžื” ืฉืืžืจืชื™ ื‘ืงืฉืจ ืœื—ื•ืงื™ื. ืฉื”ื ื ืžืฆืื™ื ืื™ ืฉื.
04:16
Newton certainly believed that.
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ื ื™ื•ื˜ื•ืŸ ื”ืืžื™ืŸ ื‘ื–ื” ืœืœื ืกืคืง,
04:18
And he said, here, "It is the business of natural philosophy to find out those laws."
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ื•ื›ืš ื”ื•ื ืืžืจ: "ื–ื”ื• ืขืกืงื ืฉืœ ืžื“ืขื™ ื”ื˜ื‘ืข ืœืžืฆื•ื ืืช ื”ื—ื•ืงื™ื ื”ืœืœื•".
04:28
The basic law, let's say -- here's an assumption.
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ื”ื—ื•ืง ื”ื‘ืกื™ืกื™, ื‘ื•ืื• ื ื ื™ื— ื”ื ื—ื”
04:31
The assumption is that the basic law really takes the form
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ืฉื”ื—ื•ืง ื”ื‘ืกื™ืกื™ ืื›ืŸ ืงื™ื™ื ื‘ืฆื•ืจื”
04:34
of a unified theory of all the particles.
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ืฉืœ ืชื™ืื•ืจื™ื” ื”ืžืื—ื“ืช ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ื—ืœืงื™ืงื™ื.
04:37
Now, some people call that a theory of everything.
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ื™ืฉ ืื ืฉื™ื ืฉืงื•ืจืื™ื ืœื” ื”ืชื™ืื•ืจื™ื” ืฉืœ ื”ื›ืœ.
04:40
That's wrong because the theory is quantum mechanical.
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ื–ื” ืฉื’ื•ื™, ื›ื™ ื”ื™ื ืชื™ืื•ืจื™ื” ื‘ืžื›ื ื™ืงืช ื”ืงื•ื•ื ื˜ื™ื.
04:45
And I won't go into a lot of stuff about quantum mechanics and what it's like, and so on.
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ื•ืœื ืื›ื ืก ืœื›ืœ ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืœื’ื‘ื™ ืžื›ื ื™ืงืช ื”ืงื•ื•ื ื˜ื™ื, ืื™ืš ื•ืžื” ื”ื™ื.
04:49
You've heard a lot of wrong things about it anyway. (Laughter)
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ื‘ืœืื• ื”ื›ื™ ืฉืžืขืชื ื”ืจื‘ื” ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉื’ื•ื™ื™ื ืœื’ื‘ื™ื”. (ืฆื—ื•ืง).
04:54
There are even movies about it with a lot of wrong stuff.
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ื™ืฉ ืืคื™ืœื• ืกืจื˜ื™ื ืขืœื™ื” ืขื ื”ืžื•ืŸ ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉื’ื•ื™ื™ื.
04:57
But the main thing here is that it predicts probabilities.
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ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ืžืจื›ื–ื™ ื‘ื”, ืฉื”ื™ื ืžื ื‘ืืช ื”ืกืชื‘ืจื•ื™ื•ืช.
05:02
Now, sometimes those probabilities are near certainties.
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ืœืคืขืžื™ื ื”ื”ืกืชื‘ืจื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ืœืœื• ื”ืŸ ื›ืžืขื˜ ื•ื•ื“ืื•ื™ื•ืช.
05:05
And in a lot of familiar cases, they of course are.
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ื•ื‘ื”ืจื‘ื” ืžืงืจื™ื ืžื•ื›ืจื™ื, ื”ืŸ ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ ื›ืืœื”.
05:08
But other times they're not, and you have only probabilities for different outcomes.
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ื‘ืžืงืจื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื ืœื, ื•ื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ืจืง ื”ืกืชื‘ืจื•ื™ื•ืช ืœืชื•ืฆืื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื.
05:14
So what that means is that the history of the universe is not determined just by the fundamental law.
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ืื– ื–ื” ืื•ืžืจ ืฉื”ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ืฉืœ ื”ื™ืงื•ื ืื™ื ื” ื ืงื‘ืขืช ืจืง ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ื—ื•ืง ื”ื‘ืกื™ืกื™.
05:20
It's the fundamental law and this incredibly long series of accidents,
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ื™ืฉ ื—ื•ืง ื‘ืกื™ืกื™, ื•ืฉื•ืจื” ืืจื•ื›ื” ืฉืœ ืžืงืจื™ื
05:25
or chance outcomes, that are there in addition.
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ืฉื ื•ืกืคื™ื ืขืœื™ื•.
05:30
And the fundamental theory doesn't include those chance outcomes; they are in addition.
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ื•ื”ืชื™ืื•ืจื™ื” ื”ื‘ืกื™ืกื™ืช ืื™ื ื” ื›ื•ืœืœืช ืžืงืจื™ื ืืœื”, ืืœื ื”ื ื ื•ืกืคื™ื ืขืœื™ื”.
05:36
So it's not a theory of everything. And in fact, a huge amount of the information
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ืื– ื–ื• ืœื ืชื™ืื•ืจื™ื” ืฉืœ ื”ื›ืœ. ื•ืœืžืขืฉื”, ื”ืžื•ืŸ ืžื™ื“ืข
05:40
in the universe around us comes from those accidents,
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ืžื”ื™ืงื•ื ื”ืžืงื™ืฃ ืื•ืชื ื• ืžื’ื™ืข ืžืื•ืชื ืžืงืจื™ื,
05:44
and not just from the fundamental laws.
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ื•ืœื ืจืง ืžื”ื—ื•ืงื™ื ื”ื‘ืกื™ืกื™ื™ื.
05:47
Now, it's often said that getting closer and closer
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ืœืขื™ืชื™ื ืงืจื•ื‘ื•ืช ืื•ืžืจื™ื ืฉืœื”ืชืงืจื‘ ื™ื•ืชืจ ื•ื™ื•ืชืจ
05:55
to the fundamental laws by examining phenomena at low energies, and then higher energies,
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ืœื—ื•ืงื™ื ื”ื‘ืกื™ืกื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืชืฆืคื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ืจื’ื™ื•ืช ื ืžื•ื›ื•ืช, ื•ืื– ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื•ืช
06:00
and then higher energies, or short distances, and then shorter distances,
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ื™ื•ืชืจ ื•ื™ื•ืชืจ, ืื• ื‘ืžืจื—ืงื™ื ืงืฆืจื™ื, ื•ืื– ืงืฆืจื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ื•ื™ื•ืชืจ ื•ื›ื•',
06:03
and then still shorter distances, and so on, is like peeling the skin of an onion.
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ื–ื” ื›ืžื• ืงื™ืœื•ืฃ ืงืœื™ืคื•ืช ื‘ืฆืœ.
06:07
And we keep doing that,
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ื•ืื ื• ืžืžืฉื™ื›ื™ื ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื–ืืช,
06:09
and build more powerful machines, accelerators for particles.
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ื•ื‘ื•ื ื™ื ืžื›ื•ื ื•ืช ื—ื–ืงื•ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ, ื•ืžืื™ืฆื™ ื—ืœืงื™ืงื™ื.
06:13
We look deeper and deeper into the structure of particles,
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ื•ื—ื•ื“ืจื™ื ืขืžื•ืง ื™ื•ืชืจ ื•ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœืžื‘ื ื” ื”ื—ืœืงื™ืงื™ื,
06:18
and in that way we get probably closer and closer to this fundamental law.
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ื•ื‘ื–ืืช ืžืชืงืจื‘ื™ื ืœืื•ืชื• ื—ื•ืง ื‘ืกื™ืกื™.
06:25
Now, what happens is that as we do that, as we peel these skins of the onion,
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ื•ื›ืฉืื ื• ืžืžืฉื™ื›ื™ื ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื–ืืช, ืœืงืœืฃ ืืช ืงืœื™ืคื•ืช ื”ื‘ืฆืœ,
06:31
and we get closer and closer to the underlying law,
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ืœื”ืชืงืจื‘ ื™ื•ืชืจ ื•ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœื—ื•ืง ื”ื‘ืกื™ืกื™,
06:34
we see that each skin has something in common with the previous one,
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ืื ื• ืจื•ืื™ื ืฉืœื›ืœ ืงืœื™ืคื” ื™ืฉ ืžืฉื”ื• ืžืฉื•ืชืฃ ืขื ื”ืงืœื™ืคื” ื”ืงื•ื“ืžืช,
06:39
and with the next one. We write them out mathematically,
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ื•ืขื ื–ื• ืฉืื—ืจื™ื”. ืื ื• ื›ื•ืชื‘ื™ื ื–ืืช ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ืžืชืžื˜ื™ืช,
06:43
and we see they use very similar mathematics.
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ื•ืจื•ืื™ื ืฉื”ืžืชืžื˜ื™ืงื” ืžืื•ื“ ื“ื•ืžื”.
06:46
They require very similar mathematics.
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ื”ืŸ ื“ื•ืจืฉื•ืช ืžืชืžื˜ื™ืงื” ืžืื•ื“ ื“ื•ืžื”.
06:49
That is absolutely remarkable, and that is a central feature
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ื–ื” ืžืžืฉ ืžืจืฉื™ื, ื•ื–ื” ืžืืคื™ื™ืŸ ืžืจื›ื–ื™
06:53
of what I'm trying to say today.
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ืœื ื•ืฉื ืฉืจืฆื™ืชื™ ืœื”ืฆื™ื’ ื”ื™ื•ื.
06:58
Newton called it -- that's Newton, by the way -- that one.
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ื ื™ื•ื˜ื•ืŸ ืงืจื ืœื–ื”... ื–ื”ื• ื ื™ื•ื˜ื•ืŸ ื“ืจืš ืื’ื‘.
07:01
This one is Albert Einstein. Hi, Al! And anyway,
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ื–ื” ืื™ื™ื ืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ. ื”ื™ื™ ืืœ!
07:08
he said, "nature conformable to herself" -- personifying nature as a female.
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ื”ื•ื ืืžืจ: "ื”ื˜ื‘ืข ืžืฆื™ื™ืช ืœืขืฆืžื•"- ื”ืื ื™ืฉ ืืช ื”ื˜ื‘ืข ื›ืืฉื”.
07:15
And so what happens is that the new phenomena,
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ืื– ื”ืชื•ืคืขื” ื”ื—ื“ืฉื”,
07:20
the new skins, the inner skins of the slightly smaller skins of the onion
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ื”ืงืœื™ืคื” ื”ื—ื“ืฉื” ืฉื”ื’ืขื ื• ืืœื™ื”, ื”ืงื˜ื ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ืชื•ืš ื”ื‘ืฆืœ
07:26
that we get to, resemble the slightly larger ones.
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ื“ื•ืžื” ืœืงืœื™ืคื•ืช ื”ืžืขื˜ ื’ื“ื•ืœื•ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ.
07:30
And the kind of mathematics that we had for the previous skin
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ื•ืกื•ื’ ื”ืžืชืžื˜ื™ืงื” ืฉื‘ื• ื”ืฉืชืžืฉื ื• ื‘ืงืœื™ืคื” ื”ืงื•ื“ืžืช
07:36
is almost the same as what we need for the next skin.
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ื›ืžืขื˜ ื–ื”ื” ืœื–ื” ื”ื ื—ื•ืฅ ืœืงืœื™ืคื” ื”ื‘ืื”.
07:40
And that's why the equations look so simple.
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ื–ื• ื”ืกื™ื‘ื” ืฉื”ืžืฉื•ื•ืื•ืช ื ืจืื•ืช ื›ื” ืคืฉื•ื˜ื•ืช.
07:44
Because they use mathematics we already have.
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ื›ื™ ืื ื• ืžืฉืชืžืฉื™ื ื‘ืžืชืžื˜ื™ืงื” ืฉื›ื‘ืจ ื™ืฉ ืœื ื•.
07:47
A trivial example is this: Newton found the law of gravity,
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ื“ื•ื’ืžื ืžื•ื‘ื ืช ืžืืœื™ื”: ื ื™ื•ื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฆื ืืช ื—ื•ืง ื”ื›ื‘ื™ื“ื”,
07:52
which goes like one over the square of the distance between the things gravitated.
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ืฉืžืชืืจ ืืช ื”ื›ื‘ื™ื“ื” ื›ืคื•ื ืงืฆื™ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืžืจื—ืง ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืขืฆืžื™ื, ื‘ืจื™ื‘ื•ืข.
07:57
Coulomb, in France, found the same law for electric charges.
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ื‘ืฆืจืคืช, ืงื•ืœื•ืŸ ืžืฆื ืฉืื•ืชื• ื—ื•ืง ื—ืœ ืขืœ ืžื˜ืขื ื™ื ื—ืฉืžืœื™ื™ื.
08:02
Here's an example of this similarity.
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ื”ืจื™ ืœื›ื ื“ื•ื’ืžื ืœื“ื™ืžื™ื•ืŸ.
08:04
You look at gravity, you see a certain law.
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ืืชื ืžืชื‘ื•ื ื ื™ื ื‘ื›ื‘ื™ื“ื” ื•ืจื•ืื™ื ื—ื•ืง ื‘ืจื•ืจ.
08:07
Then you look at electricity. Sure enough. The same rule.
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ืื– ืžืชื‘ื•ื ื ื™ื ื‘ื—ืฉืžืœ ื•ืจื•ืื™ื ืืช ืื•ืชื• ื›ืœืœ.
08:10
It's a very simple example.
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ื–ื• ื“ื•ื’ืžื ืžืื•ื“ ืคืฉื•ื˜ื”.
08:12
There are lots of more sophisticated examples.
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ื™ืฉ ื”ืจื‘ื” ื“ื•ื’ืžืื•ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืชื•ื—ื›ืžื•ืช.
08:16
Symmetry is very important in this discussion.
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ืกื™ืžื˜ืจื™ื” ืžืื•ื“ ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื” ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืŸ ื”ื–ื”.
08:18
You know what it means. A circle, for example,
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ืžืขื’ืœ ืœื“ื•ื’ืžื,
08:21
is symmetric under rotations about the center of the circle.
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ืกื™ืžื˜ืจื™ ื›ืฉืžืกื•ื‘ื‘ื™ื ืื•ืชื• ืขืœ ืฆื™ืจ ืฉืขื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ืžืจื›ื–ื•.
08:25
You rotate around the center of the circle, the circle remains unchanged.
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ืžืกื•ื‘ื‘ื™ื ืื•ืชื• ืขืœ ื”ืฆื™ืจ ื•ื”ืžืขื’ืœ ื ืฉืืจ ื–ื”ื”.
08:30
You take a sphere, in three dimensions, you rotate around the center of the sphere,
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ืœื•ืงื—ื™ื ื›ื“ื•ืจ, ื‘ืฉืœื•ืฉื” ืžื™ืžื“ื™ื, ืžืกื•ื‘ื‘ื™ื ืกื‘ื™ื‘ ืžืจื›ื–ื•,
08:33
and all those rotations leave the sphere alone.
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ื•ื›ืœ ื”ืกื™ื‘ื•ื‘ื™ื ื”ืœืœื• ืžืฉืื™ืจื™ื ืื•ืชื• ื–ื”ื” ืœื—ืœื•ื˜ื™ืŸ.
08:37
They are symmetries of the sphere.
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ืืœื• ื”ืŸ ืกื™ืžื˜ืจื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ื›ื“ื•ืจ.
08:38
So we say, in general, that there's a symmetry
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ืื– ืื ื• ืื•ืžืจื™ื ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื›ืœืœื™ ืฉื™ืฉ ืกื™ืžื˜ืจื™ื”
08:42
under certain operations if those operations leave the phenomenon,
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ืื ืคืขื•ืœื•ืช ืžืกื•ื™ื™ืžื•ืช ืขื•ื–ื‘ื•ืช ืชื•ืคืขื”,
08:46
or its description, unchanged.
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ืื• ืืช ื”ืชื™ืื•ืจ ืฉืœื”, ืœืœื ืฉื™ื ื•ื™.
08:49
Maxwell's equations are of course symmetrical
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ืžืฉื•ื•ืื•ืช ืžืงืกื•ื•ืœ ื”ืŸ ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ ืกื™ืžื˜ืจื™ื•ืช
08:52
under rotations of all of space.
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ื‘ืกื™ื‘ื•ื‘ ื›ืœ ื”ืžืจื—ื‘.
08:54
Doesn't matter if we turn the whole of space around by some angle,
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ืœื ืžืฉื ื” ืื™ืš ื ืกื•ื‘ื‘ ืืช ื”ืžืจื—ื‘ ื•ื‘ืื™ื–ื• ื–ื•ื™ืช,
08:58
it doesn't leave the -- doesn't change the phenomenon of electricity or magnetism.
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ืชื•ืคืขืช ื”ื—ืฉืžืœ ื•ื”ืžื’ื ื˜ื™ื•ืช ืื™ื ื” ืžืฉืชื ื”.
09:02
There's a new notation in the 19th century that expressed this,
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ื™ืฉื ื• ืกื™ืžื•ืŸ ื—ื“ืฉ ืžื”ืžืื” ื”-19 ืฉืžืชืืจ ืืช ื–ื”,
09:06
and if you use that notation, the equations get a lot simpler.
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ื•ื›ืฉืžืฉืชืžืฉื™ื ื‘ืกื™ืžื•ืŸ ื”ื–ื”, ื”ืžืฉื•ื•ืื•ืช ื ื”ื™ื•ืช ืžืื•ื“ ืคืฉื•ื˜ื•ืช.
09:10
Then Einstein, with his special theory of relativity,
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ื•ืื– ืื™ื™ื ืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ, ื‘ืชื•ืจืช ื”ื™ื—ืกื•ืช ื”ืคืจื˜ื™ืช,
09:13
looked at a whole set of symmetries of Maxwell's equations,
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ื”ืชื‘ื•ื ืŸ ื‘ืกื˜ ืฉืœ ืกื™ืžื˜ืจื™ื•ืช ื‘ืžืฉื•ื•ืื•ืช ืžืงืกื•ื•ืœ,
09:16
which are called special relativity.
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ื•ืžืชื•ืืจื•ืช ื‘ื™ื—ืกื•ืช ื”ืคืจื˜ื™ืช.
09:19
And those symmetries, then, make the equations even shorter, and even prettier, therefore.
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ื•ื”ืกื™ืžื˜ืจื™ื” ื”ื–ื• ื™ื•ืฆืจืช ืžืฉื•ื•ืื•ืช ืืคื™ืœื• ื™ื•ืชืจ ืงืฆืจื•ืช ื•ื™ื•ืชืจ ื™ืคื•ืช.
09:24
Let's look. You don't have to know what these things mean, doesn't make any difference.
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ื‘ื•ืื• ื ืจืื”. ืื™ื ื›ื ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืžื” ื›ืœ ื–ื” ืื•ืžืจ.
09:27
But you can just look at the form. (Laughter) You can look at the form.
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ืจืง ื”ืชื‘ื•ื ื ื• ื‘ืฆื•ืจื”. (ืฆื—ื•ืง).
09:31
You see above, at the top, a long list
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ืœืžืขืœื”, ืจืฉื™ืžื•ืช ืืจื•ื›ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืžืฉื•ื•ืื•ืช
09:33
of equations with three components for the three directions of space: x, y and z.
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ืขื ืฉืœื•ืฉืช ืžื™ืžื“ื™ ื”ืžืจื—ื‘: x, y, z.
09:39
Then, using vector analysis, you use rotational symmetry, and you get this next set.
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ื•ืื– ื‘ืื ืœื™ื–ื” ื•ื•ืงื˜ื•ืจื™ืช ื•ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ืกื™ืžื˜ืจื™ื” ืกื™ื‘ื•ื‘ื™ืช ืžืงื‘ืœื™ื ืืช ื”ืกื˜ ื”ื‘ื.
09:45
Then you use the symmetry of special relativity and you get an even simpler set
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ื•ืื– ืžืฉืชืžืฉื™ื ื‘ืกื™ืžื˜ืจื™ื” ืฉืœ ื”ื™ื—ืกื•ืช ื”ืคืจื˜ื™ืช ื•ืžืงื‘ืœื™ื ืกื˜ ืคืฉื•ื˜ ืืคื™ืœื• ื™ื•ืชืจ.
09:49
down here, showing that symmetry exhibits better and better.
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ื›ืืŸ ืœืžื˜ื” ืื ื• ืจื•ืื™ื ืฉื”ืกื™ืžื˜ืจื™ื” ื ื”ื™ื™ืช ื˜ื•ื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ื•ื™ื•ืชืจ.
09:53
The more and more symmetry you have, the better you exhibit the simplicity and elegance of the theory.
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ื›ื›ืœ ืฉื™ืฉ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืกื™ืžื˜ืจื™ื”, ื›ืš ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืชืืจ ืชื™ืื•ืจื™ื” ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืคืฉื•ื˜ื” ื•ืืœื’ื ื˜ื™ืช.
09:59
The last two, the first equation says that electric charges and currents
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ื‘ืฉืชื™ื™ื ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื•ืช, ื”ืžืฉื•ื•ืื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืื•ืžืจืช ืฉื”ืžื˜ืขืŸ ื•ื”ื–ืจื ื”ื—ืฉืžืœื™
10:03
give rise to all the electric and magnetic fields.
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ื™ื•ืฆืจื™ื ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ืฉื“ื•ืช ื”ื—ืฉืžืœื™ื™ื ื•ื”ืžื’ื ื˜ื™ื™ื.
10:07
The next -- second -- equation says that there is no magnetism other than that.
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ื”ืฉื ื™ื” ืื•ืžืจืช ืฉืื™ืŸ ืžื’ื ื˜ื™ื•ืช ืžืœื‘ื“ ื–ื•.
10:12
The only magnetism comes from electric charges and currents.
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ืฉื›ืœ ื”ืžื’ื ื˜ื™ื•ืช ืžื’ื™ืขื” ืžืžื˜ืขืŸ ื•ื–ืจื ื—ืฉืžืœื™.
10:15
Someday we may find some slight hole in that argument.
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ื™ืชื›ืŸ ืฉื™ื•ื ื™ื‘ื•ื ื•ื ืžืฆื ื—ื•ืจ ืงื˜ืŸ ื‘ื˜ื™ืขื•ืŸ ื”ื–ื”,
10:20
But for the moment, that's the case.
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ืืš ื›ืจื’ืข ืืœื• ื”ื ืคื ื™ ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื.
10:24
Now, here is a very exciting development that many people have not heard of.
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ื”ื ื” ื”ืชืคืชื—ื•ืช ืžืจื’ืฉืช ืฉื”ืจื‘ื” ืื ืฉื™ื ืœื ืฉืžืขื• ืขืœื™ื”.
10:28
They should have heard of it, but it's a little tricky to explain in technical detail,
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ื”ื™ื• ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœืฉืžื•ืข ืขืœื™ื” ืืš ื”ื™ื ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ืช ืœื”ืกื‘ืจ,
10:33
so I won't do it. I'll just mention it. (Laughter)
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ืื– ืœื ืืขืฉื” ื–ืืช. ืจืง ืื–ื›ื™ืจ ืื•ืชื”. (ืฆื—ื•ืง).
10:36
But Chen Ning Yang, called by us "Frank" Yang -- (Laughter)
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ืฆ'ืŸ ื ื™ื ื’ ื™ืื ื’, ืฉืื ื• ืงื•ืจืื™ื ืœื• "ืคืจื ืง" ื™ืื ื’ (ืฆื—ื•ืง),
10:46
-- and Bob Mills put forward, 50 years ago,
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ื•ื‘ื•ื‘ ืžื™ืœืก ื”ืฆื™ืขื• ืœืคื ื™ 50 ืฉื ื”,
10:50
this generalization of Maxwell's equations, with a new symmetry.
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ื”ื›ืœืœื” ืฉืœ ืžืฉื•ื•ืื•ืช ืžืงืกื•ื•ืœ, ืขื ืกื™ืžื˜ืจื™ื” ื—ื“ืฉื”.
10:54
A whole new symmetry.
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ืกื™ืžื˜ืจื™ื” ื—ื“ืฉื” ืœื’ืžืจื™.
10:56
Mathematics very similar, but there was a whole new symmetry.
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ื”ืžืชืžื˜ื™ืงื” ืžืื•ื“ ื“ื•ืžื”, ืืš ื™ืฉื ื” ืกื™ืžื˜ืจื™ื” ื—ื“ืฉื” ืœื’ืžืจื™.
10:59
They hoped that this would contribute somehow to particle physics
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ื”ื ืงื™ื•ื• ืฉื”ื™ื ืชืชืจื•ื ืžืฉื”ื• ืœืคื™ืกื™ืงืช ื”ื—ืœืงื™ืงื™ื,
11:04
-- didn't. It didn't, by itself, contribute to particle physics.
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ืืš ื”ื™ื ืœื ืชืจืžื” ื›ืฉืœืขืฆืžื”.
11:08
But then some of us generalized it further. And then it did!
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ื•ืื–, ื›ืฉื›ืžื” ืžืื™ืชื ื• ื”ื›ืœืœื ื• ืื•ืชื” ื™ื•ืชืจ, ื”ื™ื ื›ืŸ ืชืจืžื”!
11:13
And it gave a very beautiful description of the strong force and of the weak force.
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ื•ื”ื™ื ื ืชื ื” ืชื™ืื•ืจ ื™ืคื”ืคื” ืฉืœ ื”ื›ื— ื”ื—ื–ืง ื•ื”ื›ื— ื”ื—ืœืฉ.
11:18
So here we say, again, what we said before:
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ื•ืฉื•ื‘ ืื ื• ืื•ืžืจื™ื, ื›ืžื• ืงื•ื“ื:
11:21
that each skin of the onion shows a similarity to the adjoining skins.
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ื›ืœ ืงืœื™ืคื” ื‘ื‘ืฆืœ ื“ื•ืžื” ืœืงืœื™ืคื•ืช ื”ืกืžื•ื›ื•ืช.
11:25
So the mathematics for the adjoining skins is very similar to what we need for the new one.
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ื”ืžืชืžื˜ื™ืงื” ืฉืœ ืงืœื™ืคื•ืช ืกืžื•ื›ื•ืช ืžืื•ื“ ื“ื•ืžื” ืœื–ื• ื”ื ื—ื•ืฆื” ืœืงืœื™ืคื” ื”ื‘ืื”.
11:30
And therefore it looks beautiful
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ื•ืœื›ืŸ ื–ื” ื™ืคื”ืคื”.
11:32
because we already know how to write it in a lovely, concise way.
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ื›ื™ ืื ื• ื›ื‘ืจ ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ืœื›ืชื•ื‘ ืืช ื–ื” ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ื ืื”, ื•ืชืžืฆื™ืชื™ืช.
11:36
So here are the themes. We believe there is a unified theory underlying all the regularities.
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ื•ืœืกื™ื›ื•ื, ืื ื• ืžืืžื™ื ื™ื ืฉื™ืฉื ื” ืชื™ืื•ืจื™ื” ืื—ื•ื“ื” ื‘ื‘ืกื™ืก ื›ืœ ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื”ืกื“ื•ืจื™ื.
11:45
Steps toward unification exhibit the simplicity.
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ื”ืฆืขื“ื™ื ืœืขื‘ืจ ื”ืื™ื—ื•ื“ ื”ื–ื” ืžืฆื™ื’ื™ื ืคืฉื˜ื•ืช.
11:49
Symmetry exhibits the simplicity.
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ืกื™ืžื˜ืจื™ื” ืžืฆื™ื’ื” ืืช ื”ืคืฉื˜ื•ืช.
11:51
And then there is self-similarity across the scales -- in other words,
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ื™ืฉ ื“ื™ืžื™ื•ืŸ ืขืฆืžื™ ื‘ืžืขื‘ืจ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืงื ื™ ืžื™ื“ื” ืฉื•ื ื™ื, ืื• ื‘ืžื™ืœื™ื ืื—ืจื•ืช,
11:55
from one skin of the onion to another one.
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ื‘ื™ืŸ ืงืœื™ืคืช ื‘ืฆืœ ืื—ืช ืœืื—ืจืช.
11:57
Proximate self-similarity. And that accounts for this phenomenon.
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ื“ื™ืžื™ื•ืŸ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืงืจื•ื‘ื™ื.
12:02
That will account for why beauty is a successful criterion for selecting the right theory.
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ืืœื• ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉื‘ื–ื›ื•ืชื ื™ื•ืคื™ ื”ื•ื ืงืจื™ื˜ืจื™ื•ืŸ ืžื•ืฆืœื— ืœื‘ื—ื™ืจืช ื”ืชื™ืื•ืจื™ื” ื”ื ื›ื•ื ื”.
12:09
Here's what Newton himself said:
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ื ื™ื•ื˜ื•ืŸ ืขืฆืžื• ืืžืจ:
12:10
"Nature is very consonant and conformable to her self."
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"ื”ื˜ื‘ืข ืžืื•ื“ ื”ืจืžื•ื ื™ ื•ืฆื™ื™ืชืŸ ืœืขืฆืžื•".
12:14
One thing he was thinking of is something that most of us take for granted today,
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ืื—ื“ ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœื™ื”ื ื—ืฉื‘ ื”ื•ื ืžืฉื”ื• ืฉื›ื™ื•ื ืื ื• ืžืงื‘ืœื™ื ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ ืžืืœื™ื•,
12:18
but in his day it wasn't taken for granted.
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ืืš ื‘ื™ืžื™ื• ื–ื” ืœื ื”ื™ื” ื›ืš.
12:21
There's the story, which is not absolutely certain to be right, but a lot of people told it.
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ื™ืฉ ืืช ื”ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ืฉืžื”ื™ืžื ื•ืชื• ืœื ื‘ื˜ื•ื—ื”, ืืš ืกื•ืคืจ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืื ืฉื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื.
12:27
Four sources told it. That when they had the plague in Cambridge,
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ืืจื‘ืขื” ืžืงื•ืจื•ืช ืกื™ืคืจื• ืื•ืชื•. ื›ืฉื”ื™ืชื” ืžื’ืคืช ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื‘ืงืžื‘ืจื™ื“ื’',
12:31
and he went down to his mother's farm -- because the university was closed --
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ื ื™ื•ื˜ื•ืŸ ื”ืœืš ืœื—ื•ื•ืช ืื™ืžื• โ€“ ื›ื™ ื”ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ื” ื ืกื’ืจื” --
12:35
he saw an apple fall from a tree, or on his head or something.
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ื”ื•ื ืจืื” ืชืคื•ื— ื ื•ืคืœ ืžื”ืขืฅ ืื• ืขืœ ื”ืจืืฉ ืฉืœื• ืื• ืžืฉื”ื• ื›ื–ื”.
12:39
And he realized suddenly that the force that drew the apple down to the earth
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ื•ื”ื•ื ืžื™ื“ ื—ืฉื‘ ืฉื”ื›ื•ื— ืฉืžืฉืš ืืช ื”ืชืคื•ื— ืœืืจืฅ
12:43
could be the same as the force regulating the motions of the planets and the moon.
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ื”ื•ื ืื•ืชื• ื”ื›ื•ื— ืฉืžื ื™ืข ืืช ื›ื•ื›ื‘ื™ ื”ืœื›ืช ื•ื”ื™ืจื—.
12:49
That was a big unification for those days, although today we take it for granted.
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ื–ื• ื”ื™ืชื” ื”ื›ืœืœื” ืขื ืงื™ืช ืœืื•ืชื ื™ืžื™ื, ืœืžืจื•ืช ืฉื”ื™ื•ื ื–ื” ืžื•ื‘ืŸ ืžืืœื™ื•.
12:54
It's the same theory of gravity.
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ืื•ืชื• ื›ื•ื— ื”ืžืฉื™ื›ื”.
12:58
So he said that this principle of nature, consonance:
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ื”ื•ื ืืžืจ ืฉื”ืขืงืจื•ืŸ ืฉื‘ื˜ื‘ืข, ื”ื”ืชืืžื”:
13:03
"This principle of nature being very remote from the conceptions of philosophers,
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"...ื›ืœ ื›ืš ืจื—ื•ืง ืžื”ื”ื ื—ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืคื™ืœื•ืกื•ืคื™ื,
13:08
I forbore to describe it in that book,
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ืฉืื ื™ ื ืžื ืข ืžืœืขืกื•ืง ื‘ื• ื‘ืกืคืจ,
13:11
lest I should be accounted an extravagant freak ... "
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ืคืŸ ื™ืกืชื›ืœื• ืขืœื™ ื›ืžืฉื•ื’ืข ืจืื•ื•ืชื ื™..."
13:15
That's what we all have to watch out for, (Laughter) especially at this meeting.
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ื›ื•ืœื ื• ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœื”ื™ื–ื”ืจ ืžื–ื”. (ืฆื—ื•ืง). ื‘ื™ื™ื—ื•ื“ ื›ืืŸ.
13:20
" ... and so prejudice my readers against all those things which were the main design of the book."
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ื•ื‘ื›ืš ืœืฉื—ื“ ืืช ืงื•ืจืื™ ื ื’ื“ ื›ืœ ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื”ืขื™ืงืจื™ื™ื ื‘ืกืคืจ...".
13:25
Now, who today would claim that as a mere conceit of the human mind?
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ืžื™ ื”ื™ื•ื ื™ื˜ืขืŸ ืฉื–ื•ื”ื™ ื™ื”ื™ืจื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืชื•ื“ืขื” ื”ืื ื•ืฉื™ืช?
13:29
That the force that causes the apple to fall to the ground
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ืฉื”ื›ื•ื— ืฉืžื•ืฉืš ืืช ื”ืชืคื•ื— ืœืืจืฅ
13:33
is the same force that causes the planets and the moon to move around,
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ื”ื•ื ืื•ืชื• ื›ื•ื— ืฉื’ื•ืจื ืœื›ื•ื›ื‘ื™ ื”ืœื›ืช ื•ื”ื™ืจื— ืœื—ื•ื’?
13:36
and so on? Everybody knows that. It's a property of gravitation.
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ื›ื•ืœื ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ื–ืืช. ื–ื”ื• ื›ื•ื— ื”ืžืฉื™ื›ื”.
13:41
It's not something in the human mind. The human mind can, of course, appreciate it
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ื–ื” ืœื ืžืฉื”ื• ื‘ืชื•ื“ืขื” ื”ืื ื•ืฉื™ืช. ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ ืฉื”ืชื•ื“ืขื” ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœื”ืขืจื™ืš ืืช ื–ื”,
13:45
and enjoy it, use it, but it's not -- it doesn't stem from the human mind.
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ืœื™ื”ื ื•ืช ืžื–ื”, ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ื–ื”, ืืš ื–ื” ืœื ื ื•ื‘ืข ืžื”ืชื•ื“ืขื”.
13:50
It stems from the character of gravity.
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ื–ื” ื ื•ื‘ืข ืžื›ื•ื— ื”ืžืฉื™ื›ื”.
13:52
And that's true of all the things we're talking about.
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ื•ื–ื” ื ื›ื•ืŸ ืœื’ื‘ื™ ื›ืœ ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉื“ื™ื‘ืจื ื• ืขืœื™ื”ื.
13:54
They are properties of the fundamental law.
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ื”ื ืžืืคื™ื™ื ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ื—ื•ืง ื”ื‘ืกื™ืกื™.
13:56
The fundamental law is such that the different skins of the onion resemble one another,
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ื”ื—ื•ืง ื”ื‘ืกื™ืกื™ ื”ื•ื ื›ืš ืฉืงืœื™ืคื•ืช ื”ื‘ืฆืœ ื“ื•ืžื•ืช ื–ื• ืœื–ื•,
14:02
and therefore the math for one skin allows you to express beautifully and simply
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ื•ืœื›ืŸ ื”ืžืชืžื˜ื™ืงื” ืฉืœ ืงืœื™ืคื” ืื—ืช ืžืืคืฉืจืช ืœืชืืจ ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ื™ืคื” ื•ืคืฉื•ื˜ื”
14:06
the phenomenon of the next skin.
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ืืช ื”ืชื•ืคืขื•ืช ื‘ืงืœื™ืคื” ื”ื‘ืื”.
14:09
I say here that Newton did a lot of things that year:
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ื ื™ื•ื˜ื•ืŸ ืขืฉื” ื‘ืื•ืชื” ืฉื ื” ื”ืจื‘ื” ื“ื‘ืจื™ื:
14:12
gravity, the laws of motion, the calculus, white light composed of all the colors of the rainbow.
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ื›ื•ื— ื”ืžืฉื™ื›ื”, ื—ื•ืงื™ ื”ืชื ื•ืขื”, ื—ื“ื•"ื, ื”ืื•ืจ ื”ืœื‘ืŸ ื”ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ ืžื›ืœ ืฆื‘ืขื™ ื”ืงืฉืช.
14:18
And he could have written quite an essay on "What I Did Over My Summer Vacation."
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ื”ื•ื ื™ื›ื•ืœ ื”ื™ื” ืœื›ืชื•ื‘ ื—ื™ื‘ื•ืจ ื’ื“ื•ืœ ืขืœ: "ืžื” ืขืฉื™ืชื™ ื‘ืงื™ืฅ ื”ืื—ืจื•ืŸ".
14:24
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง).
14:28
So we don't have to assume these principles as separate metaphysical postulates.
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ืื™ื ื ื• ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœื”ื ื™ื— ืฉืขืงืจื•ื ื•ืช ืืœื• ื”ืŸ ื”ื ื—ื•ืช ืžื˜ืืคื™ืกื™ื•ืช ื ืคืจื“ื•ืช.
14:38
They follow from the fundamental theory.
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ื”ืŸ ื ื’ื–ืจื•ืช ืžื”ืชื™ืื•ืจื™ื” ื”ื‘ืกื™ืกื™ืช.
14:44
They are what we call emergent properties.
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ืื ื• ืžื›ื ื™ื ืื•ืชืŸ: "ืชื›ื•ื ื•ืช ืžืชื”ื•ื•ืช".
14:46
You don't need -- you don't need something more to get something more.
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ืื™ื ื›ื ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืžืฉื”ื• ื ื•ืกืฃ ื›ื“ื™ ืœืงื‘ืœ ืžืฉื”ื• ื ื•ืกืฃ.
14:53
That's what emergence means.
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ื–ื• ื”ื›ื•ื•ื ื” ื‘ื”ืชื”ื•ื•ืช.
14:55
Life can emerge from physics and chemistry, plus a lot of accidents.
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ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ืชื”ื•ื•ืช ืžืคื™ืกื™ืงื” ื•ื›ื™ืžื™ื” ื•ืขื•ื“ ื”ืจื‘ื” ืฆืจื•ืคื™ ืžืงืจื™ื.
15:04
The human mind can arise from neurobiology and a lot of accidents,
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ื”ืชื•ื“ืขื” ื”ืื ื•ืฉื™ืช ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœื”ืชื”ื•ื•ืช ืžื ื•ื™ืจื•ื‘ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ื•ืขื•ื“ ื”ืจื‘ื” ืฆืจื•ืคื™ ืžืงืจื™ื,
15:09
the way the chemical bond arises from physics and certain accidents.
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ื‘ืื•ืชื” ืฆื•ืจื” ืฉืงืฉืจ ื›ื™ืžื™ ื ื•ื‘ืข ืžืคื™ืกื™ืงื” ื•ืฆืจื•ืคื™ ืžืงืจื™ื ืžืกื•ื™ื™ืžื™ื.
15:16
It doesn't diminish the importance of these subjects
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ื–ื” ืœื ื’ื•ืจืข ืžื—ืฉื™ื‘ื•ืชื ืฉืœ ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉื”ื ื ื•ื‘ืขื™ื
15:20
to know that they follow from more fundamental things, plus accidents.
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ืžืžืฉื”ื• ื‘ืกื™ืกื™ ื™ื•ืชืจ ื•ืขื•ื“ ืฆืจื•ืคื™ ืžืงืจื™ื.
15:26
That's a general rule, and it's critically important to realize that.
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ื–ื”ื• ืขืงืจื•ืŸ ื‘ืกื™ืกื™, ื•ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืžืื•ื“ ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื•ืชื•.
15:31
You don't need something more in order to get something more.
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ืื™ื ื›ื ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืžืฉื”ื• ื ื•ืกืฃ ื›ื“ื™ ืœืงื‘ืœ ืžืฉื”ื• ื ื•ืกืฃ.
15:35
People keep asking that when they read my book, "The Quark and the Jaguar,"
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ืื ืฉื™ื ืฉื‘ื™ื ื•ืฉื•ืืœื™ื ืื•ืชื™ ืœืื—ืจ ืฉื”ื ืงื•ืจืื™ื ืืช ืกืคืจื™, "ื”ืงื•ื•ืืจืง ื•ื”ื™ื’ื•ืืจ".
15:39
and they say, "Isn't there something more beyond what you have there?"
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"ืื™ืŸ ืžืฉื”ื• ื ื•ืกืฃ ืžืขื‘ืจ ืœืžื” ืฉื›ืชื‘ืช ืฉื?" ืฉื•ืืœื™ื ืื•ืชื™.
15:43
Presumably, they mean something supernatural.
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ื”ื›ื•ื•ื ื” ืœืžืฉื”ื• ืขืœ ื˜ื‘ืขื™, ืื ื™ ืžื ื™ื—.
15:47
Anyway, there isn't. (Laughter)
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ื‘ื›ืœ ืื•ืคืŸ, ืื™ืŸ ืžืฉื”ื• ื ื•ืกืฃ. (ืฆื—ื•ืง)
15:49
You don't need something more to explain something more.
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ืื™ื ื›ื ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืžืฉื”ื• ื ื•ืกืฃ ื›ื“ื™ ืœืงื‘ืœ ืžืฉื”ื• ื ื•ืกืฃ.
15:54
Thank you very much. (Applause)
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ืชื•ื“ื” ืจื‘ื”. (ืžื—ื™ืื•ืช ื›ืคื™ื™ื)
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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