Murray Gell-Mann: Beauty and truth in physics

278,997 views ใƒป 2007-12-07

TED


์•„๋ž˜ ์˜๋ฌธ์ž๋ง‰์„ ๋”๋ธ”ํด๋ฆญํ•˜์‹œ๋ฉด ์˜์ƒ์ด ์žฌ์ƒ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

๋ฒˆ์—ญ: Ki Hoon Lee ๊ฒ€ํ† : Sungwook Woo
00:12
Thank you for putting up these pictures of my colleagues over here.
0
12160
4000
์—ฌ๊ธฐ ๋‚ด ๋™๋ฃŒ๋“ค์˜ ์‚ฌ์ง„์„ ๋ถ™์—ฌ์ค˜์„œ ๊ฐ์‚ฌํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:16
(Laughter) We'll be talking about them.
1
16160
5000
(์›ƒ์Œ).์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์ด ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด์„œ ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐ ํ•  ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:21
Now, I'm going try an experiment. I don't do experiments, normally. I'm a theorist.
2
21160
5000
์ด์ œ, ์‹คํ—˜์„ ํ•˜๋‚˜ ํ•ด๋ณด์ฃ . ๋‚˜๋Š” ๋ณดํ†ต ์‹คํ—˜์„ ์•ˆํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ, ๋‚˜๋Š” ์ด๋ก  ๋ฌผ๋ฆฌํ•™์ž์š”.
00:26
But I'm going see what happens if I press this button.
3
26160
4000
์ด ๋ฒ„ํŠผ์„ ๋ˆ„๋ฅด๋ฉด ๋ฌด์Šจ ์ผ์ด ๋ฒŒ์–ด์ง€๋Š”์ง€ ๋ด…์‹œ๋‹ค.
00:30
Sure enough. OK. I used to work in this field of elementary particles.
4
30160
5000
์˜ณ์ง€. ๋‚˜๋Š” ์†Œ๋ฆฝ์ž ๋ฌผ๋ฆฌ ๋ถ„์•ผ์—์„œ ์ผํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:35
What happens to matter if you chop it up very fine?
5
35160
4000
๋งŒ์•ฝ ๋ฌผ์งˆ์„ ์ž˜๊ฒŒ ์ชผ๊ฐœ๋ฉด ๋ฌด์Šจ ์ผ์ด ๋ฐœ์ƒํ• ๊นŒ?
00:39
What is it made of?
6
39160
2000
๋ฌผ์งˆ์€ ๋ฌด์—‡์œผ๋กœ ์ด๋ฃจ์–ด์ ธ ์žˆ๋Š”๊ฐ€?
00:41
And the laws of these particles are valid throughout the universe,
7
41160
5000
๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ด ์ž…์ž๋“ค์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋ฒ•์น™์€ ์ „ ์šฐ์ฃผ์— ๊ฑธ์ณ ์œ ํšจํ•˜๊ณ ,
00:46
and they're very much connected with the history of the universe.
8
46160
3000
์šฐ์ฃผ์˜ ์—ญ์‚ฌ์™€ ๊ด€๋ จ์ด ๊นŠ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:49
We know a lot about four forces. There must be a lot more,
9
49160
3000
์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” 4๊ฐ€์ง€ ํž˜์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด์„œ ์ž˜ ์••๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ถ„๋ช… ํ›จ์”ฌ ๋งŽ์€ ์ข…๋ฅ˜์˜ ํž˜์ด ๋” ์žˆ์ง€๋งŒ,
00:52
but those are at very, very small distances,
10
52160
2000
๊ทธ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ํž˜๋“ค์€ ๊ต‰์žฅํžˆ ์งง์€ ๊ฑฐ๋ฆฌ์—์„œ๋งŒ ์ž‘์šฉํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค,
00:54
and we haven't really interacted with them very much yet.
11
54160
3000
๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์•„์ง ๊ทธ ํž˜๊ณผ ์ƒํ˜ธ ์ž‘์šฉํ•œ ์ ์ด ์—†์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:57
The main thing I want to talk about is this:
12
57160
4000
์ œ๊ฐ€ ๋งํ•˜๊ณ ์ž ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐ”๋Š”
01:01
that we have this remarkable experience in this field of fundamental physics
13
61160
4000
๊ธฐ์ดˆ ๋ฌผ๋ฆฌํ•™์—์„œ ์•„๋ฆ„๋‹ค์›€์ด ์˜ฌ๋ฐ”๋ฅธ ์ด๋ก ์„ ๊ณ ๋ฅด๋Š”
01:05
that beauty is a very successful criterion for choosing the right theory.
14
65160
7000
๋งค์šฐ ์„ฑ๊ณต์ ์ธ ๊ธฐ์ค€์ด์—ˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๋†€๋ผ์šด ๊ฒฝํ—˜์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด์„ญ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:12
And why on earth could that be so?
15
72160
5000
๋„๋Œ€์ฒด ์™œ ๊ทธ๋Ÿด๊นŒ์š”?
01:17
Well, here's an example from my own experience.
16
77160
3000
๋‚ด๊ฐ€ ๊ฒฝํ—˜ํ•œ ์˜ˆ์‹œ๋ฅผ ๋“ค๋ ค๋“œ๋ฆฌ์ฃ .
01:20
It's fairly dramatic, actually, to have this happen.
17
80160
5000
์ •๋ง ์ด๋Ÿฐ ์ผ์ด ๋ฐœ์ƒํ–ˆ๋‹ค๋Š”๊ฒŒ ์ƒ๋‹นํžˆ ๊ทน์ ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:25
Three or four of us, in 1957,
18
85160
3000
1957๋…„ ์ €๋ฅผ ํฌํ•จํ•œ ์„œ๋„ˆ๋ช…์˜ ํ•™์ž๋“ค์ด
01:28
put forward a partially complete theory of one of these forces, this weak force.
19
88160
5000
ํž˜๋“ค ์ค‘ ํ•˜๋‚˜์ธ ์•ฝ๋ ฅ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ๋œ ์™„์„ฑ๋œ ์ด๋ก ์„ ์ œ์‹œํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:33
And it was in disagreement with seven -- seven, count them, seven experiments.
20
93160
6000
์ด ์ด๋ก ์€ 7๊ฐœ์˜ ์‹คํ—˜ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ์™€ ๋ถˆ์ผ์น˜ ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. 7๊ฐœ, ์ž๊ทธ๋งˆ์น˜ 7๊ฐœ์˜ ์‹คํ—˜ํ•˜๊ณ  ๋ง์ด์ฃ .
01:39
Experiments were all wrong.
21
99160
3000
๊ทธ ์‹คํ—˜๋“ค์€ ์ „๋ถ€ ํ‹€๋ ธ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:42
And we published before knowing that,
22
102160
2000
๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๊ทธ๊ฑธ ์•Œ๊ธฐ์ „์— ์ด๋ก ์„ ๋ฐœํ‘œํ–ˆ์ฃ ,
01:44
because we figured it was so beautiful, it's gotta be right!
23
104160
3000
์™œ๋ƒ๋ฉด ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์•Œ์•„๋‚ธ ๊ฒƒ์ด ๋„ˆ๋ฌด ์•„๋ฆ„๋‹ค์› ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ์˜ณ์•„์•ผ๋งŒ ํ–ˆ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ด์ฃ !
01:47
The experiments had to be wrong, and they were.
24
107160
3000
๊ทธ ์‹คํ—˜๋“ค์€ ํ‹€๋ ค์•ผ๋งŒ ํ–ˆ๊ณ , ์‹ค์ œ๋กœ ๊ทธ๋žฌ์—ˆ์ฃ .
01:50
Now our friend over there, Albert Einstein,
25
110160
3000
์ €๊ธฐ ์žˆ๋Š” ์šฐ๋ฆฌ ์นœ๊ตฌ ์•Œ๋ฒ„ํŠธ ์•„์ธ์Šˆํƒ€์ธ์€,
01:53
used to pay very little attention when people said,
26
113160
4000
์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ง์— ๋ณ„๋กœ ์‹ ๊ฒฝ์“ฐ์ง€ ์•Š์•˜์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:57
"You know, there's a man with an experiment that seems to disagree with special relativity.
27
117160
5000
"์ €๊ธฐ, ํŠน์ˆ˜์ƒ๋Œ€๋ก ๊ณผ ๋ถˆ์ผ์น˜ ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ ๊ฐ™์€ ์‹คํ—˜์„ ํ•œ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์ด ์žˆ๋Š”๋ฐ
02:02
DC Miller. What about that?" And he would say, "Aw, that'll go away." (Laughter)
28
122160
9000
DC ๋ฐ€๋Ÿฌ๋ผ๊ณ  ๋ง์•ผ. ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ์ƒ๊ฐํ•ด?" ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋ฉด ๊ทธ๋Š” ์ด๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ๋งํ•  ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. "์•„, ํ‹€๋ ธ์„ ๊ฑฐ์•ผ." (์›ƒ์Œ)
02:11
Now, why does stuff like that work? That's the question.
29
131160
3000
์™œ ์ด๋Ÿฐ์‹์œผ๋กœ ์ด๋ก ์„ ๊ณ ๋ฅด๋Š”๊ฒŒ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ• ๊นŒ์š”? ๊ทธ๊ฒŒ ์˜๋ฌธ์ด์ฃ .
02:14
Now, yeah, what do we mean by beautiful? That's one thing.
30
134160
5000
์Œ, ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์•„๋ฆ„๋‹ต๋‹ค๋ผ๊ณ  ํ•  ๋•Œ ์˜๋ฏธํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒŒ ๋ญ˜๊นŒ์š”?
02:19
I'll try to make that clear -- partially clear.
31
139160
3000
๊ทธ ์˜๋ฏธ๋ฅผ ๋ช…ํ™•ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋ฐํ˜€๋ด…์‹œ๋‹ค. ์•ฝ๊ฐ„์ด๋ผ๋„.
02:22
Why should it work, and is this something to do with human beings?
32
142160
5000
์™œ ์ด๊ฒŒ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•˜๊ณ , ์ธ๋ฅ˜์™€ ๋ฌด์Šจ ์—ฐ๊ด€์ด ์žˆ์„๊นŒ์š”?
02:27
I'll let you in on the answer to the last one that I offer,
33
147160
3000
๋งˆ์ง€๋ง‰์— ํ•œ ์งˆ๋ฌธ์˜ ๋‹ต์„ ๋“œ๋ฆฌ์ฃ ,
02:30
and that is, it has nothing to do with human beings.
34
150160
2000
๋‹ต์€, ์ธ๋ฅ˜์™€๋Š” ์•„๋ฌด๋Ÿฐ ์ƒ๊ด€์ด ์—†๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:32
Somewhere in some other planet, orbiting some very distant star,
35
152160
5000
๊ต‰์žฅํžˆ ๋จผ ๊ณณ, ์–ด์ฉŒ๋ฉด ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์€ํ•˜๊ณ„์— ์žˆ๋Š” ๋ณ„ ์ฃผ์œ„๋ฅผ
02:37
maybe in a another galaxy,
36
157160
2000
๋„๋Š” ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ํ–‰์„ฑ ์–ด๋Š ๊ณณ์—
02:39
there could well be entities that are at least as intelligent as we are,
37
159160
4000
์ ์–ด๋„ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋งŒํผ ๋˜‘๋˜‘ํ•˜๊ณ  ๊ณผํ•™์— ๊ด€์‹ฌ์žˆ๋Š” ์กด์žฌ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ฒ ์ฃ 
02:43
and are interested in science. It's not impossible; I think there probably are lots.
38
163160
5000
๋ถˆ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•œ ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ์•„๋‹ˆ์ฃ . ์ €๋Š” ์ƒ๋‹นํžˆ ๋งŽ์ด ์žˆ์„ ๊ฑฐ๋ผ ์ƒ๊ฐํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:48
Very likely, none is close enough to interact with us.
39
168160
3000
์šฐ๋ฆฌ์™€ ์—ฐ๋ฝํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์„ ๋งŒํผ ๊ฐ€๊นŒ์šด ๊ณณ์— ์žˆ์ง€ ์•Š์„ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ์ด ๋†’์ง€๋งŒ
02:51
But they could be out there, very easily.
40
171160
5000
์–ด์จŒ๋“  ์šฐ์ฃผ ์–ด๋”˜๊ฐ€์— ์กด์žฌ ํ•  ๋ฒ• ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:56
And suppose they have, you know, very different sensory apparatus, and so on.
41
176160
6000
๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๊ทธ๋“ค์ด ์šฐ๋ฆฌ์™€ ์ „ํ˜€ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๊ฐ๊ฐ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ•ฉ์‹œ๋‹ค.
03:02
They have seven tentacles, and they have 14 little funny-looking compound eyes,
42
182160
5000
7๊ฐœ์˜ ์ด‰์ˆ˜๊ฐ€ ๋‹ฌ๋ ธ๊ณ  14๊ฐœ์˜ ์›ƒ๊ธฐ๊ฒŒ ์ƒ๊ธด ๊ฒน๋ˆˆ์„ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ,
03:07
and a brain shaped like a pretzel.
43
187160
4000
๋‡Œ๋Š” ํ”„๋ ˆ์ฒผ ๋ชจ์–‘์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ํ•ฉ์‹œ๋‹ค.
03:11
Would they really have different laws?
44
191160
3000
๊ทธ๋“ค์ด ์ •๋ง ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์ข…๋ฅ˜์˜ ๋ฌผ๋ฆฌ ๋ฒ•์น™์„ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ์„๊นŒ์š”?
03:14
There are lots of people who believe that, and I think it is utter baloney.
45
194160
4000
๊ทธ๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ์ƒ๊ฐํ•˜๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ด ๋งŽ์€๋ฐ, ์ €๋Š” ์™„์ „ํžˆ ํ—›์†Œ๋ฆฌ๋ผ๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:18
I think there are laws out there,
46
198160
2000
์ €๋Š” ๋ฒ•์น™์ด ์žˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐํ•˜๊ณ ,
03:20
and we of course don't understand them at any given time very well
47
200160
6000
๋ฌผ๋ก  ์•„๋ฌด๋ฆฌ ์‹œ๊ฐ„์ด ์ฃผ์–ด์ ธ๋„ ์™„์ „ํžˆ ์ดํ•ดํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์—†๊ฒ ์ง€๋งŒ
03:26
-- but we try. And we try to get closer and closer.
48
206160
3000
๋„์ „ํ•˜์ฃ . ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๊ทธ ๋ฒ•์น™์— ๊ฐ€๊นŒ์›Œ์ง€๋ ค ๋…ธ๋ ฅํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:29
And someday, we may actually figure out the fundamental unified theory
49
209160
4000
๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์–ธ์  ๊ฐ€๋Š”, ์•Œ์•„ ๋‚ผ์ง€๋„ ๋ชจ๋ฆ…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ œ๊ฐ€ "๊ธฐ๋ณธ ๋ฒ•์น™"์ด๋ผ ๋ถ€๋ฅด๋Š”
03:33
of the particles and forces, what I call the "fundamental law."
50
213160
5000
์ž…์ž์™€ ํž˜์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ธฐ๋ณธ ํ†ต์ผ ์ด๋ก ์„ ๋ง์ด์ฃ .
03:38
We may not even be terribly far from it.
51
218160
2000
๊ทธ๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ๋จธ์ง€ ์•Š์•˜๋Š”์ง€๋„ ๋ชจ๋ฅด์ฃ .
03:40
But even if we don't run across it in our lifetimes,
52
220160
3000
๋งŒ์•ฝ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ ์‚ด์•„ ์žˆ๋Š” ๋™์•ˆ์— ๋„๋‹ฌํ•˜์ง€ ๋ชปํ•œ๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ•ด๋„,
03:43
we can still think there is one out there,
53
223160
3000
์—ฌ์ „ํžˆ ๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ ๋ฒ•์น™์ด ์žˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:46
and we're just trying to get closer and closer to it.
54
226160
2000
๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๋‹จ์ง€ ์กฐ๊ธˆ์ด๋ผ๋„ ๋” ์•Œ์•„๋‚ด๋ ค๊ณ  ๋…ธ๋ ฅํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:48
I think that's the main point to be made.
55
228160
3000
์ด๊ฒŒ ์š”์ ์ด์ฃ .
03:51
We express these things mathematically.
56
231160
3000
์šฐ๋ฆฐ ์ด๋Ÿฐ ๋ฒ•์น™๋“ค์„ ์ˆ˜ํ•™์ ์œผ๋กœ ํ‘œํ˜„ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:54
And when the mathematics is very simple --
57
234160
2000
๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๊ทธ ์ˆ˜ํ•™์ด ๊ต‰์žฅํžˆ ๋‹จ์ˆœํ•  ๋•Œ
03:56
when in terms of some mathematical notation,
58
236160
4000
๋‹ค์‹œ ๋งํ•ด์„œ, ์–ด๋–ค ์ด๋ก ์„ ์ˆ˜ํ•™์ ์œผ๋กœ ๊ธฐ์ˆ ํ•จ์— ์žˆ์–ด
04:00
you can write the theory in a very brief space, without a lot of complication --
59
240160
6000
ํฐ ๋ณต์žกํ•จ ์—†์ด ๊ฐ„๊ฒฐํ•œ ํ‘œํ˜„์œผ๋กœ ๊ธฐ์ˆ ๋œ๋‹ค๋ฉด,
04:06
that's essentially what we mean by beauty or elegance.
60
246160
4000
๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ๊ฐ€ ๋ฐ”๋กœ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์•„๋ฆ„๋‹ค์›€์ด๋‚˜ ์šฐ์•„ํ•จ์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ๋ถ€๋ฅด๋Š” ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:10
Here's what I was saying about the laws. They're really there.
61
250160
6000
๋ฒ•์น™์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ๋งํ–ˆ๋˜ ๊ฒƒ์€ ์ด๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ฒ•์น™๋“ค์ด ์‹ค์ œ๋กœ ์กด์žฌํ•œ๋‹ค.
04:16
Newton certainly believed that.
62
256160
2000
๋‰ดํ„ด์€ ๋ถ„๋ช… ๊ทธ๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ๋ฏฟ์—ˆ์ฃ .
04:18
And he said, here, "It is the business of natural philosophy to find out those laws."
63
258160
10000
๊ทธ๋Š” ์ด๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ๋งํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. "๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ ๋ฒ•์น™๋“ค์„ ์ฐพ์•„๋‚ด๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ์ž์—ฐ์ฒ ํ•™์˜ ๋ณธ ๋ชฉ์ ์ด๋‹ค."
04:28
The basic law, let's say -- here's an assumption.
64
268160
3000
๊ธฐ๋ณธ ๋ฒ•์น™์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ํ•ฉ์‹œ๋‹ค. ์—ฌ๊ธฐ ํ•˜๋‚˜์˜ ๊ฐ€์ •์ด ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:31
The assumption is that the basic law really takes the form
65
271160
3000
๊ทธ ๊ฐ€์ •์€, โ€˜๊ธฐ๋ณธ ๋ฒ•์น™์€ ๋ชจ๋“  ์ž…์ž๋“ค์—
04:34
of a unified theory of all the particles.
66
274160
3000
๋Œ€ํ•œ ํ†ต์ผ๋œ ์ด๋ก ์˜ ํ˜•ํƒœ๋ฅผ ์ทจํ•œ๋‹คโ€™๋Š” ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:37
Now, some people call that a theory of everything.
67
277160
3000
์–ด๋–ค ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์€ ๋งŒ๋ฌผ์˜ ์ด๋ก ์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ๋ถ€๋ฅด๊ฒ ์ฃ .
04:40
That's wrong because the theory is quantum mechanical.
68
280160
5000
๊ทธ๊ฑด ํ‹€๋ ธ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์™œ๋ƒ๋ฉด ๊ทธ ์ด๋ก ์€ ์–‘์ž์—ญํ•™์ ์ด๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ด์ฃ .
04:45
And I won't go into a lot of stuff about quantum mechanics and what it's like, and so on.
69
285160
4000
์–‘์ž์—ญํ•™์ด ์–ด๋–ค์ง€์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด์„œ๋Š” ์ž์„ธํžˆ ๋งํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๊ฒ ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:49
You've heard a lot of wrong things about it anyway. (Laughter)
70
289160
5000
์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์€ ์ด์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด์„œ ์ž˜๋ชป๋œ ๋ง์„ ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ๋“  ๋งŽ์ด ๋“ค์–ด๋ดค์„ ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.(์›ƒ์Œ)
04:54
There are even movies about it with a lot of wrong stuff.
71
294160
3000
์ž˜๋ชป๋œ ๋‚ด์šฉ์ด ๊ฐ€๋“ํ•œ ์˜ํ™”๊นŒ์ง€ ์žˆ์–ด์š”.
04:57
But the main thing here is that it predicts probabilities.
72
297160
5000
์—ฌ๊ธฐ์„œ ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ์ ์€ ์–‘์ž์—ญํ•™์€ ํ™•๋ฅ ์„ ์˜ˆ์ธกํ•œ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฑฐ์ฃ .
05:02
Now, sometimes those probabilities are near certainties.
73
302160
3000
๋ณดํ†ต์€ ๊ทธ ํ™•๋ฅ ๋“ค์ด ํ™•์‹คํ•œ ํ•˜๋‚˜์˜ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋งŒ์„ ๊ฐ€๋ฆฌํ‚ค๊ธฐ๋„ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:05
And in a lot of familiar cases, they of course are.
74
305160
3000
๋„๋ฆฌ ์•Œ๋ ค์ง„ ๋งŽ์€ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ์— ๊ทธ๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ๋˜์ฃ .
05:08
But other times they're not, and you have only probabilities for different outcomes.
75
308160
6000
๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ์–ด๋–ค ๊ฒฝ์šฐ์—” ๊ทธ๋ ‡์ง€ ์•Š๊ณ , ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ฐ๊ฐ์˜ ํ™•๋ฅ  ๋ฐ–์— ์–ป์„ ์ˆ˜ ์—†์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:14
So what that means is that the history of the universe is not determined just by the fundamental law.
76
314160
6000
๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ์šฐ์ฃผ์˜ ์—ญ์‚ฌ๋Š” ๋‹จ์ง€ ๊ธฐ๋ณธ ๋ฒ•์น™์— ์˜ํ•ด์„œ ๊ฒฐ์ •๋˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ์•„๋‹™๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:20
It's the fundamental law and this incredibly long series of accidents,
77
320160
5000
๊ธฐ๋ณธ ๋ฒ•์น™๊ณผ ๋”๋ถˆ์–ด ์—„์ฒญ๋‚˜๊ฒŒ ๋งŽ์€ ์ผ๋ จ์˜ ์‚ฌ๊ฑด๋“ค
05:25
or chance outcomes, that are there in addition.
78
325160
5000
ํ˜น์€ ์šฐ์—ฐํ•œ ์‚ฌ๊ฑด์ด ์ถ”๊ฐ€๋กœ ํ•„์š”ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:30
And the fundamental theory doesn't include those chance outcomes; they are in addition.
79
330160
6000
๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๊ธฐ์ดˆ ์ด๋ก ์€ ์šฐ์—ฐ์„ ํฌํ•จํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ๋“ค์€ ์ถ”๊ฐ€๋กœ ํ•„์š”ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์ด์ฃ .
05:36
So it's not a theory of everything. And in fact, a huge amount of the information
80
336160
4000
๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ, ๊ธฐ์ดˆ ์ด๋ก ์€ ๋ชจ๋“  ๊ฒƒ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ด๋ก ์ด ์•„๋‹™๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์‚ฌ์‹ค ์šฐ์ฃผ๋‚ด์˜
05:40
in the universe around us comes from those accidents,
81
340160
4000
๋ง‰๋Œ€ํ•œ ์–‘์˜ ์ •๋ณด๊ฐ€ ๋‹จ์ง€ ๊ธฐ๋ณธ ๋ฒ•์น™์œผ๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ๋งŒ์ด ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ
05:44
and not just from the fundamental laws.
82
344160
3000
๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ ์šฐ์—ฐํ•œ ์‚ฌ๊ฑด์œผ๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์˜ต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:47
Now, it's often said that getting closer and closer
83
347160
8000
ํ”ํžˆ๋“ค ์–˜๊ธฐํ•˜๊ธฐ๋ฅผ,
05:55
to the fundamental laws by examining phenomena at low energies, and then higher energies,
84
355160
5000
๋‚ฎ์€ ์—๋„ˆ์ง€, ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๋†’์€ ์—๋„ˆ์ง€, ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๊ทธ๋ณด๋‹ค ๋” ๋†’์€ ์—๋„ˆ์ง€์—์„œ์˜ ํ˜„์ƒ๋“ค์ด๋‚˜
06:00
and then higher energies, or short distances, and then shorter distances,
85
360160
3000
ํ˜น์€ ์งง์€ ๊ฑฐ๋ฆฌ, ๊ทธ๋ณด๋‹ค ๋” ์งง์€ ๊ฑฐ๋ฆฌ, ๊ทธ๋ณด๋‹ค๋„ ๋” ์งง์€ ๊ฑฐ๋ฆฌ์˜ ํ˜„์ƒ๋“ค์„
06:03
and then still shorter distances, and so on, is like peeling the skin of an onion.
86
363160
4000
๊ด€์ฐฐํ•จ์œผ๋กœ์จ ๊ธฐ์ดˆ ๋ฒ•์น™์— ์ ‘๊ทผํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„, ์–‘ํŒŒ ๊ป์งˆ์„ ๋ฒ—๊ธฐ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์— ๋น„์œ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:07
And we keep doing that,
87
367160
2000
์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๊ณ„์† ์ด๊ฒƒ์„ ๋ฐ˜๋ณตํ•˜๊ณ ,
06:09
and build more powerful machines, accelerators for particles.
88
369160
4000
์ž…์ž ๊ฐ€์†์„ ์œ„ํ•œ ๋” ๊ฐ•๋ ฅํ•œ ๊ธฐ๊ณ„๋ฅผ ๋งŒ๋“ญ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:13
We look deeper and deeper into the structure of particles,
89
373160
5000
์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์ ์  ๋” ๊นŠ์€ ์ž…์ž ๊ตฌ์กฐ ๋‚ด๋ถ€๋ฅผ ๋“ค์—ฌ๋‹ค ๋ณด๊ณ ,
06:18
and in that way we get probably closer and closer to this fundamental law.
90
378160
7000
์ด๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ์•„๋งˆ๋„ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๊ธฐ๋ณธ ๋ฒ•์น™์— ์ ์  ๋” ๊ทผ์ ‘ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋˜๋Š” ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:25
Now, what happens is that as we do that, as we peel these skins of the onion,
91
385160
6000
์ด๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ์–‘ํŒŒ ๊ป์งˆ์„ ๋ฒ—๊ฒจ์„œ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์ ์ 
06:31
and we get closer and closer to the underlying law,
92
391160
3000
์•„๋ž˜์— ๊น”๋ ค ์žˆ๋Š” ๋ฒ•์น™์— ๋‹ค๊ฐ€๊ฐ€๊ฒŒ ๋˜๋Š” ๋™์•ˆ ๋งˆ์ฃผ์น˜๊ฒŒ ๋˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€
06:34
we see that each skin has something in common with the previous one,
93
394160
5000
๊ฐ ๊ป์งˆ๋“ค์ด ๋ฐ”๋กœ ์ „ ๊ป์งˆ ํ˜น์€ ๋ฐ”๋กœ ํ›„ ๊ป์งˆ๊ณผ ๋ฌด์—‡์ธ๊ฐ€
06:39
and with the next one. We write them out mathematically,
94
399160
4000
๊ณตํ†ต์ ์ด ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ์  ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์„ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์ˆ˜ํ•™์ ์œผ๋กœ ์“ฐ์ฃ .
06:43
and we see they use very similar mathematics.
95
403160
3000
๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๊ต‰์žฅํžˆ ๋น„์Šทํ•œ ์ˆ˜ํ•™์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋ด…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:46
They require very similar mathematics.
96
406160
3000
๋งค์šฐ ๋น„์Šทํ•œ ์ˆ˜ํ•™์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:49
That is absolutely remarkable, and that is a central feature
97
409160
4000
๊ต‰์žฅํžˆ ๋†€๋ผ์šด ์ผ์ด๊ณ , ์˜ค๋Š˜ ์ œ๊ฐ€ ๋งํ•˜๊ณ ์ž
06:53
of what I'm trying to say today.
98
413160
5000
ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐ”์˜ ์ฃผ์•ˆ์ ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:58
Newton called it -- that's Newton, by the way -- that one.
99
418160
3000
๋‰ดํ„ด์€ ์ด๋ฅผ ์ผ์ปฌ์–ด - ์ €๊ฒŒ ๋‰ดํ„ด์ด์ฃ  - ์ € ์‚ฌ๋žŒ.
07:01
This one is Albert Einstein. Hi, Al! And anyway,
100
421160
7000
์ด ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์€ ์•Œ๋ฒ„ํŠธ ์•„์ธ์Šˆํƒ€์ธ์ด์ฃ . ์•ˆ๋…•, ์•Œ. ์–ด์จŒ๋“ ,
07:08
he said, "nature conformable to herself" -- personifying nature as a female.
101
428160
7000
๋‰ดํ„ด์€ "์ž์—ฐ์€ ๊ทธ๋…€ ์Šค์Šค๋กœ ์ •ํ•ฉํ•œ๋‹ค. " -- ์ž์—ฐ์„ ์—ฌ์„ฑ์œผ๋กœ ์˜์ธํ™” ํ–ˆ์ฃ .
07:15
And so what happens is that the new phenomena,
102
435160
5000
๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์–ด๋–ค ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ํ˜„์ƒ,
07:20
the new skins, the inner skins of the slightly smaller skins of the onion
103
440160
6000
์ฆ‰ ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ๊ป์งˆ, ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๋„๋‹ฌํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋˜๋Š” ์–‘ํŒŒ์˜ ์ข€๋” ์ž‘์€ ์•ˆ์ชฝ ๊ป์งˆ์€
07:26
that we get to, resemble the slightly larger ones.
104
446160
4000
๋ฐ”๊นฅ์ชฝ ๊ป์งˆ์„ ๋‹ฎ๋Š”๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:30
And the kind of mathematics that we had for the previous skin
105
450160
6000
๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ „ ๊ป์งˆ์—์„œ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ–ˆ๋˜ ์ˆ˜ํ•™๊ณผ
07:36
is almost the same as what we need for the next skin.
106
456160
4000
๊ฑฐ์˜ ๋น„์Šทํ•œ ์ข…๋ฅ˜์˜ ์ˆ˜ํ•™์ด ๋‹ค์Œ ๊ป์งˆ์—์„œ ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:40
And that's why the equations look so simple.
107
460160
4000
๊ทธ๊ฒŒ ๋ฐฉ์ •์‹๋“ค์ด ๋‹จ์ˆœํ•ด ๋ณด์ด๋Š” ์ด์œฑ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:44
Because they use mathematics we already have.
108
464160
3000
์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์ด๋ฏธ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ์ˆ˜ํ•™์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ด์ฃ .
07:47
A trivial example is this: Newton found the law of gravity,
109
467160
5000
๊ฐ„๋‹จํ•œ ์˜ˆ๋Š” ์ด๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋‰ดํ„ด์€ ์ค‘๋ ฅ์˜ ๋ฒ•์น™์„ ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:52
which goes like one over the square of the distance between the things gravitated.
110
472160
5000
์ค‘๋ ฅ์€ ์ค‘๋ ฅ์ด ์ž‘์šฉํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ๋“ค ์‚ฌ์ด ๊ฑฐ๋ฆฌ์˜ ์—ญ์ œ๊ณฑ์— ๋น„๋ก€ํ•˜์ฃ .
07:57
Coulomb, in France, found the same law for electric charges.
111
477160
5000
ํ”„๋ž‘์Šค์˜ ์ฟจ๋กฌ์€ ์ „๊ธฐ ์ „ํ•˜์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด์„œ ๊ฐ™์€ ๋ฒ•์น™์„ ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:02
Here's an example of this similarity.
112
482160
2000
์ด๊ฒŒ ๋ฐ”๋กœ ์œ ์‚ฌ์„ฑ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์˜ˆ์‹œ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:04
You look at gravity, you see a certain law.
113
484160
3000
์ค‘๋ ฅ์„ ๋ณด๋ฉด ์–ด๋–ค ๋ฒ•์น™์„ ๋ด…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:07
Then you look at electricity. Sure enough. The same rule.
114
487160
3000
์ „๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๋ณด๋ฉด, ํ™•์‹คํ•˜๊ฒŒ๋„ ๊ฐ™์€ ๋ฒ•์น™์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:10
It's a very simple example.
115
490160
2000
๋งค์šฐ ๋‹จ์ˆœํ•œ ์˜ˆ์‹œ์ฃ .
08:12
There are lots of more sophisticated examples.
116
492160
4000
๋งŽ์€ ๋” ๋ณต์žกํ•œ ์˜ˆ์‹œ๋“ค์ด ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:16
Symmetry is very important in this discussion.
117
496160
2000
์ด ๋…ผ์˜์—์„œ ๋Œ€์นญ์€ ๊ต‰์žฅํžˆ ์ค‘์š”ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:18
You know what it means. A circle, for example,
118
498160
3000
๋Œ€์นญ์ด ๋ฌด์Šจ ๋œป์ธ์ง€ ์•Œ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์˜ˆ๋ฅผ ๋“ค์–ด, ์› ๊ฐ™์€ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ
08:21
is symmetric under rotations about the center of the circle.
119
501160
4000
์ค‘์‹ฌ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ํšŒ์ „์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ๋Œ€์นญ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:25
You rotate around the center of the circle, the circle remains unchanged.
120
505160
5000
์›์„ ์ค‘์‹ฌ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ํšŒ์ „์‹œ์ผœ๋„ ์›์€ ๋ณ€ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:30
You take a sphere, in three dimensions, you rotate around the center of the sphere,
121
510160
3000
3์ฐจ์›์—์„œ ๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ์ƒ๊ฐํ•ฉ์‹œ๋‹ค. ๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ์ค‘์‹ฌ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด์„œ ํšŒ์ „์‹œ์ผœ๋„
08:33
and all those rotations leave the sphere alone.
122
513160
4000
๋ชจ๋“  ํšŒ์ „์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ๊ตฌ๋Š” ๋ณ€ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:37
They are symmetries of the sphere.
123
517160
1000
์ด๊ฒƒ์ด ๊ตฌ์˜ ๋Œ€์นญ์„ฑ์ด์ฃ .
08:38
So we say, in general, that there's a symmetry
124
518160
4000
์ผ๋ฐ˜์ ์œผ๋กœ ์–ด๋–ค ์ž‘์šฉ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด
08:42
under certain operations if those operations leave the phenomenon,
125
522160
4000
๋ฌผ๋ฆฌ ํ˜„์ƒ ํ˜น์€ ์ด์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์ด ๋ณ€ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๋Š”๋‹ค๋ฉด,
08:46
or its description, unchanged.
126
526160
3000
๋Œ€์นญ์„ฑ์ด ์žˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:49
Maxwell's equations are of course symmetrical
127
529160
3000
๋งฅ์Šค์›ฐ ๋ฐฉ์ •์‹์€ ๋‹น์—ฐํžˆ ๊ณต๊ฐ„์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ
08:52
under rotations of all of space.
128
532160
2000
๋ชจ๋“  ํšŒ์ „์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด์„œ ๋Œ€์นญ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:54
Doesn't matter if we turn the whole of space around by some angle,
129
534160
4000
์ „ ๊ณต๊ฐ„์„ ์–ด๋–ค ๊ฐ๋„๋กœ ๋Œ๋ ค๋„ ์ƒ๊ด€ ์—†์ด
08:58
it doesn't leave the -- doesn't change the phenomenon of electricity or magnetism.
130
538160
4000
์ „๊ธฐ ํ˜น์€ ์ž๊ธฐ ํ˜„์ƒ์€ ๋ณ€ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:02
There's a new notation in the 19th century that expressed this,
131
542160
4000
19์„ธ๊ธฐ์— ์ด๊ฒƒ์„ ํ‘œํ˜„ํ•˜๋Š” ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ๊ธฐํ˜ธ๊ฐ€ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ฌ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:06
and if you use that notation, the equations get a lot simpler.
132
546160
4000
์ด ๊ธฐํ˜ธ๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜๋ฉด ๋ฐฉ์ •์‹์ด ๋” ๊ฐ„๋‹จํ•ด์ง€์ฃ .
09:10
Then Einstein, with his special theory of relativity,
133
550160
3000
๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์•„์ธ์Šˆํƒ€์ธ์€ ํŠน์ˆ˜ ์ƒ๋Œ€๋ก ์„ ์ด์šฉํ•ด์„œ
09:13
looked at a whole set of symmetries of Maxwell's equations,
134
553160
3000
๋งฅ์Šค์›ฐ ๋ฐฉ์ •์‹์ด ์ง€๋‹Œ ๋ชจ๋“  ๋Œ€์นญ์„ฑ์„ ์‚ดํˆ๋Š”๋ฐ
09:16
which are called special relativity.
135
556160
3000
์ด๋ฅผ ์ผ์ปฌ์–ด ํŠน์ˆ˜ ์ƒ๋Œ€์„ฑ์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:19
And those symmetries, then, make the equations even shorter, and even prettier, therefore.
136
559160
5000
๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ์ด ๋Œ€์นญ์„ฑ๋“ค์€ ๋งฅ์Šค์›ฐ ๋ฐฉ์ •์‹์„ ๋” ์งง๊ณ  ๋” ์•„๋ฆ„๋‹ต๊ฒŒ ๋งŒ๋“ญ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:24
Let's look. You don't have to know what these things mean, doesn't make any difference.
137
564160
3000
ํ•œ ๋ฒˆ ๋ด…์‹œ๋‹ค. ์ด๊ฒƒ๋“ค์ด ๋‹ค ๋ฌด์Šจ ๋œป์ธ์ง€ ์•Œ ํ•„์š”๋Š” ์—†์–ด์š”, ์ƒ๊ด€ ์—†์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:27
But you can just look at the form. (Laughter) You can look at the form.
138
567160
4000
๋‹จ์ง€ ๋ชจ์–‘๋งŒ ๋ณด์„ธ์š”. (์›ƒ์Œ). ๋ชจ์–‘์€ ๋ณผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:31
You see above, at the top, a long list
139
571160
2000
์œ„์— ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฐ€์žฅ ๊ธด ๋ชฉ๋ก์„ ๋ณด์ฃ .
09:33
of equations with three components for the three directions of space: x, y and z.
140
573160
6000
๊ณต๊ฐ„์˜ 3 ๋ฐฉํ–ฅ x,y,z ๊ฐ ์„ฑ๋ถ„์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋ฐฉ์ •์‹์ด ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:39
Then, using vector analysis, you use rotational symmetry, and you get this next set.
141
579160
6000
ํšŒ์ „์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋Œ€์นญ์„ฑ์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜๋ฉด ์ฆ‰ ๋ฒกํ„ฐ ํ•ด์„ํ•™์„ ์ด์šฉํ•˜๋ฉด ์•„๋ž˜ ๋ฐฉ์ •์‹์„ ์–ป๊ฒŒ ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:45
Then you use the symmetry of special relativity and you get an even simpler set
142
585160
4000
๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ํŠน์ˆ˜ ์ƒ๋Œ€๋ก ์˜ ๋Œ€์นญ์„ฑ์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋˜๋ฉด ์ด ์•„๋ž˜์˜ ๋”์šฑ ๊ฐ„๋‹จํ•œ ๋ฐฉ์ •์‹์„ ์–ป์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:49
down here, showing that symmetry exhibits better and better.
143
589160
4000
๋Œ€์นญ์„ฑ์ด ์ ์  ๋” ์ž˜ ๋ณด์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:53
The more and more symmetry you have, the better you exhibit the simplicity and elegance of the theory.
144
593160
6000
๋Œ€์นญ์ด ๋” ์ ์  ๋งŽ์•„์งˆ์ˆ˜๋ก ์ด๋ก ์˜ ๊ฐ„๋‹จํ•จ๊ณผ ์šฐ์•„ํ•จ์„ ๋ณด์ด๊ธฐ ์‰ฝ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:59
The last two, the first equation says that electric charges and currents
145
599160
4000
๋งˆ์ง€๋ง‰ ๋‘˜ ์ค‘ ์ฒซ๋ฒˆ์งธ ๋ฐฉ์ •์‹์€ ์ „ํ•˜์™€ ์ „๋ฅ˜๊ฐ€
10:03
give rise to all the electric and magnetic fields.
146
603160
4000
์ „๊ธฐ์žฅ๊ณผ ์ž๊ธฐ์žฅ์„ ๋งŒ๋“ ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋งํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:07
The next -- second -- equation says that there is no magnetism other than that.
147
607160
5000
๋‘๋ฒˆ์งธ ๋ฐฉ์ •์‹์€ ๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ ์ž๋ ฅ ๋ฐ–์— ์—†๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋งํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด์ฃ .
10:12
The only magnetism comes from electric charges and currents.
148
612160
3000
์ „ํ•˜์™€ ์ „๋ฅ˜๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ๋งŒ ์ž๋ ฅ์ด ์œ ๋ฐœ ๋œ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด์ฃ .
10:15
Someday we may find some slight hole in that argument.
149
615160
5000
์–ธ์  ๊ฐ€ ์—ฌ๊ธฐ์„œ ์ž‘์€ ์˜ค๋ฅ˜๋ฅผ ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋ ์ง€๋„ ๋ชจ๋ฆ…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:20
But for the moment, that's the case.
150
620160
4000
๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ๋ฐ ์ ์–ด๋„ ์ง€๊ธˆ๊นŒ์ง€๋Š” ๊ทธ๋ ‡์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:24
Now, here is a very exciting development that many people have not heard of.
151
624160
4000
๋งŽ์€ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ด ๋“ฃ์ง€ ๋ชปํ•œ ํฅ๋ฏธ์ง„์ง„ํ•œ ์ „๊ฐœ๊ณผ์ •์ด ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:28
They should have heard of it, but it's a little tricky to explain in technical detail,
152
628160
5000
๋“ค์–ด๋ดค๊ฒ ์ง€๋งŒ ์ž์„ธํ•œ ๋‚ด์šฉ์„ ์„ค๋ช…ํ•˜๊ธด ๋‚œํ•ดํ•ด์„œ,
10:33
so I won't do it. I'll just mention it. (Laughter)
153
633160
3000
์•ˆ ํ•  ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ƒฅ ์–ธ๊ธ‰ ๋งŒ ํ• ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. (์›ƒ์Œ)
10:36
But Chen Ning Yang, called by us "Frank" Yang -- (Laughter)
154
636160
10000
์–‘์ฒธ๋‹๊ณผ, ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๊ทธ๋ฅผ โ€œํ”„๋žญํฌโ€ ์–‘์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ๋ถ€๋ฅด๋Š”๋ฐ -- (์›ƒ์Œ)
10:46
-- and Bob Mills put forward, 50 years ago,
155
646160
4000
๋ฐฅ ๋ฐ€์Šค๋Š” 50๋…„์ „์—
10:50
this generalization of Maxwell's equations, with a new symmetry.
156
650160
4000
์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ๋Œ€์นญ์„ฑ์„ ๊ฐ–๋Š”, ๋งฅ์Šค์›ฐ ๋ฐฉ์ •์‹์˜ ์ผ๋ฐ˜ํ™”๋ฅผ ์ œ์‹œ ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:54
A whole new symmetry.
157
654160
2000
์™„์ „ํžˆ ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ๋Œ€์นญ์„ฑ ๋ง์ด์ฃ .
10:56
Mathematics very similar, but there was a whole new symmetry.
158
656160
3000
์ˆ˜ํ•™์€ ๋น„์Šทํ–ˆ์œผ๋‚˜, ์™„์ „ํžˆ ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ๋Œ€์นญ์„ฑ์ด์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:59
They hoped that this would contribute somehow to particle physics
159
659160
5000
๊ทธ๋“ค์€ ์ด๊ฒŒ ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ๋“  ์ž…์ž ๋ฌผ๋ฆฌ์— ๋„์›€์ด ๋˜์—ˆ์œผ๋ฉด ๊ธฐ๋Œ€ํ–ˆ์ฃ .
11:04
-- didn't. It didn't, by itself, contribute to particle physics.
160
664160
4000
-- ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ๊ทธ ์ž์ฒด๋กœ๋Š” ์ž…์ž ๋ฌผ๋ฆฌ์— ๋„์›€์ด ๋˜์ง€ ์•Š์•˜์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:08
But then some of us generalized it further. And then it did!
161
668160
5000
๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋“ค ์ค‘ ๋ˆ„๊ตฐ๊ฐ€๊ฐ€ ์ข€ ๋” ์ผ๋ฐ˜ํ™”๋ฅผ ์‹œ์ผฐ๊ณ  ์ด๋Š” ๋„์›€์ด ๋˜์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:13
And it gave a very beautiful description of the strong force and of the weak force.
162
673160
5000
๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ด๋Š” ๊ฐ•๋ ฅ๊ณผ ์•ฝ๋ ฅ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋งค์šฐ ์•„๋ฆ„๋‹ค์šด ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์„ ์ œ๊ณตํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:18
So here we say, again, what we said before:
163
678160
3000
์•„๊นŒ ํ–ˆ๋˜ ๋ง์„ ๋‹ค์‹œ ํ•˜์ž๋ฉด
11:21
that each skin of the onion shows a similarity to the adjoining skins.
164
681160
4000
์–‘ํŒŒ์˜ ๊ฐ ๊ป์งˆ์€ ๋งž๋‹ฟ์€ ๊ป์งˆ๊ณผ ์œ ์‚ฌ์„ฑ์„ ๋ณด์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:25
So the mathematics for the adjoining skins is very similar to what we need for the new one.
165
685160
5000
๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ๋งž๋‹ฟ์€ ๊ป์งˆ์˜ ์ˆ˜ํ•™์€ ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ๊ป์งˆ์— ํ•„์š”ํ•œ ์ˆ˜ํ•™๊ณผ ์œ ์‚ฌํ•˜์ฃ .
11:30
And therefore it looks beautiful
166
690160
2000
๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์•„๋ฆ„๋‹ค์›Œ ๋ณด์ด๋Š” ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:32
because we already know how to write it in a lovely, concise way.
167
692160
4000
์™œ๋ƒ๋ฉด ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์•™์ฆ๋งž๊ณ  ๊ฐ„๋žตํ•œ ํ˜•ํƒœ๋กœ ๊ธฐ์ˆ ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์„ ์ด๋ฏธ ์•Œ๊ณ  ์žˆ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ด์ฃ .
11:36
So here are the themes. We believe there is a unified theory underlying all the regularities.
168
696160
9000
์ด๊ฒŒ ์ฃผ์ œ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๋ชจ๋“  ๊ทœ์น™์„ฑ ์•„๋ž˜์— ํ†ตํ•ฉ๋œ ์ด๋ก ์ด ์žˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋ฏฟ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:45
Steps toward unification exhibit the simplicity.
169
705160
4000
ํ†ตํ•ฉ์„ ํ–ฅํ•œ ์‹œ๋„๋Š” ๋‹จ์ˆœํ•จ์„ ํ‘œ์ถœ ์‹œํ‚ต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:49
Symmetry exhibits the simplicity.
170
709160
2000
๋Œ€์นญ์„ฑ์€ ๋‹จ์ˆœํ•จ์„ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋ƒ…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:51
And then there is self-similarity across the scales -- in other words,
171
711160
4000
๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์Šค์ผ€์ผ์„ ๋›ฐ์–ด๋„˜๋Š” ์ž๊ธฐ ์œ ์‚ฌ์„ฑ์ด ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋‹ค์‹œ ๋งํ•ด์„œ
11:55
from one skin of the onion to another one.
172
715160
2000
์–‘ํŒŒ์˜ ํ•œ ๊ป์งˆ๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๊ป์งˆ๊นŒ์ง€ ์œ ์‚ฌ์„ฑ์ด ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฑฐ์ฃ .
11:57
Proximate self-similarity. And that accounts for this phenomenon.
173
717160
5000
๊ทผ์‚ฌ์  ์ž๊ธฐ ์œ ์‚ฌ์„ฑ์ด ์ด ํ˜„์ƒ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์„ค๋ช…์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:02
That will account for why beauty is a successful criterion for selecting the right theory.
174
722160
7000
์ด ์œ ์‚ฌ์„ฑ์ด, ์™œ ์•„๋ฆ„๋‹ค์›€์ด ์˜ฌ๋ฐ”๋ฅธ ์ด๋ก ์„ ๊ณ ๋ฅด๋Š” ๋ฐ ์„ฑ๊ณต์ ์ธ ์ฒ™๋„์ธ์ง€๋ฅผ ์„ค๋ช…ํ•ด์ค๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
12:09
Here's what Newton himself said:
175
729160
1000
์—ฌ๊ธฐ ๋‰ดํ„ด์ด ์ง์ ‘ ๋งํ•œ ๋ฌธ๊ตฌ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:10
"Nature is very consonant and conformable to her self."
176
730160
4000
"์ž์—ฐ์€ ๋งค์šฐ ์กฐํ™”๋กญ๊ณ  ์Šค์Šค๋กœ ์ •ํ•ฉ์ ์ด๋‹ค."
12:14
One thing he was thinking of is something that most of us take for granted today,
177
734160
4000
๊ทธ๊ฐ€ ์ƒ๊ฐํ–ˆ๋˜ ํ•œ ๊ฐ€์ง€๋Š” ์˜ค๋Š˜๋‚ ์—๋Š” ๋ชจ๋‘ ๋‹น์—ฐํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋ฐ›์•„๋“ค์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:18
but in his day it wasn't taken for granted.
178
738160
3000
๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ๊ทธ์˜ ์‹œ๋Œ€์—๋Š” ๋‹น์—ฐํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์ด ์•„๋‹ˆ์—ˆ์ฃ .
12:21
There's the story, which is not absolutely certain to be right, but a lot of people told it.
179
741160
6000
๋งž๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ™•์‹ ์€ ๋ชปํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ๋งŽ์€ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ด ํ•˜๋Š” ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:27
Four sources told it. That when they had the plague in Cambridge,
180
747160
4000
4๊ฐ€์ง€ ์ถœ์ฒ˜๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์บ์ž„๋ธŒ๋ฆฌ์ง€์— ํ‘์‚ฌ๋ณ‘์ด ํผ์ ธ ๋Œ€ํ•™์ด ๋‹ซ์•„
12:31
and he went down to his mother's farm -- because the university was closed --
181
751160
4000
๋‰ดํ„ด์ด ์–ด๋จธ๋‹ˆ์˜ ๋†์žฅ์œผ๋กœ ๋‚ด๋ ค๊ฐ”์„ ๋•Œ
12:35
he saw an apple fall from a tree, or on his head or something.
182
755160
4000
๊ทธ๋Š” ๋‚˜๋ฌด๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ๋–จ์–ด์ง€๋Š” ์‚ฌ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ๋งž์•˜๋˜๊ฐ€ ๋ดค๋˜๊ฐ€ ๊ทธ๋žฌ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:39
And he realized suddenly that the force that drew the apple down to the earth
183
759160
4000
๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๊ทธ๋Š” ๊ฐ‘์ž๊ธฐ ์‚ฌ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ์ง€๊ตฌ๋กœ ๋‹น๊ธฐ๋Š” ํž˜์ด
12:43
could be the same as the force regulating the motions of the planets and the moon.
184
763160
6000
ํ–‰์„ฑ๊ณผ ๋‹ฌ์˜ ์›€์ง์ž„์„ ๊ทœ์ •ํ•˜๋Š” ํž˜๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ๊นจ๋‹ฌ์•˜์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:49
That was a big unification for those days, although today we take it for granted.
185
769160
5000
์˜ค๋Š˜๋‚ ์—๋Š” ๋‹น์—ฐํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋ฐ›์•„๋“ค์ด์ง€๋งŒ, ๊ทธ ๋‹น์‹œ์—๋Š” ๊ต‰์žฅํžˆ ํฐ ํ†ตํ•ฉ์ด์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:54
It's the same theory of gravity.
186
774160
4000
๊ฐ™์€ ๋งŒ์œ ์ธ๋ ฅ ์ด๋ก ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:58
So he said that this principle of nature, consonance:
187
778160
5000
๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ๊ทธ๋Š” ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์ž์—ฐ์˜ ์›๋ฆฌ, ์ฆ‰ ์กฐํ™”์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ๋‹ค์Œ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์ด ๋งํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
13:03
"This principle of nature being very remote from the conceptions of philosophers,
188
783160
5000
"์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์ž์—ฐ์˜ ์›๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์ฒ ํ•™์ž๋“ค์˜ ๊ด€๋…๊ณผ๋Š” ์•„์ฃผ ๊ฑฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๋ฉ€๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์—
13:08
I forbore to describe it in that book,
189
788160
3000
๊ทธ์ฑ…์— ์„ค๋ช…ํ•˜๋ ค๊ณ  ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์•˜๋‹ค.
13:11
lest I should be accounted an extravagant freak ... "
190
791160
4000
๋‚ด๊ฐ€ ํ„ฐ๋ฌด๋‹ˆ ์—†์ด ์ด์ƒํ•œ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์œผ๋กœ ์—ฌ๊ฒจ์ง€๋ฉด ์•ˆ๋˜๋‹ˆ๊นŒ..."
13:15
That's what we all have to watch out for, (Laughter) especially at this meeting.
191
795160
5000
๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ๋ฐ ๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ ๊ฑธ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์กฐ์‹ฌํ•ด์•ผ ํ•˜์ฃ .(์›ƒ์Œ).์ด ๋ชจ์ž„์—์„  ํŠนํžˆ ๋ง์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:20
" ... and so prejudice my readers against all those things which were the main design of the book."
192
800160
5000
"... ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๊ทธ ์ฑ…์˜ ๋‚ด์šฉ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด์„œ ๋…์ž๋“ค์ด ํŽธ๊ฒฌ์„ ๊ฐ€์ง€๋ฉด ์•ˆ๋˜๋‹ˆ๊นŒ."
13:25
Now, who today would claim that as a mere conceit of the human mind?
193
805160
4000
์˜ค๋Š˜๋‚  ๊ทธ ๋ˆ„๊ฐ€ ์ด๊ฒƒ์„ ๋‹จ์ง€ ์ธ๊ฐ„ ์ •์‹ ์˜ ์ž๋งŒ์ด๋ผ ์ฃผ์žฅํ•˜๊ฒ ์Šต๋‹ˆ๊นŒ?
13:29
That the force that causes the apple to fall to the ground
194
809160
4000
์‚ฌ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ๋•…์œผ๋กœ ๋–จ์–ด์ง€๊ฒŒ ํ•˜๋Š” ํž˜๊ณผ
13:33
is the same force that causes the planets and the moon to move around,
195
813160
3000
ํ–‰์„ฑ๊ณผ ๋‹ฌ์ด ๋Œ๊ฒŒ ๋งŒ๋“œ๋Š” ํž˜์ด ๊ฐ™๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ ๋“ฑ๋“ฑ์„?
13:36
and so on? Everybody knows that. It's a property of gravitation.
196
816160
5000
๋ชจ๋“  ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์ด ์•Œ๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๊ฒŒ ์ค‘๋ ฅ์˜ ์„ฑ์งˆ์ด๋ผ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„.
13:41
It's not something in the human mind. The human mind can, of course, appreciate it
197
821160
4000
์ธ๊ฐ„์˜ ์ •์‹ ์— ๋“ค์–ด์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒŒ ์•„๋‹™๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ธ๊ฐ„์˜ ์ •์‹ ์€ ๋ฌผ๋ก  ์ด๊ฒƒ์„ ๊ฐ์‚ฌํžˆ ์—ฌ๊ธฐ๊ณ 
13:45
and enjoy it, use it, but it's not -- it doesn't stem from the human mind.
198
825160
5000
์ฆ๊ธฐ๊ณ , ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ์ธ๊ฐ„ ์ •์‹ ์œผ๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ๋‚˜์˜ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€ ์•„๋‹™๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:50
It stems from the character of gravity.
199
830160
2000
์ค‘๋ ฅ์˜ ์„ฑ์งˆ๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ๋‚˜์˜ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด์ฃ .
13:52
And that's true of all the things we're talking about.
200
832160
2000
๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ด๊ฒŒ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๋งํ•˜๋Š” ๋ชจ๋“  ๊ฒƒ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ง„์‹ค์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:54
They are properties of the fundamental law.
201
834160
2000
๊ธฐ๋ณธ ๋ฒ•์น™์˜ ์„ฑ์งˆ์ด์ฃ .
13:56
The fundamental law is such that the different skins of the onion resemble one another,
202
836160
6000
๊ธฐ๋ณธ ๋ฒ•์น™์€ ์–‘ํŒŒ์˜ ๊ป์งˆ๋“ค์ด ์„œ๋กœ๋ฅผ ๋‹ฎ์•„
14:02
and therefore the math for one skin allows you to express beautifully and simply
203
842160
4000
ํ•œ ๊ป์งˆ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ˆ˜ํ•™์ด ๋‹ค์Œ ๊ป์งˆ์˜ ํ˜„์ƒ์„
14:06
the phenomenon of the next skin.
204
846160
3000
์•„๋ฆ„๋‹ต๊ณ  ๊ฐ„๋‹จํ•˜๊ฒŒ ํ‘œํ˜„ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋„๋ก ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
14:09
I say here that Newton did a lot of things that year:
205
849160
3000
๋‰ดํ„ด์€ ๊ทธ ํ•ด ๋งŽ์€ ์ผ์„ ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
14:12
gravity, the laws of motion, the calculus, white light composed of all the colors of the rainbow.
206
852160
6000
์ค‘๋ ฅ, ์šด๋™์˜ ๋ฒ•์น™, ๋ฏธ์ ๋ถ„, ๋ฐฑ์ƒ‰๊ด‘์˜ ๋ฌด์ง€๊ฐœ ์ŠคํŽ™ํŠธ๋Ÿผ.
14:18
And he could have written quite an essay on "What I Did Over My Summer Vacation."
207
858160
6000
๊ทธ๋Š” ์•„๋งˆ๋„ "๋‚ด ์—ฌ๋ฆ„ ํœด๊ฐ€ ๋™์•ˆ ํ•œ ์ผ" ์ด๋ผ๋Š” ์ˆ˜๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ํ•˜๋‚˜ ์จ๋„ ๋์„ ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
14:24
(Laughter)
208
864160
4000
(์›ƒ์Œ).
14:28
So we don't have to assume these principles as separate metaphysical postulates.
209
868160
10000
๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์ด ์›๋ฆฌ๋“ค์„ ํ˜•์ด์ƒํ•™์ ์ธ ๊ฐ€์ •์œผ๋กœ ๋ถ„๋ฆฌ์‹œ์ผœ ์ƒ๊ฐํ•  ํ•„์š”๊ฐ€ ์—†์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
14:38
They follow from the fundamental theory.
210
878160
6000
๊ธฐ๋ณธ ์ด๋ก ์œผ๋กœ ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์–ป์–ด์ง€๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
14:44
They are what we call emergent properties.
211
884160
2000
์ด๊ฒƒ์ด ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์ฐฝ๋ฐœ์  ์„ฑ์งˆ์ด๋ผ ๋ถ€๋ฅด๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด์ฃ .
14:46
You don't need -- you don't need something more to get something more.
212
886160
7000
๋” ํ•„์š”์น˜ ์•Š์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ฌด์—‡์ธ๊ฐ€ ๋” ์–ป๊ธฐ์œ„ํ•ด ๋ฌด์—‡์ธ๊ฐ€๊ฐ€ ๋” ํ•„์š”ํ•œ ๊ฒŒ ์•„๋‹™๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
14:53
That's what emergence means.
213
893160
2000
๊ทธ๊ฒŒ ๋ฐ”๋กœ ์ฐฝ๋ฐœ์„ฑ์ด ๋œปํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
14:55
Life can emerge from physics and chemistry, plus a lot of accidents.
214
895160
9000
์ƒ๋ช…์€ ๋ฌผ๋ฆฌํ•™๊ณผ ํ™”ํ•™ ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๋งŽ์€ ์‚ฌ๊ฑด์œผ๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์ฐฝ๋ฐœํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
15:04
The human mind can arise from neurobiology and a lot of accidents,
215
904160
5000
์ธ๊ฐ„์˜ ์ •์‹ ์€ ์‹ ๊ฒฝ ์ƒ๋ฌผํ•™๊ณผ ๋งŽ์€ ์‚ฌ๊ฑด์œผ๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์ƒ๊น๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
15:09
the way the chemical bond arises from physics and certain accidents.
216
909160
7000
ํ™”ํ•™ ๊ฒฐํ•ฉ์˜ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์€ ๋ฌผ๋ฆฌ์™€ ์–ด๋–ค ์‚ฌ๊ฑด์œผ๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์ƒ๊น๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
15:16
It doesn't diminish the importance of these subjects
217
916160
4000
์ด๋Ÿฐ ๊ฒƒ๋“ค์ด ์ข€ ๋” ๊ธฐ์ดˆ์ ์ธ ๊ฒƒ๊ณผ ์šฐ์—ฐ์œผ๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•œ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€
15:20
to know that they follow from more fundamental things, plus accidents.
218
920160
6000
์ด๊ฒƒ๋“ค์˜ ์ค‘์š”์„ฑ์„ ๊ฐ์†Œ์‹œํ‚ค์ง€ ์•Š์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
15:26
That's a general rule, and it's critically important to realize that.
219
926160
5000
์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ์ผ๋ฐ˜์ ์ธ ๋ฒ•์น™์ด๊ณ  ์ด๊ฒƒ์„ ๊นจ๋‹ฟ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€ ๊ต‰์žฅํžˆ ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ์ผ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
15:31
You don't need something more in order to get something more.
220
931160
4000
๋ฌด์—‡์ธ๊ฐ€ ๋” ์–ป๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ๋ฌด์—‡์ธ๊ฐ€๊ฐ€ ๋” ํ•„์š”์น˜ ์•Š์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
15:35
People keep asking that when they read my book, "The Quark and the Jaguar,"
221
935160
4000
์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์€ ์ œ ์ฑ… The Quark and the Jaguar ๋ฅผ ์ฝ๊ณ  ๋ฌป๊ณค ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
15:39
and they say, "Isn't there something more beyond what you have there?"
222
939160
4000
"๋‹น์‹ ์ด ๋งํ•œ ๊ฒƒ ์ด์™ธ์— ๋ฌด์–ธ๊ฐ€ ๋” ์žˆ์ง€ ์•Š๋‚˜์š”?"
15:43
Presumably, they mean something supernatural.
223
943160
4000
์•„๋งˆ๋„ ๋ญ”๊ฐ€ ์ดˆ์ž์—ฐ์ ์ธ ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋œปํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฑฐ๊ฒ ์ฃ .
15:47
Anyway, there isn't. (Laughter)
224
947160
2000
์–ด์จŒ๋“ , ์—†์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. (์›ƒ์Œ).
15:49
You don't need something more to explain something more.
225
949160
5000
๋ฌด์—‡์ธ๊ฐ€ ๋” ์„ค๋ช…ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ๋ฌด์–ธ๊ฐ€๊ฐ€ ๋” ํ•„์š”์น˜ ์•Š์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
15:54
Thank you very much. (Applause)
226
954160
3000
๊ฐ์‚ฌํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. (๋ฐ•์ˆ˜)
์ด ์›น์‚ฌ์ดํŠธ ์ •๋ณด

์ด ์‚ฌ์ดํŠธ๋Š” ์˜์–ด ํ•™์Šต์— ์œ ์šฉํ•œ YouTube ๋™์˜์ƒ์„ ์†Œ๊ฐœํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ „ ์„ธ๊ณ„ ์ตœ๊ณ ์˜ ์„ ์ƒ๋‹˜๋“ค์ด ๊ฐ€๋ฅด์น˜๋Š” ์˜์–ด ์ˆ˜์—…์„ ๋ณด๊ฒŒ ๋  ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฐ ๋™์˜์ƒ ํŽ˜์ด์ง€์— ํ‘œ์‹œ๋˜๋Š” ์˜์–ด ์ž๋ง‰์„ ๋”๋ธ” ํด๋ฆญํ•˜๋ฉด ๊ทธ๊ณณ์—์„œ ๋™์˜์ƒ์ด ์žฌ์ƒ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋น„๋””์˜ค ์žฌ์ƒ์— ๋งž์ถฐ ์ž๋ง‰์ด ์Šคํฌ๋กค๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์˜๊ฒฌ์ด๋‚˜ ์š”์ฒญ์ด ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ์ด ๋ฌธ์˜ ์–‘์‹์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ฌธ์˜ํ•˜์‹ญ์‹œ์˜ค.

https://forms.gle/WvT1wiN1qDtmnspy7