Yuval Noah Harari: The Actual Cost of Preventing Climate Breakdown | TED

214,352 views ใƒป 2022-06-17

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ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

ืชืจื’ื•ื: Noam Nir ืขืจื™ื›ื”: Ido Dekkers
00:04
As the climate crisis worsens,
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ื‘ืขื•ื“ ืฉืžืฉื‘ืจ ื”ืืงืœื™ื ืžื—ืžื™ืจ,
00:06
too many people are swinging from denial straight to despair.
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ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื“ื™ ืื ืฉื™ื ืžืชื ื“ื ื“ื™ื ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื›ื—ืฉื” ืœื™ื™ืื•ืฉ.
00:11
But we should not lose hope.
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ืื‘ืœ ืืœ ืœื ื• ืœืื‘ื“ ืชืงื•ื•ื”.
00:14
Humanity has enormous resources under its command,
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ืœืื ื•ืฉื•ืช ื™ืฉ ืžืฉืื‘ื™ื ืขืฆื•ืžื™ื ื”ืขื•ืžื“ื™ื ืœืจืฉื•ืชื”,
00:17
and by applying them wisely,
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ื•ื‘ื™ื™ืฉื•ื ื ื‘ื•ืŸ ืฉืœื”ื,
00:19
we can still prevent ecological cataclysm.
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ืื ื• ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืžื ื•ืข ืืกื•ืŸ ืืงื•ืœื•ื’ื™.
00:24
Let's talk numbers.
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ื‘ื•ืื• ื ื“ื‘ืจ ื‘ืžืกืคืจื™ื:
00:25
What would it cost to prevent catastrophic climate change?
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ื›ืžื” ื™ืขืœื” ืœืžื ื•ืข ืืกื•ืŸ ืžืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ื”ืืงืœื™ื?
00:30
Would we have to commit 50 percent of our total budget?
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ื”ืื ื ื”ื™ื” ื—ื™ื™ื‘ื™ื ืœื”ืงืฆื•ืช 50 ืื—ื•ื–ื™ื ืžืกืš ื”ืชืงืฆื™ื‘ ืฉืœื ื•?
00:34
Thirty percent?
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ืฉืœื•ืฉื™ื ืื—ื•ื–ื™ื?
00:35
Ten percent?
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ืขืฉืจื” ืื—ื•ื–ื™ื
00:36
Naturally enough, no one knows for sure.
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ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื˜ื‘ืขื™, ืืฃ ืื—ื“ ืœื ื™ื•ื“ืข ื‘ื•ื•ื“ืื•ืช.
00:40
My team and I have spent weeks poring over various reports
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ื”ืฆื•ื•ืช ืฉืœื™ ื•ืื ื™ ืฉืงื“ื ื• ื‘ืžืฉืš ืฉื‘ื•ืขื•ืช ื‘ืขื™ื•ืŸ ื‘ื“ื•โ€œื—ื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื™ื,
00:45
and academic papers living in a cloud of numbers.
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ื•ืžืืžืจื™ื ืืงื“ืžื™ื™ื, ื—ื™ื™ื ื‘โ€œืขื ืŸโ€ ืฉืœ ืžืกืคืจื™ื.
00:49
But while the models behind the numbers are dizzyingly complex,
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ืื‘ืœ ื‘ืขื•ื“ ืฉื”ืžื•ื“ืœื™ื ืžืื—ื•ืจื™ ื”ืžืกืคืจื™ื ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ื™ื ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ืžืกื—ืจืจืช,
00:54
the bottom line should cheer us up.
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ื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืชื—ืชื•ื ื” ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœืขื•ื“ื“ ืื•ืชื ื•.
00:56
Most experts converge on the number two percent.
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ืจื•ื‘ ื”ืžื•ืžื—ื™ื ืžืชื›ื ืกื™ื ืœืžืกืคืจ ืฉื ื™ ืื—ื•ื–ื™ื.
01:01
If humanity increases our annual investment in clean technologies
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ืื ื”ืื ื•ืฉื•ืช ืชื’ื“ื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืฉืงืขื•ืชื™ื ื• ื”ืฉื ืชื™ื•ืช ื‘ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื•ืช ื ืงื™ื•ืช
01:06
and infrastructure by around two percent of global GDP,
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ื•ืชืฉืชื™ื•ืช ื‘ืฉื ื™ ืื—ื•ื–ื™ื ื‘ืขืจืš ืžื”ืชืžโ€œื’ ื”ืขื•ืœืžื™,
01:11
that should be enough to prevent catastrophic climate change.
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ื–ื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ืกืคื™ืง ื›ื“ื™ ืœืžื ื•ืข ืืกื•ืŸ ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ื”ืืงืœื™ื.
01:16
If you want to see how experts got to that number,
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ืื ืืชื ืจื•ืฆื™ื ืœืจืื•ืช ื›ื™ืฆื“ ืžื•ืžื—ื™ื ื”ื’ื™ืขื• ืœืžืกืคืจ ื”ื–ื”,
01:20
you're welcome to visit the Sapienship website.
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ืืชื ืžื•ื–ืžื ื™ื ืœื‘ืงืจ ื‘ืืชืจ ื”ื‘ื™ืช ืฉืœ โ€œSapienshipโ€.
01:23
We can, of course, argue endlessly about the exact number,
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ืื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ, ืœื”ืชื•ื•ื›ื— ืขื“ ืื™ืŸ ืกื•ืฃ ืขืœ ื”ืžืกืคืจ ื”ืžื“ื•ื™ื™ืง,
01:28
tweaking the models this way and that way.
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ืœื”ืชืื™ื ืืช ื”ืžื•ื“ืœื™ื ื›ืš ืื• ืื—ืจืช.
01:31
But we should look at the big picture.
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ืื‘ืœ ืขืœื™ื ื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืืช ื”ืชืžื•ื ื” ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื”.
01:34
The crucial news is that the price tag of preventing the apocalypse
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ื”ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช ื”ื’ื•ืจืœื™ื•ืช ื”ืŸ ืฉืชื’ ื”ืžื—ื™ืจ ืฉืœ ืžื ื™ืขืช ื—ื–ื•ืŸ ืื—ืจื™ืช ื”ื™ืžื™ื
01:39
is in the low single digits of annual global GDP.
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ื”ื•ื ืžืกืคืจ ื—ื“ ืกืคืจืชื™ ื ืžื•ืš ื‘ืื—ื•ื–ื™ื ืžืชืงืฆื™ื‘ ื”ืชืžโ€œื’ ื”ืขื•ืœืžื™.
01:44
Even the more pessimistic models
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ืืคื™ืœื• ื”ืžื•ื“ืœื™ื ื”ืงื•ื“ืจื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ
01:47
generally estimate it at below five percent.
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ื‘ื“ืจืš ื›ืœืœ ืžืขืจื™ื›ื™ื ื–ืืช ื‘ืžืชื—ืช ืœื—ืžื™ืฉื” ืื—ื•ื–ื™ื.
01:50
And most models say it requires investing
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ื•ืจื•ื‘ ื”ืžื•ื“ืœื™ื ืื•ืžืจื™ื ืฉื ื“ืจืฉืช ื”ืฉืงืขื”
01:54
only an additional two percent of global GDP in the right places.
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ื ื•ืกืคืช ืฉืœ ืฉื ื™ ืื—ื•ื–ื™ื ื ื•ืกืคื™ื ืžื”ืชืžโ€œื’ ื”ืขื•ืœืžื™, ื‘ืžืงื•ืžื•ืช ื”ื ื›ื•ื ื™ื.
02:00
And note the word investing.
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ื•ืจืฉืžื• ืืช ื”ืžื™ืœื” โ€œื”ืฉืงืขื”โ€œ.
02:04
We are not talking about burning piles of banknotes
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืœื ืžื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ืฉืจื™ืคืช ืขืจื™ืžื•ืช ืฉืœ ืฉื˜ืจื•ืช ืฉืœ ื›ืกืฃ
02:08
in some huge sacrifice to the spirits of the Earth.
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ื‘ืžืขื™ืŸ ื”ืงืจื‘ื” ืœืžืขืŸ ื”ืจื•ื—ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืืจืฅ.
02:12
We are talking about making investments
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ืื ื• ืžื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื”ืฉืงืขื•ืช
02:15
in new technologies and infrastructure,
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ื‘ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื•ืช ื•ืชืฉืชื™ื•ืช ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช,
02:18
such as advanced batteries or other technologies
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ื›ืžื• ืœืžืฉืœ ืกื•ืœืœื•ืช ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช, ืื• ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื•ืช ืื—ืจื•ืช
02:21
to store solar energy
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ืœืื’ื™ืจืช ืื ืจื’ื™ื” ืกื•ืœืืจื™ืช
02:24
and updated power grids to distribute it.
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ื•ืจืฉืชื•ืช ื—ืฉืžืœ ืขื“ื›ื ื™ื•ืช ืœื”ืคืฆืชื”.
02:28
These investments will create lots of new jobs and economic opportunities
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ื”ืฉืงืขื•ืช ืืœื” ื™ื™ืฆืจื• ื”ืจื‘ื” ืžืื•ื“ ืžืฉืจื•ืช ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช ื•ื”ื–ื“ืžื ื•ื™ื•ืช ื›ืœื›ืœื™ื•ืช,
02:34
and are likely to be economically profitable in the long run,
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ื•ื›ื›ืœ ื”ื ืจืื” ื™ื”ื™ื• ืจื•ื•ื—ื™ื•ืช ื›ืœื›ืœื™ืช, ื‘ื˜ื•ื•ื— ื”ืจื—ื•ืง.
02:38
in part by reducing health care expenditures
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ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืฉืืจ, ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืฆืžืฆื•ื ื”ื•ืฆืื•ืช ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช
02:41
and saving millions of people from sickness caused by air pollution.
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ื•ื”ืฆืœืชื ืฉืœ ืžื™ืœื™ื•ื ื™ ื‘ื ื™ ืื“ื ืžืžื—ืœื•ืช ืฉืžืงื•ืจืŸ ื‘ื–ื™ื”ื•ื ืื•ื•ื™ืจ.
02:47
In addition, since oil and gas often prop up autocratic and militaristic regimes,
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ื‘ื ื•ืกืฃ, ืžืื—ืจ ืฉื ืคื˜ ื•ื’ื–, ืœืขื™ืชื™ื ืงืจื•ื‘ื•ืช, ืžื—ื–ืงื™ื ืžืฉื˜ืจื™ื ืฆื‘ืื™ื™ื ื•ื“ื™ืงื˜ื˜ื•ืจื•ืช,
02:54
reducing our dependence on fossil fuels
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ืฆืžืฆื•ื ื”ืชืœื•ืช ื‘ื“ืœืงื™ื ืžื•ืฆืงื™ื
02:58
will be a huge boon to democracy and to peace.
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ื™ื”ื™ื” ืชืจื•ืžื” ืขืฆื•ืžื” ืœื“ืžื•ืงืจื˜ื™ื” ื•ืœืฉืœื•ื.
03:03
All this can be translated into a concrete political plan of action.
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ื›ืœ ืืœื”, ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžืชื•ืจื’ืžื™ื ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ืช ืœืชื•ื›ื ื™ื•ืช ืคืขื•ืœื” ืžื•ื—ืฉื™ื•ืช.
03:09
We have learned in recent years to define our goal in terms of one number:
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ื‘ืฉื ื™ื ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื•ืช ืœืžื“ื ื• ืœื”ื’ื“ื™ืจ ืืช ืžื˜ืจื•ืชื™ื ื• ื‘ืžื•ื ื— ืžืกืคืจื™ ืื—ื“:
03:15
1.5 degrees Celsius.
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1.5 ืžืขืœื•ืช ืฆืœืกื™ื•ืก,
03:18
We can define the means to do this
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ืื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ื’ื“ื™ืจ ืืช ื”ืืžืฆืขื™ ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื–ืืช
03:21
with another number: two percent.
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ื‘ืขื–ืจืช ืžืกืคืจ ืื—ืจ: ืฉื ื™ ืื—ื•ื–ื™ื.
03:24
Increased investment in clean technologies and infrastructure
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ื”ื’ื“ืœืช ื”ืฉืงืขื•ืช ื‘ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื•ืช ื ืงื™ื•ืช ื•ืชืฉืชื™ื•ืช
03:28
by two percentage points of global GDP,
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ื‘ืฉื ื™ ืื—ื•ื–ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืชืžโ€œื’ ื”ืขื•ืœืžื™,
03:32
above 2020 levels.
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ืžืขืœ ืœืจืžื•ืช ืฉืœ 2020.
03:35
Of course, unlike the 1.5 Celsius figure,
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ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ, ืฉืœื ื›ืžื• ืžืกืคืจ ื”โ€œ1.5 ืฆืœืกื™ื•ืกโ€œ,
03:39
which is a scientifically robust threshold,
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ืฉื”ื•ื ืžื‘ื—ื™ื ื” ืžื“ืขื™ืช ืžืกืžืŸ ืขืจืš ืžื•ื—ืœื˜,
03:42
the two-percent figure represents only a rough guesstimate.
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ืžืกืคืจ ื”-โ€œืฉื ื™ ืื—ื•ื–ื™ืโ€ ืžื™ื™ืฆื’ ื”ืขืจื›ื” ื’ืกื” ื‘ืœื‘ื“.
03:48
It should be understood as a ballpark figure
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ื”ืžืกืคืจ ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžื•ื‘ืŸ ื›โ€œืกื“ืจ ื’ื•ื“ืœโ€
03:51
that can help to frame
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ืฉืขื•ื–ืจ ืœืžืกื’ืจ
03:52
the kind of political project humanity requires.
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ืืช ืกื•ื’ ื”ืžื™ื–ื ื”ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ ื”ื ื“ืจืฉ ืœืื ื•ืฉื•ืช.
03:56
It tells us that preventing catastrophic climate change
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ื–ื” ืื•ืžืจ ืœื ื• ืฉืžื ื™ืขืช ืืกื•ืŸ ืžืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ื”ืืงืœื™ื
04:00
is a totally feasible project,
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ื”ื•ื ืžื™ื–ื ืœื’ืžืจื™ ื‘ืจ ื‘ื™ืฆื•ืข,
04:04
even though it would obviously cost a lot of money.
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ืืคื™ืœื• ืฉื‘ืจื•ืจ ืฉื”ื•ื ื™ืขืœื” ื”ืจื‘ื” ืžืื•ื“ ื›ืกืฃ.
04:09
Since global GDP in 2020 was about 85 trillion US dollars,
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ืžืื—ืจ ื•ื”ืชืžโ€œื’ ื”ืขื•ืœืžื™ ื‘2020 ื”ื™ื” ื‘ืขืจืš 85 ื˜ืจื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ื“ื•ืœืจ,
04:15
we are talking about a number around 1.7 trillion US dollars.
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ืื ื• ืžื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ืกื›ื•ื ืกื‘ื™ื‘ 1.7 ื˜ืจื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ื“ื•ืœืจ.
04:21
But that's still just two percent.
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ืื‘ืœ ื–ื” ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืจืง ืฉื ื™ ืื—ื•ื–ื™ื.
04:24
This means that to save the environment,
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ื–ื” ืื•ืžืจ ืฉืขืœ ืžื ืช ืœื”ืฆื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื”,
04:27
we don't need to completely derail the economy
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืœื ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœืฉื ื•ืช ืœื’ืžืจื™ ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืœื›ืœื›ืœื”
04:30
or to abandon the achievements of modern civilization.
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ืื• ืœื ื˜ื•ืฉ ืืช ื”ื”ื™ืฉื’ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ื—ื‘ืจื” ื”ืžื•ื“ืจื ื™ืช.
04:34
We just need to get our priorities right.
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืจืง ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ืกื“ืจ ืขื“ื™ืคื•ื™ื•ืช ื ื›ื•ืŸ.
04:39
Committing two percent of annual global GDP
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ืžื—ื•ื™ื‘ื•ืช ืœืฉื ื™ ืื—ื•ื–ื™ื ืžื”ืชืžโ€œื’ ื”ืฉื ืชื™
04:41
is far from the whole story, of course.
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ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ ืฉืจื—ื•ืงื” ืžื”ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ื›ื•ืœื•.
04:44
It won't solve all our ecological problems,
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ื”ื™ื ืœื ืชืคืชื•ืจ ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ื‘ืขื™ื•ืช ื”ืกื‘ื™ื‘ืชื™ื•ืช ืฉืœื ื•,
04:47
such as oceans brimming with plastic or the continued loss of biodiversity.
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ื›ืžื• ื”ืื•ืงื™ื™ื ื•ืกื™ื ืฉืžื•ืฆืคื™ื ื‘ืคืกื•ืœืช ืคืœืกื˜ื™ืง, ืื• ื”ืื•ื‘ื“ืŸ ื”ืžืชืžืฉืš ืฉืœ ื”ืžื’ื•ื•ืŸ ื”ื‘ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™.
04:54
And even to prevent catastrophic climate change
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ื•ืืคื™ืœื• ืœืžื ื™ืขืช ืืกื•ืŸ ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ืืงืœื™ืžื™
04:57
we'll need to make sure that the funds are invested in the right places
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ืื ื• ื ืฆื˜ืจืš ืœื•ื•ื“ื ืฉื”ืžื™ืžื•ืŸ ื™ื•ืฉืงืข ื‘ืžืงื•ืžื•ืช ื”ื ื›ื•ื ื™ื
05:02
and that the new investments don't cause
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ื•ืฉื”ื”ืฉืงืขื•ืช ื”ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช ืœื ื™ื’ืจืžื•
05:05
their own negative ecological or social fallout.
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ืœื”ืฉืคืขื•ืช ืฉืœื™ืœื™ื•ืช ืžืฉืœื”ืŸ ืขืœ ื”ืžืจืงื ื”ืืงื•ืœื•ื’ื™ ื•ื”ื—ื‘ืจืชื™.
05:09
We will also need to change some of our behaviors
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ืื ื—ื ื• ื ืฆื˜ืจืš ืœืฉื ื•ืช ื’ื ื›ืžื” ืžื“ืคื•ืกื™ ื”ื”ืชื ื”ื’ื•ืช ืฉืœื ื•
05:13
and ways of thinking
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ื•ื“ืคื•ืกื™ ื”ื—ืฉื™ื‘ื”
05:14
from what we eat to how we travel.
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ืžืžื” ืื ื• ืื•ื›ืœื™ื ื•ืขื“ ืœืื™ืš ืื ื• ืžืชื ื™ื™ื“ื™ื.
05:17
None of that will be easy.
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ืฉื•ื ื“ื‘ืจ ืžื–ื” ืœื ื™ื”ื™ื” ืงืœ.
05:19
But that's exactly why we have politicians.
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ืื‘ืœ ื–ื” ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ืžื“ื•ืข ื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ืงืื™ื.
05:23
Their job is to deal with the hard stuff.
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ืชืคืงื™ื“ื ืœื”ืชืžื•ื“ื“ ืขื ื”ืกื•ื’ื™ื•ืช ื”ืงืฉื•ืช.
05:27
And politicians are actually very skilled at shifting two percent of resources
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ื•ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ืงืื™ื ืžืื•ื“ ืžื ื•ืกื™ื ื‘ื”ืงืฆืืช ืฉื ื™ ืื—ื•ื–ื™ื ืžื”ืžืฉืื‘ื™ื
05:33
from here to there.
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ืžื›ืืŸ ืœืฉื.
05:35
It's what they do all the time.
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ื–ื” ืžื” ืฉื”ื ืขื•ืฉื™ื ื›ืœ ื”ื–ืžืŸ.
05:37
The difference between the policies of right wing
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ื”ื”ื‘ื“ืœ ื‘ืžื“ื™ื ื™ื•ืช ื‘ื™ืŸ ืžืคืœื’ื•ืช ื™ืžื™ืŸ
05:40
and left wing parties
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ื•ืžืคืœื’ื•ืช ืฉืžืืœ
05:42
often amounts to a few percentage points of GDP.
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ืœืขื™ืชื™ื ืงืจื•ื‘ื•ืช ืžืกืชื›ื ื‘ื›ืžื” ืื—ื•ื–ื™ื ืžื”ืชืžโ€œื’.
05:47
When faced by a major crisis,
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ื›ืืฉืจ ื ื™ืฆื‘ื™ื ื‘ืคื ื™ ืžืฉื‘ืจ ื—ืžื•ืจ,
05:49
politicians swiftly shift far more resources to fight it.
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ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ืงืื™ื ืžืงืฆื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืฉืื‘ื™ื ืœื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ื‘ื•.
05:54
For example, in 1945,
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ืœื“ื•ื’ืžื, ื‘ืฉื ืช 1945,
05:56
the US spent about 36 percent of its GDP
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ืืจื”โ€œื‘ ื”ื•ืฆื™ืื” ื›-36 ืื—ื•ื–ื™ื ืžื”ืชืžโ€œื’ ืฉืœื”
06:01
on winning the Second World War.
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ืœืžื™ืžื•ืŸ ื ื™ืฆื—ื•ื ื” ื‘ืžืœื—ืžืช ื”ืขื•ืœื ื”ืฉื ื™ื™ื”.
06:04
During the 2008-2009 financial crisis,
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ื‘ืชืงื•ืคืช ื”ืžืฉื‘ืจ ื”ื›ืœื›ืœื™ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืฉื ื™ื 2008 - 2009,
06:08
the US government spent about 3.5 percent of GDP
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ืžืžืฉืœืช ืืจื”โ€œื‘ ื”ื™ืงืฆืชื” 3.5% ืžื”ืชืžโ€œื’
06:12
to save financial institutions that were deemed "too big to fail."
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ืœื”ืฆืœืช ืžื•ืกื“ื•ืช ืคื™ื ื ืกื™ื™ื ืฉื ืชืคืฉื• ื›โ€œื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื ืžื“ื™ ืœืงืจื•ืกโ€.
06:18
Maybe humankind should also treat the Amazon rainforest
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ืื•ืœื™ ื”ืžื™ืŸ ื”ืื ื•ืฉื™ ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื”ื—ืฉื™ื‘ ืืช ื™ืขืจื•ืช ื”ื’ืฉื ื‘ืืžื–ื•ื ืืก
06:23
as too big to fail.
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ื›โ€œื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื ืžื“ื™ ืœืงืจื•ืกโ€œ.
06:25
Let's try a thought experiment.
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ื‘ื•ืื• ื ื ืกื” ื ื™ืกื•ื™ ืžื—ืฉื‘ืชื™:
06:28
Given the current price of cleared rainforest land in South America
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ื‘ื”ืชื—ืฉื‘ ื‘ืžื—ื™ืจ ื”ื ื•ื›ื—ื™ ืฉืœ ื›ืจื™ืชืช ื™ืขืจื•ืช ื”ื’ืฉื ื‘ื“ืจื•ื ืืžืจื™ืงื”
06:33
and the size of the Amazon rainforest,
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ื•ื”ื’ื•ื“ืœ ืฉืœ ื™ืขืจื•ืช ื”ื’ืฉื ืฉืœ ื”ืืžื–ื•ื ืก,
06:37
buying the [whole] of it in order to protect local forests,
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ืจื›ื™ืฉื” ื›ื•ืœืœื ื™ืช ืฉืœื”ื ื‘ืžื˜ืจื” ืœื”ื’ืŸ ืขืœ ื™ืขืจื•ืช ืžืงื•ืžื™ื™ื,
06:41
biodiversity and human communities from destructive business interests
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ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื•ืช ื‘ืขืœื™ ื”ื—ื™ื™ื, ื•ืงื”ื™ืœื•ืช ืื ื•ืฉื™ื•ืช, ืžืคื ื™ ืื™ื ื˜ืจืกื™ื ืขืกืงื™ื™ื ื”ืจืกื ื™ื™ื
06:46
would cost about 800 billion dollars,
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ื™ืขืœื• ื›800 ืžื™ืœื™ืืจื“ ื“ื•ืœืจ,
06:50
or a one-off payment of less than one percent of global GDP.
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ืื• ืชืฉืœื•ื ื—ื“ ืคืขืžื™ ืฉืœ ืคื—ื•ืช ืžืื—ื•ื– ืื—ื“ ืžื”ืชืžโ€œื’ ื”ืขื•ืœืžื™.
06:58
In just the first nine months of 2020,
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ืจืง ื‘ืชืฉืขืช ื”ื—ื•ื“ืฉื™ื ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื ืฉืœ 2020,
07:01
governments around the world announced stimulus measures
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ืžืžืฉืœื•ืช ื‘ืขื•ืœื ื”ื›ืจื™ื–ื• ืขืœ ืฆืขื“ื™ ืขื™ื“ื•ื“
07:05
worth nearly 14 percent of global GDP
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ื‘ืฉื•ื•ื™ ืฉืœ 14% ื‘ืงื™ืจื•ื‘ ืฉืœ ื”ืชืžโ€œื’ ื”ืขื•ืœืžื™
07:09
to deal with the COVID-19 pandemic.
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ืœื”ืชืžื•ื“ื“ื•ืช ืขื ืžื’ืคืช ื”ืงื•ืจื•ื ื”.
07:13
If citizens pressed them hard enough,
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ืื ืื–ืจื—ื™ื ื”ื™ื• ืœื•ื—ืฆื™ื ืื•ืชื ืžืกืคื™ืง ื—ื–ืง,
07:16
politicians can do the same to deal with the ecological crisis.
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ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ืงืื™ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืืช ืื•ืชื• ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ืœื”ืชืžื•ื“ื“ื•ืช ืขื ืžืฉื‘ืจื™ื ืืงื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื™ื.
07:21
So can investment banks and pension funds.
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ื›ืžื• ืืœื”, ื’ื ื‘ื ืงื™ ื”ืฉืงืขื•ืช ื•ืงืจื ื•ืช ืคื ืกื™ื” ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืกื™ื™ืข.
07:24
Pension funds hold over 56 trillion US dollars.
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ืงืจื ื•ืช ืคื ืกื™ื” ืžื—ื–ื™ืงื•ืช ื”ื•ืŸ ื‘ืกืš ืฉืœ ืžืขืœ 56 ื˜ืจื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ื“ื•ืœืจ.
07:30
What's the point of having a pension if you don't have a future?
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ืžื” ื”ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ืคื ืกื™ื” ืื ืื™ืŸ ืœืš ืขืชื™ื“?
07:36
At present,
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ื‘ืขืช ื”ื ื•ื›ื—ื™ืช,
07:37
most businesses and governments are unwilling to make
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ืจื•ื‘ ื”ืขืกืงื™ื ื•ื”ืžืžืฉืœื•ืช ื—ืกืจื•ืช ืจืฆื•ืŸ ืœื”ืฉืงื™ืข
07:41
the additional two-percent investment
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ืืช ืฉื ื™ ื”ืื—ื•ื–ื™ื ื”ื ื•ืกืคื™ื
07:44
necessary to prevent catastrophic climate change.
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ื”ื ื—ื•ืฆื™ื ืœืžื ื™ืขืช ืืกื•ืŸ ืžื”ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ื”ืืงืœื™ืžื™.
07:48
Where does that money go instead?
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ืœืืŸ ื”ื•ืœืš ื”ื›ืกืฃ ื‘ืžืงื•ื ื–ืืช?
07:50
Well, every two years,
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ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ, ืžื“ื™ ืฉื ืชื™ื™ื,
07:52
approximately 2.4 percent of global GDP
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ื‘ืขืจืš 2.4% ืžื”ืชืžโ€œื’ ื”ืขื•ืœืžื™
07:56
is spent on food that goes to waste.
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ืžื•ืฉืงืข ื‘ืžื–ื•ืŸ ืฉื”ื•ืœืš ืœืคื—.
08:00
Governments also spend about 500 billion US dollars annually
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ื‘ื ื•ืกืฃ, ืžืžืฉืœื•ืช ืžืฉืงื™ืขื•ืช ื›500 ืžื™ืœื™ืืจื“ ื“ื•ืœืจ ืžื“ื™ ืฉื ื”
08:06
on -- wait for it --
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ืขืœ...ื—ื›ื• ืœื–ื”...
08:08
direct subsidies for fossil fuels.
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ืกื•ื‘ืกื™ื“ื™ื•ืช ื™ืฉื™ืจื•ืช ืœื“ืœืงื™ื ืžื•ืฆืงื™ื.
08:12
That means that every 3.5 years governments write a nice fat check
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ื–ื” ืื•ืžืจ ืฉื›ืœ 3.5 ืฉื ื™ื ืžืžืฉืœื•ืช ื›ื•ืชื‘ื•ืช ื”ืžื—ืื” ื™ืคื” ื•โ€œืฉืžื ื”โ€
08:18
for an amount equivalent to two percent of annual global GDP
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ื‘ืกื›ื•ื ื”ืฉื•ื•ื” ืœืฉื ื™ ืื—ื•ื–ื™ื ืžื”ืชืžโ€œื’ ื”ืฉื ืชื™
08:22
and gift it to the fossil fuel industry.
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ื•ื ื•ืชื ืช ืื•ืชื• ื‘ืžืชื ื” ืœืชืขืฉื™ื™ืช ื”ื“ืœืงื™ื ื”ืžื•ืฆืงื™ื.
08:25
And it gets worse when you factor in the social and environmental costs
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ื•ื–ื” ืžื“ืจื“ืจ ืœื’ืจื•ืข ืขื•ื“ ื™ื•ืชืจ: ื›ืฉืžืฉืงืœืœื™ื ืืช ื”ืขืœื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ื•ืช ื•ื”ืกื‘ื™ื‘ืชื™ื•ืช
08:31
that the fossil fuel industry causes
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ืฉืชืขืฉื™ื™ืช ื”ื“ืœืงื™ื ื”ืžื•ืฆืงื™ื ื’ื•ืจืžืช
08:34
but isn't asked to pay for,
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ืื‘ืœ ืœื ืžืชื‘ืงืฉืช ืœืฉืœื ืขืœื™ื”ื,
08:36
the value of these subsidies
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ื”ืขืจืš ืฉืœ ื”ืกื•ื‘ืกื™ื“ื™ื•ืช ื”ืืœื”
08:39
actually reaches a staggering seven percent of annual global GDP.
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ืœืžืขืฉื” ืžื’ื™ืข ืœืจืžื” ืžื“ื”ื™ืžื” ืฉืœ ืฉื‘ืขื” ืื—ื•ื–ื™ื ืžื”ืชื•ืฆืจ ื”ืขื•ืœืžื™ ื”ืฉื ืชื™.
08:45
Now consider tax evasion.
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ืชื—ืฉื‘ื• ืขืœ โ€œื”ืขืœืžืช ืžืกโ€œ.
08:48
It's estimated that the money hidden by the wealthy in tax havens
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ื”ื”ืขืจื›ื” ื”ื™ื ืฉื”ื›ืกืฃ ื”ืžื•ืกืชืจ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืขืฉื™ืจื™ื ื‘ืžืงืœื˜ื™ ืžืก
08:52
is worth around 10 percent of global GDP.
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ืฉื•ื•ื” ื›-10% ืžื”ืชืžโ€œื’ ื”ืขื•ืœืžื™ ื”ืฉื ืชื™.
08:56
Every year,
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ื‘ื›ืœ ืฉื ื”,
08:57
another 1.4 trillion dollars in profits
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ืขื•ื“ 1.4 ื˜ืจื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ื“ื•ืœืจ ื‘ืจื•ื•ื—ื™ื
09:01
is stashed offshore by corporations,
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ืžื•ืคืงื“ื™ื ื‘ื—ืฉื‘ื•ื ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ื”ื ื”ื ื•ืช ืžืžืงืœื˜ื™ ืžืก,
09:05
which is equal to 1.6 percent of global GDP.
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ื•ื–ื” ืฉื•ื•ื” ืขืจืš ืœ1.6% ืžื”ืชืžโ€œื’ ื”ืขื•ืœืžื™ ื”ืฉื ืชื™.
09:10
To prevent the apocalypse,
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœืžื ื•ืข ืืช ืื—ืจื™ืช ื”ื™ืžื™ื,
09:11
we'll probably need to impose some new taxes.
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ื›ื ืจืื” ืฉื ืฆื˜ืจืš ืœื›ืคื•ืช ื›ืžื” ืžื™ืกื™ื ื—ื“ืฉื™ื.
09:15
But why not start with collecting the old ones?
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ืื‘ืœ ืžื“ื•ืข ืœื ืœื”ืชื—ื™ืœ ืขื ื’ื‘ื™ื™ืช ืžื™ืกื™ื ื™ืฉื ื™ื?
09:20
Such examples can be multiplied.
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ื“ื•ื’ืžืื•ืช ื›ืืœื” ื™ืฉ ืœืจื•ื‘,
09:22
But you get the picture.
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ืื‘ืœ ืืชื ืจื•ืื™ื ืืช ื”ืชืžื•ื ื” ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื”.
09:24
The money is there.
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ื”ื›ืกืฃ ืฉื.
09:26
Of course, collecting taxes,
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ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ, ื’ื‘ื™ื™ืช ืžื™ืกื™ื,
09:28
stopping food wastage and slashing subsidies
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ืขืฆื™ืจืช ื‘ื–ื‘ื•ื– ืžื–ื•ืŸ, ื•ืงื™ืฆื•ืฅ ืกื•ื‘ืกื™ื“ื™ื•ืช
09:31
is easier said than done,
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ืงืœื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœื”ื’ื™ื“ ืžืœืขืฉื•ืช,
09:34
especially when faced by some of the most powerful lobbies in the world.
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ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ื›ืืฉืจ ืžืชืžื•ื“ื“ื™ื ืขื ื›ืžื” ืžื”ืœื•ื‘ื™ืกื˜ื™ื ื”ื—ื–ืงื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ืขื•ืœื.
09:39
But it doesn't require a miracle.
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ืื‘ืœ ืื™ืŸ ืฆื•ืจืš ื‘ื ืก.
09:43
It just requires determined organization.
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ื–ื” ืจืง ื“ื•ืจืฉ ืืจื’ื•ืŸ ื ื—ื•ืฉ.
09:47
So we shouldn't succumb to defeatism.
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ืื– ืื ื—ื ื• ืœื ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœื”ื™ื›ื ืข ืœืชื‘ื•ืกืชื ื•ืช.
09:50
Whenever someone says,
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ื‘ื›ืœ ืคืขื ืฉืžื™ืฉื”ื• ื™ื’ื™ื“,
09:52
"It's too late, the apocalypse is here,"
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โ€œืžืื•ื—ืจ ืžื“ื™, ืื—ืจื™ืช ื”ื™ืžื™ื ื›ื‘ืจ ื›ืืŸโ€
09:54
reply, "Nah, we can stop it with just two percent."
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ืขื ื• ืœื•: โ€œืœื, ืื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืขืฆื•ืจ ื–ืืช ืขื ืจืง ืฉื ื™ ืื—ื•ื–ื™ื.โ€
09:59
And when COP 27 convenes in Egypt in November 2022,
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ื•ื›ืืฉืจ ื•ืขื™ื“ืช COP 27 ืชืชืงื™ื™ื ื‘ืžืฆืจื™ื ื‘ื—ื•ื“ืฉ ื ื•ื‘ืžื‘ืจ 2022
10:05
we should tell the attending leaders
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ืขืœื™ื ื• ืœื•ืžืจ ืœืžื ื”ื™ื’ื™ื ืฉื™ืฉืชืชืคื• ื‘ื•ื•ืขื™ื“ื”
10:07
that it's not enough to make vague future pledges
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ืฉื–ื” ืœื ืžืกืคื™ืง ืœื”ื‘ื˜ื™ื— ื”ื‘ื˜ื—ื•ืช ืขืชื™ื“ื™ื•ืช ืžืขื•ืจืคืœื•ืช
10:11
about 1.5 degrees Celsius.
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ื‘ืงืฉืจ ืœโ€œ1.5 ืžืขืœื•ืช ืฆืœืกื™ื•ืกโ€œ.
10:14
We want them to take out their pens
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ืื ื• ืจื•ืฆื™ื ืฉื”ื ื™ืฉืœืคื• ืืช ื”ืขื˜ื™ื ืฉืœื”ื
10:17
and sign a check
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ื•ื™ื—ืชืžื• ืขืœ ืฉื™ืง
10:18
for two percent of annual global GDP.
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ืขืœ ืกืš 2% ืžื”ืชืžโ€œื’ ื”ืขื•ืœืžื™.
10:23
Thank you.
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ืชื•ื“ื” ืจื‘ื”.
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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