Yuval Noah Harari: The Actual Cost of Preventing Climate Breakdown | TED

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2022-06-17 ใƒป TED


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Yuval Noah Harari: The Actual Cost of Preventing Climate Breakdown | TED

215,613 views ใƒป 2022-06-17

TED


์•„๋ž˜ ์˜๋ฌธ์ž๋ง‰์„ ๋”๋ธ”ํด๋ฆญํ•˜์‹œ๋ฉด ์˜์ƒ์ด ์žฌ์ƒ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

๋ฒˆ์—ญ: Jin Yeong Choe ๊ฒ€ํ† : Hansol Ryu
00:04
As the climate crisis worsens,
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๊ธฐํ›„ ์œ„๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ์•…ํ™”๋จ์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ,
00:06
too many people are swinging from denial straight to despair.
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๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋ถ€์ •ํ•˜๋˜ ๋งŽ์€ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ด ์ด์ œ๋Š” ๊ณง๋ฐ”๋กœ ์ ˆ๋ง์œผ๋กœ ์˜ฎ๊ฒจ๊ฐ€๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:11
But we should not lose hope.
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ํฌ๋ง์„ ์žƒ์–ด์„œ๋Š” ์•ˆ ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:14
Humanity has enormous resources under its command,
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์ธ๋ฅ˜์—๊ฒŒ๋Š” ํ™œ์šฉํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ์ž์›์ด ์—„์ฒญ๋‚˜๊ฒŒ ๋งŽ๊ณ 
00:17
and by applying them wisely,
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๊ทธ ์ž์›์„ ํ˜„๋ช…ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•จ์œผ๋กœ์จ
00:19
we can still prevent ecological cataclysm.
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์—ฌ์ „ํžˆ ์ƒํƒœํ•™์  ๋Œ€์žฌ์•™์„ ๋ง‰์„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:24
Let's talk numbers.
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์ˆซ์ž์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐํ•ด ๋ด…์‹œ๋‹ค.
00:25
What would it cost to prevent catastrophic climate change?
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์žฌ์•™์ ์ธ ๊ธฐํ›„ ๋ณ€ํ™”๋ฅผ ์˜ˆ๋ฐฉํ•˜๋ ค๋ฉด ๋น„์šฉ์ด ์–ผ๋งˆ๋‚˜ ๋“ค๊นŒ์š”?
00:30
Would we have to commit 50 percent of our total budget?
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์ „์ฒด ์˜ˆ์‚ฐ์˜ 50%?
00:34
Thirty percent?
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30%?
00:35
Ten percent?
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10%?
00:36
Naturally enough, no one knows for sure.
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๋‹น์—ฐํžˆ, ์•„๋ฌด๋„ ํ™•์‹คํžˆ ์•Œ์ง€ ๋ชปํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:40
My team and I have spent weeks poring over various reports
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์ €์™€ ์ œ ํŒ€์€ ๋ช‡ ์ฃผ๋™์•ˆ ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ๋ณด๊ณ ์„œ์™€
00:45
and academic papers living in a cloud of numbers.
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์‚ฐ๋”๋ฏธ์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ ์Œ“์ธ ํ•™์ˆ  ๋…ผ๋ฌธ์„ ์‚ดํŽด๋ณด์•˜์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:49
But while the models behind the numbers are dizzyingly complex,
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ๋ฐ ์ˆซ์ž๋ฅผ ์–ป์–ด๋‚ด๋Š” ๋ฐ ์“ฐ์ธ ๋ชจ๋ธ์€ ์•„์ฐ”ํ•  ์ •๋„๋กœ ๋ณต์žกํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ,
00:54
the bottom line should cheer us up.
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๊ณตํ†ต๋œ ๋ฉ”์‹œ์ง€๋Š” ๊ณ ๋ฌด์ ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:56
Most experts converge on the number two percent.
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๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„์˜ ์ „๋ฌธ๊ฐ€๊ฐ€ 2%๋ผ๋Š” ์ˆซ์ž์— ์ˆ˜๋ ดํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:01
If humanity increases our annual investment in clean technologies
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์ธ๋ฅ˜๊ฐ€ ์ฒญ์ • ๊ธฐ์ˆ ๊ณผ ์ธํ”„๋ผ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์—ฐ๊ฐ„ ํˆฌ์ž๋ฅผ
01:06
and infrastructure by around two percent of global GDP,
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์ „ ์„ธ๊ณ„ ๊ตญ๋‚ด์ด์ƒ์‚ฐ(GDP)์˜ ์•ฝ 2%๊นŒ์ง€ ๋Š˜๋ฆฐ๋‹ค๋ฉด,
01:11
that should be enough to prevent catastrophic climate change.
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์žฌ์•™์ ์ธ ๊ธฐํ›„ ๋ณ€ํ™”๋ฅผ ๋ง‰๊ธฐ์— ์ถฉ๋ถ„ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:16
If you want to see how experts got to that number,
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์ „๋ฌธ๊ฐ€๋“ค์ด ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ๊ทธ ์ˆซ์ž์— ๋„๋‹ฌํ–ˆ๋Š”์ง€ ์•Œ๊ณ  ์‹ถ๋‹ค๋ฉด
01:20
you're welcome to visit the Sapienship website.
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Sapienship ํ™ˆํŽ˜์ด์ง€์— ๋ฐฉ๋ฌธํ•ด ๋ณด์‹œ๊ธธ ๋ฐ”๋ž๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:23
We can, of course, argue endlessly about the exact number,
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๋ฌผ๋ก , ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์ •ํ™•ํ•œ ์ˆซ์ž์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ๋Š์ž„์—†์ด ๋…ผ์Ÿํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:28
tweaking the models this way and that way.
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๋ชจ๋ธ์„ ์ด๋ฆฌ์ €๋ฆฌ ๋ฐ”๊ฟ”๊ฐ€๋ฉด์„œ์š”.
01:31
But we should look at the big picture.
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ํฐ ๊ทธ๋ฆผ์„ ๋ด์•ผํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:34
The crucial news is that the price tag of preventing the apocalypse
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๊ฒฐ์ •์ ์ธ ๋‰ด์Šค๋Š” ์ข…๋ง์„ ๋ง‰๋Š” ๊ฐ€๊ฒฉ์ด
01:39
is in the low single digits of annual global GDP.
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์—ฐ๊ฐ„ ์„ธ๊ณ„ GDP์˜ ํ•œ ์ž๋ฆฌ ์ˆ˜, ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ๋„ ์ž‘์€ ์ˆซ์ž์˜ ๋ฒ”์œ„์— ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:44
Even the more pessimistic models
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๋” ๋น„๊ด€์ ์ธ ๋ชจ๋ธ์—์„œ ์กฐ์ฐจ๋„
01:47
generally estimate it at below five percent.
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๋Œ€์ฒด๋กœ 5% ๋ฏธ๋งŒ์œผ๋กœ ์ถ”์‚ฐํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:50
And most models say it requires investing
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๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„์˜ ๋ชจ๋ธ์€ ์ ์ ˆํ•œ ๊ณณ์—
01:54
only an additional two percent of global GDP in the right places.
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์„ธ๊ณ„ GDP ์˜ 2%๋งŒ ๋” ํˆฌ์žํ•˜๋ฉด ๋œ๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋งํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:00
And note the word investing.
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ํˆฌ์ž๋ผ๋Š” ๋‹จ์–ด๋ฅผ ์ฃผ๋ชฉํ•˜์‹ญ์‹œ์˜ค.
02:04
We are not talking about burning piles of banknotes
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์ง€๊ตฌ์˜ ์˜ํ˜ผ์„ ๊ตฌํ•˜์ž๊ณ 
์ˆ˜๋งŽ์€ ์ง€ํ ๋”๋ฏธ๋ฅผ ํƒœ์šฐ๋Š” ๋Œ€๋‹จํ•œ ํฌ์ƒ์„ ํ•˜์ž๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ์•„๋‹™๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:08
in some huge sacrifice to the spirits of the Earth.
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02:12
We are talking about making investments
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์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ๊ธฐ์ˆ ๊ณผ ์ธํ”„๋ผ ๊ฐ™์€ ๊ฒƒ๋“ค์—
ํˆฌ์žํ•˜์ž๊ณ  ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:15
in new technologies and infrastructure,
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02:18
such as advanced batteries or other technologies
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ํƒœ์–‘ ์—๋„ˆ์ง€๋ฅผ ์ €์žฅํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•œ
์ฒจ๋‹จ ๋ฐฐํ„ฐ๋ฆฌ๋‚˜ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๊ธฐ์ˆ  ๊ฐ™์€ ๊ฒƒ,
02:21
to store solar energy
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋ฐฐ๋ถ„ํ•˜๋Š” ๋” ๋‚˜์€ ์ „๋ ฅ๋ง ๊ฐ™์€ ๊ฒƒ์—์š”.
02:24
and updated power grids to distribute it.
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02:28
These investments will create lots of new jobs and economic opportunities
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์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ํˆฌ์ž๋Š” ๋งŽ์€ ์ผ์ž๋ฆฌ์™€ ๊ฒฝ์ œ์  ๊ธฐํšŒ๋ฅผ ๋งŒ๋“ค ๊ฒƒ์ด๊ณ 
02:34
and are likely to be economically profitable in the long run,
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์žฅ๊ธฐ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋ดค์„ ๋•Œ ๊ฒฝ์ œ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ด๋“์ผ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ์ด ๋†’์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:38
in part by reducing health care expenditures
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๋Œ€๊ธฐ์˜ค์—ผ์œผ๋กœ ์ธํ•œ ์งˆ๋ณ‘์œผ๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์ˆ˜๋งŽ์€ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์„ ๊ตฌํ•จ์œผ๋กœ์จ
02:41
and saving millions of people from sickness caused by air pollution.
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์˜๋ฃŒ ๋น„์šฉ์ด ์ค„์–ด๋“œ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ๊ทธ ์ค‘ ํ•œ ๋ถ€๋ถ„์ด๊ฒ ์ง€์š”.
02:47
In addition, since oil and gas often prop up autocratic and militaristic regimes,
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๊ฒŒ๋‹ค๊ฐ€ ์„์œ ์™€ ๊ฐ€์Šค ์‚ฐ์—…์€ ์ข…์ข… ๋…์žฌ์ , ๊ตฐ์‚ฌ์  ์ •๊ถŒ์„ ์ง€์›ํ•˜๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์—
02:54
reducing our dependence on fossil fuels
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ํ™”์„ ์—ฐ๋ฃŒ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์˜์กด๋„๋ฅผ ์ค„์ด๋ฉด
02:58
will be a huge boon to democracy and to peace.
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๋ฏผ์ฃผ์ฃผ์˜์™€ ํ‰ํ™”์— ํฐ ์ด์ต์ด ๋  ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:03
All this can be translated into a concrete political plan of action.
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์ด ๋ชจ๋“  ๊ฒƒ์„ ๊ตฌ์ฒด์ ์ธ ์ •์น˜์  ํ–‰๋™ ๋ฐฉ์นจ์œผ๋กœ ์˜ฎ๊ธธ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:09
We have learned in recent years to define our goal in terms of one number:
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์ตœ๊ทผ ๋ช‡ ๋…„ ๋™์•ˆ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ์˜ ๋ชฉํ‘œ๋ฅผ ํ•˜๋‚˜์˜ ์ˆซ์ž๋กœ ์ •์˜ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋ฐฐ์› ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:15
1.5 degrees Celsius.
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์„ญ์”จ 1.5๋„์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:18
We can define the means to do this
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์ด๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•œ ์ˆ˜๋‹จ์œผ๋กœ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์ˆซ์ž
03:21
with another number: two percent.
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2%๋ฅผ ์ •์˜ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:24
Increased investment in clean technologies and infrastructure
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์ฒญ์ • ๊ธฐ์ˆ  ๋ฐ ์ธํ”„๋ผ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ํˆฌ์ž๋ฅผ
03:28
by two percentage points of global GDP,
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2020๋…„ ์ˆ˜์ค€์— ๋น„ํ•ด ์„ธ๊ณ„ GDP์˜ 2%๋งŒํผ ๋Š˜๋ฆฌ์ž๋Š” ๊ฑฐ์ง€์š”.
03:32
above 2020 levels.
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03:35
Of course, unlike the 1.5 Celsius figure,
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๋ฌผ๋ก , ๊ณผํ•™์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋” ๋ฉด๋ฐ€ํžˆ ๊ณ„์‚ฐ๋œ ์ž„๊ณ—๊ฐ’์ธ
03:39
which is a scientifically robust threshold,
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์„ญ์”จ 1.5๋„๋ผ๋Š” ์ˆซ์ž์™€๋Š” ๋‹ฌ๋ฆฌ,
03:42
the two-percent figure represents only a rough guesstimate.
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2%๋ผ๋Š” ์ˆซ์ž๋Š” ์–ด๋ฆผ์ง์ž‘์ผ ๋ฟ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:48
It should be understood as a ballpark figure
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์ธ๋ฅ˜์—๊ฒŒ ํ•„์š”ํ•œ ์ •์น˜์  ํ”„๋กœ์ ํŠธ์˜
03:51
that can help to frame
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ํ‹€์„ ์งœ๋Š”๋ฐ์— ๋„์›€์ด ๋˜๋Š” ๋Œ€๋žต์ ์ธ ์ˆ˜์น˜๋กœ ์ดํ•ด๋˜์–ด์•ผ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:52
the kind of political project humanity requires.
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03:56
It tells us that preventing catastrophic climate change
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์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ์žฌ์•™์ ์ธ ๊ธฐํ›„ ๋ณ€ํ™”๋ฅผ ๋ง‰๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด
04:00
is a totally feasible project,
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์ „์ ์œผ๋กœ ์‹คํ˜„ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•˜๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋งํ•ด์ค๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:04
even though it would obviously cost a lot of money.
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๋น„๋ก ํ™•์‹คํžˆ ๋ˆ์€ ๋งŽ์ด ๋“ค๊ฒ ์ง€๋งŒ ๋ง์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:09
Since global GDP in 2020 was about 85 trillion US dollars,
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2020๋…„ ์ „ ์„ธ๊ณ„ GDP๊ฐ€ 85์กฐ ๋‹ฌ๋Ÿฌ์ด๋‹ˆ,
04:15
we are talking about a number around 1.7 trillion US dollars.
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์ง€๊ธˆ ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐํ•˜๋Š” ๊ธˆ์•ก์€ ๋Œ€๋žต 1์กฐ 7์ฒœ์–ต ๋‹ฌ๋Ÿฌ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:21
But that's still just two percent.
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์—ฌ์ „ํžˆ 2%์— ๋ถˆ๊ณผํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:24
This means that to save the environment,
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์ด๋Š” ํ™˜๊ฒฝ์„ ๊ตฌํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด
04:27
we don't need to completely derail the economy
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ ๊ฒฝ์ œ๊ฐ€ ์™„์ „ํžˆ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๊ธธ๋กœ ๊ฐ€์•ผํ•˜๊ฑฐ๋‚˜
04:30
or to abandon the achievements of modern civilization.
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ํ˜„๋Œ€ ๋ฌธ๋ช…์ด ์ด๋ฃฌ ๊ฒƒ๋“ค์„ ๋ฒ„๋ฆด ํ•„์š”๊ฐ€ ์—†๋‹ค๋Š” ๋œป์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:34
We just need to get our priorities right.
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์šฐ์„ ์ˆœ์œ„๋ฅผ ๋ฐ”๋กœ์žก๊ธฐ๋งŒ ํ•˜๋ฉด ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:39
Committing two percent of annual global GDP
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์—ฐ๊ฐ„ ์„ธ๊ณ„ GDP์˜ 2%๋ฅผ ๋ฐฐ์ •ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ๋งŒ์œผ๋กœ
04:41
is far from the whole story, of course.
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์ „๋ถ€ ๋๋‚˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€ ๋ฌผ๋ก  ์•„๋‹™๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:44
It won't solve all our ecological problems,
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์ด๊ฒƒ์ด ์šฐ๋ฆฌ์˜ ๋ชจ๋“  ์ƒํƒœํ•™์  ๋ฌธ์ œ๋ฅผ ๋‹ค ํ•ด๊ฒฐํ•˜์ง€๋Š” ๋ชปํ•  ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:47
such as oceans brimming with plastic or the continued loss of biodiversity.
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ํ”Œ๋ผ์Šคํ‹ฑ์œผ๋กœ ๊ฐ€๋“ํ•œ ๋ฐ”๋‹ค, ์ƒ๋ฌผํ•™์  ๋‹ค์–‘์„ฑ์˜ ์ง€์†์ ์ธ ์†์‹ค ๊ฐ™์€ ๋ฌธ์ œ์š”.
04:54
And even to prevent catastrophic climate change
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์žฌ์•™์ ์ธ ๊ธฐํ›„๋ณ€ํ™”๋ฅผ ์˜ˆ๋ฐฉํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด์„œ๋ผ๋„
04:57
we'll need to make sure that the funds are invested in the right places
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ํ™•์‹คํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์ž๊ธˆ์ด ์ ์ ˆํ•œ ๊ณณ์— ํˆฌ์ž๋˜๋„๋ก ํ•ด์•ผํ•˜๊ณ 
05:02
and that the new investments don't cause
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์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ํˆฌ์ž๊ฐ€ ๋˜ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ
05:05
their own negative ecological or social fallout.
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์ƒํƒœํ•™์ , ์‚ฌํšŒ์  ํ”ผํ•ด๋ฅผ ์•ผ๊ธฐํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๋„๋ก ํ•ด์•ผ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:09
We will also need to change some of our behaviors
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๋˜ํ•œ ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ํ–‰๋™ํ•˜๊ณ 
์ƒ๊ฐํ•˜๋Š”์ง€๋„ ์ผ๋ถ€ ๋ฐ”๊ฟ”์•ผํ•  ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:13
and ways of thinking
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05:14
from what we eat to how we travel.
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๋ฌด์—‡์„ ๋จน๊ณ , ์–ด๋–ค ์‹์œผ๋กœ ์—ฌํ–‰ํ•˜๋Š”์ง€ ๊ฐ™์€ ๊ฒƒ๋“ค์š”.
05:17
None of that will be easy.
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๊ทธ์ค‘ ์–ด๋Š ๊ฒƒ๋„ ์‰ฝ์ง€ ์•Š์„ ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:19
But that's exactly why we have politicians.
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ๋ฐ”๋กœ ์ด๊ฒƒ์ด ์ •์น˜์ธ๋“ค์˜ ์กด์žฌ ์ด์œ ์ฃ .
05:23
Their job is to deal with the hard stuff.
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์–ด๋ ค์šด ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋‹ค๋ฃจ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ๊ทธ๋“ค์ด ๋ณธ๋ž˜ ํ•˜๋Š” ์ผ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:27
And politicians are actually very skilled at shifting two percent of resources
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์‹ค์ œ๋กœ ์ •์น˜์ธ๋“ค์€ ์ž์›์˜ 2%๋ฅผ ์—ฌ๊ธฐ์„œ ์ €๊ธฐ๋กœ ์˜ฎ๊ธฐ๋Š” ๋ฐ์—
05:33
from here to there.
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๋งค์šฐ ๋Šฅ์ˆ™ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:35
It's what they do all the time.
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๊ทธ๊ฒŒ ๊ทธ๋“ค์ด ํ•ญ์ƒ ํ•˜๋Š” ์ผ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:37
The difference between the policies of right wing
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์šฐ์ต๊ณผ ์ขŒ์ต ์ •์ฑ…์„ ๊ฐ€๋ฅด๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด
05:40
and left wing parties
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๊ณ ์ž‘ GDP์˜ ๋ช‡ ํผ์„ผํŠธ ์ฐจ์ด์ผ ๋ฟ์ผ ๋•Œ๊ฐ€ ๋งŽ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:42
often amounts to a few percentage points of GDP.
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05:47
When faced by a major crisis,
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ํฐ ์œ„๊ธฐ์— ์ฒ˜ํ–ˆ์„ ๋•Œ ์ •์น˜์ธ๋“ค์€,
05:49
politicians swiftly shift far more resources to fight it.
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๊ทธ์— ๋Œ€์ฒ˜ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ํ›จ์”ฌ ๋งŽ์€ ์ž์›์„ ์‹ ์†ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์›€์ง์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:54
For example, in 1945,
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์˜ˆ๋ฅผ ๋“ค์–ด, 1945๋…„
05:56
the US spent about 36 percent of its GDP
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๋ฏธ๊ตญ์€ GDP์˜ ์•ฝ 36%๋ฅผ
2์ฐจ ์„ธ๊ณ„๋Œ€์ „์—์„œ ์ด๊ธฐ๋Š” ๋ฐ ์ผ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:01
on winning the Second World War.
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06:04
During the 2008-2009 financial crisis,
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2008๋…„์—์„œ 2009๋…„ ๊ธˆ์œต์œ„๊ธฐ ๋™์•ˆ,
06:08
the US government spent about 3.5 percent of GDP
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๋ฏธ๊ตญ ์ •๋ถ€๋Š” GDP์˜ ์•ฝ 3.5%๋ฅผ
06:12
to save financial institutions that were deemed "too big to fail."
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โ€˜๋„ˆ๋ฌด ์ปค์„œ ๋งํ•˜๋ฉด ์•ˆ ๋˜๋Š”โ€™ ๊ธˆ์œต ๊ธฐ๊ด€์„ ๊ตฌ์ œํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐ ์ผ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:18
Maybe humankind should also treat the Amazon rainforest
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์–ด์ฉŒ๋ฉด ์ธ๋ฅ˜๋Š” ์•„๋งˆ์กด ์—ด๋Œ€ ์šฐ๋ฆผ๋„
โ€˜์žƒ๊ธฐ์—๋Š” ๋„ˆ๋ฌด ํฐ ๊ฒƒโ€™์œผ๋กœ ์—ฌ๊ฒจ์•ผ ํ• ์ง€ ๋ชจ๋ฆ…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:23
as too big to fail.
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06:25
Let's try a thought experiment.
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์‚ฌ๊ณ  ์‹คํ—˜์„ ํ•ด๋ด…์‹œ๋‹ค.
06:28
Given the current price of cleared rainforest land in South America
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๋‚จ์•„๋ฉ”๋ฆฌ์นด ์—ด๋Œ€ ์šฐ๋ฆผ์—์„œ ๊ฐœ๊ฐ„๋œ ๋•…์˜ ์‹œ์„ธ๋ฅผ ๊ณ ๋ คํ•˜๊ณ 
06:33
and the size of the Amazon rainforest,
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์•„๋งˆ์กด ์—ด๋Œ€์šฐ๋ฆผ์˜ ํฌ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๊ณ ๋ คํ•  ๋•Œ,
06:37
buying the [whole] of it in order to protect local forests,
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์•„๋งˆ์กด ์—ด๋Œ€์šฐ๋ฆผ ์ „์ฒด๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ๋“ค์—ฌ์„œ
์ด์ต๋งŒ ์ซ“๋Š” ํŒŒ๊ดด์  ์‚ฌ์—…์œผ๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์ง€์—ญ ์ˆฒ, ์ƒ๋ฌผ ๋‹ค์–‘์„ฑ,
06:41
biodiversity and human communities from destructive business interests
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์‚ฌ๋žŒ์˜ ๊ณต๋™์ฒด๋ฅผ ๋ณดํ˜ธํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐ์—
06:46
would cost about 800 billion dollars,
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์•ฝ 8์ฒœ์–ต ๋‹ฌ๋Ÿฌ๊ฐ€ ๋“ญ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:50
or a one-off payment of less than one percent of global GDP.
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๋‹ฌ๋ฆฌ ๋งํ•ด, ์ „์„ธ๊ณ„ GDP์˜ 1% ๋ฏธ๋งŒ์„ ์ผํšŒ์„ฑ์œผ๋กœ ์ง€๊ธ‰ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋  ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:58
In just the first nine months of 2020,
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2020๋…„ ์ฒซ 9๊ฐœ์›” ๋™์•ˆ,
07:01
governments around the world announced stimulus measures
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์ „ ์„ธ๊ณ„ ์ •๋ถ€๋Š” ์ฝ”๋กœ๋‚˜19 ํŒ๋ฐ๋ฏน์— ๋Œ€์‘ํ•ด
07:05
worth nearly 14 percent of global GDP
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์ „ ์„ธ๊ณ„ GDP์˜ ๊ฑฐ์˜ 14%๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜๋Š”
07:09
to deal with the COVID-19 pandemic.
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๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ ๋ถ€์–‘์ฑ…์„ ๋ฐœํ‘œํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:13
If citizens pressed them hard enough,
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์‹œ๋ฏผ๋“ค์ด ์ถฉ๋ถ„ํžˆ ์••๋ฐ•ํ•œ๋‹ค๋ฉด
07:16
politicians can do the same to deal with the ecological crisis.
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์ •์น˜์ธ๋“ค์€ ์ƒํƒœ ์œ„๊ธฐ์— ๋Œ€์‘ํ•ด์„œ๋„ ๋˜‘๊ฐ™์ด ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:21
So can investment banks and pension funds.
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ํˆฌ์ž ์€ํ–‰๊ณผ ์—ฐ๊ธˆ ๊ธฐ๊ธˆ๋„ ๋งˆ์ฐฌ๊ฐ€์ง€์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:24
Pension funds hold over 56 trillion US dollars.
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์—ฐ๊ธˆ ๊ธฐ๊ธˆ์œผ๋กœ 56์กฐ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ ๋‹ฌ๋Ÿฌ ์ด์ƒ์ด ๋ณด์œ ๋˜์–ด ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:30
What's the point of having a pension if you don't have a future?
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๋ฏธ๋ž˜๊ฐ€ ์—†๋‹ค๋ฉด ์—ฐ๊ธˆ์ด ๋ฌด์Šจ ์†Œ์šฉ์ž…๋‹ˆ๊นŒ?
07:36
At present,
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ํ˜„์žฌ๋Š”
07:37
most businesses and governments are unwilling to make
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๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„์˜ ๊ธฐ์—…๊ณผ ์ •๋ถ€๋Š”
์žฌ์•™์ ์ธ ๊ธฐํ›„ ๋ณ€ํ™”๋ฅผ ๋ง‰๋Š”๋ฐ ํ•„์š”ํ•œ
07:41
the additional two-percent investment
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07:44
necessary to prevent catastrophic climate change.
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2% ์ถ”๊ฐ€ ํˆฌ์ž๋ฅผ ๊บผ๋ คํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:48
Where does that money go instead?
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๋Œ€์‹  ๊ทธ ๋ˆ์€ ์–ด๋””์— ์“ฐ์ด๋‚˜์š”?
07:50
Well, every two years,
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์Œ, 2๋…„๋งˆ๋‹ค
07:52
approximately 2.4 percent of global GDP
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์„ธ๊ณ„ GDP ์˜ ์•ฝ 2.4%๋Š”
07:56
is spent on food that goes to waste.
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๋ฒ„๋ ค์ง€๋Š” ์Œ์‹์— ์“ฐ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:00
Governments also spend about 500 billion US dollars annually
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์ •๋ถ€๋Š” ๋˜ํ•œ ์—ฐ๊ฐ„ 5์ฒœ์–ต ๋‹ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ฅผ,
08:06
on -- wait for it --
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๋ฐ”๋กœ
08:08
direct subsidies for fossil fuels.
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ํ™”์„ ์—ฐ๋ฃŒ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ง์ ‘์ ์ธ ๋ณด์กฐ๊ธˆ์œผ๋กœ ์”๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:12
That means that every 3.5 years governments write a nice fat check
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์ด๋Š” ๋งค 3.5๋…„ ๋งˆ๋‹ค ์ •๋ถ€๊ฐ€
์„ธ๊ณ„ ์—ฐ๊ฐ„ GDP์˜ 2%์— ๋‹ฌํ•˜๋Š” ๊ณ ์•ก ์ˆ˜ํ‘œ๋ฅผ ์˜ˆ์˜๊ฒŒ ์จ์„œ
08:18
for an amount equivalent to two percent of annual global GDP
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08:22
and gift it to the fossil fuel industry.
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ํ™”์„์—ฐ๋ฃŒ ์‚ฐ์—…์— ์„ ๋ฌผํ•œ๋‹ค๋Š” ๋ง์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:25
And it gets worse when you factor in the social and environmental costs
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๋” ๋‚˜์œ ์ ์€, ํ™”์„ ์—ฐ๋ฃŒ ์‚ฐ์—…์ด ๋ถˆ๋Ÿฌ์™”์ง€๋งŒ
08:31
that the fossil fuel industry causes
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๊ทธ๋“ค์ด ์ฑ…์ž„์ง€์ง€๋Š” ์•Š๋Š”
08:34
but isn't asked to pay for,
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์‚ฌํšŒ์ , ํ™˜๊ฒฝ์  ๋น„์šฉ์„ ๊ณ ๋ คํ•˜๋ฉด,
08:36
the value of these subsidies
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ํ™”์„ ์—ฐ๋ฃŒ ์‚ฐ์—…์ด ๊ฐ€์ ธ๊ฐ€๋Š” ๋ณด์กฐ๊ธˆ์€
08:39
actually reaches a staggering seven percent of annual global GDP.
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์ถฉ๊ฒฉ์ ์ด๊ฒŒ๋„ ์„ธ๊ณ„ ์—ฐ๊ฐ„ GDP์˜ 7%์— ๋‹ฌํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:45
Now consider tax evasion.
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์ด์ œ ํƒˆ์„ธ๋ฅผ ๊ณ ๋ คํ•ด ๋ณด์‹ญ์‹œ์˜ค.
08:48
It's estimated that the money hidden by the wealthy in tax havens
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๋ถ€์œ ์ธต์ด ์กฐ์„ธ ํ”ผ๋‚œ์ฒ˜์— ์ˆจ๊ฒจ๋‘” ๋ˆ์€
08:52
is worth around 10 percent of global GDP.
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์„ธ๊ณ„ GDP ์˜ ์•ฝ 10% ๊ฐ€์น˜๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ์ถ”์ •๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:56
Every year,
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๋งค๋…„
08:57
another 1.4 trillion dollars in profits
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์ด์™€ ๋ณ„๊ฐœ๋กœ ๊ธฐ์—…๋“ค์€ 1์กฐ 4์ฒœ์–ต ๋‹ฌ๋Ÿฌ์˜ ์ด์ต์„
09:01
is stashed offshore by corporations,
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์„ธ๊ธˆ์— ์œ ๋ฆฌํ•œ ์—ญ์™ธ ์˜์—ญ์— ์Œ“์•„๋‘๋Š”๋ฐ,
09:05
which is equal to 1.6 percent of global GDP.
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์ด๋Š” ์ „ ์„ธ๊ณ„ GDP์˜ 1.6%์— ํ•ด๋‹นํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:10
To prevent the apocalypse,
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์ข…๋ง์„ ๋ง‰๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด,
09:11
we'll probably need to impose some new taxes.
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์•„๋งˆ ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ์„ธ๊ธˆ์„ ๋ถ€๊ณผํ•ด์•ผ ํ•  ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:15
But why not start with collecting the old ones?
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์™œ ์˜ค๋ž˜๋œ ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋ชจ์œผ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์Šต๋‹ˆ๊นŒ?
09:20
Such examples can be multiplied.
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์˜ˆ๋Š” ๋” ๋Š˜์–ด๋‚  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ฒ ์ฃ .
09:22
But you get the picture.
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๊ทธ๋ž˜๋„ ํฐ ํ‹€์€ ์•„์‹œ๊ฒ ์ง€์š”.
09:24
The money is there.
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๋ˆ์€ ์ด๋ฏธ ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:26
Of course, collecting taxes,
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๋ฌผ๋ก , ์„ธ๊ธˆ์„ ์ง•์ˆ˜ํ•˜๊ณ 
09:28
stopping food wastage and slashing subsidies
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์Œ์‹ ๋‚ญ๋น„๋ฅผ ์ค‘๋‹จํ•˜๊ณ  ๋ณด์กฐ๊ธˆ์„ ์‚ญ๊ฐํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€
09:31
is easier said than done,
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๋งํ•˜๊ธฐ๋Š” ์‰ฌ์›Œ๋„ ํ–‰ํ•˜๊ธฐ๋Š” ์–ด๋ ต์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:34
especially when faced by some of the most powerful lobbies in the world.
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ํŠนํžˆ ์„ธ๊ณ„์—์„œ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ๊ฑฐ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋กœ๋น„ ํ™œ๋™๊ณผ ๊ด€๋ จ๋˜์—ˆ์„ ๋•Œ ๋ง์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:39
But it doesn't require a miracle.
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ๊ธฐ์ ์ด ํ•„์š”ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์ด ์•„๋‹™๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:43
It just requires determined organization.
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๋‹จ์ง€ ๊ฒฐ๋‹จ๋ ฅ ์žˆ๋Š” ์กฐ์ง์ด ํ•„์š”ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:47
So we shouldn't succumb to defeatism.
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ํŒจ๋ฐฐ์ฃผ์˜์— ๊ตด๋ณตํ•ด์„œ๋Š” ์•ˆ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:50
Whenever someone says,
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โ€œ๋„ˆ๋ฌด ๋Šฆ์—ˆ์–ด, ์ข…๋ง์€ ์ด๋ฏธ ์™”์–ด.โ€ ๋ผ๊ณ  ๋ˆ„๊ตฐ๊ฐ€ ๋งํ•  ๋•Œ๋งˆ๋‹ค
09:52
"It's too late, the apocalypse is here,"
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09:54
reply, "Nah, we can stop it with just two percent."
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โ€œ์•„๋‹ˆ, ๋‹จ 2%๋ฉด ๋ฉˆ์ถœ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์–ด.โ€ ๋ผ๊ณ  ๋Œ€๋‹ตํ•˜์‹ญ์‹œ์˜ค.
09:59
And when COP 27 convenes in Egypt in November 2022,
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2022๋…„ 11์›” ์ด์ง‘ํŠธ์—์„œ 27ํšŒ ์œ ์—”๊ธฐํ›„๋ณ€ํ™”ํ˜‘์•ฝ ๋‹น์‚ฌ๊ตญ์ดํšŒ๊ฐ€ ์—ด๋ฆฌ๋ฉด
10:05
we should tell the attending leaders
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์ดํšŒ์— ์ฐธ์„ํ•  ์ง€๋„์ž๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ
10:07
that it's not enough to make vague future pledges
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์„ญ์”จ 1.5๋„์— ๊ด€ํ•œ ๋ง‰์—ฐํ•œ ๋ฏธ๋ž˜ ๊ณต์•ฝ์œผ๋กœ๋Š”
10:11
about 1.5 degrees Celsius.
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์ถฉ๋ถ„์น˜ ์•Š๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋งํ•ด์•ผ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:14
We want them to take out their pens
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๊ทธ๋“ค์ด ํŽœ์„ ๊บผ๋‚ด
10:17
and sign a check
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์„ธ๊ณ„ ์—ฐ๊ฐ„ GDP์˜ 2%๋ฅผ ์“ฐ๊ฒ ๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ˆ˜ํ‘œ์— ์„œ๋ช…ํ•˜๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๋ฐ”๋ž๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:18
for two percent of annual global GDP.
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10:23
Thank you.
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๊ฐ์‚ฌํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
์ด ์›น์‚ฌ์ดํŠธ ์ •๋ณด

์ด ์‚ฌ์ดํŠธ๋Š” ์˜์–ด ํ•™์Šต์— ์œ ์šฉํ•œ YouTube ๋™์˜์ƒ์„ ์†Œ๊ฐœํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ „ ์„ธ๊ณ„ ์ตœ๊ณ ์˜ ์„ ์ƒ๋‹˜๋“ค์ด ๊ฐ€๋ฅด์น˜๋Š” ์˜์–ด ์ˆ˜์—…์„ ๋ณด๊ฒŒ ๋  ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฐ ๋™์˜์ƒ ํŽ˜์ด์ง€์— ํ‘œ์‹œ๋˜๋Š” ์˜์–ด ์ž๋ง‰์„ ๋”๋ธ” ํด๋ฆญํ•˜๋ฉด ๊ทธ๊ณณ์—์„œ ๋™์˜์ƒ์ด ์žฌ์ƒ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋น„๋””์˜ค ์žฌ์ƒ์— ๋งž์ถฐ ์ž๋ง‰์ด ์Šคํฌ๋กค๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์˜๊ฒฌ์ด๋‚˜ ์š”์ฒญ์ด ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ์ด ๋ฌธ์˜ ์–‘์‹์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ฌธ์˜ํ•˜์‹ญ์‹œ์˜ค.

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