Magnus Larsson: Turning dunes into architecture

83,330 views ใƒป 2009-11-26

TED


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

ืžืชืจื’ื: Ido Dekkers ืžื‘ืงืจ: Sigal Tifferet
00:15
It's a bit funny to be
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ื–ื” ืงืฆืช ืžืฆื—ื™ืง ืœื”ื™ื•ืช
00:17
at a conference dedicated to things not seen,
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ื‘ื•ืขื™ื“ื” ืฉืœ ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืœื ื ืจืื™ื,
00:19
and present my proposal to build
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ื•ืœื”ืฆื™ื’ ืืช ื”ื”ืฆืขื” ืฉืœื™ ืœื‘ื ื•ืช
00:22
a 6,000-kilometer-long wall
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ืงื™ืจ ื‘ืื•ืจืš 6000 ืงื™ืœื•ืžื˜ืจ
00:24
across the entire African continent.
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ืœืจื•ื—ื‘ ื›ืœ ื™ื‘ืฉืช ืืคืจื™ืงื”.
00:27
About the size of the Great Wall of China,
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ื‘ืขืจืš ื‘ื’ื•ื“ืœ ืฉืœ ื”ื—ื•ืžื” ื”ืกื™ื ื™ืช,
00:30
this would hardly be an invisible structure.
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ื–ื” ืœื ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ื™ื”ื™ื” ืžื‘ื ื” ื‘ืœืชื™ ื ืจืื”.
00:32
And yet it's made from parts that are invisible, or near-invisible, to the naked eye:
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ื•ื ืขืฉื•ื™ ืžื—ืœืงื™ื ืฉื”ื ื‘ืœืชื™ ื ืจืื™ื, ืื• ื›ืžืขื˜ ื‘ืœืชื™ ื ืจืื™ื ืœืขื™ืŸ ื”ืื ื•ืฉื™ืช,
00:37
bacteria and grains of sand.
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ื‘ืงื˜ืจื™ื•ืช ื•ื’ืจื’ืจื™ื ืฉืœ ื—ื•ืœ.
00:40
Now, as architects we're trained to solve problems.
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื•, ื›ืืจื›ื™ื˜ืงื˜ื™ื ืื ื—ื ื• ืžืื•ืžื ื™ื ื‘ืคืชืจื•ืŸ ื‘ืขื™ื•ืช.
00:43
But I don't really believe in architectural problems;
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ืื‘ืœ ืื ื™ ืœื ืžืžืฉ ืžืืžื™ืŸ ื‘ื‘ืขื™ื•ืช ืืจื›ื™ื˜ืงื˜ื•ืืœื™ืช;
00:45
I only believe in opportunities.
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ืื ื™ ืžืืžื™ืŸ ืจืง ื‘ื”ื–ื“ืžื ื•ื™ื•ืช.
00:47
Which is why I'll show you a threat,
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ืœื›ืŸ ืื ื™ ืืจืื” ืœื›ื ืื™ื•ื,
00:49
and an architectural response.
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ื•ื”ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ื”ืืจื›ื™ื˜ืงื˜ื•ืืœื™ืช.
00:51
The threat is desertification.
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ื”ืื™ื•ื ื”ื•ื ืžื“ื‘ื•ืจ.
00:55
My response is a sandstone wall
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ื”ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ืฉืœื™ ื”ื™ื ืงื™ืจ ืื‘ืŸ ื—ื•ืœ
00:58
made from bacteria and solidified sand,
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ืฉืขืฉื•ื™ ืžื‘ืงื˜ืจื™ื” ื•ื—ื•ืœ ืžื•ืงืฉื”,
01:00
stretching across the desert.
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ืฉื ืžืชื— ืœืจื•ื—ื‘ ื”ืžื“ื‘ืจ.
01:04
Now, sand is a magical material
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื•, ื—ื•ืœ ื”ื•ื ื—ื•ืžืจ ืงืกื•ื
01:06
of beautiful contradictions.
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ืขื ื ื™ื’ื•ื“ื™ื ื™ืคื”ืคื™ื™ื.
01:08
It is simple and complex.
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ื”ื•ื ืคืฉื•ื˜ ื•ืžื•ืจื›ื‘.
01:11
It is peaceful and violent.
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ื”ื•ื ืจื’ื•ืข ื•ืืœื™ื.
01:13
It is always the same, never the same,
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ื”ื•ื ืชืžื™ื“ ืื•ืชื• ื“ื‘ืจ, ื•ืืฃ ืคืขื ืœื ืื•ืชื• ื“ื‘ืจ,
01:15
endlessly fascinating.
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ืžืจืชืง ืœืœื ืงืฅ.
01:17
One billion grains of sand
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ืžื™ืœื™ืืจื“ ื’ืจื’ืจื™ ื—ื•ืœ
01:19
come into existence in the world each second.
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ื‘ืื™ื ืœื›ื“ื™ ืงื™ื•ื ื‘ืขื•ืœื ื›ืœ ืฉื ื™ื”.
01:23
That's a cyclical process.
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ื–ื” ืชื”ืœื™ืš ืžื—ื–ื•ืจื™.
01:25
As rocks and mountains die,
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ื›ืฉืกืœืขื™ื ื•ื”ืจื™ื ืžืชื™ื,
01:27
grains of sand are born.
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ื’ืจื’ืจื™ ื—ื•ืœ ื ื•ืœื“ื™ื.
01:29
Some of those grains may then cement naturally into sandstone.
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ื—ืœืง ืžื”ื’ืจื’ืจื™ื ืื•ืœื™ ื™ื“ื‘ืงื• ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ื˜ื‘ืขื™ืช ืœืื‘ืŸ ื—ื•ืœ.
01:32
And as the sandstone weathers, new grains break free.
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ื•ื›ืฉืื‘ืŸ ื—ื•ืœ ื ืฉื—ืงืช, ื’ืจื’ืจื™ ื—ื•ืœ ืžืฉืชื—ืจืจื™ื.
01:36
Some of those grains may then accumulate
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ื—ืœืง ืžื”ื’ืจื’ืจื™ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ืฆื˜ื‘ืจ
01:38
on a massive scale,
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ื‘ืงื ื” ืžื™ื“ื” ืžืกื™ื‘ื™,
01:40
into a sand dune.
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ืœื“ื™ื•ื ืช ื—ื•ืœ.
01:43
In a way, the static, stone mountain
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ื‘ื“ืจืš ืžืกื•ื™ื™ืžืช, ื”ืจ ื”ืื‘ืŸ ื”ืกื˜ื˜ื™
01:46
becomes a moving mountain of sand.
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ื”ื•ืคืš ืœื”ืจ ื—ื•ืœ ื ื™ื™ื“.
01:49
But, moving mountains can be dangerous. Let me try and explain why.
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ืื‘ืœ, ื”ืจื™ื ื ื™ื™ื“ื™ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžืกื•ื›ื ื™ื. ืชื ื• ืœื™ ืœื”ืกื‘ื™ืจ ืžื“ื•ืข.
01:53
Dry areas cover more than one third of the Earth's land surfaces.
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ืื–ื•ืจื™ื ื™ื‘ืฉื™ื ืžื›ืกื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืฉืœื™ืฉ ืžืฉื˜ื— ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ ื”ืžื•ืฆืง.
01:57
Some are already deserts;
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ื—ืœืง ื›ื‘ืจ ืžื“ื‘ืจื™ื•ืช;
01:59
others are being seriously degraded by the sand.
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ื—ืœืง ื ืฉื—ืงื™ื ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ืžืกื™ื‘ื™ืช ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ื—ื•ืœ.
02:02
Just south of the Sahara we find the Sahel.
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ื“ืจื•ืžื™ืช ืœืกื”ืจื” ืžื•ืฆืื™ื ืืช ืกื—ืœ.
02:05
The name means "edge of the desert."
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ื”ืฉื ืื•ืžืจ " ืงืฆื” ื”ืžื“ื‘ืจ."
02:08
And this is the region most closely associated with desertification.
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ื•ื–ื” ื”ืื–ื•ืจ ื”ืžืงื•ืฉืจ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืขื ืžื“ื‘ื•ืจ.
02:12
It was here in the late '60s and early '70s
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ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ืคื” ื‘ืกื•ืฃ ืฉื ื•ืช ื”60 ื•ืชื—ื™ืœืช ื”70
02:15
that major droughts brought three million people
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ืฉืชืงื•ืคื•ืช ื‘ืฆื•ืจืช ืืจื•ื›ื•ืช ื”ื‘ื™ืื• ืฉืœื•ืฉื” ืžืœื™ื•ืŸ ืื ืฉื™ื
02:18
to become dependent upon emergency food aid,
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ืœื”ืกืชืžืš ืขืœ ืกื™ื•ืข ืžื–ื•ืŸ ื“ื—ื•ืฃ,
02:21
with about up to 250,000 dying.
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ืขื ื‘ืขืจืš 250,000 ืžืชื™ื.
02:23
This is a catastrophe waiting to happen again.
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ื–ื• ืงื˜ืกื˜ืจื•ืคื” ืฉืขื•ืžื“ืช ืœื”ืชืจื—ืฉ ืฉื•ื‘.
02:26
And it's one that gets very little attention.
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ื•ื”ื™ื ืžืงื‘ืœืช ืžืขื˜ ืžืื•ื“ ืชืฉื•ืžืช ืœื‘.
02:29
In our accelerated media culture,
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ื‘ืชืจื‘ื•ืช ื”ืžื“ื™ื” ื”ืžื•ืืฆืช ืฉืœื ื•,
02:31
desertification is simply too slow
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ืžื“ื‘ื•ืจ ื”ื•ื ืคืฉื•ื˜ ืื™ื˜ื™ ืžื“ื™
02:34
to reach the headlines.
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื’ื™ืข ืœื›ื•ืชืจื•ืช.
02:36
It's nothing like a tsunami or a Katrina:
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ื”ื•ื ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ืฉืชื•ื•ืช ืœืฆื•ื ืืžื™ ืื• ืงื˜ืจื™ื ื”:
02:39
too few crying children and smashed up houses.
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ืคื—ื•ืช ืžื“ื™ ื™ืœื“ื™ื ื‘ื•ื›ื™ื ื•ื‘ืชื™ื ืžืจื•ืกืงื™ื.
02:44
And yet desertification
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ื•ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืžื“ื‘ื•ืจ
02:46
is a major threat on all continents,
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ื”ื•ื ืื™ื•ื ื’ื“ื•ืœ ืœื›ืœ ื”ื™ื‘ืฉื•ืช,
02:48
affecting some 110 countries
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ื•ืžืฉืคื™ืข ืขืœ ื‘ืขืจืš 110 ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช
02:51
and about 70 percent of the world's agricultural drylands.
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ื•ื‘ืขืจืš 70 ืื—ื•ื– ืžืื“ืžื•ืช ื”ื—ืงืœืื•ืช ื”ื™ื‘ืฉื•ืช.
02:56
It seriously threatens the livelihoods
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ื–ื” ืžืกื›ืŸ ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ื—ืžื•ืจื” ืืช ื”ืžื—ื™ื™ื”
03:00
of millions of people,
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ืฉืœ ืžื™ืœื™ื•ื ื™ ืื ืฉื™ื,
03:02
and especially in Africa and China.
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ื•ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ื‘ืืคืจื™ืงื” ื•ืกื™ืŸ.
03:05
And it is largely an issue that we've created for ourselves
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ื•ื–ื• ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ื‘ืขื™ื” ืฉื™ืฆืจื ื• ื‘ืขืฆืžื ื•
03:08
through unsustainable use of scarce resources.
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ื“ืจืš ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ืœื ื‘ืจ ืงื™ื™ืžื ื‘ืžืฉืื‘ื™ื ื”ื ื“ื™ืจื™ื.
03:12
So, we get climate change.
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ืื–, ื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ืืงืœื™ืžื™.
03:14
We get droughts,
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ื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ื‘ืฆื•ืจืช,
03:15
increased desertification,
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ืžื“ื‘ื•ืจ ืžื•ื’ื‘ืจ,
03:17
crashing food systems, water scarcity,
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ืžืขืจื›ื•ืช ืืกืคืงืช ืื•ื›ืœ ืžืชืจืกืงื•ืช, ื—ื•ืกืจ ื‘ืžื™ื,
03:20
famine, forced migration,
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ืจืขื‘, ื ื“ื™ื“ื” ืžื”ื›ืจื—,
03:24
political instability, warfare, crisis.
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ื—ื•ืกืจ ื™ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืช ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ืช, ืžืœื—ืžื•ืช, ืžืฉื‘ืจ.
03:28
That's a potential scenario
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ื–ื” ืชืกืจื™ื˜ ืืคืฉืจื™
03:30
if we fail to take this seriously.
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ืื ืœื ื ื™ืงื— ืืช ื–ื” ื‘ืจืฆื™ื ื•ืช.
03:32
But, how far away is it?
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ืื‘ืœ, ื›ืžื” ืจื—ื•ืง ื–ื”?
03:34
I went to Sokoto in northern Nigeria
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ื ืกืขืชื™ ืœืกื•ืงื•ื˜ื• ื‘ืฆืคื•ืŸ ื ื™ื’ืจื™ื”
03:36
to try and find out how far away it is.
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœืžืฆื•ื ื›ืžื” ืจื—ื•ืง ื–ื”.
03:39
The dunes here move southward at a pace of around 600 meters a year.
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ื”ื“ื™ื•ื ื•ืช ื›ืืŸ ื ื•ื“ื“ื•ืช ื“ืจื•ืžื” ื‘ืงืฆื‘ ืฉืœ 600 ืžื˜ืจ ื‘ืฉื ื”.
03:44
That's the Sahara eating up almost [two meters] a day of the arable land,
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ื–ื” ื”ืกื”ืจื” ืื•ื›ืœ ื›ืžืขื˜ ืžื˜ืจ ืœื™ื•ื ืžื”ืื“ืžื” ื”ืจืื•ื™ื” ืœืขื™ื‘ื•ื“,
03:47
physically pushing people away from their homes.
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ื“ื•ื—ืงืช ืื ืฉื™ื ืคื™ืกื™ืช ืžื‘ืชื™ื”ื.
03:51
Here I am -- I'm the second person on the left --
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ื”ื ื” ืื ื™ -- ืื ื™ ื”ืฉื ื™ ืžืฉืžืืœ --
03:54
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
03:56
with the elders in Gidan-Kara,
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ืขื ื–ืงื ื™ ื”ืฉื‘ื˜ ื‘ื’ื™ื“ืŸ ืงืจื”,
03:59
a tiny village outside of Sokoto.
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ื›ืคืจ ื–ืขื™ืจ ืžื—ื•ืฅ ืœืกื•ืงื•ื˜ื•.
04:02
They had to move this village in 1987
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ื”ื ื”ื™ื• ื—ื™ื™ื‘ื™ื ืœื”ื–ื™ื– ืืช ื”ื›ืคืจ ื‘1987
04:04
as a huge dune threatened to swallow it.
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ืžืคื ื™ ืฉื“ื™ื•ื ื” ืขืฆื•ืžื” ืื™ื™ืžื” ืœื‘ืœื•ืข ืื•ืชื•.
04:07
So, they moved the entire village, hut by hut.
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ืื–, ื”ื ื”ื–ื™ื–ื• ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ื›ืคืจ, ื‘ืงืชื” ืื—ืจื™ ื‘ืงืชื”.
04:10
This is where the village used to be.
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ืคื” ื”ื›ืคืจ ื”ื™ื” ื‘ืขื‘ืจ.
04:12
It took us about 10 minutes to climb up to the top of that dune,
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ื–ื” ืœืงื— ืœื ื• ื‘ืขืจืš 10 ื“ืงื•ืช ืœื˜ืคืก ืœืจืืฉ ื”ื“ื™ื•ื ื”.
04:17
which goes to show why they had to move to a safer location.
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ืžื” ืฉืžืจืื” ืœื ื• ืœืžื” ื”ื ื”ื™ื• ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœื–ื•ื– ืœืžืงื•ื ื‘ื˜ื•ื— ื™ื•ืชืจ.
04:20
That's the kind of forced migration
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ื–ื” ื”ืกื•ื’ ืฉืœ ื”ื’ื™ืจื” ื›ืคื•ื™ื”
04:22
that desertification can lead to.
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ืฉืžื“ื‘ื•ืจ ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื•ื‘ื™ืœ ืืœื™ื”.
04:25
If you happen to live close to the desert border,
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ืื ืืชื ื‘ืžืงืจื” ื’ืจื™ื ืœื™ื“ ื’ื‘ื•ืœ ื”ืžื“ื‘ืจ,
04:27
you can pretty much calculate how long it will be
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ืืชื ืžืžืฉ ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื—ืฉื‘ ื›ืžื” ื–ืžืŸ ื™ืงื—
04:29
before you have to carry your kids away,
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ืœืคื ื™ ืฉืชืฆื˜ืจื›ื• ืœืงื—ืช ืืช ื™ืœื“ื™ื›ื,
04:31
and abandon your home and your life as you know it.
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ื•ืœื ื˜ื•ืฉ ืืช ื‘ืชื™ื›ื, ื•ืืช ื—ื™ื™ื›ื ื›ืžื• ืฉืืชื ืžื›ื™ืจื™ื ืื•ืชื.
04:36
Now, sand dunes cover only about one fifth of our deserts.
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื•, ื“ื™ื•ื ื•ืช ื—ื•ืœ ืžื›ืกื•ืช ื‘ืขืจืš ืจืง ื—ืžื™ืฉื™ืช ืžื”ืžื“ื‘ืจ.
04:40
And still, those extreme environments are very good places
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ื•ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ, ื”ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื•ืช ื”ืงื™ืฆื•ื ื™ื•ืช ื”ืืœื” ื”ื ืžืงื•ืžื•ืช ื˜ื•ื‘ื™ื ืžืื•ื“
04:43
if we want to stop the shifting sands.
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ืื ืชืจืฆื• ืœืขืฆื•ืจ ืืช ื”ื—ื•ืœื•ืช ื”ื ื•ื“ื“ื™ื.
04:46
Four years ago, 23 African countries
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ืœืคื ื™ ืืจื‘ืข ืฉื ื™ื, 23 ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ืืคืจื™ืงืื™ื•ืช
04:49
came together to create the Great Green Wall Sahara.
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ื”ืชืื—ื“ื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ืืช ื—ื•ืžืช ืกื”ืจื” ื”ื™ืจื•ืงื” ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื”.
04:52
A fantastic project, the initial plan
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ืคืจื•ื™ื™ืงื˜ ืคื ื˜ืกื˜ื™, ื”ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช ื”ื”ืชื—ืœืชื™ืช
04:55
called for a shelter belt of trees to be planted
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ืงืจืื” ืœืฉืชื™ืœืช ื—ื’ื•ืจืช ืขืฆื™ื ืžื’ื ื”
04:57
right across the African continent,
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ืœืจื•ื—ื‘ ื”ื™ื‘ืฉืช ื”ืืคืจื™ืงืื™ืช,
04:59
from Mauritania in the west, all the way to Djibouti in the east.
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ืžืžืื•ืจื™ื˜ื ื™ื” ื‘ืžืขืจื‘, ื›ืœ ื”ื“ืจืš ืœื’'ื™ื‘ื•ื˜ื™ ื‘ืžื–ืจื—.
05:03
If you want to stop a sand dune from moving,
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ืื ืืชื ืจื•ืฆื™ื ืœืžื ื•ืข ืžื“ื™ื•ื ืช ื—ื•ืœ ืœื–ื•ื–
05:05
what you need to make sure to do is to stop the grains
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ืžื” ืฉืฆืจื™ืš ืœื“ืื•ื’ ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื–ื” ืœืžื ื•ืข ืžื”ื’ืจื’ื™ืจื™ื
05:07
from avalanching over its crest.
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ืœื’ืœื•ืฉ ืžืขื‘ืจ ืœืคืกื’ื”.
05:10
And a good way of doing that, the most efficient way,
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ื•ื“ืจืš ื˜ื•ื‘ื” ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื–ืืช, ื”ื“ืจืš ื”ื™ืขื™ืœื” ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ,
05:12
is to use some kind of sand catcher.
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ื”ื™ื ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ืื™ื–ื” ืฉื”ื•ื ืกื•ื’ ืฉืœ ืชื•ืคืก ื’ืจื’ืจื™ื.
05:14
Trees or cacti are good for this.
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ืขืฆื™ื ืื• ืงืงื˜ื•ืกื™ื ื˜ื•ื‘ื™ื ืœื–ื”.
05:17
But, one of the problems with planting trees is that
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ืื‘ืœ, ืื—ืช ื”ื‘ืขื™ื•ืช ื‘ืฉืชื™ืœืช ืขืฆื™ื ื”ื™ื
05:20
the people in these regions are so poor
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ืฉื”ืืฉื™ื ื‘ืื–ื•ืจ ื›ืœ ื›ืš ืขื ื™ื™ื
05:22
that they chop them down for firewood.
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ืฉื”ื ื›ื•ืจืชื™ื ืื•ืชื ืœืขืฆื™ ื”ืกืงื”.
05:24
Now there is an alternative to just planting trees
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ื™ืฉ ืืœื˜ืจื ื˜ื™ื‘ื” ืœืกืชื ื ื˜ื™ืขืช ืขืฆื™ื
05:28
and hoping that they won't get chopped down.
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ื•ืœืงื•ื•ืช ืฉื”ื ืœื ื™ื›ืจืชื•.
05:31
This sandstone wall that I'm proposing essentially does three things.
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ื—ื•ืžืช ืื‘ืŸ ื”ื—ื•ืœ ื”ื–ื• ืฉืื ื™ ืžืฆื™ืข ืขื•ืฉื” ื‘ืขืฆื ืฉืœื•ืฉื” ื“ื‘ืจื™ื.
05:34
It adds roughness to the dune's surface,
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ื”ื™ื ืžื•ืกื™ืคื” ื—ื™ืกืคื•ืก ืœืคื ื™ ื”ื“ื™ื•ื ื”,
05:37
to the texture of the dune's surface, binding the grains.
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ืœื˜ืงืกื˜ื•ืจื” ืฉืœ ืคื ื™ ื”ื“ื™ื•ื ื”, ืงื•ืฉืจืช ืืช ื”ื’ืจื’ืจื™ื.
05:40
It provides a physical support structure for the trees,
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ื”ื•ื ืžื•ืกื™ืคื” ืžื‘ื ื” ืชืžื™ื›ื” ืคื™ืกื™ืช ืœืขืฆื™ื,
05:43
and it creates physical spaces,
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ื•ื”ื™ื ื™ื•ืฆืจืช ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ื ืคื™ืกื™ื™ื,
05:46
habitable spaces inside of the sand dunes.
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ืื–ื•ืจื™ ืžื—ื™ื™ื” ื‘ืชื•ืš ื”ื“ื™ื•ื ื•ืช.
05:48
If people live inside of the green barrier
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ืื ืื ืฉื™ื ื™ื—ื™ื• ื‘ืชื•ืš ื”ืžื—ืกื•ื ื”ื™ืจื•ืง
05:51
they can help support the trees, protect them from humans,
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ื”ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืขื–ื•ืจ ืœืชืžื•ืš ื‘ืขืฆื™ื, ืœืฉืžื•ืจ ืขืœื™ื”ื ืžืคื ื™ ืื ืฉื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื,
05:54
and from some of the forces of nature.
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ื•ืžืคื ื™ ื—ืœืง ืžื›ื•ื—ื•ืช ื”ื˜ื‘ืข.
05:56
Inside of the dunes we find shade.
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ื‘ืชื•ืš ื”ื“ื™ื•ื ื•ืช ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืžืฆื•ื ืฆืœ.
05:59
We can start harvesting condensation,
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ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื”ืชื—ื™ืœ ืชื ืื™ ืงืฆื™ืจ,
06:02
and start greening the desert from within.
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ื•ืœื”ืชื—ื™ืœ ืœื”ืคื•ืš ืืช ื”ืžื“ื‘ืจ ืœื™ืจื•ืง ืžื‘ืคื ื™ื.
06:04
Sand dunes are almost like ready-made buildings in a way.
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ื“ื™ื•ื ื•ืช ื”ืŸ ื›ืžืขื˜ ื‘ืชื™ื ืžื•ื›ื ื™ื ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ืžืกื•ื™ื™ืžืช.
06:07
All we need to do is solidify the parts that we need to be solid,
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ื›ืœ ืžื” ืฉืฆืจื™ืš ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื”ื•ื ืœืžืฆืง ืืช ื”ื—ืœืงื™ื ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืฉื™ื”ื™ื• ืงืฉื™ื—ื™ื,
06:11
and then excavate the sand,
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ื•ืื– ืœื”ื•ืฆื™ื ืืช ื”ื—ื•ืœ,
06:13
and we have our architecture.
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ื•ื”ืืจื›ื™ื˜ืงื˜ื•ืจื” ืฉืœื ื• ืžื•ื›ื ื”.
06:15
We can either excavate it by hand
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ืืคืฉืจ ืœื”ื•ืฆื™ื ืื•ืชื• ื‘ื™ื“ื™ื™ื
06:17
or we can have the wind excavate it for us.
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ืื• ืฉืืคืฉืจ ืœืชืช ืœืจื•ื— ืœื”ื•ืฆื™ื ืื•ืชื• ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืœื ื•.
06:19
So, the wind carries the sand onto the site
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ืื–, ื”ืจื•ื— ืžื‘ื™ืื” ืืช ื”ื—ื•ืœ ืœืืชืจ
06:21
and then it carries the redundant sand away from the structure for us.
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ื•ืื– ื”ื™ื ื ื•ืฉืืช ืืช ื”ื—ื•ืœ ื”ืžื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืชื•ืš ื”ืžื‘ื ื” ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืœื ื•.
06:26
But, by now, you're probably asking,
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ืื‘ืœ, ืขื›ืฉื™ื• , ืืชื ื‘ื•ื“ืื™ ืฉื•ืืœื™ื
06:28
how am I planning to solidify a sand dune?
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ืื™ืš ืื ื™ ืžืชื›ื ืŸ ืœืžืฆืง ืืช ื”ื“ื™ื•ื ื•ืช?
06:31
How do we glue those grains of sand together?
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ืื™ืš ืื ื—ื ื• ืžื“ื‘ื™ืงื™ื ืืช ื’ืจื’ืจื™ ื”ื—ื•ืœ ืื—ื“ ืœืฉื ื™?
06:34
And the answer is, perhaps, that you use these guys,
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ื•ื”ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ื”ื™ื, ืื•ืœื™, ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ื—ื‘ืจื” ื”ืืœื”,
06:37
Bacillus pasteurii,
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ื‘ืฆื™ืœื•ืก ืคืกื˜ื•ืจื™,
06:39
a micro-organism that is readily available in wetlands
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ืžื™ืงืจื• ืื•ืจื’ื ื™ื–ื ืฉืžืฆื•ื™ ื‘ืฉืคืข ื‘ืื–ื•ืจื™ื ืœื—ื™ื
06:41
and marshes, and does precisely that.
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ื•ื‘ื™ืฆื•ืช, ื•ืขื•ืฉื” ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ืืช ื–ื”.
06:44
It takes a pile of loose sand
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ื”ื•ื ืœื•ืงื— ืขืจืžื” ืฉืœ ื—ื•ืœ ื—ื•ืคืฉื™
06:46
and it creates sandstone out of it.
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ื•ื™ื•ืฆืจ ืื‘ืŸ ื—ื•ืœ ืžืžื ื”.
06:49
These images from the American Society for Microbiology show us the process.
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ื”ืชืžื•ื ื•ืช ื”ืืœื” ืžื”ืื’ื•ื“ื” ื”ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ืช ืœืžื™ืงืจื•ื‘ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ืžืจืื•ืช ืœื ื• ืืช ื”ืชื”ืœื™ืš.
06:53
What happens is, you pour Bacillus pasteurii onto a pile of sand,
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ืžื” ืฉืงื•ืจื” ื”ื•ื, ืฉืฉื•ืคื›ื™ื ื‘ืฆื™ืœื•ืก ืคืกื˜ื•ืจื™ ืขืœ ืขืจืžืช ื—ื•ืœ,
06:57
and it starts filling up the voids in between the grains.
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ื•ื”ื™ื ืžืชื—ื™ืœื” ืœืžืœื ืืช ื”ื—ืœืœื™ื ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื’ืจื’ืจื™ื.
07:00
A chemical process produces calcite,
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ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื›ื™ืžื™ ืฉืžืคื™ืง ืงืœืฆื™ื˜,
07:02
which is a kind of natural cement
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ืฉื”ื•ื ืกื•ื’ ืฉืœ ื“ื‘ืง ื˜ื‘ืขื™
07:04
that binds the grains together.
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ืฉืžื—ื‘ืจ ืืช ื”ื’ืจื’ืจื™ื ื‘ื™ื—ื“.
07:06
The whole cementation process takes about 24 hours.
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ื›ืœ ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื”ื”ื“ื‘ืงื” ืœื•ืงื— 24 ืฉืขื•ืช.
07:10
I learned about this from a professor at U.C. Davis called Jason DeJong.
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ืœืžื“ืชื™ ืขืœ ื–ื” ืžืคืจื•ืคืกื•ืจ ื‘ืฉื ื’'ื™ื™ืกื•ืŸ ื“ื”-ื’'ื•ื ื’ ื‘ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ืช ื“ื™ื™ื•ื™ืก.
07:14
He managed to do it in a mere 1,400 minutes.
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ื”ื•ื ื”ืฆืœื™ื— ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืืช ื–ื” ื‘1,400 ื“ืงื•ืช.
07:18
Here I am, playing the part of the mad scientist,
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ื›ืืŸ ืื ื™ ืžื’ืœื ืืช ืชืคืงื™ื“ ื”ืžื“ืขืŸ ื”ืžื˜ื•ืจืฃ,
07:20
working with the bugs at UCL in London,
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ืขื•ื‘ื“ ืขื ื”ื—ืจืงื™ื ื‘UCL ื‘ืœื•ื ื“ื•ืŸ,
07:24
trying to solidify them.
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ืžื ืกื” ืœืžืฆืง ืื•ืชื.
07:26
So, how much would this cost?
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ืื–, ื›ืžื” ื–ื” ื™ืขืœื”?
07:29
I'm not an economist, very much not,
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ืื ื™ ืœื ื›ืœื›ืœืŸ, ืœื ืžืžืฉ,
07:31
but I did, quite literally, a back of the envelope calculation --
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ืื‘ืœ ืขืฉื™ืชื™, ืžืžืฉ, ื—ื™ืฉื•ื‘ ืขืœ ื’ื‘ ืžืขื˜ืคื” --
07:35
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
07:37
-- and it seems that for a cubic meter of concrete
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-- ื•ื ืจืื” ืฉืœืžื˜ืจ ืžืขื•ืงื‘ ืฉืœ ื‘ื˜ื•ืŸ
07:40
we would have to pay in the region of 90 dollars.
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ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœืฉืœื 90 ื“ื•ืœืจ.
07:43
And, after an initial cost of 60 bucks to buy the bacteria,
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ื•ืื—ืจื™ ืขืœื•ืช ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ืช ืฉืœ 60 ื“ื•ืœืจ ืœืงื ื™ื™ืช ื”ื‘ืงื˜ืจื™ื™ื”,
07:46
which you'll never have to pay again,
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ืฉืœื ืชืฆื˜ืจื›ื• ืœืฉืœื ื™ื•ืชืจ,
07:48
one cubic meter of bacterial sand
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ืงื•ื‘ ืฉืœ ื—ื•ืœ ื‘ืงื˜ืจื™ืืœื™
07:51
would be about 11 dollars.
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ื™ืขืœื” ื›11 ื“ื•ืœืจ.
07:53
How do we construct something like this?
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ืื™ืš ื ื‘ื ื” ืžืฉื”ื• ื›ื–ื”?
07:55
Well, I'll quickly show you two options.
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ืื–, ืื ื™ ืืจืื” ืœื›ื ื‘ืงืฆืจื” ืฉืชื™ ืืคืฉืจื•ื™ื•ืช.
07:57
The first is to create a kind of balloon structure,
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ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ื”ื™ื ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ืžื™ืŸ ืžื‘ื ื” ืฉืœ ื›ื“ื•ืจ,
07:59
fill it with bacteria, then allow the sand to wash over the balloon,
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ืœืžืœื ืื•ืชื• ื‘ื‘ืงื˜ืจื™ื”, ื•ืื– ืœืชืช ืœื—ื•ืœ ืœืฉื˜ื•ืฃ ืืช ื”ื‘ืœื•ืŸ,
08:03
pop the balloon, as it were, disseminating the bacteria into the sand and solidifying it.
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ืœืคื•ืฆืฅ ืืช ื”ื‘ืœื•ืŸ, ื›ืžื• ืฉื”ื•ื, ื•ืœืคื–ืจ ืืช ื”ื‘ืงื˜ืจื™ื” ืœืชื•ืš ื”ื—ื•ืœ ื›ื“ื™ ืœืžืฆืง ืื•ืชื•.
08:07
Then, a few years afterwards,
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ื•ืื–, ืžืกืคืจ ืฉื ื™ื ืœืื—ืจ ืžื›ืŸ,
08:09
using permacultural strategies,
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ื‘ืฉื™ื˜ื•ืช ื—ืงืœืื•ืช ื‘ืจืช ืงื™ื™ืžื,
08:11
we green that part of the desert.
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืžื•ืจื™ืงื™ื ืืช ื”ื—ืœืง ื”ื–ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืžื“ื‘ืจ.
08:14
The second alternative would be to use injection piles.
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ื”ืฉื™ื˜ื” ื”ืฉื ื™ื” ื”ื™ื ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ืขืจืžื•ืช ื”ื–ืจืงื”.
08:17
So, we pushed the piles down through the dune,
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ืื–, ื“ื—ืคื ื• ืืช ื”ืขืจืžื•ืช ืœืชื•ืš ื”ื“ื™ื•ื ื”,
08:19
and we create an initial bacterial surface.
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ื•ื™ืฆืจื ื• ืžืฉื˜ื— ื‘ืงื˜ืจื™ืืœื™ ืจืืฉื•ื ื™.
08:22
We then pull the piles up through the dune
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ืื– ืžื•ืฉื›ื™ื ืืช ื”ืขืจืžื•ืช ื“ืจืš ื”ื“ื™ื•ื ื”
08:25
and we're able to create almost any conceivable shape inside of the sand
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ื•ืื ื—ื ื• ืžืกื•ื’ืœื™ื ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ื›ืžืขื˜ ื›ืœ ืกื•ื’ ืฉืœ ืฆื•ืจื” ื‘ืชื•ืš ื”ื—ื•ืœ
08:28
with the sand acting as a mold as we go up.
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ื›ืฉื”ื—ื•ืœ ืžืชืคืงื“ ื›ืชื‘ื ื™ืช ื›ืฉืขื•ืœื™ื.
08:32
So, we have a way of turning sand into sandstone,
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ืื–, ื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ืฉื™ื˜ื” ืœื”ืคื•ืš ื—ื•ืœ ืœืื‘ืŸ ื—ื•ืœ,
08:36
and then creating these habitable spaces inside of the desert dunes.
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ื•ืื– ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ืืช ืื–ื•ืจื™ ื”ืžื’ื•ืจื™ื ื”ืืœื” ื‘ืชื•ืš ื”ื“ื™ื•ื ื•ืช ื‘ืžื“ื‘ืจ,
08:40
But, what should they look like?
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ืื‘ืœ, ืื™ืš ื”ืŸ ืฆืจื™ื›ื•ืช ืœื”ืจืื•ืช?
08:42
Well, I was inspired, for my architectural form, by tafoni,
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ืื–, ืงื™ื‘ืœืชื™ ื”ืฉืจืื”, ืœืฆื•ืจื” ื”ืืจื›ื™ื˜ืงื˜ื•ื ื™ืช ืฉืœื™, ืžื˜ืคื•ื ื™,
08:47
which look a little bit like this, this is a model representation of it.
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ืฉื ืจืื” ืงืฆืช ื›ืžื• ื–ื”, ื–ื” ืžื•ื“ืœ ื™ืฆื•ื’ื™ ืฉืœื•.
08:50
These are cavernous rock structures that I found on the site in Sokoto.
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ืืœื” ืžื‘ื ื™ื ืกืœืขื™ื™ื ืžืขืจืชื™ื™ื ืฉืžืฆืืชื™ ื‘ืืชืจ ื‘ืกื•ืงื•ื˜ื•.
08:53
And I realized that if I scaled them up, they would provide me
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ื•ื”ื‘ื ืชื™ ืฉืื ืื’ื“ื™ืœ ืื•ืชื, ื”ื ื™ืกืคืงื• ืœื™
08:56
with good spatial qualities,
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ืื™ื›ื•ื™ื•ืช ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื˜ื•ื‘ื•ืช,
08:59
for ventilation, for thermal comfort, and for other things.
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ืœืื•ื•ืจื•ืจ, ืœื ื•ื—ื•ืช ื˜ืจืžื™ืช, ื•ืœื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื.
09:02
Now, part of the formal control over this structure
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื•, ื—ืœืง ืžื”ืฉืœื™ื˜ื” ื”ืคื•ืจืžืœื™ืช ืขืœ ื”ืžื‘ื ื” ื”ื–ื”
09:05
would be lost to nature, obviously,
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ืชืขื‘ื•ืจ ืœื˜ื‘ืข, ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ,
09:07
as the bacteria do their work.
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ื›ืฉื”ื‘ืงื˜ืจื™ื” ืชืขืฉื” ืืช ืขื‘ื•ื“ืชื”.
09:10
And I think this creates a kind of boundless beauty actually.
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ื•ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ ืฉื–ื” ื™ื•ืฆืจ ื‘ืขืฆื ืžื™ืŸ ืกื•ื’ ืฉืœ ื™ื•ืคื™ ื—ืกืจ ื’ื‘ื•ืœื•ืช.
09:13
I think there is really something in that articulation
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ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ ืฉื™ืฉ ืžืฉื”ื• ื‘ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื™ ื”ื–ื”
09:16
that is quite nice.
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ืฉื”ื•ื ืžืžืฉ ื™ืคื”.
09:18
We see the result, the traces, if you like,
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืจื•ืื™ื ืืช ื”ืชื•ืฆืื”, ืืช ื”ื”ืชืจืฉืžื•ืช, ืื ืชืจืฆื•,
09:22
of the Bacillus pasteurii being harnessed to sculpt the desert
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ืฉืœ ื”ื‘ืฆื™ืœื•ืก ืคืกื˜ื•ืจื™ ื›ืฉื”ื•ื ื ืจืชื ืœืคื™ืกื•ืœ ื”ืžื“ื‘ืจ
09:25
into these habitable environments.
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ืœืกื‘ื™ื‘ื•ืช ืžื—ื™ื™ื”.
09:27
Some people believe that
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ื›ืžื” ืื ืฉื™ื ืžืืžื™ื ื™ื
09:30
this would spread uncontrollably,
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ืฉื–ื” ื™ืชืคืฉื˜ ืœืœื ื‘ืงืจื”,
09:32
and that the bacteria would kill everything in its way.
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ื•ืฉื”ื‘ืงื˜ืจื™ื” ืชื”ืจื•ื’ ื›ืœ ืžื” ืฉื‘ื“ืจื›ื”.
09:34
That's not true at all.
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ื–ื” ืœื—ืœื•ื˜ื™ืŸ ืœื ื ื›ื•ืŸ.
09:36
It's a natural process. It goes on in nature today,
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ื–ื” ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื˜ื‘ืขื™. ื–ื” ืงื•ืจื” ื‘ื˜ื‘ืข ื›ื™ื•ื.
09:38
and the bacteria die as soon as we stop feeding them.
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ื•ื”ื‘ืงื˜ืจื™ื•ืช ืžืชื•ืช ื‘ืจื’ืข ืฉืžืคืกื™ืงื™ื ืœื”ืื›ื™ืœ ืื•ืชืŸ.
09:41
So, there it is --
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ืื–, ื”ื ื” ื–ื” --
09:43
architectural anti-desertification structures
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ืžื‘ื ื™ื ืืจื›ื™ื˜ืงื˜ื•ื ื™ื™ื ื ื•ื’ื“ื™ ืžื“ื‘ืจ
09:46
made from the desert itself.
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ืขืฉื•ื™ื™ื ืžื”ืžื“ื‘ืจ ืขืฆืžื•.
09:48
Sand-stopping devices, made from sand.
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ืžื›ืฉื™ืจื™ ืขืฆื™ืจืช ื—ื•ืœ, ืขืฉื•ื™ื™ื ืžื—ื•ืœ.
09:52
The world is likely to lose one third of its arable land
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ื”ืขื•ืœื ื›ื ืจืื” ื™ืื‘ื“ ืฉืœื™ืฉ ืžื”ืื“ืžื•ืช ื”ืคื•ืจื™ื•ืช ืฉืœื•
09:55
by the end of the century.
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ืขื“ ืกื•ืฃ ื”ืžืื”.
09:57
In a period of unprecedented population growth
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ื‘ืชืงื•ืคื” ืฉืœ ื’ื™ื“ื•ืœ ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื” ื—ืกืจ ืชืงื“ื™ื
10:01
and increased food demands, this could prove disastrous.
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ื•ื“ืจื™ืฉื•ืช ืžื–ื•ืŸ ื’ื“ืœื•ืช, ื–ื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื”ืจื” ืืกื•ืŸ.
10:03
And quite frankly, we're putting our heads in the sand.
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ื•ื”ืืžืช, ืื ื—ื ื• ืงื•ื‘ืจื™ื ืืช ืจืืฉื™ื ื• ื‘ื—ื•ืœ.
10:07
If nothing else, I would like for this scheme to initiate a discussion.
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ืœื›ืœ ื”ืคื—ื•ืช, ื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ืจื•ืฆื” ืฉื”ืชื›ื ื™ืช ื”ื–ื• ืชืชื—ื™ืœ ื“ื™ื•ืŸ.
10:12
But, if I had something like a TED wish,
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ืื‘ืœ, ืื ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืœื™ ืžืฉื”ื• ื›ืžื• ืžืฉืืœืช TED,
10:14
it would be to actually get it built,
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ื–ื” ื™ื”ื™ื” ืžืžืฉ ืœื‘ื ื•ืช,
10:16
to start building this habitable wall,
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ืœื”ืชื—ื™ืœ ืœื‘ื ื•ืช ืืช ืงื™ืจ ื”ืžื’ื•ืจื™ื ื”ื–ื”,
10:19
this very, very long, but very narrow city in the desert,
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ื”ืขื™ืจ ื”ืžืžืฉ ืžืžืฉ ืืจื•ื›ื”, ืื‘ืœ ืžืžืฉ ืฆืจื” ื‘ืžื“ื‘ืจ,
10:23
built into the dunescape itself.
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ื‘ื ื•ื™ื” ืœืชื•ืš ื ื•ืฃ ื”ื“ื™ื•ื ื•ืช ืขืฆืžื•.
10:27
It's not only something that supports trees,
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ื–ื” ืœื ืจืง ืžืฉื”ื• ืฉืชื•ืžืš ื‘ืขืฆื™ื,
10:30
but something that connects people and countries together.
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ืืœื ืžืฉื”ื• ืฉืžื—ื‘ืจ ืื ืฉื™ื ื•ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ื‘ื™ื—ื“.
10:34
I would like to conclude by showing you an animation of the structure,
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ื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ืจื•ืฆื” ืœืกื™ื™ื ื‘ืœื”ืจืื•ืช ืœื›ื ืื ื™ืžืฆื™ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืžื‘ื ื”,
10:40
and leave you with a sentence by Jorge Luis Borges.
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ื•ืœื”ืฉืื™ืจ ืืชื›ื ืขื ืžืฉืคื˜ ืฉืœ ื’'ื•ืจื’' ืœื•ื™ืก ื‘ื•ืจื—ืก.
10:46
Borges said that "nothing is built on stone,
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ื‘ื•ืจื—ืก ืืžืจ, "ืฉื•ื ื“ื‘ืจ ืœื ื‘ื ื•ื™ ืขืœ ืื‘ืŸ,
10:52
everything is built on sand,
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ื”ื›ืœ ื‘ื ื•ื™ ืขืœ ื—ื•ืœ,
10:56
but we must build as if the sand were stone."
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ืื‘ืœ ืื ื—ื ื• ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœื‘ื ื•ืช ื›ืื™ืœื• ื”ื—ื•ืœ ื”ื™ื” ืื‘ืŸ"
11:01
Now, there are many details left to explore in this scheme --
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื•, ื™ืฉ ื”ืจื‘ื” ืคืจื˜ื™ื ืฉื ืฉืืจื• ืœื—ืงื•ืจ ื‘ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช ื”ื–ื•,
11:05
political, practical, ethical, financial.
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ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ื™ื, ืคืจืงื˜ื™ื™ื, ืืชื™ื™ื, ืคื™ื ื ืกื™ื™ื.
11:10
My design, as it takes you down the rabbit hole,
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ื”ืขื™ืฆื•ื‘ ืฉืœื™, ื›ืฉื”ื•ื ืœื•ืงื— ืืชื›ื ืœืชื•ืš ืžื—ื™ืœืช ื”ืืจื ื‘,
11:15
is fraught with many challenges
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ื˜ืขื•ืŸ ื‘ื”ืจื‘ื” ืืชื’ืจื™ื
11:19
and difficulties in the real world.
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ื•ืžื›ืฉื•ืœื™ื ื‘ืขื•ืœื ื”ืืžื™ืชื™.
11:22
But, it's a beginning, it's a vision.
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ืื‘ืœ, ื–ื• ื”ืชื—ืœื”, ื–ื” ื—ื–ื•ืŸ.
11:26
As Borges would have it, it's the sand.
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ื›ืžื• ืฉื‘ื•ืจื—ืก ื”ื™ื” ืจื•ืฆื”, ื–ื” ื”ื—ื•ืœ.
11:30
And I think now is really the time
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ื•ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ ืฉืขื›ืฉื™ื• ื–ื” ื‘ืืžืช ื”ื–ืžืŸ
11:33
to turn it into stone. Thank you.
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ืœื”ืคื•ืš ืื•ืชื• ืœืื‘ืŸ. ืชื•ื“ื” ืจื‘ื”.
11:36
(Applause)
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(ืžื—ื™ืื•ืช ื›ืคื™ื™ื)
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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