Magnus Larsson: Turning dunes into architecture

83,192 views ・ 2009-11-26

TED


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譯者: Dxm Online大小媒體 審譯者: Geoff Chen
00:15
It's a bit funny to be
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這似乎有些好笑
00:17
at a conference dedicated to things not seen,
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在會議上談論肉眼看不到的東西
00:19
and present my proposal to build
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並提出我的建議
00:22
a 6,000-kilometer-long wall
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建立一條6000公里長的牆
00:24
across the entire African continent.
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橫跨全非洲大陸
00:27
About the size of the Great Wall of China,
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大約像中國長城的規模
00:30
this would hardly be an invisible structure.
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這會是個你很難不看到的結構
00:32
And yet it's made from parts that are invisible, or near-invisible, to the naked eye:
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雖然它的組成來自於幾乎看不見,或接近肉眼看不見的程度
00:37
bacteria and grains of sand.
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也就是細菌和沙粒
00:40
Now, as architects we're trained to solve problems.
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身為建築師我們 被訓練來解決問題
00:43
But I don't really believe in architectural problems;
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但我並不相信建築上的問題
00:45
I only believe in opportunities.
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我只相信機會
00:47
Which is why I'll show you a threat,
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這就是為什麼我將向你們說明這個威脅
00:49
and an architectural response.
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以及一個建築上的因應措施
00:51
The threat is desertification.
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所謂的威脅是沙漠化
00:55
My response is a sandstone wall
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我的因應措施是建一座砂岩牆
00:58
made from bacteria and solidified sand,
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由細菌和固化沙組成
01:00
stretching across the desert.
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延伸橫跨沙漠
01:04
Now, sand is a magical material
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沙是一種神奇的物質
01:06
of beautiful contradictions.
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美麗又矛盾
01:08
It is simple and complex.
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簡單又複雜
01:11
It is peaceful and violent.
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和平又狂暴
01:13
It is always the same, never the same,
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它看來永遠一個樣,卻又那麼不同
01:15
endlessly fascinating.
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無窮的迷人特質
01:17
One billion grains of sand
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這世界每秒鐘
01:19
come into existence in the world each second.
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有10億粒沙形成
01:23
That's a cyclical process.
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這是一個循環過程
01:25
As rocks and mountains die,
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當岩石和山脈消逝
01:27
grains of sand are born.
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沙粒則形成
01:29
Some of those grains may then cement naturally into sandstone.
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有些沙粒之後可能自然地凝固為砂岩
01:32
And as the sandstone weathers, new grains break free.
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當砂岩受到風化,新的沙就會脫離
01:36
Some of those grains may then accumulate
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有些沙粒
01:38
on a massive scale,
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則大規模累積
01:40
into a sand dune.
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形成沙丘
01:43
In a way, the static, stone mountain
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在某種情況下,靜止的岩山
01:46
becomes a moving mountain of sand.
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會變成一座移動的沙山
01:49
But, moving mountains can be dangerous. Let me try and explain why.
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但移動的山很危險,讓我試著解釋原因
01:53
Dry areas cover more than one third of the Earth's land surfaces.
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超過1/3的地球表面覆蓋著乾燥的區域
01:57
Some are already deserts;
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有一些已成為沙漠
01:59
others are being seriously degraded by the sand.
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其他的則是正嚴重地受到沙的侵蝕
02:02
Just south of the Sahara we find the Sahel.
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我們發現撒哈拉沙漠南方的薩赫耳
02:05
The name means "edge of the desert."
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薩赫耳意謂「沙漠的邊緣」。
02:08
And this is the region most closely associated with desertification.
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這區域是最近乎於沙漠化的地方
02:12
It was here in the late '60s and early '70s
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在60年代末期及70年代初期,嚴重的乾旱
02:15
that major droughts brought three million people
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造成三百萬人急需
02:18
to become dependent upon emergency food aid,
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仰賴緊急食物救援
02:21
with about up to 250,000 dying.
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而將近有25萬人死亡
02:23
This is a catastrophe waiting to happen again.
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這是一場即將再次發生的災難
02:26
And it's one that gets very little attention.
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而這個災難卻沒獲得多少注意
02:29
In our accelerated media culture,
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在我們的快速媒體文化當中
02:31
desertification is simply too slow
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由於沙漠化的緩慢
02:34
to reach the headlines.
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使它從未登上頭版,不受媒體重視
02:36
It's nothing like a tsunami or a Katrina:
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它不像海嘯或是卡崔那颶風
02:39
too few crying children and smashed up houses.
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看不到什麼哭泣的兒童及毀壞的房屋
02:44
And yet desertification
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然而,沙漠化
02:46
is a major threat on all continents,
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在所有陸地上都是重大威脅
02:48
affecting some 110 countries
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它影響110個國家
02:51
and about 70 percent of the world's agricultural drylands.
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以及世界上約 70%的農作陸地
02:56
It seriously threatens the livelihoods
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它嚴重威脅
03:00
of millions of people,
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數千萬人的生活
03:02
and especially in Africa and China.
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特別是非洲及中國
03:05
And it is largely an issue that we've created for ourselves
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這主要也是由於我們
03:08
through unsustainable use of scarce resources.
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濫用珍貴資源所導致的問題
03:12
So, we get climate change.
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所以我們面臨著氣候異常
03:14
We get droughts,
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乾旱
03:15
increased desertification,
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沙漠化擴大
03:17
crashing food systems, water scarcity,
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崩潰的食物系統、水荒
03:20
famine, forced migration,
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飢荒、被迫遷徙
03:24
political instability, warfare, crisis.
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政治不穩定、戰爭、危機
03:28
That's a potential scenario
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這些將是潛在的情況
03:30
if we fail to take this seriously.
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如果我們不認真看待這個問題的話
03:32
But, how far away is it?
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但是,這個威脅離我們有多遠呢?
03:34
I went to Sokoto in northern Nigeria
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我去了奈吉利亞北部的索科托(Sokoto)
03:36
to try and find out how far away it is.
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試圖瞭解它離我們有多遠
03:39
The dunes here move southward at a pace of around 600 meters a year.
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這裏的沙丘南移速度約是一年600公尺
03:44
That's the Sahara eating up almost [two meters] a day of the arable land,
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這等於是撒哈拉每天侵吞下一公尺的耕作用地
03:47
physically pushing people away from their homes.
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完全將人們趕離他們的家園
03:51
Here I am -- I'm the second person on the left --
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我在這裡—我是左邊數過來第二個
03:54
(Laughter)
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(笑聲)
03:56
with the elders in Gidan-Kara,
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與一些長者
03:59
a tiny village outside of Sokoto.
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在索科托近郊的小村落Gidan-Kara
04:02
They had to move this village in 1987
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他們必須於1997年遷移這個村莊
04:04
as a huge dune threatened to swallow it.
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因當時遭受一個巨大沙丘吞沒的威脅
04:07
So, they moved the entire village, hut by hut.
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於是將整個村莊的一間間小屋陸續遷移
04:10
This is where the village used to be.
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這是村莊之前所在處
04:12
It took us about 10 minutes to climb up to the top of that dune,
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我們花了約 10 分鐘爬上沙丘頂端
04:17
which goes to show why they had to move to a safer location.
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可以看出他們為什麼必須遷移到安全地點
04:20
That's the kind of forced migration
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這是一種強迫性的遷徙
04:22
that desertification can lead to.
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沙漠化會導致這種後果
04:25
If you happen to live close to the desert border,
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如果你碰巧住在靠近沙漠邊緣
04:27
you can pretty much calculate how long it will be
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你幾乎可以計算出在這之前還剩多少時間
04:29
before you have to carry your kids away,
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你得帶著你的孩子離開
04:31
and abandon your home and your life as you know it.
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放棄你的家庭和生活,當你知道會發生這種狀況時
04:36
Now, sand dunes cover only about one fifth of our deserts.
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目前沙丘只覆蓋我們的沙漠約1/5
04:40
And still, those extreme environments are very good places
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儘管如此,這些極端環境依然是很好的地方
04:43
if we want to stop the shifting sands.
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如果我們阻止沙的移動
04:46
Four years ago, 23 African countries
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四年前,23個非洲國家
04:49
came together to create the Great Green Wall Sahara.
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聚首提議建立「撒哈拉綠色長城」
04:52
A fantastic project, the initial plan
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這是一個了不起的計畫,初步的規劃
04:55
called for a shelter belt of trees to be planted
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是種植防護林帶
04:57
right across the African continent,
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橫越整個非洲大陸
04:59
from Mauritania in the west, all the way to Djibouti in the east.
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從西部的茅利塔尼亞一直到東部的吉布地
05:03
If you want to stop a sand dune from moving,
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如果想阻止沙丘移動
05:05
what you need to make sure to do is to stop the grains
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你必須確保能阻止沙粒
05:07
from avalanching over its crest.
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從沙丘頂端崩塌
05:10
And a good way of doing that, the most efficient way,
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有個好方法,也是最有效的方法
05:12
is to use some kind of sand catcher.
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是使用某種能捕捉沙粒的東西
05:14
Trees or cacti are good for this.
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樹木或仙人掌很有用
05:17
But, one of the problems with planting trees is that
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但是,種樹木的問題之一是
05:20
the people in these regions are so poor
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這裡的居民很貧窮
05:22
that they chop them down for firewood.
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他們把樹木砍來當柴燒
05:24
Now there is an alternative to just planting trees
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現在有個替代方案 能取代只是種植樹木
05:28
and hoping that they won't get chopped down.
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並希望它們不會被砍伐
05:31
This sandstone wall that I'm proposing essentially does three things.
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我建議的這個砂岩牆主要可達成三項任務
05:34
It adds roughness to the dune's surface,
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添加粗糙物到沙丘表面
05:37
to the texture of the dune's surface, binding the grains.
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為沙丘表面紋理增添粗糙面,黏住沙粒
05:40
It provides a physical support structure for the trees,
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它為樹木提供自然的支撐結構
05:43
and it creates physical spaces,
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並建立了實際空間
05:46
habitable spaces inside of the sand dunes.
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就是沙丘中的可居住空間
05:48
If people live inside of the green barrier
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如果人們生活在綠色壁壘中
05:51
they can help support the trees, protect them from humans,
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他們可以協助支撐樹木,保護樹木
05:54
and from some of the forces of nature.
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不受人類及其他自然破壞力的侵害
05:56
Inside of the dunes we find shade.
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沙丘中我們有蔭涼處
05:59
We can start harvesting condensation,
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我們可以取得冷凝水
06:02
and start greening the desert from within.
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而開始從內部綠化沙漠
06:04
Sand dunes are almost like ready-made buildings in a way.
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沙丘有點像是現成的建築物
06:07
All we need to do is solidify the parts that we need to be solid,
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我們所要做的是固化我們所需的部份
06:11
and then excavate the sand,
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然後將沙挖掘出來
06:13
and we have our architecture.
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這就是我們的建築物
06:15
We can either excavate it by hand
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我們可以徒手挖掘
06:17
or we can have the wind excavate it for us.
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讓風來幫我們代勞
06:19
So, the wind carries the sand onto the site
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所以風將沙吹到當地
06:21
and then it carries the redundant sand away from the structure for us.
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又幫我們將多餘的沙從結構中吹走
06:26
But, by now, you're probably asking,
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現在你們可能要問我
06:28
how am I planning to solidify a sand dune?
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如何固化沙丘?
06:31
How do we glue those grains of sand together?
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我們要如何將沙粒黏合在一起
06:34
And the answer is, perhaps, that you use these guys,
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或許答案就是,你該用這東西
06:37
Bacillus pasteurii,
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巴氏芽孢桿菌
06:39
a micro-organism that is readily available in wetlands
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一種在濕地和沼澤中
06:41
and marshes, and does precisely that.
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都可以找到的微生物
06:44
It takes a pile of loose sand
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它需要一堆鬆散的沙子
06:46
and it creates sandstone out of it.
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並由此創造出砂岩
06:49
These images from the American Society for Microbiology show us the process.
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這些美國微生物學會的影像,展示出固化的過程
06:53
What happens is, you pour Bacillus pasteurii onto a pile of sand,
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所發生的就是,你將巴氏芽孢桿菌倒入一堆沙中
06:57
and it starts filling up the voids in between the grains.
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這些菌開始填滿沙粒間的空隙
07:00
A chemical process produces calcite,
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經過化學過程,產生方解石
07:02
which is a kind of natural cement
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這是一種天然的水泥
07:04
that binds the grains together.
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可使沙粒結合在一起
07:06
The whole cementation process takes about 24 hours.
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整個膠結過程約需24小時
07:10
I learned about this from a professor at U.C. Davis called Jason DeJong.
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我跟加州大學戴維斯分校Jason DeJong副教授學到這個方法
07:14
He managed to do it in a mere 1,400 minutes.
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他僅在1400分鐘內就能成功做到這一點
07:18
Here I am, playing the part of the mad scientist,
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這是我,就像一位瘋狂的科學家
07:20
working with the bugs at UCL in London,
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在倫敦 UCL 裏操作這些桿菌
07:24
trying to solidify them.
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試圖使它們固化
07:26
So, how much would this cost?
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這需要多少費用?
07:29
I'm not an economist, very much not,
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我不是經濟學家,差遠了
07:31
but I did, quite literally, a back of the envelope calculation --
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但我毫不誇張地 粗步估算一下
07:35
(Laughter)
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(笑聲)
07:37
-- and it seems that for a cubic meter of concrete
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1立方公尺的水泥
07:40
we would have to pay in the region of 90 dollars.
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我們大約要支付90美元
07:43
And, after an initial cost of 60 bucks to buy the bacteria,
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第一次購買這些細菌的60美元後
07:46
which you'll never have to pay again,
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你就不需要再買細菌
07:48
one cubic meter of bacterial sand
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1立方公尺的細菌沙
07:51
would be about 11 dollars.
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約11美元
07:53
How do we construct something like this?
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究竟我們要如何建造這樣的建築?
07:55
Well, I'll quickly show you two options.
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我很快的提供你兩個選項
07:57
The first is to create a kind of balloon structure,
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第一個是建造一種似氣球的結構
07:59
fill it with bacteria, then allow the sand to wash over the balloon,
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用細菌填滿它,然後讓沙浸過氣球
08:03
pop the balloon, as it were, disseminating the bacteria into the sand and solidifying it.
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打破氣球,可以這麼說,將細菌散入沙中使它固化
08:07
Then, a few years afterwards,
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然後,數年後
08:09
using permacultural strategies,
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使用永續策略
08:11
we green that part of the desert.
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我們綠化了那部分的沙漠
08:14
The second alternative would be to use injection piles.
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第二種選項是使用灌樁
08:17
So, we pushed the piles down through the dune,
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我們將樁打入沙丘
08:19
and we create an initial bacterial surface.
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創造出一個初始化的細菌表面
08:22
We then pull the piles up through the dune
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然後將樁抽離沙丘
08:25
and we're able to create almost any conceivable shape inside of the sand
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如此我們能夠在沙丘內創造出任何想要的形狀
08:28
with the sand acting as a mold as we go up.
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在搭建起來時把沙當成模
08:32
So, we have a way of turning sand into sandstone,
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我們就有將沙轉換為沙岩的方式
08:36
and then creating these habitable spaces inside of the desert dunes.
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而且在沙丘裡創造出可居住的空間
08:40
But, what should they look like?
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但是,這些建築會長成什麼樣子呢?
08:42
Well, I was inspired, for my architectural form, by tafoni,
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對於建築外型的靈感源於風化穴
08:47
which look a little bit like this, this is a model representation of it.
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長得有點像這個,這是模型的示意
08:50
These are cavernous rock structures that I found on the site in Sokoto.
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這些是有我在Sokoto找到的洞穴狀岩石結構
08:53
And I realized that if I scaled them up, they would provide me
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然後我發覺,若我將規模拉大
08:56
with good spatial qualities,
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它們可以提供我
08:59
for ventilation, for thermal comfort, and for other things.
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通風、保溫及其他方面良好且特別的品質
09:02
Now, part of the formal control over this structure
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這架構的形式控制一部份
09:05
would be lost to nature, obviously,
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將隨大自然消逝,想當然爾地
09:07
as the bacteria do their work.
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因為細菌有所作用
09:10
And I think this creates a kind of boundless beauty actually.
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我覺得 這實際上創造出一種無限的美感
09:13
I think there is really something in that articulation
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認為由這個所表現出的
09:16
that is quite nice.
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確實有某些相當不錯的理念
09:18
We see the result, the traces, if you like,
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我們看到其結果和進程,若你願意,
09:22
of the Bacillus pasteurii being harnessed to sculpt the desert
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就是利用巴氏芽孢桿菌
09:25
into these habitable environments.
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將沙漠雕塑成這些居住環境
09:27
Some people believe that
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有些人相信
09:30
this would spread uncontrollably,
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這方式會一發不可收拾
09:32
and that the bacteria would kill everything in its way.
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細菌會在運作的過程中侵蝕每一件事物
09:34
That's not true at all.
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這完全不正確
09:36
It's a natural process. It goes on in nature today,
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這是個自然的過程,到今日都在自然界發生
09:38
and the bacteria die as soon as we stop feeding them.
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只要我們停止餵食細菌,細菌就會死亡
09:41
So, there it is --
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這就是
09:43
architectural anti-desertification structures
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由沙漠所製成的
09:46
made from the desert itself.
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反沙漠化建築結構
09:48
Sand-stopping devices, made from sand.
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擋沙裝置是由沙所製成
09:52
The world is likely to lose one third of its arable land
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在本世紀末 地球很可能
09:55
by the end of the century.
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減少三分之一的耕地
09:57
In a period of unprecedented population growth
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在這史無前例的人口爆炸年代
10:01
and increased food demands, this could prove disastrous.
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食物需求激增 這些都代表著災難
10:03
And quite frankly, we're putting our heads in the sand.
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老實說我們仍是鴕鳥心態
10:07
If nothing else, I would like for this scheme to initiate a discussion.
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若沒有其他資源,我希望這個計畫可以引發討論
10:12
But, if I had something like a TED wish,
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但是若我有像TED的願景
10:14
it would be to actually get it built,
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那將是能夠真正將它實現
10:16
to start building this habitable wall,
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開始建造這種可居住的牆
10:19
this very, very long, but very narrow city in the desert,
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這將是沙漠中非常長 且狹窄的城市
10:23
built into the dunescape itself.
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內建在沙丘結構本身
10:27
It's not only something that supports trees,
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它不只可以支撐樹木
10:30
but something that connects people and countries together.
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也可以將人們及國家串連在一起
10:34
I would like to conclude by showing you an animation of the structure,
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我想以一段結構的動畫影片作為總結
10:40
and leave you with a sentence by Jorge Luis Borges.
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並附上波赫士所說的一句話
10:46
Borges said that "nothing is built on stone,
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波赫士說:「沒有建物是建築在岩石上的
10:52
everything is built on sand,
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所有的建物都是建在沙上
10:56
but we must build as if the sand were stone."
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但我們必須視沙猶如岩石般來建立一切
11:01
Now, there are many details left to explore in this scheme --
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現在這個計畫仍有許多細節有待探索
11:05
political, practical, ethical, financial.
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如政治、實際操作、道德、財務等面向
11:10
My design, as it takes you down the rabbit hole,
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如同帶你仙境一遊般
11:15
is fraught with many challenges
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我的設計在現實生活中
11:19
and difficulties in the real world.
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是充滿許多挑戰及困難
11:22
But, it's a beginning, it's a vision.
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不過這是個開端,是個願景
11:26
As Borges would have it, it's the sand.
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如同波赫士所言 它是沙
11:30
And I think now is really the time
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我認為現在
11:33
to turn it into stone. Thank you.
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是將它們變成石頭的時候了 謝謝
11:36
(Applause)
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(掌聲)
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