Magnus Larsson: Turning dunes into architecture

83,170 views ・ 2009-11-26

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Prevoditelj: Tilen Pigac - EFZG Recezent: Mislav Ante Omazić - EFZG
00:15
It's a bit funny to be
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Malo je smiješno biti
00:17
at a conference dedicated to things not seen,
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na konferenciji koja je posvećena stvarima koje još nisu viđene,
00:19
and present my proposal to build
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i prezentirati svoj prijedlog za izgradnju
00:22
a 6,000-kilometer-long wall
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6.000 kilometara dugačkog zida
00:24
across the entire African continent.
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preko cijelog Afričkog kontinenta.
00:27
About the size of the Great Wall of China,
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Veličine približno kao Veliki kineski zid,
00:30
this would hardly be an invisible structure.
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to bi teško bila neprimjetna struktura.
00:32
And yet it's made from parts that are invisible, or near-invisible, to the naked eye:
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A ipak, napravljena je od dijelova koji su nevidljivi, ili skoro nevidljivi golom oku,
00:37
bacteria and grains of sand.
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bakterija i zrna pijeska.
00:40
Now, as architects we're trained to solve problems.
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Kao arhitekti, mi smo uvježbani da rješavamo probleme.
00:43
But I don't really believe in architectural problems;
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Ali ja ne vjerujem potpuno u arhitekturalne probleme;
00:45
I only believe in opportunities.
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vjerujem jedino u prilike.
00:47
Which is why I'll show you a threat,
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I zato ću vam pokazati prijetnju,
00:49
and an architectural response.
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i odgovor arhitekture.
00:51
The threat is desertification.
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Prijetnja je dezertifikacija.
00:55
My response is a sandstone wall
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Moj odgovor je pješćani zid
00:58
made from bacteria and solidified sand,
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izgrađen od bakterija i učvršćenog pijeska,
01:00
stretching across the desert.
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koji se proteže kroz pustinju.
01:04
Now, sand is a magical material
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Pijesak je čarobni materijal
01:06
of beautiful contradictions.
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prekrasnih kontradikcija.
01:08
It is simple and complex.
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Jednostavan je i složen.
01:11
It is peaceful and violent.
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Miran je i nasilan.
01:13
It is always the same, never the same,
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Uvijek je isti, nikada nije isti,
01:15
endlessly fascinating.
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beskonačno fascinantan.
01:17
One billion grains of sand
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Jedna milijarda zrna pijeska
01:19
come into existence in the world each second.
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nastane na svijetu svake sekunde.
01:23
That's a cyclical process.
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To je ciklični proces.
01:25
As rocks and mountains die,
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Kako kamenje i planine umiru,
01:27
grains of sand are born.
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zrna pijeska se rađaju.
01:29
Some of those grains may then cement naturally into sandstone.
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Neka od tih zrna se zalijepe prirodnim putem u pješćenjak.
01:32
And as the sandstone weathers, new grains break free.
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I kako pješćenjak stari, nova zrna pijeska izbijaju na površinu.
01:36
Some of those grains may then accumulate
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Neka od tih zrna se mogu nagomilati
01:38
on a massive scale,
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u masovom razmjeru,
01:40
into a sand dune.
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tvoreći tako pješćanu dinu.
01:43
In a way, the static, stone mountain
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Na neki način, statična planina od kamena
01:46
becomes a moving mountain of sand.
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postaje planina od pijeska koja se pomiče.
01:49
But, moving mountains can be dangerous. Let me try and explain why.
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Ali planine koj se miču mogu biti opasne. Pokušat ću objasniti zašto.
01:53
Dry areas cover more than one third of the Earth's land surfaces.
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Suha područja pokrivaju više od jedne trećine Zemljine površine.
01:57
Some are already deserts;
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Neke su već pustinje;
01:59
others are being seriously degraded by the sand.
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druge su ozbiljno oronule zbog pijeska.
02:02
Just south of the Sahara we find the Sahel.
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Južno od Sahare nailazimo na Sahel.
02:05
The name means "edge of the desert."
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Ime znači, "rub pustinje".
02:08
And this is the region most closely associated with desertification.
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A ta je regija usko povezana s pojmom opustošenja.
02:12
It was here in the late '60s and early '70s
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Upravo ovdje su kasnih 60-ih i ranih 70-ih
02:15
that major droughts brought three million people
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velike suše natjerale tri milijuna ljudi
02:18
to become dependent upon emergency food aid,
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da postanu ovisni o pomoći u hrani,
02:21
with about up to 250,000 dying.
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s brojem umrlih do 250.000 ljudi.
02:23
This is a catastrophe waiting to happen again.
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To je katastrofa koja samo čeka da se ponovno dogodi.
02:26
And it's one that gets very little attention.
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A to je jedna od onih katastrofa koje dobivaju jako malo pozornosti.
02:29
In our accelerated media culture,
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U našoj ubrzanoj kulturu medija,
02:31
desertification is simply too slow
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opustošenje je jednostavno presporo
02:34
to reach the headlines.
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da bi stiglo na naslovnice.
02:36
It's nothing like a tsunami or a Katrina:
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Nije ništa poput tsunamija ili Katarine:
02:39
too few crying children and smashed up houses.
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premalo uplakane djece i smrvljenih kuća.
02:44
And yet desertification
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A ipak opustošenje
02:46
is a major threat on all continents,
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je velika prijetnja na svim kontinentima,
02:48
affecting some 110 countries
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koja pogađa nekih 110 zemalja
02:51
and about 70 percent of the world's agricultural drylands.
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i oko 70 posto svjetskog poljoprivrednog obradivog zemljišta.
02:56
It seriously threatens the livelihoods
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Ozbiljna je prijetnja životima
03:00
of millions of people,
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milijuna ljudi,
03:02
and especially in Africa and China.
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naročito u Africi i Kini.
03:05
And it is largely an issue that we've created for ourselves
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I u velikoj mjeri je to problem koji smo si sami stvorili
03:08
through unsustainable use of scarce resources.
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kroz neodrživo korištenje oskudnih resursa.
03:12
So, we get climate change.
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Imamo klimatsku promjenu.
03:14
We get droughts,
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Imamo suše,
03:15
increased desertification,
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povećano opustošenje,
03:17
crashing food systems, water scarcity,
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rušenje hranidbenih sustava, oskudnost vode,
03:20
famine, forced migration,
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glad, prisilne seobe,
03:24
political instability, warfare, crisis.
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političku nestabilnost, stanje rata, krize.
03:28
That's a potential scenario
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To je potencijalni scenarij
03:30
if we fail to take this seriously.
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ukoliko ne shvatimo ovo ozbiljno.
03:32
But, how far away is it?
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Ali, koliko je to daleko?
03:34
I went to Sokoto in northern Nigeria
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Otišao sam u Sokoto u sjevernoj Nigeriji
03:36
to try and find out how far away it is.
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kako bih pokušao saznati koliko je to daleko.
03:39
The dunes here move southward at a pace of around 600 meters a year.
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Dina se ovdje pomiču prema jugu brzinom od oko 600 metara na godinu.
03:44
That's the Sahara eating up almost [two meters] a day of the arable land,
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To Sahara uništava skoro jedan metar obradivog zemljišta na dan,
03:47
physically pushing people away from their homes.
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fizički tjerajući ljude iz njihovih domova.
03:51
Here I am -- I'm the second person on the left --
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Ovdje sam ja -- ja sam druga osoba s lijeva --
03:54
(Laughter)
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(Smijeh)
03:56
with the elders in Gidan-Kara,
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sa starješinama u Gidan-Kari,
03:59
a tiny village outside of Sokoto.
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malom selu izvan Sokota.
04:02
They had to move this village in 1987
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Morali su pomaknuti to selo 1987.
04:04
as a huge dune threatened to swallow it.
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jer bi ga ogromna dina progutala.
04:07
So, they moved the entire village, hut by hut.
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Tako su pomaknuli cijelo selo, kolibu po kolibu.
04:10
This is where the village used to be.
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Ovdje je nekad bilo to selo.
04:12
It took us about 10 minutes to climb up to the top of that dune,
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Trebalo nam je oko 10 minuta da se popnemo na vrh te dine.
04:17
which goes to show why they had to move to a safer location.
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Što samo pokazuje zašto su se morali premjestiti na sigurniju lokaciju.
04:20
That's the kind of forced migration
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To je vrsta prisilne seobe
04:22
that desertification can lead to.
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do koje opustošenje može voditi.
04:25
If you happen to live close to the desert border,
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Ukoliko živite blizu granice pustinje,
04:27
you can pretty much calculate how long it will be
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možete izračunati koliko vremena će proći
04:29
before you have to carry your kids away,
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prije nego morate odvesti svoju djecu,
04:31
and abandon your home and your life as you know it.
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i napustiti svoj dom, i život kakav ste do tada vodili.
04:36
Now, sand dunes cover only about one fifth of our deserts.
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Pješćane dine pokrivaju samo oko jedne petine naših pustinja.
04:40
And still, those extreme environments are very good places
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A ipak, ti ekstremni uvjeti su jako dobra mjesta
04:43
if we want to stop the shifting sands.
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ukoliko želimo zaustaviti premještanje pijeska.
04:46
Four years ago, 23 African countries
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Prije četiri godine, 23 Afričke zemlje
04:49
came together to create the Great Green Wall Sahara.
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su se sastale kako bi stvorile veliki zeleni zid Sahare.
04:52
A fantastic project, the initial plan
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Fantastičan projekt, početni plan
04:55
called for a shelter belt of trees to be planted
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je uključivao sadnju drvenog zaštitnog pojasa
04:57
right across the African continent,
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poprijeko Afričkog kontinenta,
04:59
from Mauritania in the west, all the way to Djibouti in the east.
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od Mauritanije na zapadu, sve do Džibutija na istoku.
05:03
If you want to stop a sand dune from moving,
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Ako želite zaustaviti pomicanje dina,
05:05
what you need to make sure to do is to stop the grains
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morate osigurati zaustavljanje zrna
05:07
from avalanching over its crest.
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od lavinskog kretanja preko njenog vrha.
05:10
And a good way of doing that, the most efficient way,
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A dobar način da se to napravi, najučinkovitiji način,
05:12
is to use some kind of sand catcher.
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je korištenje neke vrste hvatalice za pijesak.
05:14
Trees or cacti are good for this.
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Drveće ili kaktusi su dobri za to.
05:17
But, one of the problems with planting trees is that
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Ali, jedan od problema sa sadnjom drveća je taj
05:20
the people in these regions are so poor
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što su ljudi u tim regijama toliko siromašni
05:22
that they chop them down for firewood.
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da ih posjeku za ogrjev.
05:24
Now there is an alternative to just planting trees
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Postoji alternativa sadnji drveća
05:28
and hoping that they won't get chopped down.
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i nadi kako neće biti posjećena.
05:31
This sandstone wall that I'm proposing essentially does three things.
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Pješćani zid koji ja predlažem čini, zapravo, tri stvari.
05:34
It adds roughness to the dune's surface,
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Dodaje čvrstoću površini dine,
05:37
to the texture of the dune's surface, binding the grains.
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teksturi površine dine, povezujući zrna.
05:40
It provides a physical support structure for the trees,
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Pruža fizičku potpornu strukturu za drveća,
05:43
and it creates physical spaces,
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i stvara fizičke prostore,
05:46
habitable spaces inside of the sand dunes.
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prostore pogodne za stanovanje unutar pješćanih dina.
05:48
If people live inside of the green barrier
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Ukoliko ljudi žive unutar zelenih zidova
05:51
they can help support the trees, protect them from humans,
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mogu pomoći održavanju drveća, štiti ih od drugih ljudi,
05:54
and from some of the forces of nature.
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i od nekih prirodnih sila.
05:56
Inside of the dunes we find shade.
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Unutar dina pronalazimo hladovinu.
05:59
We can start harvesting condensation,
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Možemo početi sakupljati kondenzaciju,
06:02
and start greening the desert from within.
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i početi ozelenjivati pustinju iznutra.
06:04
Sand dunes are almost like ready-made buildings in a way.
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Pješćane dine su, na neki način, nalik već gotovim zgradama.
06:07
All we need to do is solidify the parts that we need to be solid,
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Sve što trebamo učiniti je učvrstiti dijelove koji trebaju biti čvrsti,
06:11
and then excavate the sand,
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i zatim iskopati pijesak,
06:13
and we have our architecture.
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i imamo vlastitu arhitekturu.
06:15
We can either excavate it by hand
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Možemo ga ili iskopati ručno
06:17
or we can have the wind excavate it for us.
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ili ga vjetar može iskopati umjesto nas.
06:19
So, the wind carries the sand onto the site
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Dakle, vjetar donosi pijesak na gradilište
06:21
and then it carries the redundant sand away from the structure for us.
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i zatim odnosi nepotreban pijesak dalje od strukture umjesto nas.
06:26
But, by now, you're probably asking,
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Ali, do sada, vjerojatno se pitate
06:28
how am I planning to solidify a sand dune?
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kako planiram učvrstiti pješćanu dinu?
06:31
How do we glue those grains of sand together?
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Kako slijepiti ta zrna pijeska zajedno?
06:34
And the answer is, perhaps, that you use these guys,
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A odgovor je, možda, koristimo ove momke,
06:37
Bacillus pasteurii,
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Bacillus pasteurii,
06:39
a micro-organism that is readily available in wetlands
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mikroorganizme koji su lako dostupni u močvarama
06:41
and marshes, and does precisely that.
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i močvarnim područjima i rade upravo to.
06:44
It takes a pile of loose sand
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Uzmu hrpu labavog pijeska
06:46
and it creates sandstone out of it.
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i stvore pješćenjak iz njega.
06:49
These images from the American Society for Microbiology show us the process.
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Ove slike iz Američkog društva za mikrobiologiju nam pokazuju proces.
06:53
What happens is, you pour Bacillus pasteurii onto a pile of sand,
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Što se dogodi je, prolijete Bacillus pasteurii na hrpu pijeska,
06:57
and it starts filling up the voids in between the grains.
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i počnu puniti praznine između zrna.
07:00
A chemical process produces calcite,
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Kemijski proces stvara kalcit,
07:02
which is a kind of natural cement
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koji je vrsta prirodnog ljepila
07:04
that binds the grains together.
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koja povezuje zrna zajedno.
07:06
The whole cementation process takes about 24 hours.
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Cijeli proces ljepljenja traje oko 24sata.
07:10
I learned about this from a professor at U.C. Davis called Jason DeJong.
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Naučio sam to od profesora Jasona DeJonga s U.C. Davisa.
07:14
He managed to do it in a mere 1,400 minutes.
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Uspio je to izvesti u samo 1.400 minuta.
07:18
Here I am, playing the part of the mad scientist,
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Ovdje sam ja, igrajući ulogu ludog znanstvenika,
07:20
working with the bugs at UCL in London,
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radeći s kukcima na UCL-u u Londonu,
07:24
trying to solidify them.
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pokušavajući ih učvrstiti.
07:26
So, how much would this cost?
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Koliki je trošak toga?
07:29
I'm not an economist, very much not,
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Nisam ekonomist, niti približno,
07:31
but I did, quite literally, a back of the envelope calculation --
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ali napravio sam, doslovno, izračun na stražnjoj strani kuverte --
07:35
(Laughter)
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(Smijeh)
07:37
-- and it seems that for a cubic meter of concrete
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-- i čini se kako bi za kubični metar betona
07:40
we would have to pay in the region of 90 dollars.
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u regiji morali platiti 90 dolara.
07:43
And, after an initial cost of 60 bucks to buy the bacteria,
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I, nakon početnog troška od 60 dolara za kupnju bakterija,
07:46
which you'll never have to pay again,
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koje više nikad nećete morati kupiti,
07:48
one cubic meter of bacterial sand
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jedan kubični metar bakterijskog pijeska
07:51
would be about 11 dollars.
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bi iznosio oko 11 dolara.
07:53
How do we construct something like this?
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Kako sagraditi nešto poput ovoga?
07:55
Well, I'll quickly show you two options.
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Dobro, brzo ću vam pokazati dvije mogućnosti.
07:57
The first is to create a kind of balloon structure,
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Prva je stvaranje strukture nalik na balon,
07:59
fill it with bacteria, then allow the sand to wash over the balloon,
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ispuniti je s bakterijom, zatim dopustiti da pijesak zapljuskuje balon,
08:03
pop the balloon, as it were, disseminating the bacteria into the sand and solidifying it.
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probušiti balon i na taj način rasipati bakterije i pijesak i učvrstiti ga.
08:07
Then, a few years afterwards,
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Zatim, nakon nekoliko godina,
08:09
using permacultural strategies,
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koristeći održive agrikulturalne strategije,
08:11
we green that part of the desert.
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pozelenimo taj dio pustinje.
08:14
The second alternative would be to use injection piles.
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Druga alternativa bi bila uporaba ubacivanja hrpa.
08:17
So, we pushed the piles down through the dune,
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Poguramo hrpe niz dinu,
08:19
and we create an initial bacterial surface.
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i stvorimo početnu bakterijsku podlogu.
08:22
We then pull the piles up through the dune
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Zatim provučemo hrpe gore kroz dinu
08:25
and we're able to create almost any conceivable shape inside of the sand
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i možemo stvoriti gotovo svaki zamislivi oblik unutar pijeska
08:28
with the sand acting as a mold as we go up.
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s pijeskom koji dijeluje kao kalup kako se pomičemo prema gore.
08:32
So, we have a way of turning sand into sandstone,
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Dakle, pronašli smo način pretvaranja pijeska u pješćenjak,
08:36
and then creating these habitable spaces inside of the desert dunes.
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i zatim stvaranja mjesta pogodnih za stanovanje unutar pustinjskih dina,
08:40
But, what should they look like?
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ali, kako bi one izgledale?
08:42
Well, I was inspired, for my architectural form, by tafoni,
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Za svoju arhitekturalnu formu sam dobio nadahnuće od tafonija,
08:47
which look a little bit like this, this is a model representation of it.
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koja izgleda nešto poput ovoga, ovo je reprezentativni model.
08:50
These are cavernous rock structures that I found on the site in Sokoto.
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Ovo su pećinske strukture stijena koje sam našao u Sokotu.
08:53
And I realized that if I scaled them up, they would provide me
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I shvatio sam ako ih povećam, pružit će mi
08:56
with good spatial qualities,
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dobre prostorne kvalitete,
08:59
for ventilation, for thermal comfort, and for other things.
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za ventilaciju, za toplinsku ugodu, i za druge stvari.
09:02
Now, part of the formal control over this structure
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Dio formalne kontrole nad tom strukturom
09:05
would be lost to nature, obviously,
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bi bio prepušten prirodi, očito,
09:07
as the bacteria do their work.
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kako bakterije rade svoj posao.
09:10
And I think this creates a kind of boundless beauty actually.
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I smatram da to zapravo stvara nešto nalik bezgraničnoj ljepoti.
09:13
I think there is really something in that articulation
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Mislim da postoji nešto u toj artikulaciji
09:16
that is quite nice.
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što je dosta lijepo.
09:18
We see the result, the traces, if you like,
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Vidimo rezultate, tragove, ako želite,
09:22
of the Bacillus pasteurii being harnessed to sculpt the desert
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Bacillus pasteurii koji su upregnuti da oblikuju pustinju
09:25
into these habitable environments.
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u okoliš pogodan za stanovanje.
09:27
Some people believe that
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Neki ljudi vjeruju da
09:30
this would spread uncontrollably,
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bi se to nekontrolirano proširilo,
09:32
and that the bacteria would kill everything in its way.
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i da bi bakterija ubila sve na svom putu.
09:34
That's not true at all.
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To uopće nije istina.
09:36
It's a natural process. It goes on in nature today,
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To je prirodni proces. Koji se i danas događa u prirodi.
09:38
and the bacteria die as soon as we stop feeding them.
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A bakterije umiru onog trena kada ih prestanemo hraniti.
09:41
So, there it is --
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Ovdje su --
09:43
architectural anti-desertification structures
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arhitektonske strukture antidezertifikacije
09:46
made from the desert itself.
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koje je sama pustinja izgradila.
09:48
Sand-stopping devices, made from sand.
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Uređaji koji zaustavljaju pijesak, napravljeni od pijeska.
09:52
The world is likely to lose one third of its arable land
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Svijet će vjerojatno izgubiti jednu trećinu svoje obradive površine
09:55
by the end of the century.
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do kraja stoljeća.
09:57
In a period of unprecedented population growth
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U razdoblju jedinstvenog rasta stanovništva
10:01
and increased food demands, this could prove disastrous.
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i povećane potražnje za hranom, to bi moglo biti katastrofalno.
10:03
And quite frankly, we're putting our heads in the sand.
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Iskreno govoreći, stavljamo svoje glave u pijesak.
10:07
If nothing else, I would like for this scheme to initiate a discussion.
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Ako ništa drugo, volio bih da ova shema inicira diskusiju.
10:12
But, if I had something like a TED wish,
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Ali, ako bih imao nešto poput TED želje,
10:14
it would be to actually get it built,
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bila bi to izgradnja,
10:16
to start building this habitable wall,
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početak gradnje tog nastanjivog zida,
10:19
this very, very long, but very narrow city in the desert,
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tog vrlo, vrlo dugačkog, ali jako uskog grada u pustinji,
10:23
built into the dunescape itself.
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ugrađenog u sam krajobraz dina.
10:27
It's not only something that supports trees,
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Nije to samo nešto što podržava drveća,
10:30
but something that connects people and countries together.
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već nešto što spaja ljude i zemlje zajedno.
10:34
I would like to conclude by showing you an animation of the structure,
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Želio bih završiti s prikazivanjem jedne animacije strukture,
10:40
and leave you with a sentence by Jorge Luis Borges.
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i ostaviti vas s rečenicom Jorgea Luis Borgesa.
10:46
Borges said that "nothing is built on stone,
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Borges je rekao da, "Ništa nije izgrađeno na kamenu,
10:52
everything is built on sand,
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sve je izgrađeno na pijesku,
10:56
but we must build as if the sand were stone."
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ali moramo graditi kao da je pijesak kamen."
11:01
Now, there are many details left to explore in this scheme --
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Postoji još mnogo detalja koje treba istražiti u cijeloj toj shemi,
11:05
political, practical, ethical, financial.
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političkih, praktičnih, etičkih, financijskih.
11:10
My design, as it takes you down the rabbit hole,
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Moj dizajn, kako vas vodi kroz zečju rupu,
11:15
is fraught with many challenges
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je pun izazova
11:19
and difficulties in the real world.
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i poteškoća u stvarnom svijetu.
11:22
But, it's a beginning, it's a vision.
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Ali to je početak, to je vizija.
11:26
As Borges would have it, it's the sand.
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Kako bi Borges rekao, to je pijesak.
11:30
And I think now is really the time
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I vjerujem kako je sada doista vrijeme
11:33
to turn it into stone. Thank you.
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da ga pretvorimo u kamen. Hvala vam.
11:36
(Applause)
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(Pljesak)
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