Magnus Larsson: Turning dunes into architecture

83,192 views ・ 2009-11-26

TED


Dvaput kliknite na engleske titlove ispod za reprodukciju videozapisa.

Prevoditelj: Tilen Pigac - EFZG Recezent: Mislav Ante Omazić - EFZG
00:15
It's a bit funny to be
0
15260
2000
Malo je smiješno biti
00:17
at a conference dedicated to things not seen,
1
17260
2000
na konferenciji koja je posvećena stvarima koje još nisu viđene,
00:19
and present my proposal to build
2
19260
3000
i prezentirati svoj prijedlog za izgradnju
00:22
a 6,000-kilometer-long wall
3
22260
2000
6.000 kilometara dugačkog zida
00:24
across the entire African continent.
4
24260
3000
preko cijelog Afričkog kontinenta.
00:27
About the size of the Great Wall of China,
5
27260
3000
Veličine približno kao Veliki kineski zid,
00:30
this would hardly be an invisible structure.
6
30260
2000
to bi teško bila neprimjetna struktura.
00:32
And yet it's made from parts that are invisible, or near-invisible, to the naked eye:
7
32260
5000
A ipak, napravljena je od dijelova koji su nevidljivi, ili skoro nevidljivi golom oku,
00:37
bacteria and grains of sand.
8
37260
3000
bakterija i zrna pijeska.
00:40
Now, as architects we're trained to solve problems.
9
40260
3000
Kao arhitekti, mi smo uvježbani da rješavamo probleme.
00:43
But I don't really believe in architectural problems;
10
43260
2000
Ali ja ne vjerujem potpuno u arhitekturalne probleme;
00:45
I only believe in opportunities.
11
45260
2000
vjerujem jedino u prilike.
00:47
Which is why I'll show you a threat,
12
47260
2000
I zato ću vam pokazati prijetnju,
00:49
and an architectural response.
13
49260
2000
i odgovor arhitekture.
00:51
The threat is desertification.
14
51260
4000
Prijetnja je dezertifikacija.
00:55
My response is a sandstone wall
15
55260
3000
Moj odgovor je pješćani zid
00:58
made from bacteria and solidified sand,
16
58260
2000
izgrađen od bakterija i učvršćenog pijeska,
01:00
stretching across the desert.
17
60260
4000
koji se proteže kroz pustinju.
01:04
Now, sand is a magical material
18
64260
2000
Pijesak je čarobni materijal
01:06
of beautiful contradictions.
19
66260
2000
prekrasnih kontradikcija.
01:08
It is simple and complex.
20
68260
3000
Jednostavan je i složen.
01:11
It is peaceful and violent.
21
71260
2000
Miran je i nasilan.
01:13
It is always the same, never the same,
22
73260
2000
Uvijek je isti, nikada nije isti,
01:15
endlessly fascinating.
23
75260
2000
beskonačno fascinantan.
01:17
One billion grains of sand
24
77260
2000
Jedna milijarda zrna pijeska
01:19
come into existence in the world each second.
25
79260
4000
nastane na svijetu svake sekunde.
01:23
That's a cyclical process.
26
83260
2000
To je ciklični proces.
01:25
As rocks and mountains die,
27
85260
2000
Kako kamenje i planine umiru,
01:27
grains of sand are born.
28
87260
2000
zrna pijeska se rađaju.
01:29
Some of those grains may then cement naturally into sandstone.
29
89260
3000
Neka od tih zrna se zalijepe prirodnim putem u pješćenjak.
01:32
And as the sandstone weathers, new grains break free.
30
92260
4000
I kako pješćenjak stari, nova zrna pijeska izbijaju na površinu.
01:36
Some of those grains may then accumulate
31
96260
2000
Neka od tih zrna se mogu nagomilati
01:38
on a massive scale,
32
98260
2000
u masovom razmjeru,
01:40
into a sand dune.
33
100260
3000
tvoreći tako pješćanu dinu.
01:43
In a way, the static, stone mountain
34
103260
3000
Na neki način, statična planina od kamena
01:46
becomes a moving mountain of sand.
35
106260
3000
postaje planina od pijeska koja se pomiče.
01:49
But, moving mountains can be dangerous. Let me try and explain why.
36
109260
4000
Ali planine koj se miču mogu biti opasne. Pokušat ću objasniti zašto.
01:53
Dry areas cover more than one third of the Earth's land surfaces.
37
113260
4000
Suha područja pokrivaju više od jedne trećine Zemljine površine.
01:57
Some are already deserts;
38
117260
2000
Neke su već pustinje;
01:59
others are being seriously degraded by the sand.
39
119260
3000
druge su ozbiljno oronule zbog pijeska.
02:02
Just south of the Sahara we find the Sahel.
40
122260
3000
Južno od Sahare nailazimo na Sahel.
02:05
The name means "edge of the desert."
41
125260
3000
Ime znači, "rub pustinje".
02:08
And this is the region most closely associated with desertification.
42
128260
4000
A ta je regija usko povezana s pojmom opustošenja.
02:12
It was here in the late '60s and early '70s
43
132260
3000
Upravo ovdje su kasnih 60-ih i ranih 70-ih
02:15
that major droughts brought three million people
44
135260
3000
velike suše natjerale tri milijuna ljudi
02:18
to become dependent upon emergency food aid,
45
138260
3000
da postanu ovisni o pomoći u hrani,
02:21
with about up to 250,000 dying.
46
141260
2000
s brojem umrlih do 250.000 ljudi.
02:23
This is a catastrophe waiting to happen again.
47
143260
3000
To je katastrofa koja samo čeka da se ponovno dogodi.
02:26
And it's one that gets very little attention.
48
146260
3000
A to je jedna od onih katastrofa koje dobivaju jako malo pozornosti.
02:29
In our accelerated media culture,
49
149260
2000
U našoj ubrzanoj kulturu medija,
02:31
desertification is simply too slow
50
151260
3000
opustošenje je jednostavno presporo
02:34
to reach the headlines.
51
154260
2000
da bi stiglo na naslovnice.
02:36
It's nothing like a tsunami or a Katrina:
52
156260
3000
Nije ništa poput tsunamija ili Katarine:
02:39
too few crying children and smashed up houses.
53
159260
5000
premalo uplakane djece i smrvljenih kuća.
02:44
And yet desertification
54
164260
2000
A ipak opustošenje
02:46
is a major threat on all continents,
55
166260
2000
je velika prijetnja na svim kontinentima,
02:48
affecting some 110 countries
56
168260
3000
koja pogađa nekih 110 zemalja
02:51
and about 70 percent of the world's agricultural drylands.
57
171260
5000
i oko 70 posto svjetskog poljoprivrednog obradivog zemljišta.
02:56
It seriously threatens the livelihoods
58
176260
4000
Ozbiljna je prijetnja životima
03:00
of millions of people,
59
180260
2000
milijuna ljudi,
03:02
and especially in Africa and China.
60
182260
3000
naročito u Africi i Kini.
03:05
And it is largely an issue that we've created for ourselves
61
185260
3000
I u velikoj mjeri je to problem koji smo si sami stvorili
03:08
through unsustainable use of scarce resources.
62
188260
4000
kroz neodrživo korištenje oskudnih resursa.
03:12
So, we get climate change.
63
192260
2000
Imamo klimatsku promjenu.
03:14
We get droughts,
64
194260
1000
Imamo suše,
03:15
increased desertification,
65
195260
2000
povećano opustošenje,
03:17
crashing food systems, water scarcity,
66
197260
3000
rušenje hranidbenih sustava, oskudnost vode,
03:20
famine, forced migration,
67
200260
4000
glad, prisilne seobe,
03:24
political instability, warfare, crisis.
68
204260
4000
političku nestabilnost, stanje rata, krize.
03:28
That's a potential scenario
69
208260
2000
To je potencijalni scenarij
03:30
if we fail to take this seriously.
70
210260
2000
ukoliko ne shvatimo ovo ozbiljno.
03:32
But, how far away is it?
71
212260
2000
Ali, koliko je to daleko?
03:34
I went to Sokoto in northern Nigeria
72
214260
2000
Otišao sam u Sokoto u sjevernoj Nigeriji
03:36
to try and find out how far away it is.
73
216260
3000
kako bih pokušao saznati koliko je to daleko.
03:39
The dunes here move southward at a pace of around 600 meters a year.
74
219260
5000
Dina se ovdje pomiču prema jugu brzinom od oko 600 metara na godinu.
03:44
That's the Sahara eating up almost [two meters] a day of the arable land,
75
224260
3000
To Sahara uništava skoro jedan metar obradivog zemljišta na dan,
03:47
physically pushing people away from their homes.
76
227260
4000
fizički tjerajući ljude iz njihovih domova.
03:51
Here I am -- I'm the second person on the left --
77
231260
3000
Ovdje sam ja -- ja sam druga osoba s lijeva --
03:54
(Laughter)
78
234260
2000
(Smijeh)
03:56
with the elders in Gidan-Kara,
79
236260
3000
sa starješinama u Gidan-Kari,
03:59
a tiny village outside of Sokoto.
80
239260
3000
malom selu izvan Sokota.
04:02
They had to move this village in 1987
81
242260
2000
Morali su pomaknuti to selo 1987.
04:04
as a huge dune threatened to swallow it.
82
244260
3000
jer bi ga ogromna dina progutala.
04:07
So, they moved the entire village, hut by hut.
83
247260
3000
Tako su pomaknuli cijelo selo, kolibu po kolibu.
04:10
This is where the village used to be.
84
250260
2000
Ovdje je nekad bilo to selo.
04:12
It took us about 10 minutes to climb up to the top of that dune,
85
252260
5000
Trebalo nam je oko 10 minuta da se popnemo na vrh te dine.
04:17
which goes to show why they had to move to a safer location.
86
257260
3000
Što samo pokazuje zašto su se morali premjestiti na sigurniju lokaciju.
04:20
That's the kind of forced migration
87
260260
2000
To je vrsta prisilne seobe
04:22
that desertification can lead to.
88
262260
3000
do koje opustošenje može voditi.
04:25
If you happen to live close to the desert border,
89
265260
2000
Ukoliko živite blizu granice pustinje,
04:27
you can pretty much calculate how long it will be
90
267260
2000
možete izračunati koliko vremena će proći
04:29
before you have to carry your kids away,
91
269260
2000
prije nego morate odvesti svoju djecu,
04:31
and abandon your home and your life as you know it.
92
271260
5000
i napustiti svoj dom, i život kakav ste do tada vodili.
04:36
Now, sand dunes cover only about one fifth of our deserts.
93
276260
4000
Pješćane dine pokrivaju samo oko jedne petine naših pustinja.
04:40
And still, those extreme environments are very good places
94
280260
3000
A ipak, ti ekstremni uvjeti su jako dobra mjesta
04:43
if we want to stop the shifting sands.
95
283260
3000
ukoliko želimo zaustaviti premještanje pijeska.
04:46
Four years ago, 23 African countries
96
286260
3000
Prije četiri godine, 23 Afričke zemlje
04:49
came together to create the Great Green Wall Sahara.
97
289260
3000
su se sastale kako bi stvorile veliki zeleni zid Sahare.
04:52
A fantastic project, the initial plan
98
292260
3000
Fantastičan projekt, početni plan
04:55
called for a shelter belt of trees to be planted
99
295260
2000
je uključivao sadnju drvenog zaštitnog pojasa
04:57
right across the African continent,
100
297260
2000
poprijeko Afričkog kontinenta,
04:59
from Mauritania in the west, all the way to Djibouti in the east.
101
299260
4000
od Mauritanije na zapadu, sve do Džibutija na istoku.
05:03
If you want to stop a sand dune from moving,
102
303260
2000
Ako želite zaustaviti pomicanje dina,
05:05
what you need to make sure to do is to stop the grains
103
305260
2000
morate osigurati zaustavljanje zrna
05:07
from avalanching over its crest.
104
307260
3000
od lavinskog kretanja preko njenog vrha.
05:10
And a good way of doing that, the most efficient way,
105
310260
2000
A dobar način da se to napravi, najučinkovitiji način,
05:12
is to use some kind of sand catcher.
106
312260
2000
je korištenje neke vrste hvatalice za pijesak.
05:14
Trees or cacti are good for this.
107
314260
3000
Drveće ili kaktusi su dobri za to.
05:17
But, one of the problems with planting trees is that
108
317260
3000
Ali, jedan od problema sa sadnjom drveća je taj
05:20
the people in these regions are so poor
109
320260
2000
što su ljudi u tim regijama toliko siromašni
05:22
that they chop them down for firewood.
110
322260
2000
da ih posjeku za ogrjev.
05:24
Now there is an alternative to just planting trees
111
324260
4000
Postoji alternativa sadnji drveća
05:28
and hoping that they won't get chopped down.
112
328260
3000
i nadi kako neće biti posjećena.
05:31
This sandstone wall that I'm proposing essentially does three things.
113
331260
3000
Pješćani zid koji ja predlažem čini, zapravo, tri stvari.
05:34
It adds roughness to the dune's surface,
114
334260
3000
Dodaje čvrstoću površini dine,
05:37
to the texture of the dune's surface, binding the grains.
115
337260
3000
teksturi površine dine, povezujući zrna.
05:40
It provides a physical support structure for the trees,
116
340260
3000
Pruža fizičku potpornu strukturu za drveća,
05:43
and it creates physical spaces,
117
343260
3000
i stvara fizičke prostore,
05:46
habitable spaces inside of the sand dunes.
118
346260
2000
prostore pogodne za stanovanje unutar pješćanih dina.
05:48
If people live inside of the green barrier
119
348260
3000
Ukoliko ljudi žive unutar zelenih zidova
05:51
they can help support the trees, protect them from humans,
120
351260
3000
mogu pomoći održavanju drveća, štiti ih od drugih ljudi,
05:54
and from some of the forces of nature.
121
354260
2000
i od nekih prirodnih sila.
05:56
Inside of the dunes we find shade.
122
356260
3000
Unutar dina pronalazimo hladovinu.
05:59
We can start harvesting condensation,
123
359260
3000
Možemo početi sakupljati kondenzaciju,
06:02
and start greening the desert from within.
124
362260
2000
i početi ozelenjivati pustinju iznutra.
06:04
Sand dunes are almost like ready-made buildings in a way.
125
364260
3000
Pješćane dine su, na neki način, nalik već gotovim zgradama.
06:07
All we need to do is solidify the parts that we need to be solid,
126
367260
4000
Sve što trebamo učiniti je učvrstiti dijelove koji trebaju biti čvrsti,
06:11
and then excavate the sand,
127
371260
2000
i zatim iskopati pijesak,
06:13
and we have our architecture.
128
373260
2000
i imamo vlastitu arhitekturu.
06:15
We can either excavate it by hand
129
375260
2000
Možemo ga ili iskopati ručno
06:17
or we can have the wind excavate it for us.
130
377260
2000
ili ga vjetar može iskopati umjesto nas.
06:19
So, the wind carries the sand onto the site
131
379260
2000
Dakle, vjetar donosi pijesak na gradilište
06:21
and then it carries the redundant sand away from the structure for us.
132
381260
5000
i zatim odnosi nepotreban pijesak dalje od strukture umjesto nas.
06:26
But, by now, you're probably asking,
133
386260
2000
Ali, do sada, vjerojatno se pitate
06:28
how am I planning to solidify a sand dune?
134
388260
3000
kako planiram učvrstiti pješćanu dinu?
06:31
How do we glue those grains of sand together?
135
391260
3000
Kako slijepiti ta zrna pijeska zajedno?
06:34
And the answer is, perhaps, that you use these guys,
136
394260
3000
A odgovor je, možda, koristimo ove momke,
06:37
Bacillus pasteurii,
137
397260
2000
Bacillus pasteurii,
06:39
a micro-organism that is readily available in wetlands
138
399260
2000
mikroorganizme koji su lako dostupni u močvarama
06:41
and marshes, and does precisely that.
139
401260
3000
i močvarnim područjima i rade upravo to.
06:44
It takes a pile of loose sand
140
404260
2000
Uzmu hrpu labavog pijeska
06:46
and it creates sandstone out of it.
141
406260
3000
i stvore pješćenjak iz njega.
06:49
These images from the American Society for Microbiology show us the process.
142
409260
4000
Ove slike iz Američkog društva za mikrobiologiju nam pokazuju proces.
06:53
What happens is, you pour Bacillus pasteurii onto a pile of sand,
143
413260
4000
Što se dogodi je, prolijete Bacillus pasteurii na hrpu pijeska,
06:57
and it starts filling up the voids in between the grains.
144
417260
3000
i počnu puniti praznine između zrna.
07:00
A chemical process produces calcite,
145
420260
2000
Kemijski proces stvara kalcit,
07:02
which is a kind of natural cement
146
422260
2000
koji je vrsta prirodnog ljepila
07:04
that binds the grains together.
147
424260
2000
koja povezuje zrna zajedno.
07:06
The whole cementation process takes about 24 hours.
148
426260
4000
Cijeli proces ljepljenja traje oko 24sata.
07:10
I learned about this from a professor at U.C. Davis called Jason DeJong.
149
430260
4000
Naučio sam to od profesora Jasona DeJonga s U.C. Davisa.
07:14
He managed to do it in a mere 1,400 minutes.
150
434260
4000
Uspio je to izvesti u samo 1.400 minuta.
07:18
Here I am, playing the part of the mad scientist,
151
438260
2000
Ovdje sam ja, igrajući ulogu ludog znanstvenika,
07:20
working with the bugs at UCL in London,
152
440260
4000
radeći s kukcima na UCL-u u Londonu,
07:24
trying to solidify them.
153
444260
2000
pokušavajući ih učvrstiti.
07:26
So, how much would this cost?
154
446260
3000
Koliki je trošak toga?
07:29
I'm not an economist, very much not,
155
449260
2000
Nisam ekonomist, niti približno,
07:31
but I did, quite literally, a back of the envelope calculation --
156
451260
4000
ali napravio sam, doslovno, izračun na stražnjoj strani kuverte --
07:35
(Laughter)
157
455260
2000
(Smijeh)
07:37
-- and it seems that for a cubic meter of concrete
158
457260
3000
-- i čini se kako bi za kubični metar betona
07:40
we would have to pay in the region of 90 dollars.
159
460260
3000
u regiji morali platiti 90 dolara.
07:43
And, after an initial cost of 60 bucks to buy the bacteria,
160
463260
3000
I, nakon početnog troška od 60 dolara za kupnju bakterija,
07:46
which you'll never have to pay again,
161
466260
2000
koje više nikad nećete morati kupiti,
07:48
one cubic meter of bacterial sand
162
468260
3000
jedan kubični metar bakterijskog pijeska
07:51
would be about 11 dollars.
163
471260
2000
bi iznosio oko 11 dolara.
07:53
How do we construct something like this?
164
473260
2000
Kako sagraditi nešto poput ovoga?
07:55
Well, I'll quickly show you two options.
165
475260
2000
Dobro, brzo ću vam pokazati dvije mogućnosti.
07:57
The first is to create a kind of balloon structure,
166
477260
2000
Prva je stvaranje strukture nalik na balon,
07:59
fill it with bacteria, then allow the sand to wash over the balloon,
167
479260
4000
ispuniti je s bakterijom, zatim dopustiti da pijesak zapljuskuje balon,
08:03
pop the balloon, as it were, disseminating the bacteria into the sand and solidifying it.
168
483260
4000
probušiti balon i na taj način rasipati bakterije i pijesak i učvrstiti ga.
08:07
Then, a few years afterwards,
169
487260
2000
Zatim, nakon nekoliko godina,
08:09
using permacultural strategies,
170
489260
2000
koristeći održive agrikulturalne strategije,
08:11
we green that part of the desert.
171
491260
3000
pozelenimo taj dio pustinje.
08:14
The second alternative would be to use injection piles.
172
494260
3000
Druga alternativa bi bila uporaba ubacivanja hrpa.
08:17
So, we pushed the piles down through the dune,
173
497260
2000
Poguramo hrpe niz dinu,
08:19
and we create an initial bacterial surface.
174
499260
3000
i stvorimo početnu bakterijsku podlogu.
08:22
We then pull the piles up through the dune
175
502260
3000
Zatim provučemo hrpe gore kroz dinu
08:25
and we're able to create almost any conceivable shape inside of the sand
176
505260
3000
i možemo stvoriti gotovo svaki zamislivi oblik unutar pijeska
08:28
with the sand acting as a mold as we go up.
177
508260
4000
s pijeskom koji dijeluje kao kalup kako se pomičemo prema gore.
08:32
So, we have a way of turning sand into sandstone,
178
512260
4000
Dakle, pronašli smo način pretvaranja pijeska u pješćenjak,
08:36
and then creating these habitable spaces inside of the desert dunes.
179
516260
4000
i zatim stvaranja mjesta pogodnih za stanovanje unutar pustinjskih dina,
08:40
But, what should they look like?
180
520260
2000
ali, kako bi one izgledale?
08:42
Well, I was inspired, for my architectural form, by tafoni,
181
522260
5000
Za svoju arhitekturalnu formu sam dobio nadahnuće od tafonija,
08:47
which look a little bit like this, this is a model representation of it.
182
527260
3000
koja izgleda nešto poput ovoga, ovo je reprezentativni model.
08:50
These are cavernous rock structures that I found on the site in Sokoto.
183
530260
3000
Ovo su pećinske strukture stijena koje sam našao u Sokotu.
08:53
And I realized that if I scaled them up, they would provide me
184
533260
3000
I shvatio sam ako ih povećam, pružit će mi
08:56
with good spatial qualities,
185
536260
3000
dobre prostorne kvalitete,
08:59
for ventilation, for thermal comfort, and for other things.
186
539260
3000
za ventilaciju, za toplinsku ugodu, i za druge stvari.
09:02
Now, part of the formal control over this structure
187
542260
3000
Dio formalne kontrole nad tom strukturom
09:05
would be lost to nature, obviously,
188
545260
2000
bi bio prepušten prirodi, očito,
09:07
as the bacteria do their work.
189
547260
3000
kako bakterije rade svoj posao.
09:10
And I think this creates a kind of boundless beauty actually.
190
550260
3000
I smatram da to zapravo stvara nešto nalik bezgraničnoj ljepoti.
09:13
I think there is really something in that articulation
191
553260
3000
Mislim da postoji nešto u toj artikulaciji
09:16
that is quite nice.
192
556260
2000
što je dosta lijepo.
09:18
We see the result, the traces, if you like,
193
558260
4000
Vidimo rezultate, tragove, ako želite,
09:22
of the Bacillus pasteurii being harnessed to sculpt the desert
194
562260
3000
Bacillus pasteurii koji su upregnuti da oblikuju pustinju
09:25
into these habitable environments.
195
565260
2000
u okoliš pogodan za stanovanje.
09:27
Some people believe that
196
567260
3000
Neki ljudi vjeruju da
09:30
this would spread uncontrollably,
197
570260
2000
bi se to nekontrolirano proširilo,
09:32
and that the bacteria would kill everything in its way.
198
572260
2000
i da bi bakterija ubila sve na svom putu.
09:34
That's not true at all.
199
574260
2000
To uopće nije istina.
09:36
It's a natural process. It goes on in nature today,
200
576260
2000
To je prirodni proces. Koji se i danas događa u prirodi.
09:38
and the bacteria die as soon as we stop feeding them.
201
578260
3000
A bakterije umiru onog trena kada ih prestanemo hraniti.
09:41
So, there it is --
202
581260
2000
Ovdje su --
09:43
architectural anti-desertification structures
203
583260
3000
arhitektonske strukture antidezertifikacije
09:46
made from the desert itself.
204
586260
2000
koje je sama pustinja izgradila.
09:48
Sand-stopping devices, made from sand.
205
588260
4000
Uređaji koji zaustavljaju pijesak, napravljeni od pijeska.
09:52
The world is likely to lose one third of its arable land
206
592260
3000
Svijet će vjerojatno izgubiti jednu trećinu svoje obradive površine
09:55
by the end of the century.
207
595260
2000
do kraja stoljeća.
09:57
In a period of unprecedented population growth
208
597260
4000
U razdoblju jedinstvenog rasta stanovništva
10:01
and increased food demands, this could prove disastrous.
209
601260
2000
i povećane potražnje za hranom, to bi moglo biti katastrofalno.
10:03
And quite frankly, we're putting our heads in the sand.
210
603260
4000
Iskreno govoreći, stavljamo svoje glave u pijesak.
10:07
If nothing else, I would like for this scheme to initiate a discussion.
211
607260
5000
Ako ništa drugo, volio bih da ova shema inicira diskusiju.
10:12
But, if I had something like a TED wish,
212
612260
2000
Ali, ako bih imao nešto poput TED želje,
10:14
it would be to actually get it built,
213
614260
2000
bila bi to izgradnja,
10:16
to start building this habitable wall,
214
616260
3000
početak gradnje tog nastanjivog zida,
10:19
this very, very long, but very narrow city in the desert,
215
619260
4000
tog vrlo, vrlo dugačkog, ali jako uskog grada u pustinji,
10:23
built into the dunescape itself.
216
623260
4000
ugrađenog u sam krajobraz dina.
10:27
It's not only something that supports trees,
217
627260
3000
Nije to samo nešto što podržava drveća,
10:30
but something that connects people and countries together.
218
630260
4000
već nešto što spaja ljude i zemlje zajedno.
10:34
I would like to conclude by showing you an animation of the structure,
219
634260
6000
Želio bih završiti s prikazivanjem jedne animacije strukture,
10:40
and leave you with a sentence by Jorge Luis Borges.
220
640260
6000
i ostaviti vas s rečenicom Jorgea Luis Borgesa.
10:46
Borges said that "nothing is built on stone,
221
646260
6000
Borges je rekao da, "Ništa nije izgrađeno na kamenu,
10:52
everything is built on sand,
222
652260
4000
sve je izgrađeno na pijesku,
10:56
but we must build as if the sand were stone."
223
656260
5000
ali moramo graditi kao da je pijesak kamen."
11:01
Now, there are many details left to explore in this scheme --
224
661260
4000
Postoji još mnogo detalja koje treba istražiti u cijeloj toj shemi,
11:05
political, practical, ethical, financial.
225
665260
5000
političkih, praktičnih, etičkih, financijskih.
11:10
My design, as it takes you down the rabbit hole,
226
670260
5000
Moj dizajn, kako vas vodi kroz zečju rupu,
11:15
is fraught with many challenges
227
675260
4000
je pun izazova
11:19
and difficulties in the real world.
228
679260
3000
i poteškoća u stvarnom svijetu.
11:22
But, it's a beginning, it's a vision.
229
682260
4000
Ali to je početak, to je vizija.
11:26
As Borges would have it, it's the sand.
230
686260
4000
Kako bi Borges rekao, to je pijesak.
11:30
And I think now is really the time
231
690260
3000
I vjerujem kako je sada doista vrijeme
11:33
to turn it into stone. Thank you.
232
693260
3000
da ga pretvorimo u kamen. Hvala vam.
11:36
(Applause)
233
696260
2000
(Pljesak)
O ovoj web stranici

Ova stranica će vas upoznati s YouTube videozapisima koji su korisni za učenje engleskog jezika. Vidjet ćete lekcije engleskog koje vode vrhunski profesori iz cijelog svijeta. Dvaput kliknite na engleske titlove prikazane na svakoj video stranici da biste reproducirali video s tog mjesta. Titlovi se pomiču sinkronizirano s reprodukcijom videozapisa. Ako imate bilo kakvih komentara ili zahtjeva, obratite nam se putem ovog obrasca za kontakt.

https://forms.gle/WvT1wiN1qDtmnspy7