Tim Jackson: An economic reality check

222,541 views ใƒป 2010-10-05

TED


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

ืžืชืจื’ื: Yubal Masalker ืžื‘ืงืจ: Ido Dekkers
00:15
I want to talk to you today about prosperity,
0
15260
3000
ื‘ืจืฆื•ื ื™ ืœื“ื‘ืจ ืืชื›ื ื”ื™ื•ื ืขืœ ืฉื’ืฉื•ื’,
00:18
about our hopes
1
18260
2000
ืขืœ ืชืงื•ื•ืชื™ื ื•
00:20
for a shared and lasting prosperity.
2
20260
3000
ืœืฉื’ืฉื•ื’ ืžืฉื•ืชืฃ ื•ืžืชืžืฉืš.
00:23
And not just us,
3
23260
2000
ื•ืœื ืจืง ืขื‘ื•ืจื ื•, ืืœื ืขื‘ื•ืจ
00:25
but the two billion people worldwide
4
25260
2000
ืฉื ื™ ืžื™ืœื™ืืจื“ ื”ื‘ื ื™-ืื“ื ื‘ืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื
00:27
who are still chronically undernourished.
5
27260
3000
ืืฉืจ ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืกื•ื‘ืœื™ื ืžืชืช-ืชื–ื•ื ื” ื›ืจื•ื ื™.
00:30
And hope actually is at the heart of this.
6
30260
3000
ื•ืชืงื•ื•ื” ื”ื™ื ื”ืœื‘ ืฉืœ ื”ื ื•ืฉื.
00:33
In fact, the Latin word for hope
7
33260
2000
ืœืžืขืฉื”, ื”ืžื™ืœื” ื”ืœื˜ื™ื ื™ืช ืœืชืงื•ื•ื”
00:35
is at the heart of the word prosperity.
8
35260
2000
ื ืžืฆืืช ื‘ืœื‘ ื”ืžื™ืœื” ืฉื’ืฉื•ื’ (prosperity).
00:37
"Pro-speras," "speras," hope --
9
37260
3000
"Pro-speras", ืชืงื•ื•ื” ื–ื” speras --
00:40
in accordance with our hopes and expectations.
10
40260
3000
ื‘ื”ืชืื ืœืชืงื•ื•ืชื™ื ื• ื•ืฆื™ืคื™ื•ืชื™ื ื•.
00:43
The irony is, though,
11
43260
2000
ื‘ื›ืœ ืื•ืคืŸ, ื”ืื™ืจื•ื ื™ื” ื”ื™ื
00:45
that we have cashed-out prosperity
12
45260
3000
ืฉืคื“ื™ื ื• ืืช ื”ืฉื’ืฉื•ื’, ื›ืžืขื˜ ืคืฉื•ื˜ื• ื›ืžืฉืžืขื•,
00:48
almost literally in terms of money and economic growth.
13
48260
3000
ื‘ืžื•ื ื—ื™ื ืฉืœ ื›ืกืฃ ื•ืฆืžื™ื—ื” ื›ืœื›ืœื™ืช.
00:51
And we've grown our economies so much
14
51260
2000
ื•ื”ื’ื“ืœื ื• ืืช ื”ื›ืœื›ืœื•ืช ืฉืœื ื• ื›ืœ-ื›ืš
00:53
that we now stand
15
53260
2000
ืฉืื ื• ืขื•ืžื“ื™ื ื›ื™ื•ื
00:55
in a real danger
16
55260
2000
ื‘ืกื›ื ื” ืžืžืฉื™ืช
00:57
of undermining hope --
17
57260
3000
ืฉืœ ืขืจืขื•ืจ ื”ืชืงื•ื•ื” --
01:00
running down resources, cutting down rainforests,
18
60260
3000
ื“ืœื“ื•ืœ ืžืฉืื‘ื™ื, ื›ืจื™ืชืช ื™ืขืจื•ืช-ื”ื’ืฉื,
01:03
spilling oil into the Gulf of Mexico,
19
63260
3000
ืฉืคื™ื›ืช ื ืคื˜ ื‘ืžืคืจืฅ ืžื›ืกื™ืงื•,
01:06
changing the climate --
20
66260
2000
ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ืืงืœื™ื --
01:08
and the only thing that has actually
21
68260
2000
ื•ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ ืฉื”ืฆืœื™ื—
01:10
remotely slowed down the relentless rise
22
70260
2000
ื‘ืงื•ืฉื™ ืœื”ืื˜ ืืช ื”ื’ื™ื“ื•ืœ ื”ืžืชืžืฉืš
01:12
of carbon emissions over the last two to three decades
23
72260
3000
ื‘ืคืœื™ื˜ื•ืช ืคื—ืžืŸ ื‘ืฉื ื™ื™ื ืื• ืฉืœื•ืฉืช ื”ืขืฉื•ืจื™ื ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื™ื,
01:15
is recession.
24
75260
2000
ื”ื•ื ืžื™ืชื•ืŸ.
01:17
And recession, of course,
25
77260
2000
ื•ืžื™ืชื•ืŸ, ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ, ืืฃ ื”ื•ื
01:19
isn't exactly a recipe for hope either,
26
79260
2000
ืื™ื ื• ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ื”ืžืชื›ื•ืŸ ื”ื ื›ื•ืŸ ืœืชืงื•ื•ื”,
01:21
as we're busy finding out.
27
81260
2000
ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ื›ืœ-ื›ืš ืขืกื•ืงื™ื ื‘ืœื’ืœื•ืชื”.
01:23
So we're caught in a kind of trap.
28
83260
2000
ื›ืš ืฉืื ื• ืœื›ื•ื“ื™ื ื‘ืžื™ืŸ ืžืœื›ื•ื“ืช.
01:25
It's a dilemma, a dilemma of growth.
29
85260
2000
ื–ื•ื”ื™ ื”ืชืœื‘ื˜ื•ืช ืงืฉื”, ื”ื”ืชืœื‘ื˜ื•ืช ืœื’ื‘ื™ ืฆืžื™ื—ื”.
01:27
We can't live with it; we can't live without it.
30
87260
2000
ืื™-ืืคืฉืจ ืœื—ื™ื•ืช ืื™ืชื”; ืื™-ืืคืฉืจ ืœื—ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืœืขื“ื™ื”.
01:29
Trash the system or crash the planet --
31
89260
3000
ืœื”ืฉืœื™ืš ืืช ื”ืฉื™ื˜ื” ืœืคื—, ืื• ืœืจืกืง ืืช ื”ืขื•ืœื.
01:32
it's a tough choice; it isn't much of a choice.
32
92260
3000
ื–ื•ื”ื™ ื‘ื—ื™ืจื” ืงืฉื”. ื–ื•ื”ื™ ื‘ื—ื™ืจื” ื‘ืœืชื™ ืืคืฉืจื™ืช.
01:35
And our best avenue of escape from this actually
33
95260
3000
ื•ื“ืจืš ื”ืžื™ืœื•ื˜ ื”ื˜ื•ื‘ื” ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉืœื ื• ืžื›ืœ ื–ื”
01:38
is a kind of blind faith
34
98260
3000
ื”ื™ื ื‘ืขืฆื ืžืขื™ืŸ ืืžื•ื ื” ืขื™ื•ื•ืจืช
01:41
in our own cleverness and technology and efficiency
35
101260
3000
ื‘ื—ื•ื›ืžืชื ื•, ื‘ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ืฉืœื ื•, ื‘ื™ืขื™ืœื•ืชื ื•
01:44
and doing things more efficiently.
36
104260
2000
ื•ื‘ื™ื›ื•ืœืชื ื• ืœื‘ืฆืข ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ื™ืขื™ืœื” ื™ื•ืชืจ.
01:46
Now I haven't got anything against efficiency.
37
106260
2000
ืื™ืŸ ืœื™ ืฉื•ื ื“ื‘ืจ ื ื’ื“ ื™ืขื™ืœื•ืช.
01:48
And I think we are a clever species sometimes.
38
108260
3000
ืื ื™ ืกื‘ื•ืจ ืฉืžืขืช-ืœืขืช ืื ื—ื ื• ืžืชื’ืœื™ื ื›ืžื™ืŸ ื—ื›ื.
01:52
But I think we should also just check the numbers,
39
112260
3000
ืื‘ืœ ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ ืฉืื ื• ื’ื ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœื‘ื“ื•ืง ืืช ื”ืžืกืคืจื™ื,
01:55
take a reality check here.
40
115260
2000
ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื›ืืŸ ื—ืฉื‘ื•ืŸ-ื ืคืฉ.
01:57
So I want you to imagine a world,
41
117260
2000
ืœื›ืŸ ืื ื™ ืžื‘ืงืฉ ืฉื ื“ืžื™ื™ืŸ ืขื•ืœื,
01:59
in 2050, of around nine billion people,
42
119260
3000
ื‘-2050, ื‘ื• ื—ื™ื™ื ื›-9 ืžื™ืœื™ืืจื“ ื‘ื ื™-ืื“ื,
02:02
all aspiring to Western incomes,
43
122260
2000
ื›ื•ืœื ืฉื•ืืคื™ื ืœื”ื›ื ืกื•ืช ื‘ืจืžืช ื”ืžืขืจื‘,
02:04
Western lifestyles.
44
124260
3000
ืกื’ื ื•ืŸ ื—ื™ื™ื ืžืขืจื‘ื™.
02:07
And I want to ask the question --
45
127260
2000
ื•ืื– ื‘ืจืฆื•ื ื™ ืœืฉืื•ืœ ืฉืืœื” --
02:09
and we'll give them that two percent hike in income, in salary each year as well,
46
129260
3000
ื•ื ืชืŸ ืœื”ื ืชื•ืกืคืช ืžืฉื›ื•ืจืช ืฉืœ 2 ืื—ื•ื– ื‘ื›ืœ ืฉื ื”,
02:12
because we believe in growth.
47
132260
2000
ืžื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉืื ื• ืžืืžื™ื ื™ื ื‘ืฆืžื™ื—ื”.
02:14
And I want to ask the question:
48
134260
2000
ื•ืื ื™ ืจื•ืฆื” ืœืฉืื•ืœ ืืช ื”ืฉืืœื” ื”ื‘ืื”:
02:16
how far and how fast would be have to move?
49
136260
3000
ื›ืžื” ืจื—ื•ืง ื•ื›ืžื” ืžื”ืจ ื™ื”ื™ื” ืขืœื™ื ื• ืœื ื•ืข?
02:19
How clever would we have to be?
50
139260
2000
ื›ืžื” ื—ื›ืžื™ื ื™ื”ื™ื” ืขืœื™ื ื• ืœื”ื™ื•ืช?
02:21
How much technology would we need in this world
51
141260
2000
ืœื›ืžื” ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ื ื–ื“ืงืง ื‘ืขื•ืœื ื›ื–ื”
02:23
to deliver our carbon targets?
52
143260
2000
ื›ื“ื™ ืœืขืžื•ื“ ื‘ื™ืขื“ื™ ื”ืคื—ืžืŸ ืฉืœื ื•?
02:25
And here in my chart --
53
145260
2000
ื•ื”ื ื” ื”ืชืจืฉื™ื ืฉืœื™.
02:27
on the left-hand side is where we are now.
54
147260
3000
ืžืฆื“ ืฉืžืืœ ื–ื” ื”ื™ื›ืŸ ืฉืื ื• ื ืžืฆืื™ื ื›ื™ื•ื.
02:30
This is the carbon intensity of economic growth
55
150260
2000
ื–ื•ื”ื™ ืคืœื™ื˜ืช ืคื—ืžืŸ ืฉืœ ืฆืžื™ื—ื” ื›ืœื›ืœื™ืช
02:32
in the economy at the moment.
56
152260
2000
ื›ืคื™ ืฉื”ื™ื ื‘ื›ืœื›ืœื” ืฉืœ ื”ื™ื•ื.
02:34
It's around about 770 grams of carbon.
57
154260
3000
ื”ื™ื ื‘ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื•ืช 770 ื’ืจื ืคื—ืžืŸ.
02:37
In the world I describe to you,
58
157260
2000
ื‘ืขื•ืœื ืฉืื ื™ ืžืชืืจ ืœื›ื,
02:39
we have to be right over here at the right-hand side
59
159260
2000
ืขืœื™ื ื• ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ื›ืืŸ ืžืฆื“ ื™ืžื™ืŸ
02:41
at six grams of carbon.
60
161260
2000
ื‘ืจืžื” ืฉืœ 6 ื’ืจื ืคื—ืžืŸ.
02:43
It's a 130-fold improvement,
61
163260
2000
ื–ื”ื• ืฉื™ืคื•ืจ ืฉืœ ืคื™-130,
02:45
and that is 10 times further and faster
62
165260
2000
ื•ื–ื” ืคื™-10 ื™ื•ืชืจ ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื•ืžื”ืจ
02:47
than anything we've ever achieved in industrial history.
63
167260
3000
ืžืžื” ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ื”ืฉื’ื ื• ืื™-ืคืขื ื‘ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ื”ืชืขืฉื™ื™ืชื™ืช.
02:50
Maybe we can do it, maybe it's possible -- who knows?
64
170260
2000
ืื•ืœื™ ื ื•ื›ืœ ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื–ืืช, ืื•ืœื™ ื–ื” ืืคืฉืจื™ -- ืžื™ ื™ื•ื“ืข?
02:52
Maybe we can even go further
65
172260
2000
ืื•ืœื™ ื ื•ื›ืœ ืืคื™ืœื• ืœื”ืชืงื“ื ืขื•ื“ ื™ื•ืชืจ
02:54
and get an economy that pulls carbon out of the atmosphere,
66
174260
3000
ื•ืœื”ื’ื™ืข ืœื›ืœื›ืœื” ืฉืžืกื™ืจื” ืœื’ืžืจื™ ืืช ื”ืคื—ืžืŸ ืžื”ืื˜ืžื•ืกืคื™ืจื”,
02:57
which is what we're going to need to be doing
67
177260
2000
ืฉื–ื” ืžื” ืฉื ื™ื“ืจืฉ ืœื‘ืฆืข
02:59
by the end of the century.
68
179260
2000
ื‘ืกื•ืฃ ื”ืžืื” ื”ื–ื•.
03:01
But shouldn't we just check first
69
181260
3000
ืื‘ืœ ื”ืื ืœื ื›ื“ืื™ ืฉื ื‘ื“ื•ืง ืชื—ื™ืœื”
03:04
that the economic system that we have
70
184260
3000
ืื ื”ืฉื™ื˜ื” ื”ื›ืœื›ืœื™ืช ื”ื ื•ื›ื—ื™ืช ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื ื•
03:07
is remotely capable of delivering
71
187260
2000
ืžืกื•ื’ืœืช ื‘ื›ืœืœ ืœืกืคืง
03:09
this kind of improvement?
72
189260
2000
ืฉื™ืคื•ืจ ืฉื›ื–ื”?
03:11
So I want to just spend a couple of minutes on system dynamics.
73
191260
3000
ืœื›ืŸ ื‘ืจืฆื•ื ื™ ืœื ืฆืœ ืžืกืคืจ ื“ืงื•ืช ื›ื“ื™ ืœื“ื‘ืจ ืขืœ ื“ื™ื ืžื™ืงื” ืฉืœ ืฉื™ื˜ื”.
03:14
It's a bit complex, and I apologize for that.
74
194260
2000
ื–ื” ืงืฆืช ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ ื•ืื ื™ ืžืชื ืฆืœ ืขืœ ื›ืš.
03:16
What I'll try and do, is I'll try and paraphrase it
75
196260
2000
ืžื” ืฉืื ืกื” ื–ื” ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืœื–ื” ืคืจืืคืจื–ื”
03:18
is sort of human terms.
76
198260
2000
ืœืžื•ื ื—ื™ื ืื ื•ืฉื™ื™ื.
03:20
So it looks a little bit like this.
77
200260
3000
ื–ื” ื ืจืื” ื‘ืขืจืš ื›ืš.
03:23
Firms produce goods for households -- that's us --
78
203260
2000
ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ืžื™ื™ืฆืจื•ืช ืžื•ืฆืจื™ื ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืžืฉืงื™-ื‘ื™ืช -- ืฉื–ื” ืื ื—ื ื• --
03:25
and provide us with incomes,
79
205260
2000
ื•ืžื‘ื™ืื•ืช ืœื ื• ื”ื›ื ืกื”,
03:27
and that's even better, because we can spend those incomes
80
207260
3000
ื•ื–ื” ืืคื™ืœื• ื™ื•ืชืจ ื˜ื•ื‘, ืžื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉืื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ื•ืฆื™ื ืืช ื”ื”ื›ื ืกื”
03:30
on more goods and services.
81
210260
2000
ืขืœ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื•ืฆืจื™ื ื•ืฉื™ืจื•ืชื™ื.
03:32
That's called the circular flow of the economy.
82
212260
3000
ื–ื” ื ืงืจื ื”ื–ืจื ื”ืžืขื’ืœื™ ืฉืœ ื”ื›ืœื›ืœื”.
03:35
It looks harmless enough.
83
215260
2000
ื–ื” ื ืจืื” ื“ื™ ื‘ืœืชื™-ืžื–ื™ืง.
03:37
I just want to highlight one key feature of this system,
84
217260
2000
ื‘ืจืฆื•ื ื™ ืจืง ืœื”ื“ื’ื™ืฉ ืžืืคื™ื™ืŸ ืžืคืชื— ืื—ื“ ืฉืœ ื”ืฉื™ื˜ื”,
03:39
which is the role of investment.
85
219260
2000
ืฉื–ื”ื• ื”ืชืคืงื™ื“ ืฉืœ ื”ืฉืงืขื”.
03:41
Now investment constitutes
86
221260
2000
ื”ืฉืงืขื•ืช ืžื”ื•ื•ืช
03:43
only about a fifth of the national income
87
223260
2000
ืจืง ื›ื—ืžื™ืฉื™ืช ืžื”ื”ื›ื ืกื” ื”ืœืื•ืžื™ืช
03:45
in most modern economies,
88
225260
2000
ื‘ืจื•ื‘ ื”ื›ืœื›ืœื•ืช ื”ืžื•ื“ืจื ื™ื•ืช,
03:47
but it plays an absolutely vital role.
89
227260
2000
ืื‘ืœ ื”ื™ื ืžืžืœืืช ืชืคืงื™ื“ ื—ื™ื•ื ื™ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ.
03:49
And what it does essentially
90
229260
2000
ื•ืžื” ืฉื”ื™ื ืขื•ืฉื” ื‘ืขืฆื
03:51
is to stimulate further consumption growth.
91
231260
3000
ื–ื” ืœื“ืจื‘ืŸ ืฆืจื™ื›ื” ื ื•ืกืคืช.
03:54
It does this in a couple of ways --
92
234260
2000
ื”ื™ื ืขื•ืฉื” ื–ืืช ื‘ืžืกืคืจ ื“ืจื›ื™ื --
03:56
chasing productivity,
93
236260
2000
ืจื“ื™ืคื” ืื—ืจ ืคืจื™ื•ืŸ-ืขื‘ื•ื“ื”,
03:58
which drives down prices and encourages us to buy more stuff.
94
238260
3000
ืืฉืจ ื’ื•ืจืžืช ืœื”ื•ืจื“ืช ืžื—ื™ืจื™ื ื•ืžืขื•ื“ื“ืช ืื•ืชื ื• ืœืงื ื•ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ.
04:01
But I want to concentrate
95
241260
2000
ืื‘ืœ ื‘ืจืฆื•ื ื™ ืœื”ืชืžืงื“
04:03
on the role of investment
96
243260
2000
ื‘ืชืคืงื™ื“ ืฉื”ื”ืฉืงืขื” ืžืžืœืืช
04:05
in seeking out novelty,
97
245260
2000
ื‘ื—ื™ืคื•ืฉ ืื—ืจ ื—ื™ื“ื•ืฉื™ื,
04:07
the production and consumption of novelty.
98
247260
3000
ื‘ื™ื™ืฆื•ืจ ื•ืฆืจื™ื›ื” ืฉืœ ื—ื™ื“ื•ืฉื™ื.
04:10
Joseph Schumpeter called this
99
250260
2000
ื–'ื•ื–ืฃ ืฉืงื”ื•ืžืคื˜ืจ ืงืจื ืœื–ื”
04:12
"the process of creative destruction."
100
252260
3000
"ื”ืชื”ืœื™ืš ืฉืœ ื”ืจืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืชื™."
04:15
It's a process of the production and reproduction of novelty,
101
255260
2000
ื–ื”ื• ืชื”ืœื™ืš ืฉืœ ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ื—ื™ื“ื•ืฉื™ื ื•ืฉื™ืขืชื•ืงื,
04:17
continually chasing expanding consumer markets,
102
257260
3000
ื”ืจื•ื“ืฃ ืœืœื ื”ืจืฃ ืื—ืจ ืฉื•ื•ืงื™ื ืžืชืจื—ื‘ื™ื ืฉืœ ืฆืจื›ื ื™ื,
04:20
consumer goods, new consumer goods.
103
260260
2000
ืžื•ืฆืจื™ื ืœืฆืจื™ื›ื”, ืžื•ืฆืจื™ื ื—ื“ืฉื™ื ืœืฆืจื™ื›ื”.
04:22
And this, this is where it gets interesting,
104
262260
2000
ื•ื›ืืŸ ื–ื” ื”ื•ืคืš ืœืžืขื ื™ื™ืŸ,
04:24
because it turns out that human beings
105
264260
3000
ื›ื™ ืžืชื‘ืจืจ ืฉืืฆืœ ื‘ื ื™-ืื“ื
04:27
have something of an appetite for novelty.
106
267260
3000
ื™ืฉ ืชื™ืื‘ื•ืŸ ืœื—ื™ื“ื•ืฉื™ื.
04:30
We love new stuff --
107
270260
2000
ืื ื• ืื•ื”ื‘ื™ื ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื—ื“ืฉื™ื --
04:32
new material stuff for sure --
108
272260
2000
ืœื‘ื˜ื— ื—ื™ื“ื•ืฉื™ื ื—ื•ืžืจื™ื™ื --
04:34
but also new ideas, new adventures,
109
274260
2000
ืื‘ืœ ื’ื ืจืขื™ื•ื ื•ืช ื—ื“ืฉื™ื, ื”ืจืคืชืงืื•ืช ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช,
04:36
new experiences.
110
276260
2000
ื—ื•ื•ื™ื•ืช ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช.
04:38
But the materiality matters too,
111
278260
2000
ืื‘ืœ ื”ื—ื•ืžืจื™ื•ืช ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื” ื’ื ื›ืŸ.
04:40
because in every society
112
280260
3000
ืžื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉื‘ื›ืœ ื—ื‘ืจื”
04:43
that anthropologists have looked at,
113
283260
2000
ืฉื”ืื ืชืจื•ืคื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื ื—ืงืจื•,
04:45
material stuff
114
285260
2000
ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื—ื•ืžืจื™ื™ื
04:47
operates as a kind of language --
115
287260
2000
ืคื•ืขืœื™ื ื›ืžืขื™ืŸ ืฉืคื”,
04:49
a language of goods,
116
289260
2000
ืฉืคืช ืžื•ืฆืจื™ื,
04:51
a symbolic language
117
291260
2000
ืฉืคื” ืกื™ืžืœื™ืช
04:53
that we use to tell each other stories --
118
293260
2000
ืฉืื ื• ืžืฉืชืžืฉื™ื ื‘ื” ืœืกืคืจ ืกื™ืคื•ืจื™ื ื”ืื—ื“ ืœืฉื ื™ --
04:55
stories, for example,
119
295260
2000
ืกื™ืคื•ืจื™ื ืœื“ื•ื’ืžื,
04:57
about how important we are.
120
297260
2000
ืขืœ ื›ืžื” ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื™ื ืื ื—ื ื•.
04:59
Status-driven, conspicuous consumption
121
299260
3000
ืฆืจื™ื›ื” ืžื•ื ืขืช-ืกื˜ื˜ื•ืก, ืจืื•ื•ืชื ื™ืช
05:02
thrives from the language
122
302260
3000
ื”ืฉื•ืื‘ืช ืืช ื›ื•ื—ื”
05:05
of novelty.
123
305260
2000
ืžืฉืคืช ื”ื—ื™ื“ื•ืฉื™ื.
05:07
And here, all of a sudden,
124
307260
2000
ื•ื›ืืŸ, ืคืชืื•ื ืœืœื ืืชืจืื”,
05:09
we have a system
125
309260
2000
ื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ืฉื™ื˜ื”
05:11
that is locking economic structure with social logic --
126
311260
3000
ื”ื›ื•ืœืืช ืžื‘ื ื” ื›ืœื›ืœื™ ื‘ื™ื—ื“ ืขื ื”ื™ื’ื™ื•ืŸ ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ --
05:14
the economic institutions, and who we are as people, locked together
127
314260
3000
ื”ืžื•ืกื“ื•ืช ื”ื›ืœื›ืœื™ื™ื ื•ืื ื—ื ื• ื”ืื ืฉื™ื, ื›ืœื•ืื™ื ื‘ื™ื—ื“
05:17
to drive an engine of growth.
128
317260
3000
ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื ื™ืข ืืช ืžื ื•ืข ื”ืฆืžื™ื—ื”.
05:20
And this engine is not just economic value;
129
320260
2000
ื•ืžื ื•ืข ื–ื” ืื™ื ื• ืจืง ืขืจืš ื›ืœื›ืœื™;
05:22
it is pulling material resources
130
322260
3000
ื”ื•ื ืฉื•ืื‘ ืœืœื ื”ืคืกืง ืžืฉืื‘ื™ื ื—ื•ืžืจื™ื™ื
05:25
relentlessly through the system,
131
325260
3000
ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื”ืฉื™ื˜ื”,
05:28
driven by our own insatiable appetites,
132
328260
3000
ื•ืžื” ืฉืžื ื™ืข ืื•ืชื• ื–ื” ืชืื‘ื•ื ื ื• ืฉืื™ื ื• ื™ื•ื“ืข ืฉื•ื‘ืข,
05:31
driven in fact by a sense of anxiety.
133
331260
3000
ืฉื‘ืชื•ืจื• ืžื•ื ืข ืขืœ-ื™ื“ื™ ืชื—ื•ืฉืช ื—ืจื“ื”.
05:34
Adam Smith, 200 years ago,
134
334260
2000
ืื“ื ืกืžื™ืช, ืœืคื ื™ 200 ืฉื ื”,
05:36
spoke about our desire
135
336260
2000
ื“ื™ื‘ืจ ืขืœ ืชืฉื•ืงืชื ื•
05:38
for a life without shame.
136
338260
2000
ืœื—ื™ื™ื ืœืœื ื‘ื•ืฉื”.
05:40
A life without shame:
137
340260
2000
ื—ื™ื™ื ืœืœื ื‘ื•ืฉื”:
05:42
in his day, what that meant was a linen shirt,
138
342260
3000
ื‘ื–ืžื ื•, ืžื” ืฉื”ืชื›ื•ื•ื ื• ืืœื™ื• ื”ื™ื” ื—ื•ืœืฆื•ืช ืคืฉืชืŸ,
05:45
and today, well, you still need the shirt,
139
345260
2000
ื•ื”ื™ื•ื, ื˜ื•ื‘, ืื ื• ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ื–ืงื•ืงื™ื ืœื—ื•ืœืฆื”,
05:47
but you need the hybrid car,
140
347260
3000
ืื‘ืœ ื’ื ื–ืงื•ืงื™ื ืœืžื›ื•ื ื™ืช ื”ื™ื‘ืจื™ื“ื™ืช,
05:50
the HDTV, two holidays a year in the sun,
141
350260
3000
ืœื˜ืœื•ื•ื™ื–ื™ื™ืช HD, ืฉืชื™ ื—ื•ืคืฉื•ืช ืฉื ืชื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื–ื•ืจื™ื ืžืฉื•ืคืขื™ ืฉืžืฉ,
05:53
the netbook and iPad, the list goes on --
142
353260
3000
ื ื˜ื‘ื•ืง, ืื™ื™ืคื“ ื•ื”ืจืฉื™ืžื” ืขื•ื“ ืืจื•ื›ื” --
05:56
an almost inexhaustible supply of goods,
143
356260
2000
ืืกืคืงื” ื›ืžืขื˜ ื‘ืœืชื™ ื ื’ืžืจืช ืฉืœ ืžื•ืฆืจื™ื,
05:58
driven by this anxiety.
144
358260
2000
ื”ืฉื•ืื‘ืช ืืช ื›ื•ื—ื” ืžื”ื—ืจื“ื” ืฉืœื ื•.
06:00
And even if we don't want them,
145
360260
2000
ื•ืืคื™ืœื• ืื ืื™ื ื ื• ืจื•ืฆื™ื ืื•ืชื,
06:02
we need to buy them,
146
362260
2000
ืื ื• ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœืงื ื•ืชื,
06:04
because, if we don't buy them, the system crashes.
147
364260
2000
ืžื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉืื ืœื ื ืงื ื” ืื•ืชื, ื”ืฉื™ื˜ื” ืชืงืจื•ืก.
06:06
And to stop it crashing
148
366260
2000
ื•ื›ื“ื™ ืœืžื ื•ืข ืืช ืงืจื™ืกืชื”
06:08
over the last two to three decades,
149
368260
2000
ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ืฉื ื™ื™ื ืื• ืฉืœื•ืฉืช ื”ืขืฉื•ืจื™ื ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื™ื,
06:10
we've expanded the money supply,
150
370260
2000
ื”ืจื—ื‘ื ื• ืืช ืืกืคืงืช ื”ื›ืกืฃ,
06:12
expanded credit and debt,
151
372260
2000
ื”ืจื—ื‘ื ื• ืืช ื”ืืฉืจืื™ ื•ืืช ื”ื—ื•ื‘,
06:14
so that people can keep buying stuff.
152
374260
2000
ื›ื“ื™ ืฉื”ืื ืฉื™ื ื™ื•ื›ืœื• ืœื”ืžืฉื™ืš ืœืงื ื•ืช ื“ื‘ืจื™ื.
06:16
And of course, that expansion was deeply implicated in the crisis.
153
376260
3000
ื•ืื– ื‘ืจื•ืจ ืฉืื•ืชื” ื”ืชืจื—ื‘ื•ืช ื”ื•ืฉืคืขื” ืขืžื•ืงื•ืช ืžื”ืžืฉื‘ืจ.
06:19
But this -- I just want to show you some data here.
154
379260
2000
ื‘ืจืฆื•ื ื™ ืœื”ืจืื•ืช ืœื›ื ื›ืžื” ื ืชื•ื ื™ื.
06:21
This is what it looks like, essentially,
155
381260
2000
ื›ืš ื–ื” ื ืจืื”, ื‘ืขื™ืงืจื•ืŸ,
06:23
this credit and debt system, just for the U.K.
156
383260
2000
ื–ื•ื”ื™ ืžืขืจื›ืช ืืฉืจืื™ ื•ื—ื•ื‘ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื ื™ื”.
06:25
This was the last 15 years before the crash,
157
385260
3000
ื›ืš ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ื‘-15 ื”ืฉื ื™ื ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื•ืช ืœืคื ื™ ื”ืงืจื™ืกื”.
06:28
and you can see there, consumer debt rose dramatically.
158
388260
3000
ื•ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืจืื•ืช ื›ืืŸ, ื”ื—ื•ื‘ ืฉืœ ื”ืฆืจื›ื ื™ื ืขืœื” ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื“ืจืžื˜ื™.
06:31
It was above the GDP for three years in a row
159
391260
2000
ื”ื•ื ื”ื™ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื”ืชืž"ื’ ืฉืœื•ืฉ ืฉื ื™ื ืจืฆื•ืฃ
06:33
just before the crisis.
160
393260
2000
ืขื“ ืœืคื ื™ ื”ืžืฉื‘ืจ.
06:35
And in the mean time, personal savings absolutely plummeted.
161
395260
3000
ื•ื‘ื™ื ืชื™ื™ื, ื—ืกื›ื•ื ื•ืช ืื™ืฉื™ื™ื ืฆื ื—ื• ืœื’ืžืจื™.
06:38
The savings ratio, net savings,
162
398260
2000
ื™ื—ืก ื”ื—ืกื›ื•ื ื•ืช, ื—ืกื›ื•ื ื•ืช ื ื˜ื•,
06:40
were below zero in the middle of 2008,
163
400260
2000
ื”ื™ื• ืžืชื—ืช ืœืืคืก ื‘ืืžืฆืข 2008,
06:42
just before the crash.
164
402260
2000
ืžืžืฉ ืœืคื ื™ ื”ืงืจื™ืกื”.
06:44
This is people expanding debt, drawing down their savings,
165
404260
3000
ืืœื” ืื ืฉื™ื ืฉืžื’ื“ื™ืœื™ื ื—ื•ื‘ื•ืช, ืžื—ืกืœื™ื ืืช ื—ืกื›ื•ื ื•ืชื™ื”ื,
06:47
just to stay in the game.
166
407260
3000
ืจืง ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื™ืฉืืจ ื‘ืขื ื™ื™ื ื™ื.
06:50
This is a strange, rather perverse, story,
167
410260
3000
ื–ื”ื• ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ืžื•ื–ืจ, ื“ื™ ืœื-ื ื•ืจืžืœื™,
06:53
just to put it in very simple terms.
168
413260
2000
ืื ืœื•ืžืจ ื–ืืช ื‘ืคืฉื˜ื•ืช.
06:55
It's a story about us, people,
169
415260
3000
ื”ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ื”ื•ื ืขืœื™ื ื•, ื‘ื ื™-ืื“ื,
06:59
being persuaded
170
419260
2000
ืฉืžืฉื›ื ืขื™ื ืื•ืชื
07:01
to spend money we don't have
171
421260
2000
ืœื‘ื–ื‘ื– ื›ืกืฃ ืฉืื™ืŸ ืœื ื•
07:03
on things we don't need
172
423260
2000
ืขืœ ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉืื ื• ืœื ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื
07:05
to create impressions that won't last
173
425260
2000
ื›ื“ื™ ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ืจื•ืฉื ืฉืœื ื™ื—ื–ื™ืง ืžืขืžื“
07:07
on people we don't care about.
174
427260
2000
ืขืœ ืื ืฉื™ื ืฉืœื ืื›ืคืช ืœื ื• ืžื”ื.
07:09
(Laughter)
175
429260
2000
(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
07:11
(Applause)
176
431260
4000
(ืžื—ื™ืื•ืช ื›ืคื™ื™ื)
07:15
But before we consign ourselves to despair,
177
435260
3000
ืื‘ืœ ืœืคื ื™ ืฉืื ื• ื ื›ื ืขื™ื ืœื™ืื•ืฉ, ืื•ืœื™ ืคืฉื•ื˜ ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื”ื‘ื™ื˜ ืื—ื•ืจื” ื•ืœื•ืžืจ,
07:18
maybe we should just go back and say, "Did we get this right?
178
438260
2000
"ืื•ืœื™ ื˜ืขื™ื ื• ืื™ืคื” ืฉื”ื•ื?
07:20
Is this really how people are?
179
440260
2000
ื”ืื ื–ื” ื‘ืืžืช ื”ื˜ื‘ืข ืฉืœ ืื ืฉื™ื?
07:22
Is this really how economies behave?"
180
442260
2000
ื”ืื ื›ืš ื‘ืืžืช ืžืชื ื”ื’ื™ื ืื ืฉื™ ื”ื›ืœื›ืœื”?"
07:24
And almost straightaway
181
444260
2000
ื•ื›ืžืขื˜ ืžื™ื™ื“
07:26
we actually run up against a couple of anomalies.
182
446260
3000
ืื ื• ื ืชืงืœื™ื ื‘ื›ืžื” ื—ืจื™ื’ื™ื.
07:29
The first one is in the crisis itself.
183
449260
2000
ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ื ืžืฆื ื‘ืžืฉื‘ืจ ืขืฆืžื•.
07:31
In the crisis, in the recession, what do people want to do?
184
451260
3000
ื‘ืžืฉื‘ืจ, ื‘ืžื™ืชื•ืŸ, ืžื” ื”ืื ืฉื™ื ืจื•ืฆื™ื ืœืขืฉื•ืช?
07:34
They want to hunker down, they want to look to the future.
185
454260
3000
ื”ื ืจื•ืฆื™ื ืœื”ื•ืจื™ื“ ืคืจื•ืคื™ืœ. ื”ื ืจื•ืฆื™ื ืœื”ื‘ื™ื˜ ืืœ ืขื‘ืจ ื”ืขืชื™ื“.
07:37
They want to spend less and save more.
186
457260
3000
ื”ื ืจื•ืฆื™ื ืœื‘ื–ื‘ื– ืคื—ื•ืช ื•ืœื—ืกื•ืš ื™ื•ืชืจ.
07:40
But saving is exactly the wrong thing to do
187
460260
2000
ืื‘ืœ ื—ื™ืกื›ื•ืŸ ื”ื•ื ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ืฉืœื ื ื›ื•ืŸ ืœืขืฉื•ืชื•
07:42
from the system point of view.
188
462260
2000
ืžื ืงื•ื“ืช ืžื‘ื˜ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืฉื™ื˜ื”.
07:44
Keynes called this the "paradox of thrift" --
189
464260
2000
ืงื™ื™ื ืก ืงืจื ืœื–ื” "ืคืจื“ื•ืงืก ื”ื—ืกื›ื ื•ืช" --
07:46
saving slows down recovery.
190
466260
2000
ื—ื™ืกื›ื•ืŸ ืžืื˜ ื”ืชืื•ืฉืฉื•ืช.
07:48
And politicians call on us continually
191
468260
3000
ื•ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ืงืื™ื ืžื˜ื™ืคื™ื ืœื ื• ืœืœื ื”ืจืฃ
07:51
to draw down more debt,
192
471260
2000
ืœืงื—ืช ืขื•ื“ ื”ืœื•ื•ืื•ืช,
07:53
to draw down our own savings even further,
193
473260
2000
ืœืฆืžืฆื ืขื•ื“ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืืช ื—ืกื›ื•ื ื•ืชื™ื ื•,
07:55
just so that we can get the show back on the road,
194
475260
2000
ืคืฉื•ื˜ ื›ื“ื™ ืฉื ื•ื›ืœ ืœื”ื—ื–ื™ืจ ืืช ื”ืฉื™ื˜ื” ืœืชืœื,
07:57
so we can keep this growth-based economy going.
195
477260
2000
ื›ื“ื™ ืฉื ื•ื›ืœ ืœืงื™ื™ื ืืช ื”ื›ืœื›ืœื” ืžื‘ื•ืกืกืช-ืฆืžื™ื—ื” ื”ื–ื•.
07:59
It's an anomaly,
196
479260
2000
ื–ื•ื”ื™ ืกื˜ื™ื”,
08:01
it's a place where the system actually is at odds
197
481260
2000
ื–ื•ื”ื™ ื ืงื•ื“ื” ื‘ื” ื”ืฉื™ื˜ื” ื ืžืฆืืช ื‘ืงื•ื ืคืœื™ืงื˜
08:03
with who we are as people.
198
483260
3000
ืขื ืžื” ืฉื”ื™ื ื ื• ื‘ืชื•ืจ ื‘ื ื™-ืื“ื.
08:06
Here's another one -- completely different one:
199
486260
2000
ื”ื ื” ืขื•ื“ ื“ื•ื’ืžื -- ืฉื•ื ื” ืœื’ืžืจื™:
08:08
Why is it
200
488260
2000
ืžื“ื•ืข ื–ื”
08:10
that we don't do the blindingly obvious things we should do
201
490260
2000
ืื ื• ืœื ืขื•ืฉื™ื ืืช ื”ืžื•ื‘ืŸ ืžืืœื™ื•
08:12
to combat climate change,
202
492260
2000
ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื™ืœื—ื ื‘ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ืืงืœื™ื --
08:14
very, very simple things
203
494260
2000
ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืžืื•ื“, ืžืื•ื“ ืคืฉื•ื˜ื™ื
08:16
like buying energy-efficient appliances,
204
496260
2000
ื›ืžื• ืจื›ื™ืฉืช ืื‘ื™ื–ืจื™ื ื”ื—ื•ืกื›ื™ื ืื ืจื’ื™ื”,
08:18
putting in efficient lights, turning the lights off occasionally,
205
498260
2000
ื”ืชืงื ืช ืชืื•ืจื” ื—ืกื›ื ื™ืช ื‘ืื ืจื’ื™ื”, ื›ื™ื‘ื•ื™ ืื•ืจื•ืช ืžื™ื“ื™ ืคืขื,
08:20
insulating our homes?
206
500260
2000
ื‘ื™ื“ื•ื“ ื‘ืชื™ื ื•?
08:22
These things save carbon, they save energy,
207
502260
2000
ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื›ืืœื” ื—ื•ืกื›ื™ื ืคื—ืžืŸ, ื—ื•ืกื›ื™ื ืื ืจื’ื™ื”.
08:24
they save us money.
208
504260
3000
ืฉื•ืžืจื™ื ืขืœ ื›ืกืคื™ื ื•.
08:27
So is it that, though they make perfect economic sense,
209
507260
3000
ืื– ืœืžืจื•ืช ืฉื–ื” ืžืื•ื“ ื”ื’ื™ื•ื ื™ ืžื‘ื—ื™ื ื” ื›ืœื›ืœื™ืช,
08:30
we don't do them?
210
510260
2000
ื”ืื ืื ื• ื‘ื›ื•ื•ื ื” ืœื ืžื‘ืฆืขื™ื ื–ืืช?
08:32
Well, I had my own personal insight into this
211
512260
2000
ืœื™ ื™ืฉ ืชื•ื‘ื ื” ืžืฉืœื™ ืขืœ ื–ื”
08:34
a few years ago.
212
514260
2000
ืžื–ื” ืžืกืคืจ ืฉื ื™ื.
08:36
It was a Sunday evening, Sunday afternoon,
213
516260
2000
ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ื‘ืขืจื‘ ื™ื•ื ืจืืฉื•ืŸ, ืื• ื™ื•ื ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืื—ืจ-ื”ืฆื”ืจื™ื™ื,
08:38
and it was just after --
214
518260
2000
ื•ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ืžืขื˜ ืื—ืจื™ --
08:40
actually, to be honest, too long after --
215
520260
3000
ื”ืืžืช ื”ื™ื ืฉื”ืจื‘ื” ืื—ืจื™
08:43
we had moved into a new house.
216
523260
2000
ืฉืขื‘ืจื ื• ืœื‘ื™ืช ื—ื“ืฉ.
08:45
And I had finally got around to doing some draft stripping,
217
525260
3000
ื•ืกื•ืฃ ืกื•ืฃ ื”ืชืคื ื™ืชื™ ืœืกืชื•ื ืจื•ื—-ืคืจืฆื™ื,
08:48
installing insulation around the windows and doors
218
528260
2000
ืขืœ-ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืชืงื ืช ื‘ื™ื“ื•ื“ ืกื‘ื™ื‘ ื”ื—ืœื•ื ื•ืช ื•ื“ืœืชื•ืช
08:50
to keep out the drafts.
219
530260
2000
ื›ื“ื™ ืœืžื ื•ืข ืจื•ื—-ืคืจืฆื™ื.
08:52
And my, then, five year-old daughter
220
532260
3000
ืื–, ื‘ืชื™ ืฉื”ื™ืชื” ืื– ื‘ืช 5,
08:55
was helping me in the way that five year-olds do.
221
535260
3000
ืขื–ืจื” ืœื™ ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื‘ื• ื‘ื ื™-5 ื ื•ื”ื’ื™ื ืœืขื–ื•ืจ.
08:58
And we'd been doing this for a while,
222
538260
3000
ื•ื›ืš ืขื‘ื“ื ื• ื‘ื™ื—ื“,
09:01
when she turned to me very solemnly and said,
223
541260
3000
ื•ืื– ื”ื™ื ืคื ืชื” ืืœื™ื™ ื‘ื›ื•ื‘ื“-ืจืืฉ ื•ืืžืจื”,
09:05
"Will this really keep out the giraffes?"
224
545260
3000
"ื”ืื ื–ื” ื‘ืืžืช ื™ืจื—ื™ืง ืืช ื”ื’'ื™ืจืคื•ืช?"
09:08
(Laughter)
225
548260
2000
(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
09:10
"Here they are, the giraffes."
226
550260
2000
"ื”ื ื” ื”ืŸ, ื”ื’'ื™ืจืคื•ืช."
09:12
You can hear the five-year-old mind working.
227
552260
2000
ืืคืฉืจ ื”ื™ื” ืœืฉืžื•ืข ืืช ื”ืจืืฉ ื‘ืŸ-5 ืคื•ืขืœ.
09:14
These ones, interestingly, are 400 miles north of here
228
554260
3000
ืžืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ืฉื”ืœืœื• ื ืžืฆืื•ืช ื›-600 ืง"ืž ืฆืคื•ื ื” ืžื›ืืŸ
09:17
outside Barrow-in-Furness in Cumbria.
229
557260
3000
ืžื—ื•ืฅ ืœืขื™ืจ ื‘ืืจื• ืฉื‘ืงื•ืžื‘ืจื™ื”.
09:20
Goodness knows what they make of the Lake District weather.
230
560260
3000
ื”ืฉื ื™ื•ื“ืข ืžื” ื”ืŸ ืžื‘ื™ื ื•ืช ืžื”ืืงืœื™ื ืฉืœ ืžื—ื•ื– ืœื™ื™ืง.
09:23
But actually that childish misrepresentation
231
563260
3000
ืื‘ืœ ื‘ืขืฆื ืื•ืชื” ืชื•ื‘ื ื” ื™ืœื“ื•ืชื™ืช ืฉื’ื•ื™ื”
09:26
stuck with me,
232
566260
2000
ื ืฉืืจื” ืชืงื•ืขื” ืืฆืœื™,
09:28
because it suddenly became clear to me
233
568260
3000
ื›ื™ ืœืคืชืข ื”ืชื—ื•ื•ืจ ืœื™
09:31
why we don't do the blindingly obvious things.
234
571260
2000
ืžื“ื•ืข ืื ื• ืœื ืขื•ืฉื™ื ืื•ื˜ื•ืžื˜ื™ืช ืืช ื”ืžื•ื‘ืŸ ืžืืœื™ื•.
09:33
We're too busy keeping out the giraffes --
235
573260
2000
ืื ื• ืขืกื•ืงื™ื ืžื“ื™ ื‘ืœื”ืจื—ื™ืง ืืช ื”ื’'ื™ืจืคื•ืช --
09:35
putting the kids on the bus in the morning,
236
575260
2000
ืœื“ืื•ื’ ืœื”ืขืœื•ืช ืืช ื”ื™ืœื“ื™ื ืœื”ืกืขื” ื‘ื‘ื•ืงืจ,
09:37
getting ourselves to work on time,
237
577260
3000
ืœื”ื’ื™ืข ื‘ืขืฆืžื ื• ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื‘ื–ืžืŸ,
09:40
surviving email overload
238
580260
2000
ืœืฉืจื•ื“ ืืช ืžื‘ื•ืœ ื”ืื™-ืžื™ื™ืœื™ื
09:42
and shop floor politics,
239
582260
2000
ื•ื‘ืœืฆืจื•ืš ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ืงื” ื–ื•ืœื”,
09:44
foraging for groceries, throwing together meals,
240
584260
3000
ืœืชื•ืจ ืื—ืจ ืžืฆืจื›ื™ื, ืœื”ืจื‘ื™ืฅ ืืจื•ื—ื•ืช,
09:47
escaping for a couple of precious hours in the evening
241
587260
3000
ืœืฉื›ื•ื— ืžื”ื›ืœ ืœื›ืžื” ืฉืขื•ืช ื‘ืขืจื‘
09:50
into prime-time TV
242
590260
2000
ื•ืœืฆืคื•ืช ื‘ื˜ืœื•ื•ื™ื–ื” ื‘ืฉืขื•ืช ื”ืฉื™ื
09:52
or TED online,
243
592260
2000
ืื• ื‘-TED ื‘ืจืฉืช,
09:54
getting from one end of the day to the other,
244
594260
3000
ืœื”ืขื‘ื™ืจ ืืช ื”ื™ื•ื ืžืชื—ื™ืœืชื• ืขื“ ืกื•ืคื•,
09:57
keeping out the giraffes.
245
597260
2000
ื‘ื ื™ืกื™ื•ืŸ ืœื”ืจื—ื™ืง ืืช ื”ื’'ื™ืจืคื•ืช.
09:59
(Laughter)
246
599260
2000
(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
10:01
What is the objective?
247
601260
2000
ืžื” ื”ืžื˜ืจื”?
10:03
"What is the objective of the consumer?"
248
603260
3000
"ืžื”ื™ ืžื˜ืจืช ื”ืฆืจื›ืŸ?"
10:06
Mary Douglas asked in an essay on poverty
249
606260
3000
ืฉืืœื” ืžืจื™ ื“ื’ืœืืก ื‘ืžืืžืจ ืขืœ ืขื•ื ื™
10:09
written 35 years ago.
250
609260
2000
ืฉื ื›ืชื‘ ืœืคื ื™ 35 ืฉื ื”.
10:11
"It is," she said,
251
611260
3000
"ื”ืžื˜ืจื” ื”ื™ื", ืœื“ื‘ืจื™ื”,
10:14
"to help create the social world
252
614260
3000
"ืœืชืจื•ื ืœื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืขื•ืœื ื—ื‘ืจืชื™
10:17
and find a credible place in it."
253
617260
3000
ื•ืœืžืฆื•ื ื‘ื• ืืช ืžืงื•ืžื ื• ื”ืจืื•ื™."
10:20
That is a deeply humanizing
254
620260
3000
ื–ื”ื• ื—ื–ื•ืŸ ื‘ืขืœ ืื•ืคื™ ืื ื•ืฉื™ ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืžืขืžื™ืง
10:23
vision of our lives,
255
623260
2000
ืขืœ ื—ื™ื™ื ื•,
10:25
and it's a completely different vision
256
625260
3000
ื•ื”ื•ื ื—ื–ื•ืŸ ืฉื•ื ื” ืœื—ืœื•ื˜ื™ืŸ
10:28
than the one that lies at the heart
257
628260
3000
ืžื–ื” ื”ืฉื•ื›ืŸ ื‘ืœื‘
10:31
of this economic model.
258
631260
2000
ื”ืฉื™ื˜ื” ื”ื›ืœื›ืœื™ืช ืฉืœ ื™ืžื™ื ื•.
10:33
So who are we?
259
633260
2000
ืื– ืžื™ ืื ื—ื ื•?
10:35
Who are these people?
260
635260
3000
ืžื™ ื”ืื ืฉื™ื ื”ืืœื”?
10:38
Are we these novelty-seeking, hedonistic,
261
638260
2000
ื”ืื ืื ื• ื‘ืจื™ื•ืช ื ื”ื ืชื ื™ื•ืช ื•ืื ื•ื›ื™ื•ืช
10:40
selfish individuals?
262
640260
3000
ื”ืžื—ืคืฉื•ืช ื›ืœ ื”ื–ืžืŸ ื—ื™ื“ื•ืฉื™ื?
10:43
Or might we actually occasionally be
263
643260
3000
ืื• ืฉืื•ืœื™ ืื ื• ืขืฉื•ื™ื™ื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžืขืช-ืœืขืช
10:46
something like the selfless altruist
264
646260
3000
ืžืฉื”ื• ื›ืžื• ื”ืืœื˜ืจื•ืื™ืกื˜ ืœืœื ืื’ื• ื”ืžืชื•ืืจ
10:49
depicted in Rembrandt's lovely, lovely sketch here?
265
649260
3000
ื‘ืชืจืฉื™ื ื”ืžืื•ื“ ืžืงืกื™ื ื”ื–ื” ืฉืœ ืจืžื‘ืจื ื˜?
10:52
Well psychology actually says
266
652260
2000
ื”ืคืกื™ื›ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ื‘ืขืฆื ืžืกืคืจืช ืœื ื•
10:54
there is a tension --
267
654260
2000
ืฉืงื™ื™ื ืžืชื—,
10:56
a tension between self-regarding behaviors
268
656260
3000
ืžืชื— ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืชื ื”ื’ื•ื™ื•ืช ืžื›ื•ื•ื ื•ืช ืืœ ื”ืขืฆืžื™
10:59
and other regarding behaviors.
269
659260
2000
ื•ื”ืชื ื”ื’ื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ืžื›ื•ื•ื ื•ืช ืืœ ื”ืื—ืจ.
11:01
And these tensions have deep evolutionary roots,
270
661260
3000
ื•ืœืžืชื— ื–ื” ื™ืฉ ืฉื•ืจืฉื™ื ืื‘ื•ืœื•ืฆื™ื•ื ื™ื™ื ืขืžื•ืงื™ื.
11:04
so selfish behavior
271
664260
2000
ื”ืชื ื”ื’ื•ืช ืื ื•ื›ื™ืช
11:06
is adaptive in certain circumstances --
272
666260
2000
ื ืจื›ืฉืช ื‘ื ืกื™ื‘ื•ืช ืžืกื•ื™ื™ืžื•ืช --
11:08
fight or flight.
273
668260
2000
ืชื™ืœื—ื ืื• ืชื‘ืจื—.
11:10
But other regarding behaviors
274
670260
2000
ืื‘ืœ ื”ืชื ื”ื’ื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ืงืฉื•ืจื•ืช ื‘ืื—ืจ
11:12
are essential to our evolution
275
672260
2000
ื—ื™ื•ื ื™ื•ืช ืœืื‘ื•ืœื•ืฆื™ื” ืฉืœื ื•
11:14
as social beings.
276
674260
2000
ื‘ืชื•ืจ ื™ืฆื•ืจื™ื ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ื™ื.
11:16
And perhaps even more interesting from our point of view,
277
676260
2000
ื•ืื•ืœื™ ืืฃ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ืžื ืงื•ื“ืช ืžื‘ื˜ ืฉืœื ื•,
11:18
another tension between novelty-seeking behaviors
278
678260
3000
ื–ื” ืžืชื— ื ื•ืกืฃ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืชื ื”ื’ื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ืžื—ืคืฉื•ืช ื—ื™ื“ื•ืฉื™ื
11:21
and tradition or conservation.
279
681260
3000
ืœื‘ื™ืŸ ืžืกื•ืจืช ืื• ืฉืžืจื ื•ืช.
11:25
Novelty is adaptive when things are changing
280
685260
2000
ื—ื“ืฉื ื•ืช ื ืจื›ืฉืช ื›ืืฉืจ ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืžืฉืชื ื™ื
11:27
and you need to adapt yourself.
281
687260
2000
ื•ืขืœื™ื ื• ืœื”ืกืชื’ืœ ืœื–ื”.
11:29
Tradition is essential to lay down the stability
282
689260
3000
ืžืกื•ืจืช ื—ื™ื•ื ื™ืช ื›ื“ื™ ืœื‘ืกืก ืืช ื”ื™ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืช
11:32
to raise families and form cohesive social groups.
283
692260
3000
ืœื’ื™ื“ื•ืœ ืžืฉืคื—ื•ืช ื•ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ืงื‘ื•ืฆื•ืช ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ื•ืช ืžืœื•ื›ื“ื•ืช.
11:35
So here, all of a sudden,
284
695260
2000
ืื– ื”ื ื”, ืœืคืชืข ืคืชืื•ื,
11:37
we're looking at a map of the human heart.
285
697260
3000
ืื ื• ืžืชื‘ื•ื ื ื™ื ื‘ืžืคื” ืฉืœ ื”ื ืคืฉ ื”ืื ื•ืฉื™ืช.
11:40
And it reveals to us, suddenly,
286
700260
3000
ื•ื”ื™ื ืžื’ืœื” ืœื ื•, ืœืคืชืข,
11:43
the crux of the matter.
287
703260
2000
ืืช ืœื‘ ืœื™ื‘ื• ืฉืœ ื”ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ.
11:45
What we've done is we've created economies.
288
705260
2000
ืžื” ืฉืขืฉื™ื ื• ื”ื•ื ืฉื™ืฆืจื ื• ื›ืœื›ืœื•ืช.
11:47
We've created systems,
289
707260
2000
ื™ืฆืจื ื• ืžืขืจื›ื•ืช
11:49
which systematically privilege, encourage,
290
709260
3000
ืืฉืจ ื‘ืฉื™ื˜ืชื™ื•ืช ืžืจื•ืžืžื•ืช ื•ืžืขื•ื“ื“ื•ืช
11:52
one narrow quadrant
291
712260
2000
ืคืŸ ืื—ื“ ืฆืจ
11:54
of the human soul
292
714260
2000
ืฉืœ ื”ื ืคืฉ ื”ืื ื•ืฉื™ืช
11:56
and left the others unregarded.
293
716260
3000
ื•ืื– ื”ืฆื“ื“ื™ื ื”ืื—ืจื™ื ื ืฉืืจื™ื ืœืœื ื”ืชื™ื—ืกื•ืช.
11:59
And in the same token, the solution becomes clear,
294
719260
3000
ื•ืื– ื‘ื‘ืช-ืื—ืช ืžืชื‘ื”ืจืช ื”ื“ืจืš ืœืคื™ืชืจื•ืŸ,
12:02
because this isn't, therefore,
295
722260
2000
ืžืื—ืจ ื•ื–ื” ืœื ืงืฉื•ืจ
12:04
about changing human nature.
296
724260
2000
ื‘ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ื˜ื‘ืข ื”ืื“ื.
12:06
It isn't, in fact, about curtailing possibilities.
297
726260
3000
ื–ื” ืœื ืงืฉื•ืจ ื‘ื”ืคื—ืชืช ืืคืฉืจื•ื™ื•ืช.
12:09
It is about opening up.
298
729260
2000
ื–ื” ืงืฉื•ืจ ื‘ืœื”ื™ืคืชื—.
12:11
It is about allowing ourselves the freedom
299
731260
2000
ื–ื” ืงืฉื•ืจ ื‘ืœื”ืจืฉื•ืช ืœืขืฆืžื ื• ืืช ื”ื—ื•ืคืฉ
12:13
to become fully human,
300
733260
2000
ืœื”ืคื•ืš ืœืื“ื ืฉืœื,
12:15
recognizing the depth and the breadth
301
735260
2000
ืชื•ืš ื”ื›ืจื” ื‘ืขื•ืžืง ื•ื”ืจื•ื—ื‘
12:17
of the human psyche
302
737260
2000
ืฉืœ ื ืคืฉ ื”ืื“ื
12:19
and building institutions
303
739260
2000
ื•ื‘ื ื™ื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืกื“ื•ืช ื”ืžืชืื™ืžื™ื
12:21
to protect Rembrandt's fragile altruist within.
304
741260
4000
ืœื”ื’ื ื” ืขืœ ื”ืืœื˜ืจื•ืื™ืกื˜ ื”ืคื ื™ืžื™ ื”ืฉื‘ื™ืจ ืฉืœ ืจืžื‘ืจื ื˜.
12:26
What does all this mean for economics?
305
746260
3000
ืžื” ื”ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช ืฉืœ ื›ืœ ื–ื” ืœื›ืœื›ืœื”?
12:29
What would economies look like
306
749260
2000
ื›ื™ืฆื“ ืชื™ืจืื” ื”ื›ืœื›ืœื”
12:31
if we took that vision of human nature
307
751260
2000
ืื ื ืื—ื•ื– ื‘ืื•ืชื• ื—ื–ื•ืŸืŸ ืขืœ ื˜ื‘ืข ื”ืื“ื
12:33
at their heart
308
753260
2000
ืžื”ืฉื•ืจืฉื™ื ืฉืœื•
12:35
and stretched them
309
755260
2000
ื•ื ืžืชื— ืื•ืชื•
12:37
along these orthogonal dimensions
310
757260
2000
ืœืื•ืจืš ื”ืžื™ืžื“ื™ื ื”ืื ื›ื™ื™ื
12:39
of the human psyche?
311
759260
2000
ืฉืœ ื”ื ืคืฉ ื”ืื ื•ืฉื™ืช?
12:41
Well, it might look a little bit
312
761260
2000
ื”ื™ื ืขืฉื•ื™ื” ืœื”ื™ืจืื•ืช ืงืฆืช
12:43
like the 4,000 community-interest companies
313
763260
2000
ื›ืžื• 4,000 ื”ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ืœื˜ื•ื‘ืช ื”ืงื”ื™ืœื”
12:45
that have sprung up in the U.K. over the last five years
314
765260
3000
ืืฉืจ ืฆืฆื• ื‘ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื ื™ื” ื‘ื—ืžืฉ ื”ืฉื ื™ื ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื•ืช
12:48
and a similar rise in B corporations in the United States,
315
768260
3000
ื•ืคืจื™ื—ื” ื“ื•ืžื” ืฉื”ืชืจื—ืฉื” ื‘ืืจื”"ื‘ ืฉืœ ืชืื’ื™ื“ื™ B,
12:51
enterprises
316
771260
2000
ื™ื•ื–ืžื•ืช ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื”ืŸ
12:53
that have ecological and social goals
317
773260
2000
ืžื˜ืจื•ืช ืืงื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื•ืช ื•ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ื•ืช
12:55
written into their constitution
318
775260
2000
ื”ืจืฉื•ืžื•ืช ื‘ื—ื•ืงื” ืฉืœื”ืŸ,
12:57
at their heart --
319
777260
2000
ืžืžืฉ ืขืœ ืœื•ื— ืœื™ื‘ืŸ,
12:59
companies, in fact, like this one, Ecosia.
320
779260
3000
ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ื›ืžื• ื–ื•, ืืงื•ืกื™ื”.
13:02
And I just want to, very quickly, show you this.
321
782260
2000
ืื ื™ ืจื•ืฆื” ืœื”ืจืื•ืช ืœื›ื ืืช ื–ื” ื‘ืžื”ื™ืจื•ืช.
13:04
Ecosia is an Internet search engine.
322
784260
2000
ืืงื•ืกื™ื” ื”ื•ื ืžื ื•ืข ื—ื™ืคื•ืฉ ืื™ื ื˜ืจื ื˜ื™.
13:06
Internet search engines work
323
786260
2000
ืžื ื•ืขื™ ื—ื™ืคื•ืฉ ืื™ื˜ืจื ื˜ื™ื™ื ืคื•ืขืœื™ื
13:08
by drawing revenues from sponsored links
324
788260
2000
ืขืœ ืžืฉื™ื›ืช ื”ื›ื ืกื•ืช ืžืงื™ืฉื•ืจื™ื ืชื—ืช ื—ืกื•ื™ื•ืช
13:10
that appear when you do a search.
325
790260
2000
ืืฉืจ ืžื•ืคื™ืขื™ื ื›ืืฉืจ ืžื‘ืฆืขื™ื ื—ื™ืคื•ืฉ.
13:12
And Ecosia works in pretty much the same way.
326
792260
3000
ืืงื•ืกื™ื” ืคื•ืขืœ ื“ื™ ื‘ืื•ืชื• ืื•ืคืŸ.
13:16
So we can do that here --
327
796260
2000
ืื– ื‘ื•ืื• ื ืขืฉื” ื–ืืช ื›ืืŸ.
13:18
we can just put in a little search term.
328
798260
2000
ืคืฉื•ื˜ ื ืงืœื™ื“ ื ื•ืฉื ืœื—ื™ืคื•ืฉ.
13:20
There you go, Oxford, that's where we are. See what comes up.
329
800260
3000
ื”ื ื”, ืื•ืงืกืคื•ืจื“, ืฉืฉื ืื ื• ื ืžืฆืื™ื. ื ืจืื” ืžื” ืžื•ืคื™ืข.
13:23
The difference with Ecosia though
330
803260
2000
ื”ื”ื‘ื“ืœ ืืฆืœ ืืงื•ืกื™ื”
13:25
is that, in Ecosia's case,
331
805260
2000
ื”ื•ื ืฉื‘ืžืงืจื” ืฉืœื•,
13:27
it draws the revenues in the same way,
332
807260
3000
ื”ื•ื ืื›ืŸ ืžื•ืฉืš ื”ื›ื ืกื•ืช ื‘ืื•ืชื” ื“ืจืš,
13:30
but it allocates
333
810260
2000
ืื‘ืœ ืžืคืจื™ืฉ
13:32
80 percent of those revenues
334
812260
3000
80 ืื—ื•ื– ืžื”ื”ื›ื ืกื•ืช
13:35
to a rainforest protection project in the Amazon.
335
815260
2000
ืœื”ื’ื ื” ืขืœ ื™ืขืจื•ืช-ื’ืฉื ื‘ืืžื–ื•ื ืก.
13:37
And we're going to do it.
336
817260
2000
ื•ืื ื• ืขื•ืžื“ื™ื ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื–ืืช.
13:39
We're just going to click on Naturejobs.uk.
337
819260
2000
ืื ื• ื ืงืœื™ืง ืขืœ Natuejobs.uk.
13:41
In case anyone out there is looking for a job in a recession,
338
821260
2000
ื‘ืžืงืจื” ื•ืžื™ืฉื”ื• ืžื—ืคืฉ ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื‘ืžื™ืชื•ืŸ,
13:43
that's the page to go to.
339
823260
2000
ื–ื” ื”ื“ืฃ ืฉืฆืจื™ืš ืœืœื›ืช ืืœื™ื•.
13:45
And what happened then was
340
825260
2000
ื•ืžื” ืฉืงื•ืจื” ืื– ื”ื•ื
13:47
the sponsor gave revenues to Ecosia,
341
827260
3000
ืฉื ื•ืชืŸ ื”ื—ืกื•ืช ืžืขื‘ื™ืจ ื”ื›ื ืกื•ืช ืœืืงื•ืกื™ื”,
13:50
and Ecosia is giving 80 percent of those revenues
342
830260
2000
ื•ืืงื•ืกื™ื” ื ื•ืชื ืช 80 ืื—ื•ื– ืžื”ื”ื›ื ืกื•ืช
13:52
to a rainforest protection project.
343
832260
2000
ืœืžื™ื–ื ืฉื™ืžื•ืจ ื™ืขืจื•ืช-ื”ื’ืฉื.
13:54
It's taking profits from one place
344
834260
2000
ื”ื™ื ื ื•ื˜ืœืช ืจื•ื•ื—ื™ื ืžืžืงื•ื ืื—ื“
13:56
and allocating them
345
836260
2000
ื•ืžืคืจื™ืฉื” ืื•ืชื
13:58
into the protection of ecological resources.
346
838260
2000
ืœื”ื’ื ื” ืขืœ ืžืฉืื‘ื™ื ืืงื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื™ื.
14:00
It's a different kind of enterprise
347
840260
2000
ื–ื•ื”ื™ ื™ื•ื–ืžื” ืžืกื•ื’ ืื—ืจ
14:02
for a new economy.
348
842260
2000
ืœืžืขืŸ ื›ืœื›ืœื” ื—ื“ืฉื”.
14:04
It's a form, if you like,
349
844260
2000
ืื ืชืจืฆื•, ื–ื• ืžื™ืŸ ืฆื•ืจื”
14:06
of ecological altruism --
350
846260
2000
ืฉืœ ืืœื˜ืจื•ืื™ื–ื ืืงื•ืœื•ื’ื™ --
14:08
perhaps something along those lines. Maybe it's that.
351
848260
3000
ืื•ืœื™ ืžืฉื”ื• ื“ื•ืžื” ืœื–ื”. ืื•ืœื™ ื–ื” ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ื–ื”.
14:11
Whatever it is,
352
851260
2000
ืžื” ืฉืœื ื™ื”ื™ื”,
14:13
whatever this new economy is,
353
853260
3000
ืœื ืžืฉื ื” ืžื”ื™ ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ื”ื›ืœื›ืœื” ื”ื—ื“ืฉื” ื”ื–ื•,
14:16
what we need the economy to do, in fact,
354
856260
3000
ืžื” ืฉืื ื• ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืฉื”ื›ืœื›ืœื” ืชืขืฉื”, ืœืžืขืฉื”,
14:19
is to put investment
355
859260
2000
ื”ื•ื ืฉืชืฉืงื™ืข
14:21
back into the heart of the model,
356
861260
2000
ื‘ื—ื–ืจื” ื‘ืœื‘ ื”ืฉื™ื˜ื”,
14:23
to re-conceive investment.
357
863260
2000
ืฉืชืžืฆื™ื ืžื—ื“ืฉ ืืช ืžื•ืฉื’ ื”ื”ืฉืงืขื”.
14:25
Only now, investment
358
865260
2000
ืืœื ืฉืขื›ืฉื™ื•, ื”ืฉืงืขื”
14:27
isn't going to be
359
867260
2000
ืœื ื”ื•ืœื›ืช ืœื”ื™ื•ืช
14:29
about the relentless and mindless
360
869260
2000
ื‘ืจื“ื™ืคื” ื—ืกืจืช ืžืขืฆื•ืจื™ื ื•ื—ืกืจืช ื”ื™ื’ื™ื•ืŸ
14:31
pursuit of consumption growth.
361
871260
2000
ืื—ืจ ื’ื™ื“ื•ืœ ื‘ืฆืจื™ื›ื”.
14:33
Investment has to be a different beast.
362
873260
3000
ื”ืฉืงืขื” ืฆืจื™ื›ื” ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžืฉื”ื• ืื—ืจ.
14:36
Investment has to be,
363
876260
2000
ื”ืฉืงืขื” ืฆืจื™ื›ื” ืœื”ื™ื•ืช,
14:38
in the new economy,
364
878260
2000
ื‘ื›ืœื›ืœื” ื”ื—ื“ืฉื”,
14:40
protecting and nurturing
365
880260
2000
ื›ื–ื• ืฉืžืฉืžืจืช ื•ืžื˜ืคื—ืช
14:42
the ecological assets on which our future depends.
366
882260
3000
ืืช ื”ื ื›ืกื™ื ื”ืืงื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื™ื ืฉื‘ื”ื ืชืœื•ื™ ืขืชื™ื“ื ื•.
14:45
It has to be about transition.
367
885260
2000
ื”ื™ื ืฆืจื™ื›ื” ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืงืฉื•ืจื” ื‘ืฉื™ื ื•ื™.
14:47
It has to be investing in low-carbon technologies
368
887260
2000
ื”ื™ื ืฆืจื™ื›ื” ืœื”ืฉืงื™ืข ื‘ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื•ืช ื•ืชืฉืชื™ื•ืช
14:49
and infrastructures.
369
889260
2000
ืฉื ื•ืขื“ื• ืœืคืœื™ื˜ืช ืคื—ืžืŸ ื ืžื•ื›ื”.
14:51
We have to invest, in fact,
370
891260
3000
ืœืžืขืฉื”, ืขืœื™ื ื• ืœื”ืฉืงื™ืข
14:54
in the idea of a meaningful prosperity,
371
894260
3000
ื‘ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ืฉื’ืฉื•ื’ ื‘ืขืœ ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช,
14:57
providing capabilities
372
897260
3000
ืชื•ืš ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ื™ื›ื•ืœื•ืช
15:00
for people to flourish.
373
900260
3000
ืืฆืœ ืื ืฉื™ื ืฉืชืืคืฉืจื ื” ืœื”ื ืœืคืจื•ื—.
15:03
And of course, this task has material dimensions.
374
903260
2000
ื•ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ, ืฉืœืžืฉื™ืžื” ื–ื• ื™ืฉ ื’ื ืžื™ืžื“ ื—ื•ืžืจื™.
15:05
It would be nonsense to talk about people flourishing
375
905260
3000
ื–ื• ืชื”ื™ื” ืฉื˜ื•ืช ืœื“ื‘ืจ ืขืœ ืคืจื™ื—ืช ืื ืฉื™ื
15:08
if they didn't have food, clothing and shelter.
376
908260
2000
ื›ืืฉืจ ืื™ืŸ ืœื”ื ืžื–ื•ืŸ, ื‘ื™ื’ื•ื“ ื•ืžื—ืกื”.
15:10
But it's also clear that prosperity goes beyond this.
377
910260
3000
ืื‘ืœ ื’ื ื‘ืจื•ืจ ืฉืฉื’ืฉื•ื’ ื”ื•ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื–ื”.
15:13
It has social and psychological aims --
378
913260
3000
ื™ืฉ ืœื• ืžื˜ืจื•ืช ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ื•ืช ื•ืคืกื™ื›ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื•ืช --
15:16
family, friendship,
379
916260
2000
ืžืฉืคื—ื”, ื—ื‘ืจื™ื,
15:18
commitments, society,
380
918260
2000
ืžื—ื•ื™ื™ื‘ื•ืช, ื—ื‘ืจื”,
15:20
participating in the life of that society.
381
920260
3000
ื”ืฉืชืชืคื•ืช ืคืขื™ืœื” ื‘ื—ื™ื™ ื”ืงื”ื™ืœื”.
15:23
And this too
382
923260
2000
ื•ื’ื ื–ื”
15:25
requires investment,
383
925260
3000
ื“ื•ืจืฉ ื”ืฉืงืขื”,
15:28
investment -- for example, in places --
384
928260
2000
ืœื“ื•ื’ืžื, ื”ืฉืงืขื” ื‘ืžืงื•ืžื•ืช
15:30
places where we can connect,
385
930260
2000
ืฉืื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ืชื—ื‘ืจ ืืœื™ื”ื,
15:32
places where we can participate,
386
932260
2000
ืžืงื•ืžื•ืช ืฉืฉื ืื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืงื—ืช ื—ืœืง,
15:34
shared spaces,
387
934260
2000
ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ื ืžืฉื•ืชืคื™ื,
15:36
concert halls, gardens,
388
936260
2000
ืื•ืœืžื•ืช ืงื•ื ืฆืจื˜ื™ื, ื’ื ื™ื,
15:38
public parks,
389
938260
2000
ืคืืจืงื™ื ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ื™ื,
15:40
libraries, museums, quiet centers,
390
940260
2000
ืกืคืจื™ื•ืช, ืžื•ื–ื™ืื•ื ื™ื, ืžืจื›ื–ื™ ืฉืงื˜,
15:42
places of joy and celebration,
391
942260
3000
ืืชืจื™ื ืœื”ื‘ืขืช ืฉืžื—ื”, ืืชืจื™ื ื›ื“ื™ ืœื—ื’ื•ื’,
15:45
places of tranquility and contemplation,
392
945260
3000
ืžืงื•ืžื•ืช ืœืžืจื’ื•ืข ื•ื”ื™ืจื”ื•ืจื™ื,
15:48
sites for the "cultivation
393
948260
2000
ืžืงื•ืžื•ืช ืœ"ื˜ื™ืคื•ื—
15:50
of a common citizenship,"
394
950260
3000
ืื–ืจื—ื•ืช ืžืฉื•ืชืคืช"
15:53
in Michael Sandel's lovely phrase.
395
953260
3000
ืœืคื™ ื ื™ืกื•ื—ื• ื”ืžืงืกื™ื ืฉืœ ืžื™ื™ืงืœ ืกื ื“ืœ.
15:56
An investment -- investment, after all, is just such a basic economic concept --
396
956260
4000
ื•ื”ืฉืงืขื” -- ื”ืฉืงืขื”, ื‘ืกื•ืคื• ืฉืœ ื“ื‘ืจ, ื”ื™ื ืชืคื™ืกื” ื›ืœื›ืœื™ืช ื‘ืกื™ืกื™ืช --
16:00
is nothing more nor less
397
960260
2000
ื–ื” ืœื ื™ื•ืชืจ ื•ืœื ืคื—ื•ืช
16:02
than a relationship
398
962260
2000
ืžืืฉืจ ืงืฉืจ
16:04
between the present and the future,
399
964260
2000
ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื”ื•ื•ื” ื•ื”ืขืชื™ื“,
16:06
a shared present and a common future.
400
966260
3000
ื”ื•ื•ื” ืฉื—ื•ืœืงื™ื ื‘ื• ื•ืขืชื™ื“ ืฉืžืฉืชืชืคื™ื ื‘ื• ื‘ื™ื—ื“.
16:09
And we need that relationship to reflect,
401
969260
2000
ื•ืื ื• ื–ืงื•ืงื™ื ืฉืื•ืชื• ืงืฉืจ ื™ืฉืงืฃ,
16:11
to reclaim hope.
402
971260
3000
ืฉื™ื—ื–ื™ืจ ืืช ื”ืชืงื•ื”.
16:15
So let me come back, with this sense of hope,
403
975260
3000
ืื– ื‘ืจืฉื•ืชื›ื ืื—ื–ื•ืจ, ืขื ืชื—ื•ืฉืช ืชืงื•ื” ื–ื•,
16:18
to the two billion people
404
978260
2000
ืœืฉื ื™ ืžื™ืœื™ืืจื“ ื‘ื ื™-ื”ืื“ื
16:20
still trying to live each day
405
980260
2000
ืืฉืจ ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืžืชืืžืฆื™ื ืœื”ืชืงื™ื™ื ื›ืœ ื™ื•ื
16:22
on less than the price of a skinny latte
406
982260
3000
ืขืœ ืคื—ื•ืช ืžืžื—ื™ืจ ืฉืœ ืœื˜ื” ื—ืœื‘ ืจื–ื”
16:25
from the cafe next door.
407
985260
2000
ืžื‘ื™ืช-ื”ืงืคื” ืฉืžืžื•ืœ.
16:27
What can we offer those people?
408
987260
2000
ืžื” ืื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ืฆื™ืข ืœืื ืฉื™ื ืืœื”?
16:29
It's clear that we have a responsibility
409
989260
2000
ื‘ืจื•ืจ ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ืื—ืจื™ื•ืช
16:31
to help lift them out of poverty.
410
991260
2000
ืœืกื™ื™ืข ืœื”ื ืœื”ืชืจื•ืžื ืžื”ืขื•ื ื™.
16:33
It's clear that we have a responsibility
411
993260
2000
ื–ื” ื‘ืจื•ืจ ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ืื—ืจื™ื•ืช
16:35
to make room for growth
412
995260
2000
ืœืืคืฉืจ ืฆืžื™ื—ื”
16:37
where growth really matters in those poorest nations.
413
997260
3000
ื”ื™ื›ืŸ ืฉื”ื™ื ื‘ืืžืช ื“ืจื•ืฉื” ื‘ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ื”ื›ื™ ืขื ื™ื•ืช.
16:40
And it's also clear that we will never achieve that
414
1000260
3000
ื•ื–ื” ื’ื ื‘ืจื•ืจ ืฉืœื ื ื•ื›ืœ ืœื”ืฉื™ื’ ื–ืืช
16:43
unless we're capable of redefining
415
1003260
3000
ืืœื ืื ื ื”ื™ื” ืžืกื•ื’ืœื™ื ืœื”ื’ื“ื™ืจ ืžื—ื“ืฉ
16:46
a meaningful sense of prosperity in the richer nations,
416
1006260
3000
ืžื”ื™ ื”ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช ื”ืืžื™ืชื™ืช ืฉืœ ืฉื’ืฉื•ื’ ื‘ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ื”ืขืฉื™ืจื•ืช,
16:49
a prosperity that is more meaningful
417
1009260
2000
ืฉื’ืฉื•ื’ ื‘ืขืœ ืชื•ื›ืŸ ืืžื™ืชื™
16:51
and less materialistic
418
1011260
2000
ื•ืคื—ื•ืช ื—ื•ืžืจื ื™
16:53
than the growth-based model.
419
1013260
2000
ืžืืฉืจ ื”ืฉื™ื˜ื” ืžื‘ื•ืกืกืช-ื”ืฆืžื™ื—ื”.
16:55
So this is not just
420
1015260
2000
ื›ืš ืฉื–ื• ืœื ืจืง
16:57
a Western post-materialist fantasy.
421
1017260
3000
ืคื ื˜ื–ื™ื” ืžืขืจื‘ื™ืช ืคื•ืกื˜-ื—ื•ืžืจื ื™ืช.
17:00
In fact, an African philosopher wrote to me,
422
1020260
3000
ื‘ืขืฆื, ืคื™ืœื•ืกื•ืฃ ืืคืจื™ืงืื™ ื›ืชื‘ ืืœื™ื™,
17:03
when "Prosperity Without Growth" was published,
423
1023260
2000
ื›ืืฉืจ ืคื•ืจืกื ื”"ืฉื’ืฉื•ื’ ืœืœื ืฆืžื™ื—ื”",
17:05
pointing out the similarities
424
1025260
2000
ื‘ื”ืฆื‘ื™ืขื• ืขืœ ืงื•ื™-ื”ื“ืžื™ื•ืŸ
17:07
between this view of prosperity
425
1027260
2000
ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืฉืงืคื” ื–ื• ืขืœ ืฉื’ืฉื•ื’
17:09
and the traditional African concept of ubuntu.
426
1029260
3000
ื•ื”ืชืคื™ืกื” ื”ืžืกื•ืจืชื™ืช ืฉืœ ืื•ื‘ื•ื ื˜ื•.
17:12
Ubuntu says, "I am
427
1032260
3000
ืื•ื‘ื•ื ื˜ื• ืื•ืžืจ, "ืื ื™ ืงื™ื™ื
17:15
because we are."
428
1035260
2000
ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืงื™ื™ืžื™ื."
17:17
Prosperity is a shared endeavor.
429
1037260
3000
ืฉื’ืฉื•ื’ ื”ื•ื ืžืฉื™ืžื” ืžืฉื•ืชืคืช.
17:20
Its roots are long and deep --
430
1040260
2000
ืฉื•ืจืฉื™ื• ืžื’ื™ืขื™ื ืจื—ื•ืง ื•ืขืžื•ืง.
17:22
its foundations, I've tried to show,
431
1042260
2000
ื™ืกื•ื“ื•ืชื™ื•, ื›ืคื™ ืฉื ื™ืกื™ืชื™ ืœื”ืจืื•ืช,
17:24
exist already, inside each of us.
432
1044260
3000
ื›ื‘ืจ ืงื™ื™ืžื™ื, ื‘ืชื•ืš ื›ืœ ืื—ื“ ืžืื™ืชื ื•.
17:27
So this is not about
433
1047260
2000
ื›ืš ืฉื–ื” ืœื ืื•ืžืจ
17:29
standing in the way of development.
434
1049260
2000
ืฉืฆืจื™ืš ืœื—ืกื•ื ื”ืชืคืชื—ื•ืช.
17:31
It's not about
435
1051260
2000
ื–ื” ืœื ืขืœ
17:33
overthrowing capitalism.
436
1053260
2000
ื”ืคืœืช ืงืคื™ื˜ืœื™ื–ื.
17:35
It's not about
437
1055260
2000
ื–ื” ืœื ืื•ืžืจ
17:37
trying to change human nature.
438
1057260
2000
ืฉืฆืจื™ืš ืœืฉื ื•ืช ืืช ื˜ื‘ืข ื”ืื“ื.
17:39
What we're doing here
439
1059260
2000
ืžื” ืฉืื ื• ืขื•ืฉื™ื ื›ืืŸ
17:41
is we're taking a few simple steps
440
1061260
2000
ื–ื” ืœื ืงื•ื˜ ื›ืžื” ืฆืขื“ื™ื ืคืฉื•ื˜ื™ื
17:43
towards an economics fit for purpose.
441
1063260
3000
ืืœ ืขื‘ืจ ื›ืœื›ืœื” ื”ืžืชืื™ืžื” ืœืชื›ืœื™ืช ืžืกื•ื™ื™ืžืช.
17:46
And at the heart of that economics,
442
1066260
3000
ื•ื‘ืœื™ื‘ื” ืฉืœ ืื•ืชื” ื›ืœื›ืœื”,
17:49
we're placing a more credible,
443
1069260
2000
ืื ื• ืžื ื™ื—ื™ื ื—ื–ื•ืŸ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืืžื™ืŸ,
17:51
more robust,
444
1071260
2000
ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ืจื™ื
17:53
and more realistic vision
445
1073260
3000
ื•ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืฆื™ืื•ืชื™
17:56
of what it means to be human.
446
1076260
3000
ืœื’ื‘ื™ ืžื” ื”ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช ืฉืœ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืื“ื.
17:59
Thank you very much.
447
1079260
2000
ืชื•ื“ื” ืจื‘ื” ืœื›ื.
18:01
(Applause)
448
1081260
9000
(ืžื—ื™ืื•ืช ื›ืคื™ื™ื)
18:10
Chris Anderson: While they're taking the podium away, just a quick question.
449
1090260
3000
ื›ืจื™ืก ืื ื“ืจืกื•ืŸ: ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ืฉื”ื ืœื•ืงื—ื™ื ืืช ื”ื“ื•ื›ืŸ, ืฉืืœื” ืื—ืช.
18:13
First of all, economists aren't supposed to be inspiring,
450
1093260
3000
ืงื•ื“ื ื›ืœ, ื›ืœื›ืœื ื™ื ืื™ื ื ืืžื•ืจื™ื ืœื”ืœื”ื™ื‘,
18:16
so you may need to work on the tone a little.
451
1096260
2000
ืœื›ืŸ ืื•ืœื™ ืืชื” ืฆืจื™ืš ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ ืงืฆืช ืขืœ ื˜ื•ืŸ ื”ื“ื™ื‘ื•ืจ.
18:18
(Laughter)
452
1098260
2000
(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
18:20
Can you picture the politicians ever buying into this?
453
1100260
2000
ื”ืื ืชื•ื›ืœ ืœื“ืžื™ื™ืŸ ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ืงืื™ื ืฉืื™-ืคืขื ื™ืกื›ื™ืžื• ืœื–ื”?
18:22
I mean, can you picture
454
1102260
2000
ื›ืœื•ืžืจ, ื”ืื ืชื•ื›ืœ ืœื“ืžื™ื™ืŸ
18:24
a politician standing up in Britain and saying,
455
1104260
3000
ืื™ื–ื” ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ืงืื™ ื”ื‘ื ื•ืื•ืžืจ,
18:27
"GDP fell two percent this year. Good news!
456
1107260
3000
"ื”ืชืž"ื’ ื ืคืœ ื‘ืฉื ื™ ืื—ื•ื–ื™ื ื”ืฉื ื”. ืืœื• ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช ื˜ื•ื‘ื•ืช!
18:30
We're actually all happier, and a country's more beautiful,
457
1110260
2000
ืื ื—ื ื• ื‘ืขืฆื ืฉืžื—ื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ, ื•ื”ืืจืฅ ื™ืคื” ื™ื•ืชืจ,
18:32
and our lives are better."
458
1112260
2000
ื•ื—ื™ื™ื ื• ื˜ื•ื‘ื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ."
18:34
Tim Jackson: Well that's clearly not what you're doing.
459
1114260
2000
ื˜ื™ื ื’'ืงืกื•ืŸ: ื˜ื•ื‘, ื‘ืจื•ืจ ืฉืœื ื–ื” ืžื” ืฉืขื•ืฉื™ื.
18:36
You're not making news out of things falling down.
460
1116260
2000
ืื ื• ืœื ืžื™ื™ืฆืจื™ื ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช ืกื‘ื™ื‘ ืžื” ืฉื ื›ืฉืœ.
18:38
You're making news out of the things that tell you that we're flourishing.
461
1118260
3000
ืžื™ื™ืฆืจื™ื ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช ืกื‘ื™ื‘ ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉืžืฆื‘ื™ืขื™ื ืขืœ-ื›ืš ืฉืื ื• ืžืฉื’ืฉื’ื™ื.
18:41
Can I picture politicians doing it?
462
1121260
2000
ื”ืื ืื ื™ ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื“ืžื™ื™ืŸ ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ืงืื™ื ืฉืขื•ืฉื™ื ื–ืืช?
18:43
Actually, I already am seeing a little bit of it.
463
1123260
2000
ื‘ืขืฆื, ืื ื™ ื›ื‘ืจ ืžื‘ื—ื™ืŸ ื‘ืžื’ืžื” ืงืœื” ืฉื›ื–ื•.
18:45
When we first started this kind of work,
464
1125260
3000
ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ืชื—ืœื ื• ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ ื‘ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ื–ื”,
18:48
politicians would stand up, treasury spokesmen would stand up,
465
1128260
2000
ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ืงืื™ื ื”ื™ื• ืžืชืงื•ืžืžื™ื, ื“ื•ื‘ืจ ื”ืื•ืฆืจ ื”ื™ื”
18:50
and accuse us of wanting to go back and live in caves.
466
1130260
3000
ืžืืฉื™ื ืื•ืชื ื• ื‘ืจืฆื•ืŸ ืœื—ื–ื•ืจ ืื—ื•ืจื” ื•ืœื—ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืžืขืจื•ืช.
18:53
And actually in the period
467
1133260
2000
ื•ืœืžืขืฉื” ื‘ืชืงื•ืคื” ืฉืœ 18 ืฉื ื”
18:55
through which we've been working over the last 18 years --
468
1135260
2000
ืฉื‘ื” ืขื‘ื“ื ื• ืขืœ ื ื•ืฉื ื–ื” --
18:57
partly because of the financial crisis
469
1137260
2000
ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื—ืœืงื™ ื‘ื’ืœืœ ื”ืžืฉื‘ืจ ื”ื›ืœื›ืœื™
18:59
and a little bit of humility in the profession of economics --
470
1139260
3000
ื•ืžืขื˜ ื‘ื’ืœืœ ื”ืขื ื•ื•ื” ืฉื‘ืžืงืฆื•ืข ื”ื›ืœื›ืœื” --
19:02
actually people are engaging in this issue
471
1142260
3000
ื‘ืขืฆื ืื ืฉื™ื ืžืชืขืกืงื™ื ื‘ืกื•ื’ื™ื” ื–ื•
19:05
in all sorts of countries around the world.
472
1145260
2000
ื‘ื›ืœ ืžื™ื ื™ ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ื‘ืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื.
19:07
CA: But is it mainly politicians who are going to have to get their act together,
473
1147260
3000
ื›.ื.: ืื‘ืœ ื”ืื ืืœื” ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ื”ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ืงืื™ื ืืฉืจ ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœืคืขื•ืœ ื‘ื™ื—ื“,
19:10
or is it going to be more just civil society and companies?
474
1150260
3000
ืื• ืฉื–ื” ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ื”ื—ื‘ืจื” ื”ืื–ืจื—ื™ืช ื•ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ืžืกื—ืจื™ื•ืช?
19:13
TJ: It has to be companies. It has to be civil society.
475
1153260
3000
ื˜.ื’'.: ื–ื” ื—ื™ื™ื‘ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื”ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช. ื–ื• ื—ื™ื™ื‘ืช ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื”ื—ื‘ืจื” ื”ืื–ืจื—ื™ืช.
19:16
But it has to have political leadership.
476
1156260
3000
ืื‘ืœ ืœื–ื” ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื”ื•ืกื™ืฃ ื’ื ืžื ื”ื™ื’ื•ืช ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ืช.
19:19
This is a kind of agenda,
477
1159260
2000
ื–ื•ื”ื™ ืžื™ืŸ ืื’'ื ื“ื”,
19:21
which actually politicians themselves
478
1161260
2000
ืฉื’ื ื”ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ืงืื™ื ืขืฆืžื
19:23
are kind of caught in that dilemma,
479
1163260
2000
ืœื›ื•ื“ื™ื ื‘ืื•ืชื” ื“ื™ืœืžื”,
19:25
because they're hooked on the growth model themselves.
480
1165260
2000
ืžืคื ื™ ืฉื”ื ืขืฆืžื ืžืฉื•ืขื‘ื“ื™ื ืœืžื•ื“ืœ ื”ืฆืžื™ื—ื”.
19:27
But actually opening up the space
481
1167260
2000
ืื‘ืœ ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืžืงื•ื
19:29
to think about different ways of governing,
482
1169260
2000
ืœืฆื•ืจื•ืช ืฉืœื˜ื•ืŸ ืื—ืจื•ืช,
19:31
different kinds of politics,
483
1171260
2000
ืœืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ืงื” ืžืกื•ื’ ืื—ืจ,
19:33
and creating the space
484
1173260
2000
ื•ืœืืคืฉืจ ืžืจื—ื‘ ืœื—ื‘ืจื” ื”ืื–ืจื—ื™ืช
19:35
for civil society and businesses to operate differently --
485
1175260
2000
ื•ืœืขืกืงื™ื ืœืคืขื•ืœ ืื—ืจืช --
19:37
absolutely vital.
486
1177260
2000
ื–ื” ื“ื‘ืจ ื—ื™ื•ื ื™ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ.
19:39
CA: And if someone could convince you
487
1179260
2000
ื›.ื.: ื•ืื ืžื™ืฉื”ื• ื”ื™ื” ืžืฉื›ื ืข ืื•ืชืš
19:41
that we actually can make the -- what was it? --
488
1181260
2000
ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ื‘ืืžืช ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื‘ืฆืข ื–ืืช -- ืžื” ืื–? --
19:43
the 130-fold improvement in efficiency,
489
1183260
2000
ื”ืฉื™ืคื•ืจ ืฉืœ ืคื™-130 ื‘ื™ืขื™ืœื•ืช,
19:45
of reduction of carbon footprint,
490
1185260
2000
ื‘ื”ืคื—ืชืช ื›ืžื•ืช ื”ืคื—ืžืŸ,
19:47
would you then actually like that picture of economic growth
491
1187260
3000
ื”ืื ื”ื™ื™ืช ืžืขื“ื™ืฃ ืื– ืฉื”ืฆืžื™ื—ื” ื”ื›ืœื›ืœื™ืช
19:50
into more knowledge-based goods?
492
1190260
2000
ืชืชื‘ื˜ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ืžื•ืฆืจื™ื ืžื‘ื•ืกืกื™-ื™ื“ืข?
19:52
TJ: I would still want to know that you could do that
493
1192260
2000
ื˜.ื’'.: ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ืจื•ืฆื” ืœื“ืขืช ืฉื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื”ื’ื™ืข ืœื–ื”
19:54
and get below zero by the end of the century,
494
1194260
2000
ื•ืœื”ื’ื™ืข ืืœ ืžืชื—ืช ืœืืคืก ืขื“ ืกื•ืฃ ื”ืžืื”,
19:56
in terms of taking carbon out of the atmosphere,
495
1196260
2000
ื‘ืžื•ื ื—ื™ื ืฉืœ ืกื™ืœื•ืง ื”ืคื—ืžืŸ ืžื”ืื˜ืžื•ืกืคื™ืจื”,
19:58
and solve the problem of biodiversity
496
1198260
2000
ื•ืคื™ืชืจื•ืŸ ื”ื‘ืขื™ื” ืฉืœ ืจื™ื‘ื•ื™-ื‘ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™
20:00
and reduce the impact on land use
497
1200260
2000
ื•ืฆื™ืžืฆื•ื ื”ื”ืฉืคืขื” ืฉืœ ื ื™ืฆื•ืœ ื”ืงืจืงืข
20:02
and do something about the erosion of topsoils and the quality of water.
498
1202260
3000
ื•ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืžืฉื”ื• ื‘ืงืฉืจ ืœืกื—ื™ืคืช ืงืจืงืข ื•ืื™ื›ื•ืช ื”ืžื™ื.
20:05
If you can convince me we can do all that,
499
1205260
2000
ืื ื™ืฉื›ื ืขื• ืื•ืชื™ ืฉื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืืช ื›ืœ ื–ื”,
20:07
then, yes, I would take the two percent.
500
1207260
3000
ืื– ื›ืŸ, ืืงื— ืืช ืฉื ื™ ื”ืื—ื•ื–ื™ื.
20:11
CA: Tim, thank you for a very important talk. Thank you.
501
1211260
3000
ื›.ื.: ื˜ื™ื, ืชื•ื“ื” ืœืš ืขืœ ืฉื™ื—ื” ืžืื•ื“ ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื” ื–ื•. ืชื•ื“ื” ืœืš.
20:14
(Applause)
502
1214260
3000
(ืžื—ื™ืื•ืช ื›ืคื™ื™ื)
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

https://forms.gle/WvT1wiN1qDtmnspy7