Hubertus Knabe: The dark secrets of a surveillance state

135,789 views ใƒป 2014-08-06

TED


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

ืžืชืจื’ื: Shlomo Adam ืžื‘ืงืจ: Sigal Tifferet
00:12
This year, Germany is celebrating
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ื”ืฉื ื” ื’ืจืžื ื™ื” ื—ื•ื’ื’ืช
00:14
the 25th anniversary of the peaceful revolution
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ืืช ื™ื•ื‘ืœ ื”-25 ืœืžื”ืคื›ื” ื”ืฉืœื•ื•ื” ื‘ืžื–ืจื—-ื’ืจืžื ื™ื”.
00:17
in East Germany.
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00:19
In 1989, the Communist regime was moved away,
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ื‘-1989, ื”ืžืฉื˜ืจ ื”ืงื•ืžื•ื ื™ืกื˜ื™ ื”ื•ืกืจ,
00:23
the Berlin Wall came down, and one year later,
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ื—ื•ืžืช ื‘ืจืœื™ืŸ ื ืคืœื”, ื•ืฉื ื” ืื—ืจ ื›ืš,
00:27
the German Democratic Republic, the GDR,
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ื”ืจืคื•ื‘ืœื™ืงื” ื”ื“ืžื•ืงืจื˜ื™ืช ื”ื’ืจืžื ื™ืช, ื”ื’'ื™-ื“ื™-ืืจ, ื‘ืžื–ืจื—,
00:31
in the East was unified
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ืื•ื—ื“ื” ืขื ื”ืจืคื•ื‘ืœื™ืงื” ื”ืคื“ืจืœื™ืช ื”ื’ืจืžื ื™ืช ืฉื‘ืžืขืจื‘
00:33
with the Federal Republic of Germany in the West
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00:35
to found today's Germany.
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ื•ืฉืชื™ื”ืŸ ื›ื•ื ื ื• ืืช ื’ืจืžื ื™ื” ืฉืœ ื”ื™ื•ื.
00:39
Among many other things, Germany inherited
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ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืฉืืจ, ื’ืจืžื ื™ื” ื™ืจืฉื”
00:42
the archives of the East German secret police,
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ืืช ื”ืืจื›ื™ื•ื ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืžืฉื˜ืจื” ื”ื—ืฉืื™ืช ืฉืœ ืžื–ืจื—-ื’ืจืžื ื™ื”,
00:47
known as the Stasi.
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ื”ืžื•ื›ืจืช ื‘ืฉื "ืฉื˜ืื–ื™".
00:50
Only two years after its dissolution,
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ืฉื ืชื™ื™ื ื‘ืœื‘ื“ ืœืื—ืจ ืคื™ืจื•ืงื”,
00:52
its documents were opened to the public,
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ื”ืžืกืžื›ื™ื ื ืคืชื—ื• ืœืขื™ื•ืŸ ื”ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ,
00:56
and historians such as me started
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ื•ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื•ื ื™ื ื›ืžื•ื ื™ ื”ื—ืœื•
00:59
to study these documents
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ืœื”ืชืขืžืง ื‘ืžืกืžื›ื™ื ืืœื”
01:01
to learn more about how the GDR surveillance state
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœืœืžื•ื“ ื›ื™ืฆื“ ืชืคืงื“ื” ืžื“ื™ื ืช ื”ืžืขืงื‘ ืฉืœ ื”ื’'ื™-ื“ื™-ืืจ
01:05
functioned.
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01:07
Perhaps you have watched the movie
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ืื•ืœื™ ืจืื™ืชื ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜
01:10
"The Lives of Others."
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"ื—ื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ืื—ืจื™ื".
01:12
This movie made the Stasi known worldwide,
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ื”ืกืจื˜ ืคื™ืจืกื ืืช ื”"ืฉื˜ืื–ื™" ื‘ื›ืœ ื”ืขื•ืœื,
01:17
and as we live in an age where words
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ื•ื”ื™ื•ืช ืฉืื ื• ื—ื™ื™ื ื‘ืขื™ื“ืŸ
01:19
such as "surveillance" or "wiretapping"
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ืฉื‘ื• ืžืœื™ื ื›ืžื• "ืžืขืงื‘" ืื• "ืฆื™ืชื•ืช"
01:23
are on the front pages of newspapers,
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ืžืชื ื•ืกืกื•ืช ื‘ืขืžื•ื“ื™ื”ื ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื ืฉืœ ืขื™ืชื•ื ื™ื,
01:25
I would like to speak about how the Stasi
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ืื ื™ ืจื•ืฆื” ืœืกืคืจ ืื™ืš ื”"ืฉื˜ืื–ื™" ื‘ืืžืช ืคืขืœื”.
01:28
really worked.
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01:31
At the beginning, let's have a short look
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ืชื—ื™ืœื”, ื”ื‘ื” ื ืขื™ืฃ ืžื‘ื˜ ืงืฆืจ
01:33
at the history of the Stasi,
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ืขืœ ื”ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ืฉืœ ื”"ืฉื˜ืื–ื™",
01:35
because it's really important for understanding
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ื›ื™ ื–ื” ื‘ืืžืช ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื™ืš ื”ื™ื ื ื•ืœื“ื”.
01:38
its self-conception.
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01:41
Its origins are located in Russia.
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ืžืงื•ืจื•ืชื™ื” ืžืฆื•ื™ื™ื ื‘ืจื•ืกื™ื”.
01:44
In 1917, the Russian Communists founded
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ื‘-1917, ื”ืงื•ืžื•ื ื™ืกื˜ื™ื ื”ืจื•ืกื™ื™ื ื™ื™ืกื“ื•
01:46
the Emergency Commission for Combating
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ืืช "ื•ืขื“ ื”ื—ื™ืจื•ื ืœืžืœื—ืžื” ื‘ืžืชื ื’ื“ื™ ื”ืžื”ืคื›ื” ื•ื”ืžื—ื‘ืœื™ื",
01:48
Counter-Revolution and Sabotage,
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01:51
shortly Cheka.
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ื•ื‘ืงื™ืฆื•ืจ: "ืฆ'ืงื”".
01:53
It was led by Felix Dzerzhinsky.
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ื‘ืจืืฉื• ืขืžื“ ืคืœื™ืงืก ื“ื–ืจื–'ื™ื ืกืงื™.
01:56
The Cheka was an instrument of the Communists
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ื”"ืฆ'ืงื”" ืฉื™ืžืฉื” ื›ืœื™ ื‘ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืงื•ืžื•ื ื™ืกื˜ื™ื
02:00
to establish their regime by terrorizing the population
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ืœื”ืฉืœื™ื˜ ืืช ื”ืžืฉื˜ืจ ืฉืœื”ื ืข"ื™ ื”ื˜ืœืช ืื™ืžื” ืขืœ ื”ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื”
02:03
and executing their enemies.
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ื•ื”ื•ืฆืื” ืœื”ื•ืจื’ ืฉืœ ืื•ื™ื‘ื™ื”ื.
02:06
It evolved later into the well-known KGB.
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ืžืื•ื—ืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ ื”ื™ื ื”ืชืคืชื—ื” ืœืงื’"ื‘ ื”ืžืคื•ืจืกื.
02:12
The Cheka was the idol of the Stasi officers.
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ื”"ืฆ'ืงื”" ืฉื™ืžืฉื” ืžื•ืคืช ืœืงืฆื™ื ื™ ื”"ืฉื˜ืื–ื™".
02:15
They called themselves Chekists,
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ื”ื ื›ื™ื ื• ืืช ืขืฆืžื "ืฆ'ืงื™ืกื˜ื™ื",
02:18
and even the emblem was very similar,
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ื•ืืคื™ืœื• ื”ืกืžืœ ื”ื™ื” ื“ื•ืžื” ืžืื“,
02:21
as you can see here.
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ื›ืคื™ ืฉืืชื ืจื•ืื™ื ื›ืืŸ.
02:24
In fact, the secret police of Russia
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ืœืžืขืฉื”, ื”ืžืฉื˜ืจื” ื”ื—ืฉืื™ืช ื”ืจื•ืกื™ืช
02:28
was the creator and instructor of the Stasi.
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ื”ื™ืชื” ื–ื• ืฉื”ืงื™ืžื” ื•ื”ื“ืจื™ื›ื” ืืช ื”"ืฉื˜ืื–ื™".
02:31
When the Red Army occupied East Germany in 1945,
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ื›ืฉื”ืฆื‘ื ื”ืื“ื•ื ื›ื‘ืฉ ืืช ืžื–ืจื—-ื’ืจืžื ื™ื” ื‘-1945,
02:35
it immediately expanded there,
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ื”ื™ื ื”ืชืจื—ื‘ื” ืฉื ืžื™ื“,
02:37
and soon it started to train the German Communists
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ื•ื”ื—ืœื” ื‘ืžื”ืจื” ืœื”ื›ืฉื™ืจ ืืช ื”ืงื•ืžื•ื ื™ืกื˜ื™ื ื”ื’ืจืžื ื™ื™ื
02:41
to build up their own secret police.
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ื›ื“ื™ ืฉืืœื” ื™ืงื™ืžื• ืžืฉื˜ืจื” ื—ืฉืื™ืช ืžืฉืœื”ื.
02:44
By the way, in this hall where we are now,
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ืื’ื‘, ื‘ืื•ืœื ื”ื–ื” ืฉื‘ื• ืื ื• ื ืžืฆืื™ื,
02:47
the ruling party of the GDR was founded in 1946.
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ื ื•ืกื“ื” ื”ืžืคืœื’ื” ื”ืฉืœื˜ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืจืคื•ื‘ืœื™ืงื” ื”ื“ืžื•ืงืจื˜ื™ืช ื”ื’ืจืžื ื™ืช, ื‘-1946.
02:53
Five years later, the Stasi was established,
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ืื—ืจื™ 5 ืฉื ื™ื ื ื•ืกื“ื” ื”"ืฉื˜ืื–ื™",
02:56
and step by step, the dirty job of oppression
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ื•ืฆืขื“ ืื—ืจ ืฆืขื“, ื”ืžืœืื›ื” ื”ืžืœื•ื›ืœื›ืช ืฉืœ ื”ื“ื™ื›ื•ื™
02:59
was handed over to it.
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ื”ื•ืขื‘ืจื” ืœื™ื“ื™ื”.
03:02
For instance, the central jail
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ืœื“ื•ื’ืžื”, ื”ื›ืœื ื”ืžืจื›ื–ื™
03:04
for political prisoners,
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ืœืืกื™ืจื™ื ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ื™ื,
03:05
which was established by the Russians,
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ืฉื ื•ืกื“ ืข"ื™ ื”ืจื•ืกื™ื,
03:08
was taken over by the Stasi
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ืขื‘ืจ ืœื ื™ื”ื•ืœ ื”"ืฉื˜ืื–ื™"
03:10
and used until the end of Communism.
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ื•ื”ื™ื” ื‘ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ืขื“ ืงืฅ ื”ืงื•ืžื•ื ื™ื–ื.
03:14
You see it here.
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ืืชื ืจื•ืื™ื ืื•ืชื• ื›ืืŸ.
03:15
At the beginning, every important step
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ื‘ื”ืชื—ืœื”, ื›ืœ ืฉืœื‘ ื—ืฉื•ื‘
03:19
took place under the attendance of the Russians.
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ื”ืชื‘ืฆืข ืชื—ืช ื”ืฉื’ื—ืช ื”ืจื•ืกื™ื.
03:23
But the Germans are known to be very effective,
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ื’ืจืžื ื™ื ื™ื“ื•ืขื™ื ื›ื™ืขื™ืœื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ,
03:26
so the Stasi grew very quickly,
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ื›ืš ืฉื”"ืฉื˜ืื–ื™" ื’ื“ืœื” ื‘ืžื”ื™ืจื•ืช ืจื‘ื”,
03:29
and already in 1953, it had more employees
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ื•ื›ื‘ืจ ื‘-1953 ื”ื™ื• ืœื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื
03:33
than the Gestapo had,
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ืžืืฉืจ ื‘"ื’ืกื˜ืคื•",
03:34
the secret police of Nazi Germany.
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ื”ืžืฉื˜ืจื” ื”ื—ืฉืื™ืช ืฉืœ ื’ืจืžื ื™ื” ื”ื ืืฆื™ืช.
03:37
The number doubled in each decade.
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ื”ืžืกืคืจ ื”ื•ื›ืคืœ ืžื™ื“ื™ ืขืฉื•ืจ.
03:40
In 1989, more than 90,000 employees
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ื‘-1989, ื”ื•ืขืกืงื• ืžืขืœ 90,000 ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ืข"ื™ ื”"ืฉื˜ืื–ื™".
03:43
worked for the Stasi.
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03:45
This meant that one employee
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ื–ื” ืื•ืžืจ ืฉืขื•ื‘ื“ ืื—ื“
03:47
was responsible for 180 inhabitants,
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ื”ื™ื” ืื—ืจืื™ ืขืœ 180 ืชื•ืฉื‘ื™ื,
03:50
which was really unique in the world.
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ื•ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ื™ื•ืฆื-ื“ื•ืคืŸ ื‘ืขื•ืœื ื›ื•ืœื•.
03:54
At the top of this tremendous apparatus,
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ื‘ืจืืฉ ื”ืžื ื’ื ื•ืŸ ื”ืขืฆื•ื ื”ื–ื”
03:57
there was one man, Erich Mielke.
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ืขืžื“ ืื“ื ืื—ื“ ื•ื™ื—ื™ื“: ืืจื™ืš ืžื™ืœืงื”.
04:01
He ruled the Ministry of State Security
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ื”ื•ื ืฉืœื˜ ื‘ืžืฉืจื“ ืœื‘ื˜ื—ื•ืŸ ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื”
04:03
for more than 30 years.
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ื‘ืžืฉืš ืžืขืœ 30 ืฉื ื”.
04:05
He was a scrupulous functionary โ€”
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ื”ื•ื ื”ื™ื” ืคื•ื ืงืฆื™ื•ื ืจ ืงืคื“ืŸ ื•ื“ื™ื™ืงืŸ --
04:08
in his past, he killed two policemen
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ื‘ืขื‘ืจื•, ื”ื•ื ืจืฆื— ืฉื ื™ ืฉื•ื˜ืจื™ื
04:11
not far away from here โ€”
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ืœื ืจื—ื•ืง ืžื›ืืŸ --
04:13
who in fact personalized the Stasi.
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ื•ื”ื•ื ื’ื™ืœื ื‘ื“ืžื•ืชื• ืืช ื”"ืฉื˜ืื–ื™"
04:17
But what was so exceptional about the Stasi?
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ืื‘ืœ ืžื” ื”ื™ื” ื›ื” ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ื‘"ืฉื˜ืื–ื™"?
04:21
Foremost, it was its enormous power,
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ื‘ืจืืฉ ื•ื‘ืจืืฉื•ื ื”, ื›ื•ื—ื• ื”ืื“ื™ืจ,
04:24
because it united different functions
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ืžืฉื•ื ืฉื”ื•ื ืื™ื—ื“ ืžืกืคืจ ืคื•ื ืงืฆื™ื•ืช
04:28
in one organization.
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ืชื—ืช ื›ื ืคื™ื• ืฉืœ ืืจื’ื•ืŸ ืื—ื“.
04:30
First of all, the Stasi
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ืจืืฉื™ืช ื›ืœ, ื”"ืฉื˜ืื–ื™"
04:32
was an intelligence service.
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ื”ื™ืชื” ืฉื™ืจื•ืช ื‘ื™ื•ืŸ.
04:35
It used all the imaginable instruments
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ื”ื™ื ืขืฉืชื” ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ื›ืœ ื›ืœื™ ืฉื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื”ืขืœื•ืช ืขืœ ื”ื“ืขืช
04:38
for getting information secretly,
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืฉื™ื’ ืžื™ื“ืข ื‘ื—ืฉืื™,
04:40
such as informers, or tapping phones,
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ืœืžืฉืœ ืžื•ื“ื™ืขื™ื, ื”ืื–ื ื” ืœื˜ืœืคื•ื ื™ื,
04:43
as you can see it on the picture here.
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ื›ืคื™ ืฉืืชื ืจื•ืื™ื ื›ืืŸ ื‘ืชืžื•ื ื”.
04:46
And it was not only active in East Germany,
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ื•ื”ื™ื ืœื ืคืขืœื” ืจืง ื‘ืžื–ืจื—-ื’ืจืžื ื™ื”,
04:49
but all over the world.
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ืืœื ื‘ื›ืœ ืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื.
04:52
Secondly, the Stasi was a secret police.
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ืฉื ื™ืช, ื”"ืฉื˜ืื–ื™" ื”ื™ืชื” ืžืฉื˜ืจื” ื—ืฉืื™ืช.
04:56
It could stop people on the street
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ื”ื™ื ื™ื›ืœื” ืœืขืฆื•ืจ ืื ืฉื™ื ื‘ืจื—ื•ื‘
04:58
and arrest them in its own prisons.
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ื•ืœื›ืœื•ื ืื•ืชืŸ ื›ืืกื™ืจื™ื”.
05:03
Thirdly, the Stasi worked
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ืฉืœื™ืฉื™ืช, ื”"ืฉื˜ืื–ื™" ืคืขืœื” ื›ืžืขื™ืŸ ืžืฉืจื“ ืชื•ื‘ืข ื›ืœืœื™.
05:04
as a kind of public prosecutor.
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05:07
It had the right to open preliminary investigations
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ื”ื™ื ื”ื™ืชื” ืจืฉืื™ืช ืœืคืชื•ื— ื‘ื—ืงื™ืจื•ืช ืžืงื“ื™ืžื•ืช
05:10
and to interrogate people officially.
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ื•ืœื—ืงื•ืจ ืื ืฉื™ื ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืจืฉืžื™.
05:14
Last but not least,
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ื•ืื—ืจื•ืŸ ื—ื‘ื™ื‘,
05:16
the Stasi had its own armed forces.
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ืœ"ืฉื˜ืื–ื™" ื”ื™ื” ืฆื‘ื ืžืฉืœื”.
05:20
More than 11,000 soldiers were serving
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ืžืขืœ 11,000 ื—ื™ื™ืœื™ื ืฉื™ืจืชื•
05:22
in its so-called Guards Regiment.
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ื‘ืžื” ืฉื›ื•ื ื” "ื’ื“ื•ื“ ื”ืžืฉืžืจ" ืฉืœื”.
05:25
It was founded to crash down protests and uprisings.
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ื”ื•ื ื”ื•ืงื ื›ื“ื™ ืœืžื—ื•ืฅ ื”ืคื’ื ื•ืช ื•ื”ืชืงื•ืžืžื•ื™ื•ืช.
05:30
Due to this concentration of power,
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ืขืงื‘ ืจื™ื›ื•ื– ื–ื” ืฉืœ ื›ื•ื—,
05:32
the Stasi was called a state in the state.
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ื”"ืฉื˜ืื–ื™" ื›ื•ื ืชื” 'ืžื“ื™ื ื” ื‘ืชื•ืš ืžื“ื™ื ื”'.
05:37
But let's look in more and more detail
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ืืš ื”ื‘ื” ื ืชื‘ื•ื ืŸ ื‘ื™ืชืจ ืคื™ืจื•ื˜
05:40
at the tools of the Stasi.
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ื‘ืืžืฆืขื™ื” ืฉืœ ื”"ืฉื˜ืื–ื™".
05:42
Please keep in mind that at that time
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ื–ื™ื›ืจื• ื‘ื‘ืงืฉื” ืฉื‘ืื•ืชื” ืขืช
05:44
the web and smartphones were not yet invented.
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ื”ืื™ื ื˜ืจื ื˜ ื•ื”ืกืžืจื˜ืคื•ื ื™ื ื˜ืจื ื”ื•ืžืฆืื•.
05:48
Of course, the Stasi used all kinds
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ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ ืฉื”"ืฉื˜ืื–ื™" ื”ืฉืชืžืฉื” ื‘ื›ืœ ืžื™ื ื™
05:51
of technical instruments to survey people.
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ืžื›ืฉื™ืจื™ื ื˜ื›ื ื™ื™ื ื›ื“ื™ ืœืขืงื•ื‘ ืื—ืจื™ ืื ืฉื™ื.
05:54
Telephones were wiretapped,
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ื”ื™ื” ืฆื™ืชื•ืช ืœื˜ืœืคื•ื ื™ื,
05:56
including the phone of the German chancellor in the West,
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ื›ื•ืœืœ ื”ื˜ืœืคื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ื”ืงื ืฆืœืจ ืฉืœ ืžืขืจื‘-ื’ืจืžื ื™ื”,
06:00
and often also the apartments.
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ื•ืœืขืชื™ื ืงืจื•ื‘ื•ืช ื’ื ืœื˜ืœืคื•ื ื™ื ื‘ื“ื™ืจื•ืช ืคืจื˜ื™ื•ืช.
06:03
Every day, 90,000 letters were being opened
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ื‘ื›ืœ ื™ื•ื ื ืคืชื—ื• 90,000 ืžื›ืชื‘ื™ื
06:07
by these machines.
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ืข"ื™ ื”ืžื›ื•ื ื•ืช ื”ืืœื”.
06:10
The Stasi also shadowed tens of thousands of people
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ื”"ืฉื˜ืื–ื™" ื’ื ื ื™ื”ืœื” ืžืขืงื‘ ืื—ืจื™ ืขืฉืจื•ืช ืืœืคื™ ืื ืฉื™ื
06:14
using specially trained agents and secret cameras
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ื‘ืขื–ืจืช ืกื•ื›ื ื™ื ืฉืื•ืžื ื• ืœื›ืš ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ื•ืžืฆืœืžื•ืช ืžื•ืกืชืจื•ืช
06:17
to document every step one took.
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ื‘ืžื˜ืจื” ืœืชืขื“ ื›ืœ ืฆืขื“ ืฉืœื”ื.
06:21
In this picture, you can see me
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ื‘ืชืžื•ื ื” ื”ื–ื• ืืชื ืจื•ืื™ื ืื•ืชื™,
06:23
as a young man just in front of this building
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ื›ื’ื‘ืจ ืฆืขื™ืจ, ื‘ื—ื–ื™ืช ื”ืžื‘ื ื” ื”ื–ื”
06:27
where we are now, photographed by a Stasi agent.
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ืฉื‘ื• ืื ื• ื ืžืฆืื™ื, ื•ื”ื™ื ืฆื•ืœืžื” ื‘ื™ื“ื™ ืกื•ื›ืŸ "ืฉื˜ืื–ื™".
06:30
The Stasi even collected the smell of people.
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ื”"ืฉื˜ืื–ื™" ืืคื™ืœื• ืืกืคื” ืจื™ื—ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืื ืฉื™ื.
06:35
It stored samples of it in closed jars
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ื”ื™ื ืฉืžืจื” ื“ื’ื™ืžื•ืช ืฉืœื”ื ื‘ืฆื ืฆื ื•ืช ืื˜ื•ืžื•ืช
06:38
which were found after the peaceful revolution.
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ืฉื ืชื’ืœื• ืื—ืจื™ ื”ืžื”ืคื›ื” ื”ืฉืœื•ื•ื”.
06:43
For all these tasks, highly specialized departments
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ืขืœ ื›ืœ ื”ืžืฉื™ืžื•ืช ื”ืืœื” ื”ื•ืคืงื“ื•
06:47
were responsible.
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ืžื—ืœืงื•ืช ื™ื™ืขื•ื“ื™ื•ืช.
06:49
The one which was tapping phone calls
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ื–ื• ืฉืฆื•ืชืชื” ืœืฉื™ื—ื•ืช ื˜ืœืคื•ืŸ
06:51
was completely separated
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ื”ื™ืชื” ื ืคืจื“ืช ืœื—ืœื•ื˜ื™ืŸ
06:53
from the one which controlled the letters,
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ืžื–ื• ืฉื˜ื™ืคืœื” ื‘ืžื›ืชื‘ื™ื,
06:56
for good reasons,
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ื•ืžืกื™ื‘ื•ืช ื˜ื•ื‘ื•ืช,
06:57
because if one agent quit the Stasi,
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ืžืฉื•ื ืฉืื ืกื•ื›ืŸ ืื—ื“ ืคืจืฉ ืžื”"ืฉื˜ืื–ื™",
07:02
his knowledge was very small.
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ื”ื™ื“ืข ืฉืœื• ื”ื™ื” ืžืฆื•ืžืฆื ืžืื“.
07:04
Contrast that with Snowden, for example.
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ื”ืฉื•ื• ืืช ื–ื” ืœืกื ื•ื“ืŸ, ืœืžืฉืœ.
07:08
But the vertical specialization was also important
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ื”ืชืžื—ื•ืช ื”ืื ื›ื™ืช ื”ื™ืชื” ื’ื ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื”
07:11
to prevent all kinds of empathy
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœืžื ื•ืข ื”ื–ื“ื”ื•ืช ืžื›ืœ ืกื•ื’ ื”ื•ื
07:13
with the object of observation.
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ืขื ืžื•ืฉื ื”ืžืขืงื‘.
07:16
The agent who shadowed me
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ื”ืกื•ื›ืŸ ืฉืขืงื‘ ืื—ืจื™
07:18
didn't know who I was
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ืœื ื™ื“ืข ืžื™ ืื ื™
07:20
or why I was surveyed.
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ืื• ืžื“ื•ืข ืื ื™ ื ืชื•ืŸ ืœืžืขืงื‘.
07:22
In fact, I smuggled forbidden books
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ืœืžืขืฉื”, ื”ื‘ืจื—ืชื™ ืกืคืจื™ื ืืกื•ืจื™ื
07:24
from West to East Germany.
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ืžืžืขืจื‘-ื’ืจืžื ื™ื” ืœืžื–ืจื—ื”.
07:27
But what was even more typical for the Stasi
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ืื‘ืœ ืžื” ืฉื”ื™ื” ืื•ืคื™ื™ื ื™ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœ"ืฉื˜ืื–ื™",
07:30
was the use of human intelligence,
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ื”ื™ื” ื”ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ื‘ื™ื•ืŸ ืื ื•ืฉื™,
07:33
people who reported secretly to the Stasi.
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ืื ืฉื™ื ืฉื“ื™ื•ื•ื—ื• ื‘ื—ืฉืื™ ืœ"ืฉื˜ืื–ื™".
07:37
For the Minister of State Security,
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ืžื‘ื—ื™ื ืช ื”ืฉืจ ืœื‘ื˜ื—ื•ืŸ ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื”,
07:39
these so-called unofficial employees
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"ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ืœื-ืจืฉืžื™ื™ื" ืืœื”
07:42
were the most important tools.
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ื”ื™ื• ื”ื›ืœื™ ื”ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ.
07:45
From 1975 on, nearly 200,000 people
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ื”ื—ืœ ืžืฉื ืช 1975, ืงืจื•ื‘ ืœ-200,000 ืื™ืฉ
07:50
collaborated constantly with the Stasi,
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ืฉื™ืชืคื• ืคืขื•ืœื” ื‘ื”ืชืžื“ื” ืขื ื”"ืฉื˜ืื–ื™",
07:53
more than one percent of the population.
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ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืื—ื•ื– ืื—ื“ ืžืŸ ื”ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื”.
07:58
And in a way, the minister was right,
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ื•ื‘ืžื•ื‘ืŸ ืžืกื•ื™ื, ื”ืฆื“ืง ื”ื™ื” ืขื ื”ืฉืจ,
08:00
because technical instruments
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ื›ื™ ื”ืžื›ืฉื™ืจื™ื ื”ื˜ื›ื ื™ื™ื
08:02
can only register what people are doing,
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ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืจืง ืœืชืขื“ ืžื” ืื ืฉื™ื ืขื•ืฉื™ื,
08:06
but agents and spies can also report
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ื•ืื™ืœื• ืกื•ื›ื ื™ื ื•ืžืจื’ืœื™ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ื’ื ืœื“ื•ื•ื—
08:09
what people are planning to do
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ืžื” ื”ืื ืฉื™ื ืžืชื›ื ื ื™ื ืœืขืฉื•ืช
08:11
and what they are thinking.
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ื•ืžื” ื”ื ื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื.
08:13
Therefore, the Stasi recruited so many informants.
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ื–ื• ื”ื™ืชื” ื”ืกื™ื‘ื” ืœื›ืš ืฉื”"ืฉื˜ืื–ื™" ื’ื™ื™ืกื” ืžื•ื“ื™ืขื™ื ื›ื” ืจื‘ื™ื.
08:18
The system of how to get them
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ื”ืžืขืจื›ืช ืฉืฉื™ืžืฉื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื’ื™ื™ืกื
08:21
and how to educate them, as it was called,
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ื•"ืœื—ื ืš" ืื•ืชื, ื›ืคื™ ืฉื–ื” ื›ื•ื ื”,
08:24
was very sophisticated.
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ื”ื™ืชื” ืžืชื•ื—ื›ืžืช ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ.
08:27
The Stasi had its own university,
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ืœ"ืฉื˜ืื–ื™" ื”ื™ืชื” ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ื” ืžืฉืœื”,
08:30
not far away from here,
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ืœื ืจื—ื•ืง ืžื›ืืŸ,
08:31
where the methods were explored
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ืฉื‘ื” ื‘ื“ืงื• ืฉื™ื˜ื•ืช ืžืฉื™ื˜ื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื•ืช
08:33
and taught to the officers.
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ื•ื”ื•ืจื• ืื•ืชืŸ ืœืงืฆื™ื ื™ื.
08:36
This guideline gave a detailed description
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ื”ืžื“ืจื™ืš ื”ื–ื” ืกื™ืคืง ืชื™ืื•ืจ ืžืคื•ืจื˜
08:39
of every step you have to take
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ืฉืœ ื›ืœ ืฉืœื‘ ืฉื‘ื• ื™ืฉ ืœื ืงื•ื˜
08:42
if you want to convince human beings
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ืื ืจื•ืฆื™ื ืœืฉื›ื ืข ื‘ื ื™-ืื“ื
08:44
to betray their fellow citizens.
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ืœื‘ื’ื•ื“ ื‘ืื—ื™ื”ื ื”ืื–ืจื—ื™ื.
08:48
Sometimes it's said that informants were pressured
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ื ืืžืจ ืคื” ื•ืฉื ืฉืขืœ ื”ืžื•ื“ื™ืขื™ื ื”ื•ืคืขืœ ืœื—ืฅ ืœื”ืคื•ืš ืœื›ืืœื”,
08:52
to becoming one,
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08:53
but that's mostly not true,
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ืื‘ืœ ืœืจื•ื‘ ื–ื” ืœื ื”ื™ื” ื›ืš,
08:56
because a forced informant is a bad informant.
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ื›ื™ ืžื•ื“ื™ืข ื‘ื›ืคื™ื™ื” ื”ื•ื ืžื•ื“ื™ืข ื’ืจื•ืข.
09:00
Only someone who wants to give you the information you need
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ืจืง ืžื™ ืฉืจื•ืฆื” ืœืชืช ืœืš ืืช ื”ืžื™ื“ืข ื”ื ื—ื•ืฅ ืœืš
09:03
is an effective whistleblower.
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ื”ื•ื ืžืœืฉื™ืŸ ื™ืขื™ืœ.
09:05
The main reasons why people cooperated with the Stasi
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ื”ืกื™ื‘ื•ืช ื”ืขื™ืงืจื™ื•ืช ืœื›ืš ืฉืื ืฉื™ื ืฉื™ืชืคื• ืคืขื•ืœื” ืขื ื”"ืฉื˜ืื–ื™"
09:10
were political conviction and material benefits.
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ื”ื™ื• ื”ื›ืจื” ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ืช ื•ื”ื ืื•ืช ื—ื•ืžืจื™ื•ืช.
09:16
The officers also tried to create a personal bond
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ื”ืงืฆื™ื ื™ื ื’ื ื ื™ืกื• ืœื›ื•ื ืŸ ืงืฉืจื™ื ืื™ืฉื™ื™ื
09:19
between themselves and the informant,
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ื‘ื™ื ื ืœื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืžื•ื“ื™ืข,
09:22
and to be honest, the example of the Stasi shows
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ื•ืœืžืขืŸ ื”ืืžืช, ื”ื“ื•ื’ืžื” ืฉืœ ื”"ืฉื˜ืื–ื™" ืžื•ื›ื™ื—ื”
09:28
that it's not so difficult to win someone
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ืฉืœื ื›ืœ-ื›ืš ืงืฉื” ืœื–ื›ื•ืช ื‘ืืžื•ื ื• ืฉืœ ืื“ื
09:31
in order to betray others.
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ื•ืœื”ื‘ื™ืื• ืœื‘ื’ื•ื“ ื‘ืื—ืจื™ื.
09:34
Even some of the top dissidents in East Germany
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ืืคื™ืœื• ื›ืžื” ืžื”ืžืชื ื’ื“ื™ื ื”ืจืืฉื™ื™ื ืœืฉืœื˜ื•ืŸ ื‘ืžื–ืจื—-ื’ืจืžื ื™ื”
09:38
collaborated with the Stasi,
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ืฉื™ืชืคื• ืคืขื•ืœื” ืขื ื”"ืฉื˜ืื–ื™",
09:40
as for instance Ibrahim Bรถhme.
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ื›ืžื• ืื™ื‘ืจื”ื™ื ื‘ื•ื”ื, ืœืžืฉืœ.
09:44
In 1989, he was the leader of the peaceful revolution
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ื‘-1989 ื”ื•ื ื”ื ื”ื™ื’ ืืช ื”ืžื”ืคื›ื” ื”ืฉืœื•ื•ื”
09:46
and he nearly became the first freely elected Prime Minister of the GDR
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ื•ื›ืžืขื˜ ื•ื”ื™ื” ืœืจืืฉ ื”ืžืžืฉืœื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ื”ื’'ื™-ื“ื™-ืืจ ืฉื ื‘ื—ืจ ื‘ื‘ื—ื™ืจื•ืช ื—ื•ืคืฉื™ื•ืช,
09:51
until it came out that he was an informant.
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ืขื“ ืฉื”ืชื’ืœื” ืฉื”ื•ื ื”ื™ื” ืžื•ื“ื™ืข.
09:56
The net of spies was really broad.
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ืจืฉืช ื”ืžืจื’ืœื™ื ื”ื™ืชื” ืžืžืฉ ืจื—ื‘ื”.
10:00
In nearly every institution,
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ื›ืžืขื˜ ื‘ื›ืœ ืžื•ืกื“,
10:02
even in the churches or in West Germany,
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ืืคื™ืœื• ื‘ื›ื ืกื™ื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืžืขืจื‘-ื’ืจืžื ื™ื”,
10:05
there were many of them.
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ื”ื™ื• ืจื‘ื™ื ื›ืืœื”.
10:07
I remember telling a leading Stasi officer,
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ืื ื™ ื–ื•ื›ืจ ืฉืืžืจืชื™ ืœืงืฆื™ืŸ "ืฉื˜ืื–ื™" ื‘ื›ื™ืจ:
10:11
"If you had sent an informant to me,
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"ืื™ืœื• ืฉืœื—ืช ืืœื™ ืžื•ื“ื™ืข
10:14
I would surely have recognized him."
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"ืื™ืŸ ืกืคืง ืฉื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ืžื–ื”ื” ืื•ืชื•."
10:17
His answer was,
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ืชืฉื•ื‘ืชื• ื”ื™ืชื”:
10:18
"We didn't send anyone.
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"ืœื ืฉืœื—ื ื• ืื™ืฉ.
10:20
We took those who were around you."
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"ื”ืฉืชืžืฉื ื• ื‘ืื ืฉื™ื ืฉื”ื™ื• ืกื‘ื™ื‘ืš."
10:23
And in fact, two of my best friends
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ื•ืื›ืŸ, ืฉื ื™ื™ื ืžื”ื˜ื•ื‘ื™ื ื‘ื—ื‘ืจื™
10:26
reported about me to the Stasi.
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ื“ื™ื•ื•ื—ื• ืขืœื™ ืœ"ืฉื˜ืื–ื™".
10:30
Not only in my case, informers were very close.
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ื•ื”ืžื•ื“ื™ืขื™ื, ืœื ืจืง ื‘ืžืงืจื” ืฉืœื™, ื”ื™ื• ืื ืฉื™ื ืงืจื•ื‘ื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ.
10:32
For example, Vera Lengsfeld, another leading dissident,
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ืœื“ื•ื’ืžื”, ื•ืจื” ืœื ื’ืกืคืœื“, ืขื•ื“ ืžืชื ื’ื“ืช ื‘ื•ืœื˜ืช ืœืฉืœื˜ื•ืŸ:
10:36
in her case it was her husband who spied on her.
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ื‘ืžืงืจื” ืฉืœื”, ื‘ืขืœื” ื”ื™ื” ื”ืื™ืฉ ืฉืจื™ื’ืœ ืื—ืจื™ื”.
10:40
A famous writer was betrayed by his brother.
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ื‘ืกื•ืคืจ ืžืคื•ืจืกื ืื—ื“, ื‘ื’ื“ ืื—ื™ื•.
10:44
This reminds me of the novel "1984" by George Orwell,
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ื–ื” ืžื–ื›ื™ืจ ืœื™ ืืช ื”ืจื•ืžืŸ "1984" ืžืืช ื’'ื•ืจื’' ืื•ืจื•ื•ืœ,
10:48
where the only apparently trustable person
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ืฉื‘ื• ื”ืื“ื ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ ื”ืžื”ื™ืžืŸ, ืœื›ืื•ืจื”,
10:51
was an informer.
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ื”ื™ื” ืžื•ื“ื™ืข.
10:54
But why did the Stasi collect all this information
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ืื‘ืœ ืœืžื” ืืกืคื” ื”"ืฉื˜ืื–ื™" ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ืžื™ื“ืข ื”ื–ื” ื‘ืืจื›ื™ื•ื ื™ื”?
10:57
in its archives?
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10:59
The main purpose was to control the society.
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ื”ืžื˜ืจื” ื”ืขื™ืงืจื™ืช ื”ื™ืชื” ืœืฉืœื•ื˜ ื‘ื—ื‘ืจื”.
11:03
In nearly every speech, the Stasi minister
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ื›ืžืขื˜ ื‘ื›ืœ ื ืื•ื ืฉืœื•, ื”ืฉืจ ืฉืœ ื”"ืฉื˜ืื–ื™"
11:06
gave the order to find out who is who,
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ื ืชืŸ ืคืงื•ื“ื” ืœื’ืœื•ืช ืžื™ ื”ื•ื ืžื™,
11:09
which meant who thinks what.
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ื›ืœื•ืžืจ, ืžื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ ืžื”.
11:12
He didn't want to wait until somebody
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ื”ื•ื ืœื ืจืฆื” ืœื”ืžืชื™ืŸ ืฉืžื™ืฉื”ื•
11:13
tried to act against the regime.
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ื™ื ืกื” ืœืคืขื•ืœ ื ื’ื“ ื”ืžืฉื˜ืจ.
11:16
He wanted to know in advance
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ื”ื•ื ืจืฆื” ืœื“ืขืช ืžืจืืฉ
11:18
what people were thinking and planning.
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ืžื” ืื ืฉื™ื ื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ื•ืžืชื›ื ื ื™ื.
11:21
The East Germans knew, of course,
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ื”ืžื–ืจื—-ื’ืจืžื ื™ื ื™ื“ืขื•, ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ,
11:23
that they were surrounded by informers,
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ืฉื”ื ืžื•ืงืคื™ื ื‘ืžื•ื“ื™ืขื™ื,
11:27
in a totalitarian regime that created mistrust
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ื•ื—ื™ื™ื ื‘ืžืฉื˜ืจ ืจื•ื“ื ื™ ืฉื™ื•ืฆืจ ื—ื•ืกืจ-ืืžื•ืŸ
11:31
and a state of widespread fear,
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ื•ืžืฆื‘ ืฉื‘ื• ืฉื•ืจืจ ืคื—ื“,
11:34
the most important tools to oppress people
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ื”ื›ืœื™ ื”ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื›ื“ื™ ืœื“ื›ื ืื ืฉื™ื
11:37
in any dictatorship.
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ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ื™ืงื˜ื˜ื•ืจื”.
11:39
That's why not many East Germans tried
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ื–ื• ื”ืกื™ื‘ื” ืœื›ืš ืฉืœื ื”ืจื‘ื” ืžื–ืจื—-ื’ืจืžื ื™ื ื ื™ืกื•
11:42
to fight against the Communist regime.
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ืœื”ื™ืื‘ืง ื‘ืžืฉื˜ืจ ื”ืงื•ืžื•ื ื™ืกื˜ื™.
11:46
If yes, the Stasi often used a method
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ื•ื‘ืžื™ื“ื” ืฉื ื™ืกื•, ื”"ืฉื˜ืื–ื™" ื”ืจื‘ื• ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ืฉื™ื˜ื”
11:51
which was really diabolic.
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ืฉื˜ื ื™ืช ื‘ืืžืช ื•ื‘ืชืžื™ื.
11:54
It was called Zersetzung,
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ื”ืฉื™ื˜ื” ื ืงืจืื” "ืฆืจื–ื˜ื–ื•ื ื’",
11:56
and it's described in another guideline.
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ื•ื”ื™ื ืชื•ืืจื” ื‘ืžื“ืจื™ืš ืื—ืจ.
11:59
The word is difficult to translate because it means
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ืงืฉื” ืœืชืจื’ื ืืช ื”ืžื™ืœื” ื›ื™ ื‘ืžืงื•ืจ
12:02
originally "biodegradation."
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ืคื™ืจื•ืฉื” ื”ื•ื "ื ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ื‘ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™".
12:06
But actually, it's a quite accurate description.
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ืืš ืœืžืขืฉื”, ื–ื”ื• ืชื™ืื•ืจ ืžื“ื•ื™ืง ืœืžื“ื™.
12:09
The goal was to destroy secretly
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ื”ืžื˜ืจื” ื”ื™ื ืœื”ืจื•ืก ื‘ื—ืฉืื™
12:13
the self-confidence of people,
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ืืช ื‘ื˜ื—ื•ื ื ื”ืขืฆืžื™ ืฉืœ ืื ืฉื™ื,
12:16
for example by damaging their reputation,
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ืœื“ื•ื’ืžื”, ืข"ื™ ืคื’ื™ืขื” ื‘ืžื•ื ื™ื˜ื™ืŸ ืฉืœื”ื,
12:19
by organizing failures in their work,
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ืข"ื™ ืืจื’ื•ืŸ ื›ืฉืœื•ื ื•ืช ื‘ืขื‘ื•ื“ืชื,
12:22
and by destroying their personal relationships.
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ื•ื”ืจื™ืกืช ืžืขืจื›ื•ืช ื”ื™ื—ืกื™ื ื”ืื™ืฉื™ื•ืช ืฉืœื”ื.
12:27
Considering this, East Germany was a very modern dictatorship.
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ื‘ื”ืชื—ืฉื‘ ื‘ื›ืš, ืžื–ืจื—-ื’ืจืžื ื™ื” ื”ื™ืชื” ื“ื™ืงื˜ื˜ื•ืจื” ืžื•ื“ืจื ื™ืช ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ.
12:32
The Stasi didn't try to arrest every dissident.
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ื”"ืฉื˜ืื–ื™" ืœื ื ื™ืกืชื” ืœืขืฆื•ืจ ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ืžืชื ื’ื“ื™ื ืœืฉืœื˜ื•ืŸ.
12:37
It preferred to paralyze them,
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ื”ื™ื ื”ืขื“ื™ืคื” ืœืฉืชืง ืื•ืชื,
12:40
and it could do so because
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ื•ื”ื™ื ื”ื™ืชื” ืžืกื•ื’ืœืช ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื–ืืช
12:42
it had access to so much personal information
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ืžืฉื•ื ืฉื”ื™ืชื” ืœื” ื’ื™ืฉื” ืœืžื™ื“ืข ืื™ืฉื™ ื›ื” ืจื‘,
12:46
and to so many institutions.
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ื•ืœืžื•ืกื“ื•ืช ื›ื” ืจื‘ื™ื.
12:50
Detaining someone was used only
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ืžืขืฆืจื• ืฉืœ ืื“ื ืฉื™ืžืฉ ืจืง ื›ืžื•ืฆื ืื—ืจื•ืŸ
12:52
as a last resort.
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ืœืฆื•ืจืš ื›ืš ื”ื—ื–ื™ืงื” ื”"ืฉื˜ืื–ื™" ื‘-17 ื‘ืชื™ ืžืขืฆืจ,
12:55
For this, the Stasi owned 17 remand prisons,
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12:58
one in every district.
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ืื—ื“ ื‘ื›ืœ ืžื—ื•ื–.
13:00
Here, the Stasi also developed
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ื•ื’ื ื‘ื”ื ื”"ืฉื˜ืื–ื™" ืคื™ืชื—ื”
13:03
quite modern methods of detention.
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ืฉื™ื˜ื•ืช ืžืขืฆืจ ืžื•ื“ืจื ื™ื•ืช ืœืžื“ื™.
13:07
Normally, the interrogation officer
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ื‘ื“"ื›, ื”ืงืฆื™ืŸ ื”ื—ื•ืงืจ
13:09
didn't torture the prisoner.
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ืœื ืขื™ื ื” ืืช ื”ืืกื™ืจ.
13:13
Instead, he used a sophisticated system
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ืชื—ืช ื–ืืช ื”ื•ื ื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ืžืขืจื›ืช ืžืชื•ื—ื›ืžืช
13:15
of psychological pressure
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ืฉืœ ืœื—ืฅ ืคืกื™ื›ื•ืœื•ื’ื™
13:17
in which strict isolation was central.
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ืฉื”ืขื™ืงืจ ื‘ื” ื”ื™ื” ื”ื‘ื™ื“ื•ื“ ื”ืžื•ื—ืœื˜.
13:22
Nearly no prisoner resisted
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ืœื ื”ื™ื” ื›ืžืขื˜ ืฉื•ื ืืกื™ืจ
ืฉืขืžื“ ื‘ื›ืš ืžื‘ืœื™ ืœืžืกื•ืจ ื”ื•ื“ืื”.
13:24
without giving a testimony.
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13:27
If you have the occasion,
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ืื ื™ื–ื“ืžืŸ ืœื›ื,
13:29
do visit the former Stasi prison in Berlin
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ื‘ืงืจื• ื‘ื›ืœื-ืœืฉืขื‘ืจ ืฉืœ ื”"ืฉื˜ืื–ื™" ื‘ื‘ืจืœื™ืŸ
13:33
and attend a guided tour with a former political prisoner
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ื•ื”ืฆื˜ืจืคื• ืœืกื™ื•ืจ ืžื•ื“ืจืš ืฉืœ ืืกื™ืจ ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ ืœืฉืขื‘ืจ
13:36
who will explain to you how this worked.
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ืฉื™ืกื‘ื™ืจ ืœื›ื ืื™ืš ื–ื” ืขื‘ื“.
13:39
One more question needs to be answered:
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ืฉืืœื” ื ื•ืกืคืช ืฉืžื—ื™ื™ื‘ืช ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ื”ื™ื:
13:42
If the Stasi were so well organized,
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ืื ื”"ืฉื˜ืื–ื™" ื”ื™ืชื” ื›ื” ืžืื•ืจื’ื ืช,
13:45
why did the Communist regime collapse?
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ืžื“ื•ืข ืงืจืก ื”ืžืฉื˜ืจ ื”ืงื•ืžื•ื ื™ืกื˜ื™?
13:49
First, in 1989, the leadership in East Germany
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ืจืืฉื™ืช, ื‘-1989, ื”ื”ื ื”ื’ื” ื‘ืžื–ืจื—-ื’ืจืžื ื™ื”
13:53
was uncertain what to do against
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ืœื ื™ื“ืขื” ืœืืฉื•ืจื• ืžื” ืœืขืฉื•ืช
13:55
the growing protest of people.
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ื ื’ื“ ื”ืžื—ืื” ื”ื’ื•ื‘ืจืช ืžืฆื“ ื”ืขื.
13:58
It was especially confused
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ืžื” ืฉื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ื‘ืœื‘ืœ ืื•ืชื”
14:01
because in the mother country of socialism,
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ื”ื™ืชื” ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื” ืฉื‘ืžื•ืœื“ืชื• ืฉืœ ื”ืกื•ืฆื™ืืœื™ื–ื,
14:03
the Soviet Union,
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ื‘ื‘ืจื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขืฆื•ืช,
14:05
a more liberal policy took place.
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ื”ืชื‘ืกืกื” ืžื“ื™ื ื™ื•ืช ืœื™ื‘ืจืœื™ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ.
14:08
In addition, the regime was dependent
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ื ื•ืกืฃ ืขืœ ื›ืš, ื”ืžืฉื˜ืจ ื”ื™ื” ืชืœื•ื™
14:11
on the loans from the West.
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ื‘ื”ืœื•ื•ืื•ืช ืžืŸ ื”ืžืขืจื‘.
14:14
Therefore, no order to crash down the uprising
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ืœื›ืŸ ืœื ื ื™ืชื ื” ืœ"ืฉื˜ืื–ื™" ืฉื•ื ืคืงื•ื“ื” ืœืžื—ื•ืฅ ืืช ื”ื”ืชืงื•ืžืžื•ืช.
14:17
was given to the Stasi.
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14:20
Secondly, in the Communist ideology,
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ืฉื ื™ืช, ื‘ืื™ื“ื™ืื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ื”ืงื•ืžื•ื ื™ืกื˜ื™ืช,
14:23
there's no place for criticism.
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ืื™ืŸ ืžืงื•ื ืœื‘ื™ืงื•ืจืช.
14:26
Instead, the leadership stuck to the belief
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ื•ืœื›ืŸ ื”ื”ื ื”ื’ื” ื“ื‘ืงื” ื‘ืืžื•ื ื”
14:28
that socialism is a perfect system,
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ืฉื”ืกื•ืฆื™ืืœื™ื–ื ื”ื™ื ืžืขืจื›ืช ืœืœื ื“ื•ืคื™,
14:31
and the Stasi had to confirm that, of course.
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ื•ืขืœ ื”"ืฉื˜ืื–ื™" ื”ื™ื” ืœืืฉืฉ ื–ืืช, ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ.
14:35
The consequence was
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ื”ืชื•ืฆืื” ื”ื™ืชื”
14:38
that despite all the information,
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ืฉืขื ื›ืœ ื”ืžื™ื“ืข ืฉื‘ื™ื“ื•,
14:40
the regime couldn't analyze its real problems,
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ื”ืžืฉื˜ืจ ืœื ื”ื™ื” ืžืกื•ื’ืœ ืœื ืชื— ืืช ื‘ืขื™ื•ืชื™ื• ื”ืืžื™ืชื™ื•ืช,
14:44
and therefore it couldn't solve them.
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ื•ืœื›ืŸ ื’ื ืœื ืœืคืชื•ืจ ืื•ืชืŸ.
14:47
In the end, the Stasi died
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ื‘ืกื•ืคื• ืฉืœ ื“ื‘ืจ, ื”"ืฉื˜ืื–ื™" ื’ื•ื•ืข
14:50
because of the structures
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ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืขืฆื ื”ืžื‘ื ื™ื
14:52
that it was charged with protecting.
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ืฉืขืœื™ื”ื ื”ื•ื˜ืœ ืขืœื™ื• ืœื”ื’ืŸ.
14:55
The ending of the Stasi
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ืงื™ืฆื• ืฉืœ ื”"ืฉื˜ืื–ื™"
14:57
was something tragic,
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ื”ื™ื” ื˜ืจืื’ื™ ื‘ืžื™ื“ืช-ืžื”,
14:59
because these officers
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ื›ื™ ืื•ืชื ืงืฆื™ื ื™ื
15:01
were kept busy during the peaceful revolution
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ื”ื•ืขืกืงื• ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื”ืžื”ืคื›ื” ื”ืฉืœื•ื•ื”
15:05
with only one thing:
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ื‘ื“ื‘ืจ ืื—ื“ ื•ื™ื—ื™ื“:
15:07
to destroy the documents
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ื”ืฉืžื“ืช ื”ืžืกืžื›ื™ื
15:09
they had produced during decades.
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ืฉื”ื ื”ืคื™ืงื• ื‘ืžืฉืš ืขืฉืจื•ืช ืฉื ื™ื.
15:13
Fortunately,
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ืœืžืจื‘ื” ื”ืžื–ืœ,
15:15
they had been stopped by human rights activists.
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ืคืขื™ืœื™ ื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ืื“ื ื”ืคืจื™ืขื• ืœื”ื.
15:18
That's why today we can use the files
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ื–ื• ื”ืกื™ื‘ื” ืœื›ืš ืฉื”ื™ื•ื ืื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ื™ืขื–ืจ ื‘ืื•ืชื ืชื™ืงื™ื
15:21
to get a better understanding
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ื˜ื•ื‘ ื™ื•ืชืจ
15:23
of how a surveillance state functions.
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ืื™ืš ืžื“ื™ื ืช ืžืขืงื‘ ืคื•ืขืœืช.
15:26
Thank you.
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ืชื•ื“ื” ืœื›ื.
[ืžื—ื™ืื•ืช ื›ืคื™ื™ื]
15:28
(Applause)
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15:36
Bruno Giussani: Thank you. Thank you very much.
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ื‘ืจื•ื ื• ื’'ื™ื•ืกืื ื™: ืชื•ื“ื” ืœืš. ืชื•ื“ื” ืจื‘ื” ืœืš.
15:42
So Hubertus, I want to ask you a couple of questions
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ื™ื•ื‘ืจื˜ื•ืก, ื™ืฉ ืœื™ ื›ืžื” ืฉืืœื•ืช ืืœื™ืš,
15:45
because I have here Der Spiegel from last week.
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ื›ื™ ื™ืฉ ืœื™ ื›ืืŸ "ื“ืจ ืฉืคื™ื’ืœ" ืžื”ืฉื‘ื•ืข ืฉืขื‘ืจ.
15:48
"Mein Nachbar NSA." My neighbor, the NSA.
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"ื”ืฉื›ื ื” ืฉืœื™, ื”ืกื•ื›ื ื•ืช ืœื‘ื˜ื—ื•ืŸ ืœืื•ืžื™".
15:52
And you just told us about my neighbor,
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ื•ื–ื” ืขืชื” ืกื™ืคืจืช ืœื ื• ืขืœ ื”ืฉื›ื ื” ืฉืœื™,
15:55
the spies and the informant from East Germany.
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ืขืœ ื”ืžืจื’ืœื™ื ื•ื”ืžื•ื“ื™ืขื™ื ืžืžื–ืจื—-ื’ืจืžื ื™ื”.
15:58
So there is a direct link between these two stories
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ื”ืื ื™ืฉ ืงืฉืจ ื™ืฉื™ืจ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืฉื ื™ ื”ืกื™ืคื•ืจื™ื ื”ืืœื”
16:01
or there isn't?
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ืื• ืœื?
16:03
What's your reaction as a historian when you see this?
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ืžื” ืชื’ื•ื‘ืชืš, ื›ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื•ืŸ, ื›ืฉืืชื” ืจื•ืื” ืืช ื–ื”?
16:05
Hubertus Knabe: I think there are
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ื™ื•ื‘ืจื˜ื•ืก ืงื ืื‘ื”: ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ ืฉื›ื“ืื™ ืœืฆื™ื™ืŸ
16:06
several aspects to mention.
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ื›ืžื” ื”ื™ื‘ื˜ื™ื.
16:08
At first, I think there's a difference
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ืจืืฉื™ืช, ืœื“ืขืชื™ ื™ืฉ ื”ื‘ื“ืœ
16:11
of why you are collecting this data.
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ื‘ื”ื™ื‘ื˜ ืฉืœ ืžื˜ืจืช ืื™ืกื•ืฃ ื”ืžื™ื“ืข ื”ื–ื”.
16:15
Are you doing that for protecting your people
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ื”ืื ืืชื” ืขื•ืฉื” ืืช ื–ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื’ืŸ ืขืœ ื”ืขื ืฉืœืš
16:18
against terrorist attacks,
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ื ื’ื“ ืคื™ื’ื•ืขื™ ื˜ืจื•ืจ,
16:19
or are you doing that for oppressing your people?
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ืื• ื”ืื ืืชื” ืขื•ืฉื” ืืช ื–ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื“ื›ื ืืช ื”ืขื ืฉืœืš?
16:22
So that makes a fundamental difference.
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ื–ื” ื™ื•ืฆืจ ื”ื‘ื“ืœ ื™ืกื•ื“ื™.
16:24
But on the other hand,
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ืื‘ืœ, ืžืฆื“ ืฉื ื™,
16:26
also in a democracy, these instruments can be abused,
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ื’ื ื‘ื“ืžื•ืงืจื˜ื™ื” ืืคืฉืจ ืœื ืฆืœ ืœืจืขื” ืžื›ืฉื™ืจื™ื ื›ืืœื”,
16:31
and that is something where we really have
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ื•ื–ื” ืžืฉื”ื• ืฉืขืœื™ื ื• ื‘ืืžืช
16:33
to be aware to stop that,
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ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืขืจื™ื ืœื• ื•ืœืžื ื•ืข ืื•ืชื•,
16:34
and that also the intelligence services
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ื•ื’ื ืœื”ืฉื’ื™ื— ืฉืฉื™ืจื•ืชื™ ื”ื‘ื™ื•ืŸ
16:37
are respecting the rules we have.
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ื™ื›ื‘ื“ื• ืืช ื”ื—ื•ืงื™ื ืฉืœื ื•.
16:40
The third point, probably,
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ื”ื ืงื•ื“ื” ื”ืฉืœื™ืฉื™ืช, ืื•ืœื™,
16:42
we really can be happy that we live in a democracy,
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ื”ื™ื ืฉืขืœื™ื ื• ืื›ืŸ ืœืฉืžื•ื— ืขืœ ื›ืš ืฉืื ื• ื—ื™ื™ื ื‘ื“ืžื•ืงืจื˜ื™ื”,
16:45
because you can be sure that Russia and China
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ื›ื™ ืืชื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื‘ื˜ื•ื— ืฉืจื•ืกื™ื” ื•ืกื™ืŸ
16:49
are doing the same,
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ืขื•ืฉื•ืช ืื•ืชื• ื”ื“ื‘ืจ,
16:50
but nobody speaks about that
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ืื‘ืœ ืื™ืฉ ืœื ืžื“ื‘ืจ ืขืœ ื›ืš
16:52
because nobody could do that.
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ื›ื™ ืื™ืฉ ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื“ื‘ืจ ืขืœ ื›ืš.
16:54
(Applause)
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[ืžื—ื™ืื•ืช ื›ืคื™ื™ื]
17:01
BG: When the story came out first,
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ื‘"ื’: ื›ืฉื”ืชืคืจืกื ืœืจืืฉื•ื ื”,
17:03
last July, last year,
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ื‘ื™ื•ืœื™ ืฉืœ ื”ืฉื ื” ืฉืขื‘ืจื”,
17:05
you filed a criminal complaint
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ื”ื’ืฉืช ืชืœื•ื ื” ืจืฉืžื™ืช
17:08
with a German tribunal. Why?
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ืœื‘ื™ืช ื”ื“ื™ืŸ ื”ื’ืจืžื ื™. ืžื“ื•ืข?
17:11
HK: Yeah, I did so because of the second point I mentioned,
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ื™"ืง: ื›ืŸ, ืขืฉื™ืชื™ ื–ืืช ื‘ื’ืœืœ ื”ื ืงื•ื“ื” ื”ืฉื ื™ื” ืฉืฆื™ื™ื ืชื™,
17:14
that I think especially in a democracy,
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ืฉืœื“ืขืชื™, ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ื‘ื“ืžื•ืงืจื˜ื™ื”,
17:17
the rules are for everybody.
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ื”ื—ื•ืงื™ื ื—ืœื™ื ืขืœ ื›ื•ืœื.
17:21
They are made for everybody, so it's not allowed
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ื”ื ื ื›ืชื‘ื• ืœืžืขืŸ ื›ื•ืœื, ื•ืœื›ืŸ ืืกื•ืจ
17:23
that any institution doesn't respect the rules.
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ืฉืžื•ืกื“ ื›ืœืฉื”ื• ืœื ื™ื›ื‘ื“ ืืช ื”ื—ื•ืงื™ื.
17:27
In the criminal code of Germany, it's written
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ื‘ื—ื•ืง ื”ืคืœื™ืœื™ ื”ื’ืจืžื ื™ ื›ืชื•ื‘,
17:29
that it's not allowed to tap somebody
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ืฉืืกื•ืจ ืœืฆื•ืชืช ืœืžื™ืฉื”ื•
17:31
without the permission of the judge.
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ืœืœื ื”ื™ืชืจ ืฉืœ ืฉื•ืคื˜.
17:33
Fortunately, it's written in the criminal code of Germany,
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ืœืžืจื‘ื” ื”ืžื–ืœ ื–ื” ื›ืชื•ื‘ ื‘ื—ื•ืง ื”ืคืœื™ืœื™ ื”ื’ืจืžื ื™,
17:37
so if it's not respected, then I think
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ื›ืš ืฉืื ืœื ืžื›ื‘ื“ื™ื ื–ืืช ืื ื™ ืกื‘ื•ืจ
17:41
an investigation is necessary,
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ืฉื ื“ืจืฉืช ื—ืงื™ืจื”,
17:43
and it took a very long time that
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ื•ืืจืš ื–ืžืŸ ืจื‘ ืžืื“
17:45
the public prosecutor of Germany started this,
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ืขื“ ืฉื”ืชื•ื‘ืข ื”ื›ืœืœื™ ืฉืœ ื’ืจืžื ื™ื” ืคืชื— ื‘ื”,
17:47
and he started it only in the case of Angela Merkel,
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ื•ื”ื•ื ืคืชื— ื‘ื” ืจืง ื‘ืžืงืจื” ืฉืœ ืื ื’ืœื” ืžืจืงืœ,
17:50
and not in the case of all the other people living in Germany.
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ื•ืœื ื‘ืžืงืจื™ื”ื ืฉืœ ื›ืœ ื™ืชืจ ื”ืื ืฉื™ื ืฉื—ื™ื™ื ื‘ื’ืจืžื ื™ื”.
17:53
BG: That doesn't surprise me because โ€”
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ื‘"ื’: ื–ื” ืœื ืžืคืชื™ืข ืื•ืชื™, ื‘ื’ืœืœ --
17:56
(Applause) โ€”
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[ืžื—ื™ืื•ืช ื›ืคื™ื™ื]
17:58
because of the story you told.
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ื‘ื’ืœืœ ื”ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ืฉืกื™ืคืจืช.
18:01
Seen from the outside, I live outside of Germany,
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ื‘ืžื‘ื˜ ืžื‘ื—ื•ืฅ -- ืื ื™ ืžืชื’ื•ืจืจ ืžื—ื•ืฅ ืœื’ืจืžื ื™ื”,
18:04
and I expected the Germans to react
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ื•ืฆื™ืคื™ืชื™ ืฉื”ื’ืจืžื ื™ื ื™ื’ื™ื‘ื•
18:05
much more strongly, immediately.
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ื‘ืขื•ืฆืžื” ืจื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ, ื•ืžื™ื“.
18:09
And instead, the reaction really came only
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ืชื’ื•ื‘ื” ื”ื’ื™ืขื” ืจืง
18:11
when Chancellor Merkel was revealed
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ื›ืฉื”ืชื’ืœื” ืฉื”ืงื ืฆืœืจื™ืช ืžืจืงืœ ื”ื™ืชื” ื ืชื•ื ื” ืœืฆื™ืชื•ืช. ืžื“ื•ืข?
18:13
as being wiretapped. Why so?
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18:17
HK: I take it as a good sign,
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ื™"ืง: ืื ื™ ืจื•ืื” ื‘ื›ืš ืกื™ืžืŸ ื˜ื•ื‘,
18:19
because people feel secure in this democracy.
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ืœื›ืš ืฉื”ืื ืฉื™ื ื—ืฉื™ื ื‘ื˜ื—ื•ืŸ ื‘ื“ืžื•ืงืจื˜ื™ื” ื”ื–ืืช.
18:23
They aren't afraid that they will be arrested,
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ื”ื ืœื ื—ื•ืฉืฉื™ื ืžืžืขืฆืจ,
18:25
and if you leave this hall after the conference,
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ื•ื›ืฉืชืฆืื• ืžื”ืื•ืœื ื”ื–ื” ืื—ืจื™ ื”ื›ื ืก,
18:28
nobody has to be afraid that the secret police
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ืื™ืฉ ืœื ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื—ืฉื•ืฉ ืฉื”ืžืฉื˜ืจื” ื”ื—ืฉืื™ืช
18:31
is standing out and is arresting you.
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ืชืžืชื™ืŸ ืœื• ื‘ื—ื•ืฅ ื•ืชืขืฆื•ืจ ืื•ืชื•.
18:33
So that's a good sign, I think.
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ืื– ื–ื” ืกื™ืžืŸ ื˜ื•ื‘, ืœื“ืขืชื™.
18:35
People are not really scared, as they could be.
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ืื ืฉื™ื ื›ื‘ืจ ืœื ื—ื•ืฉืฉื™ื ื›ืžื• ืคืขื.
18:38
But of course, I think, the institutions
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ืืš, ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ, ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ ืฉื”ืžื•ืกื“ื•ืช
18:42
are responsible to stop illegal actions
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ืื—ืจืื™ื ืœืžื ื™ืขืช ืคืขื•ืœื•ืช ืœื-ื—ื•ืงื™ื•ืช
18:45
in Germany or wherever they happen.
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ื‘ื’ืจืžื ื™ื” ืื• ื‘ื›ืœ ืžืงื•ื ืื—ืจ.
18:48
BG: A personal question, and this is the last one.
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ื‘"ื’: ืฉืืœื” ืื™ืฉื™ืช, ื•ื–ื• ื”ืฉืืœื” ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื”:
18:51
There has been a debate in Germany about
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ื”ืชื ื”ืœ ื‘ื’ืจืžื ื™ื” ื•ื™ื›ื•ื—
18:53
granting asylum to Edward Snowden.
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ืกื‘ื™ื‘ ืžืชืŸ ืžืงืœื˜ ืžื“ื™ื ื™ ืœืื“ื•ืืจื“ ืกื ื•ื“ืŸ.
18:55
Would you be in favor or against?
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ื”ืื ืืชื” ื‘ืขื“ ืื• ื ื’ื“?
18:58
HK: Oh, that's a difficult question,
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ื™"ืง: ื–ืืช ืฉืืœื” ืงืฉื”,
18:59
but if you ask me,
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ืื‘ืœ ืื ืืชื” ืฉื•ืืœ ืื•ืชื™,
19:01
and if I answer honestly,
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ื•ืื ืืขื ื” ืขืœ ื›ืš ื‘ื›ื ื•ืช,
19:03
I would give him the asylum,
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ื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ืžืขื ื™ืง ืœื• ืžืงืœื˜ ืžื“ื™ื ื™,
19:04
because I think it was really brave what he did,
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ื›ื™ ืœื“ืขืชื™ ื”ื•ื ืขืฉื” ืžืขืฉื” ืืžื™ืฅ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ,
19:06
and he destroyed his whole life
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ื•ื”ื•ื ื”ืจืก ืืช ื—ื™ื™ื•
19:09
and his family and everything.
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ื•ืืช ื—ื™ื™ ืžืฉืคื—ืชื• ื•ื”ื›ืœ.
19:11
So I think, for these people, we should do something,
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ืื– ืœื“ืขืชื™ ืขืœื™ื ื• ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืžืฉื”ื• ืœืžืขืŸ ืื ืฉื™ื ืืœื”.
19:14
and especially if you see the German history,
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ื•ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ื›ืฉืžืกืชื›ืœื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ื”ื’ืจืžื ื™ืช,
19:18
where so many people had to escape
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ื›ืฉืื ืฉื™ื ื›ื” ืจื‘ื™ื ื ืืœืฆื• ืœื‘ืจื•ื—
19:21
and they asked for asylum in other countries
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ืœื‘ืงืฉ ืžืงืœื˜ ืžื“ื™ื ื™ ื‘ืืจืฆื•ืช ืื—ืจื•ืช
19:23
and they didn't get it,
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ื•ืคื ื™ื”ื ื”ื•ืฉื‘ื• ืจื™ืงื,
19:24
so it would be a good sign to give him asylum.
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ื›ืš ืฉืœื”ืขื ื™ืง ืœื• ืžืงืœื˜ ืžื“ื™ื ื™ ื™ื”ื™ื” ืกื™ืžืŸ ื˜ื•ื‘.
19:27
(Applause)
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[ืžื—ื™ืื•ืช ื›ืคื™ื™ื]
19:29
BG: Hubertus, thank you very much.
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ื‘"ื’: ื™ื•ื‘ืจื˜ื•ืก, ืชื•ื“ื” ืจื‘ื” ืœืš.
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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