Hubertus Knabe: The dark secrets of a surveillance state

135,789 views ・ 2014-08-06

TED


μ•„λž˜ μ˜λ¬Έμžλ§‰μ„ λ”λΈ”ν΄λ¦­ν•˜μ‹œλ©΄ μ˜μƒμ΄ μž¬μƒλ©λ‹ˆλ‹€.

λ²ˆμ—­: Wooran Lee κ²€ν† : Tae Young Choi
00:12
This year, Germany is celebrating
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μ˜¬ν•΄ λ…μΌμ—μ„œλŠ”
00:14
the 25th anniversary of the peaceful revolution
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λ™λ…μ˜ ν‰ν™”ν˜λͺ… 25주년을 κΈ°λ…ν•˜κ³  μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:17
in East Germany.
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00:19
In 1989, the Communist regime was moved away,
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1989년에 곡산당 μ •λΆ€κ°€ λͺ°λ½ν–ˆμ£ .
00:23
the Berlin Wall came down, and one year later,
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λ² λ₯Όλ¦° μž₯벽이 λ¬΄λ„ˆμ‘Œκ³  그리고 κ·Έ 이듬해,
00:27
the German Democratic Republic, the GDR,
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λ™λ…μ˜ 독일 λ―Όμ£Ό 곡화ꡭ과
00:31
in the East was unified
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μ„œλ…μ˜ 독일 μ—°λ°© 곡화ꡭ이 ν†΅μΌλ˜μ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:33
with the Federal Republic of Germany in the West
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00:35
to found today's Germany.
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κ·Έλ ‡κ²Œ μ˜€λŠ˜λ‚ μ˜ 독일이 λ§Œλ“€μ–΄μ‘ŒμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:39
Among many other things, Germany inherited
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κ΅¬μ •κΆŒμ˜ λ§Žμ€ μœ μ‚°μ€‘μ—
독일은 λ™λ…μ˜ 비밀경찰인 μŠˆνƒ€μ§€μ˜ λ³΄κ΄€λ¬Έμ„œλ₯Ό μƒμ†λ°›μ•˜μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:42
the archives of the East German secret police,
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00:47
known as the Stasi.
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00:50
Only two years after its dissolution,
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μŠˆνƒ€μ§€κ°€ ν•΄μ‚°λ˜κ³  겨우 2λ…„λ’€
00:52
its documents were opened to the public,
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κ·Έλ“€μ˜ λΉ„λ°€λ¬Έμ„œλŠ” λŒ€μ€‘μ— κ³΅κ°œλ˜μ—ˆκ³ 
00:56
and historians such as me started
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저같은 μ—­μ‚¬ν•™μžλ“€κ³Ό μ΄λ¬Έμ„œμ„ μ—°κ΅¬ν•˜κΈ° μ‹œμž‘ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:59
to study these documents
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01:01
to learn more about how the GDR surveillance state
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독일 λ―Όμ£Ό 곡화ꡭ이 μ–΄λ–»κ²Œ 사찰을 ν–ˆλŠ”μ§€ μ•ŒκΈ°μœ„ν•΄μ„œ 말이죠.
01:05
functioned.
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01:07
Perhaps you have watched the movie
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ν˜Ήμ‹œ 'νƒ€μΈμ˜μ‚Ά' μ΄λΌλŠ” μ˜ν™”λ₯Ό 보셨을지 λͺ¨λ₯΄κ² μ–΄μš”.
01:10
"The Lives of Others."
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01:12
This movie made the Stasi known worldwide,
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λ°”λ‘œ μŠˆνƒ€μ§€λ₯Ό 세계에 μ•Œλ¦° μ˜ν™”μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:17
and as we live in an age where words
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μ§€κΈˆ μš°λ¦¬λŠ” μ‚΄κ³ μžˆλŠ” 이 μ„ΈλŒ€λŠ”
01:19
such as "surveillance" or "wiretapping"
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'사찰' λ˜λŠ” '감청'μ΄λΌλŠ” 단어가
01:23
are on the front pages of newspapers,
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μ‹ λ¬Έ 일면에 였λ₯΄κ³  μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:25
I would like to speak about how the Stasi
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μ €λŠ” μŠˆνƒ€μ§€κ°€ μ‹€μ œλ‘œ μ–΄λ–»κ²Œ μΌν–ˆλŠ”μ§€ λ§μ”€λ“œλ¦¬κ³  μ‹ΆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:28
really worked.
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01:31
At the beginning, let's have a short look
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λ¨Όμ € μŠˆνƒ€μ§€μ˜ 역사에 λŒ€ν•΄ 잠깐 μ•Œμ•„λ³΄μ£ .
01:33
at the history of the Stasi,
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1958
01:35
because it's really important for understanding
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μ™œλƒν•˜λ©΄ μŠˆνƒ€μ§€μ˜ μžμ•„κ°œλ…μ„ μ΄ν•΄ν•˜λŠ”κ²ƒμ΄ 맀우 μ€‘μš”ν•˜κΈ° λ•Œλ¬Έμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:38
its self-conception.
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01:41
Its origins are located in Russia.
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μŠˆνƒ€μΉ˜μ˜ κ·Όμ›μ§€λŠ” λŸ¬μ‹œμ•„ μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:44
In 1917, the Russian Communists founded
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1917, λŸ¬μ‹œμ•„ 곡산당은
01:46
the Emergency Commission for Combating
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반혁λͺ…νŒŒκ΄΄ν–‰μœ„λŒ€μ‘ λΉ„μƒμœ„μ›νšŒλ₯Ό μ„€λ¦½ν•˜κ²Œ λ©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:48
Counter-Revolution and Sabotage,
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01:51
shortly Cheka.
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μ€„μ—¬μ„œ 체카(Cheka)라고 ν•˜μ£ .
01:53
It was led by Felix Dzerzhinsky.
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펠릭슀 쀴λ₯΄μ§„μŠ€ν‚€κ°€ 이 단체λ₯Ό μ§€νœ˜ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:56
The Cheka was an instrument of the Communists
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μ²΄μΉ΄λŠ” κ³΅μ‚°λ‹Ήμ˜ λ„κ΅¬λ‘œμ„œ
02:00
to establish their regime by terrorizing the population
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ꡭ민을 μœ„ν˜‘ν•˜κ³  μˆ™μ μ„ μ²­μ‚°ν•˜λ©° κ·Έλ“€μ˜ μ •κΆŒμ„ λ‹€μ Έ κ°”μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:03
and executing their enemies.
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02:06
It evolved later into the well-known KGB.
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ν›—λ‚  μ•…λͺ…높은 KGB둜 λ°”λ€Œκ²Œ 되죠.
02:12
The Cheka was the idol of the Stasi officers.
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μŠˆνƒ€μ§€ μš”μ›λ“€μ€ 체카λ₯Ό λ™κ²½ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:15
They called themselves Chekists,
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μžμ‹ λ“€μ„ μ²΄ν‚€μŠ€νŠΈ(Cheka+ist)둜 λΆˆλ €κ³ 
02:18
and even the emblem was very similar,
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μ— λΈ”λŸΌλ˜ν•œ 맀우 λΉ„μŠ·ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:21
as you can see here.
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λ³΄μ‹œλŠ”κ²ƒ μ²˜λŸΌμš”.
02:24
In fact, the secret police of Russia
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사싀, λŸ¬μ‹œμ•„μ˜ 비밀경찰은
02:28
was the creator and instructor of the Stasi.
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μŠˆνƒ€μ§€μ˜ μ„€λ¦½μžμ΄λ©° κ΅κ΄€μ΄μ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:31
When the Red Army occupied East Germany in 1945,
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1945λ…„, μ†Œλ ¨κ΅°μ΄ 동독을 μ°¨μ§€ν–ˆμ„λ•Œ
02:35
it immediately expanded there,
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μ²΄μΉ΄λŠ” μ¦‰μ‹œ λ™λ…μœΌλ‘œ ν™•μž₯ν–ˆκ³ 
02:37
and soon it started to train the German Communists
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곧 독일 곡산당원을 ν›ˆλ ¨ν•˜μ—¬
02:41
to build up their own secret police.
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μžμ‹ λ§Œμ˜ 비밀경찰을 μ‘°μ§ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:44
By the way, in this hall where we are now,
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참고둜, μ—¬λŸ¬λΆ„λ“€μ΄ 계신 이 강당은
02:47
the ruling party of the GDR was founded in 1946.
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1946λ…„, 독일 λ―Όμ£Ό κ³΅ν™”κ΅­μ˜ 여당이 쑰직된 κ³³μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:53
Five years later, the Stasi was established,
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5λ…„λ’€, μŠˆνƒ€μ§€κ°€ μ‘°μ§λ˜μ—ˆκ³ 
02:56
and step by step, the dirty job of oppression
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λ‹¨κ³„μ μœΌλ‘œ λΆ€μ •ν•œ 업무가 μŠˆνƒ€μ§€λ‘œ μ΄κ΄€λ˜μ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:59
was handed over to it.
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03:02
For instance, the central jail
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μ˜ˆλ“€λ“€μ–΄, μ •μΉ˜λ²”μ„ μˆ˜μš©ν•˜λŠ” μ€‘μ•™κ΅λ„μ†ŒλŠ”
03:04
for political prisoners,
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03:05
which was established by the Russians,
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λŸ¬μ‹œμ•„μΈλ“€μ΄ μ§€μ—ˆμ§€λ§Œ
03:08
was taken over by the Stasi
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μŠˆνƒ€μ§€μ—κ²Œ μΈκ³„λ˜μ–΄
03:10
and used until the end of Communism.
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κ³΅μ‚°μ£Όμ˜κ°€ μ—†μ–΄μ§ˆλ•ŒκΉŒμ§€ μ‚¬μš©λ˜μ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:14
You see it here.
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μ—¬κΈ° 사진이 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:15
At the beginning, every important step
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μ΄ˆκΈ°μ—λŠ” λͺ¨λ“  μ€‘μš”ν•œ 일듀이
03:19
took place under the attendance of the Russians.
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λŸ¬μ‹œμ•„μΈλ“€μ˜ μΆœμ„μ•„λž˜ μ§„ν–‰λμ§€λ§Œ
03:23
But the Germans are known to be very effective,
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독일인듀은 μ•„μ£Ό νš¨μœ¨μ μ΄μ—ˆκΈ°μ—
03:26
so the Stasi grew very quickly,
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μŠˆνƒ€μ§€λŠ” 맀우 λΉ λ₯΄κ²Œ μ„±μž₯ν•˜μ˜€μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:29
and already in 1953, it had more employees
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1953λ…„μ—λŠ” 이미 κ²ŒμŠˆνƒ€ν¬λ³΄λ‹€ λ§Žμ€ μš”μ›μ„ κ°€μ§€κ²Œ 되죠.
03:33
than the Gestapo had,
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03:34
the secret police of Nazi Germany.
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독일 λ‚˜μ°Œλ‹Ήμ˜ λΉ„λ°€κ²½μ°° λ§μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:37
The number doubled in each decade.
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μŠˆνƒ€μ§€λŠ” 맀 μ‹­λ…„λ§ˆλ‹€ λ‘λ°°λ‘œ λŠ˜μ–΄
03:40
In 1989, more than 90,000 employees
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1989λ…„μ—λŠ” 9만λͺ…이 λ„˜λŠ” 직원이
03:43
worked for the Stasi.
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μŠˆνƒ€μ§€μ—μ„œ μΌν•˜κ²Œ λ©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:45
This meant that one employee
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그말은 즉, ν•œλͺ…μ˜ 직원이
03:47
was responsible for 180 inhabitants,
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180μ—¬λͺ…μ˜ 주민을 κ΄€λ¦¬ν–ˆλ˜κ±°μ£ .
03:50
which was really unique in the world.
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μ„Έκ³„μ μœΌλ‘œ 맀우 λ“œλ¬ΈμΌμ΄μ£ .
03:54
At the top of this tremendous apparatus,
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이 κ±°λŒ€ν•œ 쑰직의 κΌ­λŒ€κΈ°μ—λŠ”
03:57
there was one man, Erich Mielke.
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μ—λ¦¬νžˆ λ°€μΌ€λΌλŠ” λ‚¨μžκ°€ μžˆμ—ˆμ–΄μš”.
04:01
He ruled the Ministry of State Security
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κ·ΈλŠ” κ΅­κ°€ μ•ˆμ „κ΅­μ„ 30년이 λ„˜λ„λ‘ μ§€λ°°ν–ˆμ£ .
04:03
for more than 30 years.
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04:05
He was a scrupulous functionary β€”
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κ·ΈλŠ” μš©μ˜μ£Όλ„ν•œ μ‚¬λžŒμ΄μ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:08
in his past, he killed two policemen
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κ³Όκ±° μ΄κ³³μ—μ„œ λ©€μ§€μ•Šμ€κ³³μ—μ„œ κ²½μ°° 두λͺ…을 μ‚΄ν•΄ν–ˆμ–΄μš”.
04:11
not far away from here β€”
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04:13
who in fact personalized the Stasi.
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κ·ΈλŠ” 사싀상 μŠˆνƒ€μ§€λ₯Ό κ°œμΈν™” ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:17
But what was so exceptional about the Stasi?
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μŠˆνƒ€μ§€μ˜ 어떀점이 κ·Έλ ‡κ²Œ λ›°μ–΄λ‚¬λ˜ κ±ΈκΉŒμš”?
04:21
Foremost, it was its enormous power,
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λ¨Όμ €, μŠˆνƒ€μ§€λŠ” μ—„μ²­λ‚œ ꢌλ ₯을 κ°€μ‘ŒμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:24
because it united different functions
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μ—¬λŸ¬κ°€μ§€ ꢌλ ₯을 ν•œ λ‹¨μ²΄μ—μ„œ 가지고 μžˆμ—ˆκ±°λ“ μš”.
04:28
in one organization.
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04:30
First of all, the Stasi
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첫번째둜, μŠˆνƒ€μ§€λŠ” μ •λ³΄λΆ€μ„œμ˜€μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:32
was an intelligence service.
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04:35
It used all the imaginable instruments
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그듀은 상상가λŠ₯ν•œ λͺ¨λ“  방법을 μ‚¬μš©ν•΄
04:38
for getting information secretly,
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비밀리에 정보λ₯Ό μˆ˜μ§‘ν–ˆμ–΄μš”.
04:40
such as informers, or tapping phones,
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μ •λ³΄μ›μ΄λ‚˜ 전화도청같은 λ°©λ²•μœΌλ‘œμš”.
04:43
as you can see it on the picture here.
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이 μ‚¬μ§„μ²˜λŸΌ 말이죠.
04:46
And it was not only active in East Germany,
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동독뿐 μ•„λ‹ˆλΌ 전세계λ₯Ό μ‚¬μ°°ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:49
but all over the world.
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04:52
Secondly, the Stasi was a secret police.
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λ‘λ²ˆμ§Έλ‘œ, μŠˆνƒ€μ§€λŠ” λΉ„λ°€ κ²½μ°°μ΄μ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:56
It could stop people on the street
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κΈΈκ±°λ¦¬μ—μ„œ μ‚¬λžŒλ“€μ„ κ²€λ¬Έν• μˆ˜ μžˆμ—ˆκ³ 
04:58
and arrest them in its own prisons.
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κ΅¬μ†ν• μˆ˜ μžˆλŠ” 자체감μ˜₯을 μš΄μ˜ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
05:03
Thirdly, the Stasi worked
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μ„Έλ²ˆμ§Έλ‘œ, μŠˆνƒ€μ§€λŠ” κ²€μ°°μ˜ 역할도 κ°€μ‘ŒμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
05:04
as a kind of public prosecutor.
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05:07
It had the right to open preliminary investigations
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사전쑰사와 κ³΅μ‹μ‹¬λ¬Έμ˜ κΆŒν•œμ„ 가지고 μžˆμ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
05:10
and to interrogate people officially.
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05:14
Last but not least,
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λ§ˆμ§€λ§‰μœΌλ‘œ λ§ν•˜μ§€λ§Œ κ²°μ½” λ¬΄μ‹œν•˜μ§€ λͺ»ν• 
05:16
the Stasi had its own armed forces.
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μŠˆνƒ€μ§€λŠ” 자체 무μž₯병λ ₯을 κ°€μ‘ŒμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
05:20
More than 11,000 soldiers were serving
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11만λͺ… μ΄μƒμ˜ ꡰ인듀이
05:22
in its so-called Guards Regiment.
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κ·Όμœ„λŒ€μ˜ μ΄λ¦„μœΌλ‘œ λ³΅λ¬΄ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
05:25
It was founded to crash down protests and uprisings.
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λ°˜λž€κ³Ό μ‹œμœ„λ₯Ό μ§„μ••ν•˜κΈ° μœ„ν•΄ μ‘°μ§λ˜μ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
05:30
Due to this concentration of power,
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μ΄λ ‡κ²Œ μ§‘μ€‘λœ ꢌλ ₯λ•Œλ¬Έμ—
05:32
the Stasi was called a state in the state.
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μŠˆνƒ€μ§€λŠ” κ΅­κ°€μ•ˆμ˜ ꡭ가라고 λΆˆλ Έμ§€μš”.
05:37
But let's look in more and more detail
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λ‹€ν•¨κ»˜ μŠˆνƒ€μ§€μ˜ 도ꡬ에 λŒ€ν•˜μ—¬ μ‘°κΈˆλ” μžμ„Ένžˆ λ“€μ—¬λ‹€ λ΄…μ‹œλ‹€.
05:40
at the tools of the Stasi.
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05:42
Please keep in mind that at that time
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λ‹Ήμ‹œμ—λŠ” 슀마트폰과 인터넷이 발λͺ…λ˜κΈ° μ „μž„μ„ κΈ°μ–΅ν•΄ μ£Όμ„Έμš”.
05:44
the web and smartphones were not yet invented.
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05:48
Of course, the Stasi used all kinds
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λ¬Όλ‘  μŠˆνƒ€μ§€λŠ” λ‹€μ–‘ν•œ 기술μž₯λΉ„λ₯Ό κ°μ‹œλ„κ΅¬λ‘œ μ‚¬μš©ν–ˆμ£ .
05:51
of technical instruments to survey people.
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05:54
Telephones were wiretapped,
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μ „ν™”λŠ” λ„μ²­λ˜μ—ˆκ΅¬μš”,
05:56
including the phone of the German chancellor in the West,
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μ„œλ…μ˜ μˆ˜μƒμ˜ 전화톡화도 λ§ˆμ°¬κ°€μ§€λ‘œ ν¬ν•¨λ˜μ—ˆμ–΄μš”,
06:00
and often also the apartments.
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μ•„νŒŒνŠΈλ˜ν•œ μ’…μ’… λ„μ²­λ˜μ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
06:03
Every day, 90,000 letters were being opened
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맀일 9만개의 이 기계에 μ˜ν•΄ νŽΈμ§€λŠ” κ°œλ΄‰λ˜μ—ˆμ–΄μš”.
06:07
by these machines.
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06:10
The Stasi also shadowed tens of thousands of people
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μŠˆνƒ€μ§€λŠ” λ˜ν•œ μˆ˜λ§Žμ€ μ‚¬λžŒλ“€μ„ λ―Έν–‰ν•˜μ˜€κ³ 
06:14
using specially trained agents and secret cameras
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ν›ˆλ ¨λ°›μ€ μš”μ›κ³Ό λΉ„λ°€μΉ΄λ©”λΌλ‘œ
06:17
to document every step one took.
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κ·Έλ“€μ˜ μΌκ±°μˆ˜μΌνˆ¬μ‘±μ„ κΈ°λ‘ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
06:21
In this picture, you can see me
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제λͺ¨μŠ΅μ΄ λ‚˜μ˜¨ μ‚¬μ§„μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
06:23
as a young man just in front of this building
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μ Šμ„λ•Œ μ œκ°€ μ§€κΈˆ 이 κ±΄λ¬Όμ•žμ—μ„œ μŠˆνƒ€μ§€ μš”μ›μ—κ²Œ 찍힌 μ‚¬μ§„μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
06:27
where we are now, photographed by a Stasi agent.
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06:30
The Stasi even collected the smell of people.
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μŠˆνƒ€μ§€λŠ” μ‚¬λžŒλ“€μ˜ μ²΄μ·¨κΉŒμ§€ μˆ˜μ§‘ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
06:35
It stored samples of it in closed jars
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λ°€λ΄‰λœ 병에 λ³΄κ΄€λ˜μ—ˆμ£ .
06:38
which were found after the peaceful revolution.
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이것듀은 평화 혁λͺ…이후 발견 λ˜μ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
06:43
For all these tasks, highly specialized departments
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μ΄λ ‡κ²Œ λ§Žμ€ μ—…λ¬΄λ‘œμΈν•΄ 각 μ±…μž„λΆ€μ„œλ“€μ€ κ³ λ„λ‘œ μ „λ¬Έν™”λ˜μ—ˆκ³ 
06:47
were responsible.
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06:49
The one which was tapping phone calls
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μ „ν™”λ₯Ό λ„μ²­ν•˜λŠ” λΆ€μ„œλŠ”
06:51
was completely separated
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νŽΈμ§€λ₯Ό κ΄€λ¦¬ν•˜λŠ” λΆ€μ„œμ™€ μ™„μ „νžˆ λΆ„λ¦¬λ˜μ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
06:53
from the one which controlled the letters,
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06:56
for good reasons,
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νƒ€λ‹Ήν•œ μ΄μœ κ°€ μžˆμ–΄μš”.
06:57
because if one agent quit the Stasi,
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μš”μ›λ“€μ΄ μŠˆνƒ€μ§€λ₯Ό κ·Έλ§Œλ‘˜λ•Œ 개인의 지식을 μ΅œμ†Œν™” ν•˜κΈ° μœ„ν•΄μ„œμ£ .
07:02
his knowledge was very small.
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07:04
Contrast that with Snowden, for example.
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μ—λ“œμ›Œλ“œ μŠ€λ…Έλ“ κ³ΌλŠ” λ°˜λŒ€λ‘œμš”. (μ „NSAμš”μ›, κΈ°λ°€λ¬Έμ„œλ₯Ό 곡개)
07:08
But the vertical specialization was also important
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ν•˜μ§€λ§Œ 이 수직 μ „λ¬Έν™” μ—­μ‹œ 그듀에겐 μ€‘μš”ν–ˆμ–΄μš”.
07:11
to prevent all kinds of empathy
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κ°μ‹œλŒ€μƒμ— λŒ€ν•œ κ°μ •μ΄μž…μ„ λ°©μ§€ν•˜κΈ° μœ„ν•΄μ„œ 말이죠.
07:13
with the object of observation.
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07:16
The agent who shadowed me
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μ €λ₯Ό κ°μ‹œν–ˆλ˜ μš”μ›μ€
07:18
didn't know who I was
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μ œκ°€ λˆ„κ΅°μ§€ 그리고 μ™œ κ°μ‹œλ₯Ό λ‹Ήν•˜λŠ”μ§€ μ•Œμ§€ λͺ»ν–ˆμ–΄μš”.
07:20
or why I was surveyed.
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07:22
In fact, I smuggled forbidden books
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사싀, μ €λŠ” κΈˆμ§€λ„μ„œλ₯Ό μ„œλ…μ—μ„œ λ°€μˆ˜ν–ˆμ—ˆμŠ΅λ””λ‹€.
07:24
from West to East Germany.
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07:27
But what was even more typical for the Stasi
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ν•˜μ§€λ§Œ λ”μš± 일반적인 μŠˆνƒ€μ§€μ˜ 방식은
07:30
was the use of human intelligence,
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μ •λ³΄μš”μ›μ„ μ΄μš©ν•˜λŠ”κ²ƒ μ΄μ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
07:33
people who reported secretly to the Stasi.
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μ‚¬λžŒλ“€μ€ 비밀리에 μŠˆνƒ€μ§€μ—κ²Œ λ³΄κ³ ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
07:37
For the Minister of State Security,
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κ΅­κ°€μ•ˆμ „λΆ€ μž₯κ΄€μ—κ²Œ
07:39
these so-called unofficial employees
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비곡식 직원이라고 λΆˆλ¦¬λŠ” 이듀은
07:42
were the most important tools.
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κ°€μž₯ μ€‘μš”ν•œ λ„κ΅¬μ˜€μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
07:45
From 1975 on, nearly 200,000 people
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1975λ…„λΆ€ν„°, μ•½ 2μ‹­λ§Œλͺ…이
07:50
collaborated constantly with the Stasi,
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μŠˆνƒ€μ§€μ™€ μ§€μ†μ μœΌλ‘œ ν˜‘λ ₯ν—€κ³ 
07:53
more than one percent of the population.
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μ΄λŠ” 인ꡬ의 1νΌμ„ΌνŠΈ μ΄μƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
07:58
And in a way, the minister was right,
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μ–΄λ–€λ©΄μ—μ„œ κ΅­κ°€μ•ˆμ „λΆ€ μž₯관은 μ˜³μ•˜μ–΄μš”.
08:00
because technical instruments
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μ™œλ‚˜ν•˜λ©΄ 기술μž₯비듀은
08:02
can only register what people are doing,
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μ‚¬λžŒλ“€μ΄ ν•˜λŠ”μΌλ§Œ κΈ°λ‘ν• μˆ˜ μžˆμ§€λ§Œ
08:06
but agents and spies can also report
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μš”μ›λ“€κ³Ό μŠ€νŒŒμ΄λ“€μ€ μ‚¬λžŒλ“€μ˜ κ³„νšκΉŒμ§€ λ³΄κ³ ν• μˆ˜ μžˆμ—ˆκΈ° λ•Œλ¬Έμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
08:09
what people are planning to do
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08:11
and what they are thinking.
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λ˜ν•œ 그듀이 λ¬΄μŠ¨μƒκ°μ„ ν•˜λŠ”μ§€μš”.
08:13
Therefore, the Stasi recruited so many informants.
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κ·Έλž˜μ„œ μŠˆνƒ€μ§€λŠ” μ•„μ£Ό λ§Žμ€ 정보원을 κ³ μš©ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
08:18
The system of how to get them
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κ·Έ 정보원을 κ΅¬ν•˜κ³  κ΅μœ‘μ‹œν‚€λŠ” μ‹œμŠ€ν…œμ€
08:21
and how to educate them, as it was called,
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08:24
was very sophisticated.
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맀우 μ •κ΅ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
08:27
The Stasi had its own university,
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μŠˆνƒ€μ§€λŠ” μ΄κ³³μ—μ„œ 멀지 μ•Šμ€κ³³μ— 자체 λŒ€ν•™κ΅λ₯Ό 가지고 μžˆμ—ˆμœΌλ©°
08:30
not far away from here,
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08:31
where the methods were explored
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κ·Έκ³³μ—μ„œ μ—¬λŸ¬λ°©λ²•λ“€μ΄ μ—°κ΅¬λ˜μ—ˆκ³ 
08:33
and taught to the officers.
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μš”μ›λ“€μ—κ²Œ κ΅μœ‘λ˜μ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
08:36
This guideline gave a detailed description
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이 μ•ˆλ‚΄μ±…μžμ—λŠ”
μ‚¬λžŒμ„ 섀득해 κ·Έλ“€μ˜ 이웃을 λ°°μ‹ ν•˜κ²Œ λ§Œλ“œλŠ” 방법을 μžμ„Ένžˆ μ„€λͺ…ν•˜κ³  μžˆμ–΄μš”.
08:39
of every step you have to take
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08:42
if you want to convince human beings
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08:44
to betray their fellow citizens.
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08:48
Sometimes it's said that informants were pressured
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λ•Œλ‘œλŠ” 강압에 μ˜ν•΄ 정보원이 λ˜κΈ°λ„ ν•œλ‹€κ³  μ•Œλ €μ§‘λ‹ˆλ‹€.
08:52
to becoming one,
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08:53
but that's mostly not true,
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ν•˜μ§€λ§Œ λŒ€λΆ€λΆ„ 그건 사싀이 μ•„λ‹ˆμ£ .
08:56
because a forced informant is a bad informant.
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μ™œλƒν•˜λ©΄ κ°•μš”λœ 정보원은 λ―Ώμ„μˆ˜ μ—†λŠ” μ •λ³΄μ›μ΄λ‹ˆκΉŒμš”.
09:00
Only someone who wants to give you the information you need
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당신이 ν•„μš”ν•œ 정보λ₯Ό μ£ΌκΈ° μ›ν•˜λŠ” μ‚¬λžŒλ§Œμ΄ 효과적인 λ‚΄λΆ€κ³ λ°œμž μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
09:03
is an effective whistleblower.
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09:05
The main reasons why people cooperated with the Stasi
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μ‚¬λžŒλ“€μ΄ μŠˆνƒ€μ§€μ™€ ν˜‘λ ₯ν•˜λŠ” κ°€μž₯ 큰 μ΄μœ λŠ”
09:10
were political conviction and material benefits.
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μ •μΉ˜μ μΈ ν™•μ‹ κ³Ό 물질적 이득 λ•Œλ¬Έμ΄μ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
09:16
The officers also tried to create a personal bond
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μš”μ›λ“€μ€ μžμ‹ κ³Ό 정보원사이에 개인적인 μœ λŒ€κ΄€κ³„λ₯Ό μœ μ§€ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
09:19
between themselves and the informant,
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09:22
and to be honest, the example of the Stasi shows
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μ†”μ§νžˆ λ§ν•˜λ©΄ 이사둀가 보여주듯이
09:28
that it's not so difficult to win someone
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λˆ„κ΅°κ°€λ₯Ό 섀득해 λ‹€λ₯Έμ‚¬λžŒμ„ λ°°μ‹ ν•˜κ²Œ λ§Œλ“œλŠ”κ²ƒμ€ 그리 μ–΄λ €μš΄ 일이 μ•„λ‹™λ‹ˆλ‹€.
09:31
in order to betray others.
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09:34
Even some of the top dissidents in East Germany
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λ™λ…μ˜ 유λ ₯ 반체체 인사듀 μ‘°μ°¨
09:38
collaborated with the Stasi,
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μŠˆνƒ€μ§€μ™€ ν˜‘λ ₯ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
09:40
as for instance Ibrahim BΓΆhme.
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이브라힘 λ΅ˆλ©” 같은 μ‚¬λžŒ 말이죠.
09:44
In 1989, he was the leader of the peaceful revolution
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1989λ…„ κ·ΈλŠ” ν‰ν™”ν˜λͺ…μ˜ μ§€λ„μž μ˜€μœΌλ©°
09:46
and he nearly became the first freely elected Prime Minister of the GDR
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독일 λ―Όμ£Ό κ³΅ν™”κ΅­μ˜ 첫 μžμœ μ„ κ±°λ‘œ 거의 총리가 λ λ»”ν–ˆμœΌλ‚˜
09:51
until it came out that he was an informant.
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μ •λ³΄μ›μ΄μ—ˆλ˜ 사싀이 μ•Œλ €μ§€λ©° λ¬ΌλŸ¬λ‚¬μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
09:56
The net of spies was really broad.
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μŠ€νŒŒμ΄λ“€μ€ 정말 폭넓은 λ„€νŠΈμ›Œν¬λ₯Ό 가지고 μžˆμ—ˆμ–΄μš”.
10:00
In nearly every institution,
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거의 λŒ€λΆ€λΆ„μ˜ 단체에 μžˆμ—ˆκ³ 
10:02
even in the churches or in West Germany,
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κ΅νšŒλ‚΄λΆ€μ™€ μ„œλ…μ— 이λ₯΄κΈ°κΉŒμ§€
10:05
there were many of them.
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μ•„μ£Ό λ§Žμ•˜μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
10:07
I remember telling a leading Stasi officer,
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ν•œ μŠˆνƒ€μ§€ κ³ μœ„ μš”μ›μ—κ²Œ μ΄λŸ°λ§μ„ ν–ˆλ˜ 기얡이 λ‚©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
10:11
"If you had sent an informant to me,
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"λ§Œμ•½ 당신이 λ‚΄κ²Œ 정보원을 λ³΄λƒˆλ‹€λ©΄,"
10:14
I would surely have recognized him."
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"λ‚΄κ°€ λΆ„λͺ…νžˆ μ•Œμ•„μ±˜μ„ κ²ƒμ΄μ˜€."
10:17
His answer was,
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κ·ΈλŠ” μ΄λ ‡κ²Œ λ§ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
10:18
"We didn't send anyone.
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"μš°λ¦¬λŠ” 아무도 보내지 μ•Šμ•˜μ–΄." "λ‹Ήμ‹  주변에 μžˆλŠ” μ‚¬λžŒμ„ κ³¨λžμ§€."
10:20
We took those who were around you."
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10:23
And in fact, two of my best friends
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μ•Œκ³ λ³΄λ‹ˆ 제 절친 두λͺ…이
10:26
reported about me to the Stasi.
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μŠˆνƒ€μ§€μ— 제 일상을 λ³΄κ³ ν–ˆλ”κ΅°μš”.
10:30
Not only in my case, informers were very close.
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제 경우뿐 μ•„λ‹ˆλΌ 정보원듀은 μ•„μ£Ό κ°€κΉŒμ΄ μžˆμ—ˆμ–΄μš”.
10:32
For example, Vera Lengsfeld, another leading dissident,
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μΌλ‘€λ‘œ 반체제 μ§€λ„μžμ˜€λ˜ 베라 렝슀펠트의 경우,
10:36
in her case it was her husband who spied on her.
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κ·Έλ…€μ˜ λ‚¨νŽΈμ΄ κ·Έλ…€λ₯Ό κ°μ‹œν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
10:40
A famous writer was betrayed by his brother.
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ν•œ 유λͺ…ν•œ μž‘κ°€λŠ” ν˜•μ œμ—κ²Œ 배신을 λ‹Ήν–ˆκ΅¬μš”.
10:44
This reminds me of the novel "1984" by George Orwell,
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이것듀은 쑰지 μ˜€μ›°μ˜ μ†Œμ„€ '1984'λ₯Ό μƒκΈ°μ‹œμΌœ μ€λ‹ˆλ‹€.
10:48
where the only apparently trustable person
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μ†Œμ„€ 1984μ—μ„œλŠ” μ •λ³΄μ›λ§Œμ΄ μœ μΌν•˜κ²Œ μ‹ λ’°ν• μˆ˜ μžˆλŠ” μ‚¬λžŒμ΄μ—ˆκ±°λ“ μš”.
10:51
was an informer.
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10:54
But why did the Stasi collect all this information
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ν•˜μ§€λ§Œ μŠˆνƒ€μ§€λŠ” μ΄λ§Žμ€ 정보λ₯Ό μˆ˜μ§‘ν•΄ 보관해 μ™”μ„κΉŒμš”?
10:57
in its archives?
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10:59
The main purpose was to control the society.
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μ£Όλͺ©μ μ€ μ‚¬νšŒν†΅μ œμ˜€μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
11:03
In nearly every speech, the Stasi minister
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거의 λ§€μ—°μ„€λ§ˆλ‹€ μŠˆνƒ€μ§€ μž₯관은
11:06
gave the order to find out who is who,
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λˆ„κ°€ λˆ„κ΅¬μΈμ§€, λ‹€μ‹œλ§ν•˜λ©΄ λˆ„κ°€ λ¬΄μŠ¨μƒκ°μ„ ν•˜λŠ”μ§€ μ•Œμ•„λ‚΄λΌκ³  λͺ…λ Ήν–ˆμ£ .
11:09
which meant who thinks what.
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11:12
He didn't want to wait until somebody
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κ·ΈλŠ” λˆ„κ΅°κ°€ λ°˜μ •λΆ€ ν™œλ™μ„ ν•˜κΈ°κΉŒμ§€ κΈ°λ‹€λ¦¬λŠ”κ±Έ μ›μΉ˜ μ•Šμ•˜μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
11:13
tried to act against the regime.
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11:16
He wanted to know in advance
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κ·ΈλŠ” μ‚¬λžŒλ“€μ΄ 무엇을 μƒκ°ν•˜κ³  κ³„νšν•˜λŠ”μ§€ 미리 μ•ŒκΈ° μ›ν–ˆμ£ .
11:18
what people were thinking and planning.
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11:21
The East Germans knew, of course,
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동독인듀은 λ¬Όλ‘  μ•Œκ³ μžˆμ—ˆμ–΄μš”.
11:23
that they were surrounded by informers,
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그듀이 정보원에 ν¬μœ„λ‹Ήν•΄μžˆλŠ”κ²ƒμ„μš”.
11:27
in a totalitarian regime that created mistrust
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λΆˆμ‹ μ„ λ§Œλ“€κ³  곡포가 ν™•μ‚°λœ μ „μ²΄μ£Όμ˜ μ²΄μ œμ—μ„œ 말이죠.
11:31
and a state of widespread fear,
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11:34
the most important tools to oppress people
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λ…μ œμ •κΆŒμ—μ„œ μ‚¬λžŒμ„ μ–΅μ••ν• λ•Œ κ°€μž₯ μ€‘μš”ν•œ 도ꡬ죠.
11:37
in any dictatorship.
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11:39
That's why not many East Germans tried
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κ·Έλ ‡κ²Œ λ•Œλ¬Έμ— λ§Žμ€ 동독인듀은
11:42
to fight against the Communist regime.
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κ³΅μ‚°μ£Όμ˜ μ •κΆŒκ³Ό μ‹Έμš°λ €ν•˜μ§€ μ•Šμ•˜μ–΄μš”.
11:46
If yes, the Stasi often used a method
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λ§Œμ•½ μ‹Έμš°λ € ν•˜λ©΄, μŠˆνƒ€μ§€λŠ” 정말 μ•…λ§ˆκ°™μ€ 방법을 μ‚¬μš©ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
11:51
which was really diabolic.
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11:54
It was called Zersetzung,
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'Zersetzung' μ΄λΌλŠ” λ°©λ²•μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
11:56
and it's described in another guideline.
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λ‹€λ₯Έ μ•ˆλ‚΄μ±…μžμ— μ„€λͺ…λ˜μ–΄ 있죠.
11:59
The word is difficult to translate because it means
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이 λ‹¨μ–΄λŠ” λ²ˆμ—­ν•˜κΈ° νž˜λ“€μ–΄μš”.
12:02
originally "biodegradation."
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μ™œλƒλ©΄ μ΄λ‹¨μ–΄μ˜ μ›λž˜μ˜ λœ»μ€ '생물적 λΆ„ν•΄' λΌλŠ” λœ»μ΄κ±°λ“ μš”.
12:06
But actually, it's a quite accurate description.
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ν•˜μ§€λ§Œ 이것은 κ½€ μ •ν™•ν•œ ν‘œν˜„μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
12:09
The goal was to destroy secretly
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μ΄κ²ƒμ˜ λͺ©ν‘œλŠ” 비밀리에
12:13
the self-confidence of people,
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μ‚¬λžŒλ“€μ˜ μžμ‹ κ°μ„ νŒŒκ΄΄ν•˜λŠ” κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
12:16
for example by damaging their reputation,
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예λ₯Όλ“€μ–΄ κ·Έλ“€μ˜ ν‰νŒμ— 흠집을 λ‚΄κ±°λ‚˜
12:19
by organizing failures in their work,
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직μž₯μ—μ„œ μ‹€νŒ¨ν•˜λ„λ‘ κΎΈλ―Έκ³ 
12:22
and by destroying their personal relationships.
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인간관계λ₯Ό λ§μ³λ†“λŠ” λ°©λ²•μœΌλ‘œ 말이죠.
12:27
Considering this, East Germany was a very modern dictatorship.
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이걸 μƒκ°ν•˜λ©΄ 동독은 맀우 κ·ΌλŒ€μ μΈ λ…μž¬μ •κΆŒμ΄μ—ˆμ–΄μš”.
12:32
The Stasi didn't try to arrest every dissident.
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μŠˆνƒ€μ§€λŠ” λ°˜μ •λΆ€μΈμ‚¬λ₯Ό μ²΄ν¬ν•˜λ € μ‹œλ„ν•˜μ§€ μ•Šμ•˜κ³ 
12:37
It preferred to paralyze them,
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그듀을 λ§ˆλΉ„μ‹œν‚€λŠ”κ±Έ μ„ ν˜Έν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
12:40
and it could do so because
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이것이 κ°€λŠ₯ν–ˆλ˜ μ΄μœ λŠ”
12:42
it had access to so much personal information
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μŠˆνƒ€μ§€κ°€ μ•„μ£Ό λ§Žμ€ κ°œμΈμ •λ³΄μ™€ 단체에 μ ‘κ·Όν• μˆ˜ μžˆμ—ˆκΈ° λ•Œλ¬Έμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
12:46
and to so many institutions.
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12:50
Detaining someone was used only
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κ΅¬κΈˆμ€ μ΅œν›„μ˜ μˆ˜λ‹¨μœΌλ‘œλ§Œ μ‚¬μš©λ˜μ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
12:52
as a last resort.
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12:55
For this, the Stasi owned 17 remand prisons,
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이것을 μœ„ν•΄, μŠˆνƒ€μ§€λŠ” 총 17개의 κ΅¬μΉ˜μ†Œλ₯Ό
12:58
one in every district.
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μ§€μ—­λ§ˆλ‹€ ν•˜λ‚˜μ”© μš΄μ˜ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
13:00
Here, the Stasi also developed
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μŠˆνƒ€μ§€λŠ” κ½€ κ·ΌλŒ€μ μΈ κ΅¬κΈˆλ°©μ‹μ„ κ°œλ°œν–ˆμ–΄μš”.
13:03
quite modern methods of detention.
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13:07
Normally, the interrogation officer
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일반적으둜, 심문관은
13:09
didn't torture the prisoner.
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수감자λ₯Ό κ³ λ¬Έν•˜μ§€ μ•Šμ•˜μ–΄μš”.
13:13
Instead, he used a sophisticated system
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κ·ΈλŒ€μ‹ , 맀우 μ •κ΅ν•œ μ‹œμŠ€ν…œμ„ μ‚¬μš©ν•΄
13:15
of psychological pressure
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심리적인 압박을 κ°€ν–ˆμ£ .
13:17
in which strict isolation was central.
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μ² μ €ν•œ 고립을 κΈ°λ³ΈμœΌλ‘œν•œ μ‹œμŠ€ν…œμ΄μ—ˆμ£ .
13:22
Nearly no prisoner resisted
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거의 λͺ¨λ“  μˆ˜κ°μžκ°€ μ €ν•­ν•˜μ§€ λͺ»ν•˜κ³  μžλ°±ν–ˆμ£ .
13:24
without giving a testimony.
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13:27
If you have the occasion,
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λ§Œμ•½ μ—¬λŸ¬λΆ„λ„ κΈ°νšŒκ°€ λœλ‹€λ©΄
13:29
do visit the former Stasi prison in Berlin
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λ² λ₯Όλ¦°μ— μžˆλŠ” μ „ μŠˆνƒ€μ§€ κ΅¬μΉ˜μ†Œλ₯Ό λ°©λ¬Έν•΄μ„œ
13:33
and attend a guided tour with a former political prisoner
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μ „ μ •μΉ˜λ²”μ˜ κ°€μ΄λ“œ νˆ¬μ–΄λ₯Ό μ°Έκ°€ν•΄ λ³΄μ‹œκΈ° λ°”λžλ‹ˆλ‹€.
13:36
who will explain to you how this worked.
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그뢄이 이 μ‹œμŠ€ν…œμ— λŒ€ν•΄ μ„€λͺ…ν•΄ μ€„κ²λ‹ˆλ‹€.
13:39
One more question needs to be answered:
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λ‹΅λ³€λ˜μ–΄μ•Ό ν•˜λŠ” 질문이 ν•˜λ‚˜ 더 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
13:42
If the Stasi were so well organized,
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μŠˆνƒ€μ§€κ°€ κ·Έλ ‡κ²Œ 잘 μ‘°μ§λ˜μ—ˆλŠ”λ°
13:45
why did the Communist regime collapse?
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μ™œ κ³΅μ‚°μ£Όμ˜ μ²΄μ œκ°€ λ¬΄λ„ˆμ‘Œμ„κΉŒμš”?
13:49
First, in 1989, the leadership in East Germany
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첫째둜, 1989λ…„ λ™λ…μ˜ μ§€λ„μžλ“€μ€
13:53
was uncertain what to do against
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λŠ˜μ–΄λ‚˜λŠ” μ‹œμœ„μžλ“€μ„ μ–΄λ–»κ²Œ μ²˜λ¦¬ν• μ§€ λͺ°λžμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
13:55
the growing protest of people.
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13:58
It was especially confused
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그듀이 λ”μš± ν˜Όλž€μŠ€λŸ¬μ› λ˜ μ΄μœ λŠ”
14:01
because in the mother country of socialism,
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κ³΅μ‚°μ£Όμ˜μ˜ λ³Έκ³ μž₯인 μ†Œλ ¨μ—μ„œ,
14:03
the Soviet Union,
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14:05
a more liberal policy took place.
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였히렀 더 개방적인 정책을 νƒν–ˆκΈ° λ•Œλ¬Έμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
14:08
In addition, the regime was dependent
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그뿐 μ•„λ‹ˆλΌ, λ™λ…μ •κΆŒμ€ μ„œλ…μ˜ μœ΅μžμ— μ˜μ§€ν•˜κ³  μžˆμ—ˆκΈ°μ—
14:11
on the loans from the West.
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14:14
Therefore, no order to crash down the uprising
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μ •λΆ€λŠ” μŠˆνƒ€μ§€μ—κ²Œ μ‹œμœ„λ₯Ό μ§„μ••ν•˜λΌλŠ” λͺ…령을 내리지 μ•Šμ•˜μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
14:17
was given to the Stasi.
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14:20
Secondly, in the Communist ideology,
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λ‘˜μ§Έλ‘œ, κ³΅μ‚°μ£Όμ˜μ˜ 이념은
14:23
there's no place for criticism.
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비평을 받아듀이지 μ•ŠμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
14:26
Instead, the leadership stuck to the belief
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κ·Έ λŒ€μ‹  지도측은 μ‚¬νšŒμ£Όμ˜κ°€ μ™„λ²½ν•œ μ‹œμŠ€ν…œμ΄λΌκ³  λ―Ώμ„μˆ˜λ°–μ— μ—†μ—ˆμ£ .
14:28
that socialism is a perfect system,
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14:31
and the Stasi had to confirm that, of course.
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λ‹Ήμ—°νžˆ μŠˆνƒ€μ§€λŠ” 그것을 인정해야 ν–ˆκ΅¬μš”.
14:35
The consequence was
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그 결과둜
14:38
that despite all the information,
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λ§Žμ€ 정보에도 λΆˆκ΅¬ν•˜κ³ 
14:40
the regime couldn't analyze its real problems,
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μ •λΆ€λŠ” μžμ‹ μ˜ μ‹€μ œμ μΈ 문제λ₯Ό λΆ„μ„ν•˜μ§€ λͺ»ν–ˆμ£ .
14:44
and therefore it couldn't solve them.
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κ·Έλž˜μ„œ κ·Έ 문제λ₯Ό ν•΄κ²°ν•˜μ§€ λͺ»ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
14:47
In the end, the Stasi died
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κ²°κ΅­, μŠˆνƒ€μ§€λŠ” μžμ‹ λ“€μ΄ μˆ˜ν˜Έν•˜λ˜ μ²΄κ³„λ‘œ 인해 μ‚¬λΌμ‘ŒμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
14:50
because of the structures
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14:52
that it was charged with protecting.
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14:55
The ending of the Stasi
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μŠˆνƒ€μ§€μ˜ 결말은
14:57
was something tragic,
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쑰금 μ• μ²˜λ‘œμ™”μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
14:59
because these officers
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μ™œλƒν•˜λ©΄ μš”μ›λ“€μ€,
15:01
were kept busy during the peaceful revolution
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ν‰ν™”ν˜λͺ…λ‹Ήμ‹œμ— ν•œκ°€μ§€ 일을 ν•˜λŠλΌ 맀우 λ°”μ˜κ²Œ μ›€μ§μ˜€κ±°λ“ μš”.
15:05
with only one thing:
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15:07
to destroy the documents
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μ„œλ₯˜λ₯Ό νŒŒκ΄΄ν•˜κΈ° μœ„ν•΄μ„œ 말이죠.
15:09
they had produced during decades.
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그듀이 μˆ˜μ‹­λ…„κ°„ 생산해낸 μ„œλ₯˜λ“€μ„μš”.
15:13
Fortunately,
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λ‹€ν–‰νžˆλ„,
15:15
they had been stopped by human rights activists.
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μΈκΆŒν™œλ™κ°€λ“€μ— μ˜ν•΄ μ œμ§€λ‹Ήν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
15:18
That's why today we can use the files
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κ·Έλ‘œμΈν•΄ μ§€κΈˆ μš°λ¦¬κ°€ 이 자료λ₯Ό ν™œμš©ν•΄,
15:21
to get a better understanding
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사찰이 μ–΄λ–»κ²Œ 이루어 μ‘ŒλŠ”μ§€ 더 많이 μ΄ν•΄ν• μˆ˜ 있게 λ˜μ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
15:23
of how a surveillance state functions.
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15:26
Thank you.
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κ°μ‚¬ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
(λ°•μˆ˜)
15:28
(Applause)
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15:36
Bruno Giussani: Thank you. Thank you very much.
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Bruno Giussani: λŒ€λ‹¨νžˆ κ°μ‚¬ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
15:42
So Hubertus, I want to ask you a couple of questions
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ν›„λ²„νˆ¬μŠ€μ”¨, 질문 λͺ‡κ°€μ§€ λ“œλ¦΄κ²Œμš”.
15:45
because I have here Der Spiegel from last week.
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μ—¬κΈ° μ§€λ‚œμ£Ό μŠˆν”Όκ²” μž‘μ§€λ₯Ό 가지고 μžˆλŠ”λ°μš”.
15:48
"Mein Nachbar NSA." My neighbor, the NSA.
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'Mein Nachbar NSA' 'λ‚΄ 이웃, NSA'λΌλŠ” 제λͺ©μ΄μ—ˆμ£ .
15:52
And you just told us about my neighbor,
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그리고 당신은 μ§€κΈˆ λ‹Ήμ‹ μ˜ 이웃,
15:55
the spies and the informant from East Germany.
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λ™λ…μ˜ μŠ€νŒŒμ΄λ“€κ³Ό 정보원듀에 λŒ€ν•΄ 이야기 ν•΄μ€¬μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
15:58
So there is a direct link between these two stories
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이 두가지 이야기에 직접적인 연결고리가 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆκΉŒ?
16:01
or there isn't?
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16:03
What's your reaction as a historian when you see this?
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μ—­μ‚¬ν•™μžλ‘œμ¨ 이 기사λ₯Ό μ–΄λ–»κ²Œ μƒκ°ν•˜μ‹­λ‹ˆκΉŒ?
16:05
Hubertus Knabe: I think there are
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Hubertus Knabe: μ œμƒκ°μ—”
16:06
several aspects to mention.
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λͺ‡κ°€μ§€ λ§μ”€λ“œλ¦΄κ²ƒμ΄ μžˆμ–΄μš”.
16:08
At first, I think there's a difference
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첫째둜 데이터λ₯Ό μˆ˜μ§‘ν•˜λŠ” λͺ©μ μ— 차이점이 μžˆκ΅¬μš”.
16:11
of why you are collecting this data.
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16:15
Are you doing that for protecting your people
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ν…ŒλŸ¬λ¦¬μŠ€νŠΈ κ³΅κ²©μœΌλ‘œλΆ€ν„° ꡭ민을 λ³΄ν˜Έν•˜κΈ° μœ„ν•΄ μˆ˜μ§‘ν•˜λŠ”μ§€
16:18
against terrorist attacks,
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16:19
or are you doing that for oppressing your people?
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λ˜λŠ” ꡭ민을 μ–΅μ••ν•˜κΈ° μœ„ν•΄ μˆ˜μ§‘ν•˜λŠ”μ§€ 의 차이 말이죠.
16:22
So that makes a fundamental difference.
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이것이 근본적이 차이λ₯Ό λ§Œλ“€μ£ .
16:24
But on the other hand,
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ν•˜μ§€λ§Œ λ°˜λ©΄μ—,
16:26
also in a democracy, these instruments can be abused,
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λ―Όμ£Όμ£Όμ˜μ—μ„œλ„, 이런 기ꡬ듀은 μ•…μš©λ μˆ˜ μžˆκ΅¬μš”.
16:31
and that is something where we really have
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그것은 μš°λ¦¬λŠ” 이λ₯Ό μ €μ§€ν•˜κΈ°μœ„ν•΄ κΌ­ μΈμ‹ν•˜κ³  μžˆμ–΄μ•Ό ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
16:33
to be aware to stop that,
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16:34
and that also the intelligence services
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λ˜ν•œ μ •λ³΄λΆ€λŠ” μš°λ¦¬κ°€ 가진 κ·œμΉ™μ„ 따라주어야 ν•˜κ² μ§€μš”.
16:37
are respecting the rules we have.
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16:40
The third point, probably,
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μ„Έλ²ˆμ§Έλ‘œλŠ”, μ•„λ§ˆλ„,
16:42
we really can be happy that we live in a democracy,
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μš°λ¦¬λŠ” 민주주의 ꡭ가에 μ‚°λ‹€λŠ”κ²ƒμ— 행볡할 수 있겠죠.
16:45
because you can be sure that Russia and China
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μ™œλƒλ©΄ λŸ¬μ‹œμ•„λ‚˜ 쀑ꡭ은 λ˜‘κ°™μ€ 일을 ν•˜κ³ μžˆμ§€λ§Œ
16:49
are doing the same,
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16:50
but nobody speaks about that
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λˆ„κ΅¬λ„ λ‚˜μ„œμ„œ 이야기 ν•˜μ§€ μ•Šμ•„μš”. μ™œλƒλ©΄ κ·Έλ ‡κ²Œ ν• μˆ˜ μ—†κ±°λ“ μš”.
16:52
because nobody could do that.
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16:54
(Applause)
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(λ°•μˆ˜)
17:01
BG: When the story came out first,
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BG: μž‘λ…„ 7μ›”, 이 이야기가 처음 μ•Œλ €μ‘Œμ„λ•Œ
17:03
last July, last year,
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17:05
you filed a criminal complaint
335
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당신은 독일법정에 ν˜•μ‚¬μ†Œμ†‘μ„ μ œκΈ°ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€. μ™œκ·Έλž¬μŠ΅λ‹ˆκΉŒ?
17:08
with a German tribunal. Why?
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17:11
HK: Yeah, I did so because of the second point I mentioned,
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HK: 그건 μ œκ°€ μ–ΈκΈ‰ν•œ λ‘λ²ˆμ§Έ μš”μ  λ•Œλ¬Έμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
17:14
that I think especially in a democracy,
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μ œμƒκ°μ— νŠΉλ³„νžˆ λ―Όμ£Όμ£Όμ˜μ—μ„œλŠ”
17:17
the rules are for everybody.
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법은 λͺ¨λ“ μ‚¬λžŒλ“€μ„ μœ„ν•΄ μ‘΄μž¬ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
17:21
They are made for everybody, so it's not allowed
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법은 λ§ŒμΈμ„ μœ„ν•΄ λ§Œλ“€μ–΄ 쑌죠.
17:23
that any institution doesn't respect the rules.
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λ”°λΌμ„œ λ²•μœ„μ— μ‘΄μž¬ν•˜λŠ” 기관은 ν—ˆλ½λ˜λ©΄ μ•ˆλ©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
17:27
In the criminal code of Germany, it's written
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λ…μΌμ˜ ν˜•λ²•μ—λŠ” μ΄λ ‡κ²Œ μ“°μ—¬μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
17:29
that it's not allowed to tap somebody
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νŒμ‚¬μ˜ ν—ˆκ°€μ—†λŠ” 도청은 ν—ˆκ°€λ˜μ§€ μ•ŠλŠ”λ‹€κ³  말이죠.
17:31
without the permission of the judge.
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17:33
Fortunately, it's written in the criminal code of Germany,
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닀행이도, 독일 ν˜•μ‚¬λ²•μ— μ“°μ—¬μ Έμžˆμ–΄μš”.
17:37
so if it's not respected, then I think
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κ·Έλž˜μ„œ μ œμƒκ°μ— 법을 μœ„λ°˜ν–ˆλ‹€λ©΄
17:41
an investigation is necessary,
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쑰사가 ν•„μš”ν•˜λ‹€κ³  μƒκ°ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
17:43
and it took a very long time that
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λ…μΌμ˜ 검사가 이일에 μ°©μˆ˜ν•˜κΈ°κΉŒμ§€ μ•„μ£Ό κΈ΄ μ‹œκ°„μ΄ κ±Έλ Έμ£ .
17:45
the public prosecutor of Germany started this,
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17:47
and he started it only in the case of Angela Merkel,
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ν•˜μ§€λ§Œ λ©”λ₯΄μΌˆ 총리 μ‚¬κ±΄λ§Œ μ‹œμž‘ λμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
17:50
and not in the case of all the other people living in Germany.
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독일 λͺ¨λ“  μ‚¬λžŒλ“€μ˜ 사건을 닀루어야 ν•˜λŠ”λ° 말이죠.
17:53
BG: That doesn't surprise me because β€”
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BG: 그건 사싀이 λ†€λžμ§€ μ•Šκ΅°μš”.
17:56
(Applause) β€”
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(λ°•μˆ˜)
17:58
because of the story you told.
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μ™œλƒν•˜λ©΄ μ§€κΈˆ ν•˜μ‹  이야기 λ•Œλ¬ΈμΈλ°μš”.
18:01
Seen from the outside, I live outside of Germany,
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독일에 μ‚΄μ§€μ•ŠλŠ” μ™ΈλΆ€μΈμœΌλ‘œ λ³Ό λ•Œ
18:04
and I expected the Germans to react
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μ €λŠ” λ…μΌμΈλ“€μ˜ λ”μš± κ°•ν•˜κ²Œ μ¦‰κ°μ μœΌλ‘œ λ°˜λ°œν•΄μ•Ό ν•œλ‹€κ³  μƒκ°ν•΄μš”.
18:05
much more strongly, immediately.
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18:09
And instead, the reaction really came only
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ν•˜μ§€λ§Œ, μ‹€μ œλ‘œ λ°˜λ°œμ„ ν–ˆλ˜λ•ŒλŠ”
18:11
when Chancellor Merkel was revealed
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λ©”λ₯΄μΌˆ 총리가 λ„μ²­λ‹Ήν•œκ²ƒμ΄ λ°ν˜€μ‘Œμ„λ•Œ λΏμ΄μ—ˆμ–΄μš”. μ™œκ·ΈλŸ΄κΉŒμš”?
18:13
as being wiretapped. Why so?
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18:17
HK: I take it as a good sign,
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HK: μ €λŠ” 이게 쒋은 징후라고 μƒκ°ν•΄μš”.
18:19
because people feel secure in this democracy.
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μ™œλƒν•˜λ©΄ μ‚¬λžŒλ“€μ΄ λ―Όμ£Όμ£Όμ˜μ— μ•ˆμ •κ°μ„ 느끼고 있고
18:23
They aren't afraid that they will be arrested,
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체포될것을 λ‘λ €μ›Œν•˜μ§€ μ•ŠκΈ° λ•Œλ¬Έμ΄μ£ .
18:25
and if you leave this hall after the conference,
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강연이 λλ‚œλ’€ λŒμ•„κ°€μ‹€λ•Œ
18:28
nobody has to be afraid that the secret police
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비밀경찰이 μžμ‹ μ„ μ²΄ν¬ν•˜λ €κ³  κΈ°λ‹€λ¦°λ‹€λŠ” 생각을 ν•˜λŠ”μ‚¬λžŒμ€ μ—†μ„κ±°μ—μš”.
18:31
is standing out and is arresting you.
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18:33
So that's a good sign, I think.
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이건 쒋은 징후죠.
18:35
People are not really scared, as they could be.
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μ‚¬λžŒλ“€μ€ λ‘λ €μ›Œν•˜μ§€ μ•Šμ•„μš”. κ·ΈλŸ΄μˆ˜λ„ μžˆλŠ”λ° 말이죠.
18:38
But of course, I think, the institutions
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ν•˜μ§€λ§Œ λ¬Όλ‘  정뢀기관듀은
18:42
are responsible to stop illegal actions
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λΆˆλ²•μ μΈ ν–‰μœ„λ₯Ό 멈좜 μ±…μž„μ΄ μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
18:45
in Germany or wherever they happen.
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λ…μΌλΏμ•„λ‹ˆλΌ λ‹€λ₯Έ μ—¬λŸ¬κ΅­κ°€λ„μš”.
18:48
BG: A personal question, and this is the last one.
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BG: 개인적인 μ§ˆλ¬Έμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€. λ§ˆμ§€λ§‰ μ§ˆλ¬Έμ΄κ΅¬μš”.
18:51
There has been a debate in Germany about
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독일에선 μ—λ“œμ›Œλ“œ μŠ€λ…Έλ“ μ˜ 망λͺ… ν—ˆλ½μ—¬λΆ€μ— λŒ€ν•œ λ…ΌμŸμ΄ μžˆλŠ”λ°μš”.
18:53
granting asylum to Edward Snowden.
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18:55
Would you be in favor or against?
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μ°¬μ„± ν•˜μ‹œλ‚˜μš”? λ°˜λŒ€ν•˜μ‹œλ‚˜μš”?
18:58
HK: Oh, that's a difficult question,
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HK: μ–΄λ €μš΄ μ§ˆλ¬Έμ΄κ΅°μš”.
18:59
but if you ask me,
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ν•˜μ§€λ§Œ 제게 물어보신닀면,
19:01
and if I answer honestly,
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μ†”μ§ν•œ μ˜κ²¬μ„ λ§μ”€λ“œλ¦΄κ²Œμš”.
19:03
I would give him the asylum,
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μ €λŠ” 망λͺ…이 ν—ˆλ½ν•˜κ³  μ‹ΆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
19:04
because I think it was really brave what he did,
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κ·Έκ°€ν•œ 행동은 μ •λ§λ‘œ μš©κ°ν–ˆκ³ 
19:06
and he destroyed his whole life
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κ·Έλ‘œμΈν•΄ 그의 인생과 가쑱을 ν¬ν•¨ν•œ λͺ¨λ“ κ²ƒμ΄ λ§κ°€μ‘ŒκΈ° λ•Œλ¬Έμ΄μ£ .
19:09
and his family and everything.
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19:11
So I think, for these people, we should do something,
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μ €λŠ” 이런 μ‚¬λžŒλ“€μ„ μœ„ν•΄ μš°λ¦¬κ°€ 무언가 ν•΄μ•Όν•œλ‹€κ³  μƒκ°ν•΄μš”.
19:14
and especially if you see the German history,
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νŠΉλ³„νžˆ 독일 μ—­μ‚¬μ—μ„œλŠ”
19:18
where so many people had to escape
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μˆ˜λ§Žμ€ μ‚¬λžŒλ“€μ΄ λ‹€λ₯Έλ‚˜λΌλ‘œ 망λͺ…을 μ‹œλ„ν–ˆμ§€λ§Œ μ‹€νŒ¨ν–ˆκ±°λ“ μš”.
19:21
and they asked for asylum in other countries
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19:23
and they didn't get it,
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19:24
so it would be a good sign to give him asylum.
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망λͺ…을 ν—ˆλ½ν•˜λŠ”κ²ƒμ΄ 쒋은 μ‹ ν˜Έκ°€ λ κ²λ‹ˆλ‹€.
19:27
(Applause)
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(λ°•μˆ˜)
19:29
BG: Hubertus, thank you very much.
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BG: λ‚΄μ΄λΈŒμ”¨, λ§€μš°κ°μ‚¬ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
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