Daniel Pauly: The ocean's shifting baseline

18,768 views ใƒป 2015-07-17

TED


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

ืžืชืจื’ื: Ido Dekkers ืžื‘ืงืจ: eviatar edlerman
00:12
I'm going to speak
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ืื ื™ ืขื•ืžื“ ืœื“ื‘ืจ
00:14
about a tiny, little idea.
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ืขืœ ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ืงื˜ืŸ, ืงื˜ื ื˜ืŸ.
00:17
And this is about shifting baseline.
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ื•ื”ื•ื ื”ื–ื–ืช ืงื• ื”ื‘ืกื™ืก.
00:21
And because the idea can be explained in one minute,
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ื•ืžืื—ืจ ื•ืืช ื”ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ืืคืฉืจ ืœื”ืกื‘ื™ืจ ื‘ื“ืงื” ืื—ืช,
00:25
I will tell you three stories before
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ืืกืคืจ ืœื›ื ืœืคื ื™ ื›ืŸ ืฉืœื•ืฉื” ืกื™ืคื•ืจื™ื
00:28
to fill in the time.
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœืžืœื ืืช ื”ื–ืžืŸ.
00:30
And the first story
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ื•ื”ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ
00:32
is about Charles Darwin, one of my heroes.
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ื”ื•ื ืขืœ ืฆ'ืจืœืก ื“ืจื•ื•ื™ืŸ, ืื—ื“ ื”ื’ื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ื ืฉืœื™.
00:35
And he was here, as you well know, in '35.
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ื”ื•ื ื”ื’ื™ืข ืœื›ืืŸ, ื›ืžื• ืฉืืชื ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ื”ื™ื˜ื‘, ื‘-35'.
00:38
And you'd think he was chasing finches,
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ืื•ืœื™ ื—ืฉื‘ืชื ืฉื”ื•ื ืจื“ืฃ ืื—ืจื™ ืคืจื•ืฉื™ื,
00:40
but he wasn't.
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ืื‘ืœ ืœื.
00:42
He was actually collecting fish.
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ื”ื•ื ื‘ืขืฆื ืืกืฃ ื“ื’ื™ื.
00:44
And he described one of them
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ื•ื”ื•ื ืชื™ืืจ ืื—ื“ ืžื”ื
00:46
as very "common."
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ื›ืžืื“ "ืฉื›ื™ื—."
00:48
This was the sailfin grouper.
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ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ื“ืงืจ ืžื™ืคืจืฉ.
00:50
A big fishery was run on it
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ื”ืจื‘ื• ืžืื“ ืœื“ื•ื’ ืื•ืชื•
00:52
until the '80s.
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ืขื“ ืฉื ื•ืช ื”-80.
00:55
Now the fish is on the IUCN Red List.
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ื›ื™ื•ื ื”ื“ื’ ื ืžืฆื ื‘ืจืฉื™ืžื” ื”ืื“ื•ืžื” ืฉืœ ืื™ื’ื•ื“ ื”ืฉื™ืžื•ืจ ื”ืœืื•ืžื™.
00:58
Now this story,
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ื•ืืช ื”ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ื”ื–ื”,
01:00
we have heard it lots of times
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ืฉืžืขื ื• ื›ื‘ืจ ื”ืจื‘ื” ืคืขืžื™ื
01:03
on Galapagos and other places,
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ืขืœ ื’ืืœืืคื’ื•ืก ื•ืžืงื•ืžื•ืช ืื—ืจื™ื,
01:05
so there is nothing particular about it.
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ื›ืš ืฉืื™ืŸ ื‘ื• ืžืฉื”ื• ืžื™ื•ื—ื“.
01:08
But the point is, we still come to Galapagos.
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ื ืงื•ื“ื” ื”ื™ื ืฉืื ื• ืžืžืฉื™ื›ื™ื ืœื”ื’ื™ืข ืœืื™ื™ ื’ืืœืืคื’ื•ืก.
01:11
We still think it is pristine.
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ืฉื–ื” ืžืงื•ื ื‘ืชื•ืœื™.
01:14
The brochures still say
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ื‘ืคืจืกื•ืžื™ื ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ื›ืชื•ื‘
01:17
it is untouched.
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ืฉืœื ื ื’ืขื• ื‘ื•.
01:19
So what happens here?
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ืื– ืžื” ืงืจื” ืคื”?
01:22
The second story, also to illustrate another concept,
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ื”ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ื”ืฉื ื™, ื’ื ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืฆื™ื’ ื”ืงืฉืจ ื ื•ืกืฃ,
01:25
is called shifting waistline.
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ื ืงืจื ืงื•-ืžื•ืชื ื™ื™ื ื–ื–.
01:27
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
01:30
Because I was there in '71,
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ืžืคื ื™ ืฉื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ืฉื ื‘-71'.
01:32
studying a lagoon in West Africa.
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ื—ืงืจืชื™ ืœื’ื•ื ื” ืื—ืช ื‘ืžืขืจื‘ ืืคืจื™ืงื”.
01:34
I was there because I grew up in Europe
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ื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ืฉื ื›ื™ ื’ื“ืœืชื™ ื‘ืื™ืจื•ืคื”
01:37
and I wanted later to work in Africa.
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ื•ืจืฆื™ืชื™ ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ ืื—ืจ-ื›ืš ื‘ืืคืจื™ืงื”.
01:39
And I thought I could blend in.
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ื—ืฉื‘ืชื™ ืฉืื•ื›ืœ ืœื”ื™ื˜ืžืข ื‘ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื”.
01:41
And I got a big sunburn,
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ื•ื—ื˜ืคืชื™ ื›ื•ื•ื™ื™ืช ืฉืžืฉ ื’ื“ื•ืœื”,
01:43
and I was convinced that I was really not from there.
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ื•ืื– ื”ืฉืชื›ื ืขืชื™ ืฉืื ื™ ื‘ืืžืช ืœื ืžืฉื.
01:46
This was my first sunburn.
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ื–ื• ื”ื™ืชื” ื›ื•ื•ื™ื™ืช ื”ืฉืžืฉ ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืฉืœื™.
01:48
And the lagoon
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ื”ืœื’ื•ื ื”
01:51
was surrounded by palm trees,
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ื”ื™ืชื” ืžื•ืงืคืช ื‘ืขืฆื™ ื“ืงืœ,
01:53
as you can see, and a few mangrove.
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ื›ืžื• ืฉืืชื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืจืื•ืช, ื•ื›ืžื” ืžื ื’ืจื•ื‘ื™ื.
01:55
And it had tilapia
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ื•ื”ื™ื• ื‘ื” ื“ื’ื™ ืืžื ื•ืŸ
01:57
about 20 centimeters,
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ื‘ืื•ืจืš 20 ืกื ื˜ื™ืžื˜ืจื™ื,
01:59
a species of tilapia called blackchin tilapia.
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ืžื™ืŸ ืฉืœ ืืžื ื•ืŸ ื‘ืฉื ืืžื ื•ืŸ ืฉื—ื•ืจ-ืกื ื˜ืจ.
02:01
And the fisheries for this tilapia
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ื•ืื–ื•ืจื™ ื”ื“ื™ื’ ืฉืœ ื”ืืžื ื•ืŸ ื”ื–ื”
02:03
sustained lots of fish and they had a good time
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ื›ืœื›ืœื• ื”ืจื‘ื” ื“ื’ื™ื ื•ื”ื™ื• ืœื”ื ื–ืžื ื™ื ื˜ื•ื‘ื™ื
02:06
and they earned more than average
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ื•ื”ื ื”ืจื•ื•ื™ื—ื• ืฉื ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื”ืžืžื•ืฆืข
02:08
in Ghana.
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ื‘ื’ืื ื”.
02:10
When I went there 27 years later,
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ื›ืฉื”ื’ืขืชื™ ืœืฉื ื›ืขื‘ื•ืจ 27 ืฉื ื”,
02:13
the fish had shrunk to half of their size.
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ื”ื“ื’ื™ื ื”ืชื›ื•ื•ืฆื• ืœื—ืฆื™ ืžื”ื’ื•ื“ืœ.
02:16
They were maturing at five centimeters.
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ื”ื ื”ื’ื™ืขื• ืœื‘ื’ืจื•ืช ื‘ืื•ืจืš ื—ืžื™ืฉื” ืกื ื˜ื™ืžื˜ืจ.
02:18
They had been pushed genetically.
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ื”ื ื”ื™ื• ื ืชื•ื ื™ื ืœืœื—ืฅ ื’ื ื˜ื™.
02:20
There were still fishes.
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ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ื”ื™ื• ืฉื ื“ื’ื™ื.
02:22
They were still kind of happy.
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ื”ืื ืฉื™ื ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ื”ื™ื• ื“ื™ ืฉืžื—ื™ื.
02:24
And the fish also were happy to be there.
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ื•ื”ื“ื’ื™ื ื’ื ืฉืžื—ื• ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืฉื.
02:29
So nothing has changed,
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ืื– ืฉื•ื ื“ื‘ืจ ืœื ื”ืฉืชื ื”,
02:31
but everything has changed.
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ื›ืœ ื”ืฉืชื ื”.
02:33
My third little story
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ื”ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ื”ืงื˜ืŸ ื”ืฉืœื™ืฉื™ ืฉืœื™
02:35
is that I was an accomplice
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ื”ื•ื ืฉื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ืฉื•ืชืฃ ืœื“ื‘ืจ-ืขื‘ื™ืจื”
02:37
in the introduction of trawling
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ื‘ื”ื›ื ืกืช ื”ื“ื™ื’ ื‘ืžื›ืžื•ืจื•ืช
02:39
in Southeast Asia.
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ืœื“ืจื•ื-ืžื–ืจื— ืืกื™ื”.
02:41
In the '70s -- well, beginning in the '60s --
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ื‘ืฉื ื•ืช ื”-70-- ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ, ื”ื—ืœ ืžืฉื ื•ืช ื”-60 --
02:44
Europe did lots of development projects.
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ืื™ืจื•ืคื” ืขืฉืชื” ื”ืจื‘ื” ืžื™ื–ืžื™ ืคื™ืชื•ื—.
02:47
Fish development
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ืคื™ืชื•ื— ื“ื™ื™ื’
02:49
meant imposing on countries
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ืžืฉืžืขื ืœื›ืคื•ืช ืขืœ ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช
02:51
that had already 100,000 fishers
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ืฉื›ื‘ืจ ื”ื™ื• ื‘ื”ืŸ 100,000 ื“ื™ื™ื’ื™ื
02:54
to impose on them industrial fishing.
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ืœื›ืคื•ืช ืขืœื™ื”ื ื“ื™ื’ ืชืขืฉื™ื™ืชื™.
02:57
And this boat, quite ugly,
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ื•ื”ืกื™ืจื” ื”ื–ื•, ื”ืžื›ื•ืขืจืช ืœืžื“ื™,
02:59
is called the Mutiara 4.
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ื ืงืจืืช "ืžื•ื˜ื™ืืจื” 4".
03:01
And I went sailing on it,
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ื™ืฆืืชื™ ืœื”ืคืœื’ื” ืขืœื™ื”,
03:03
and we did surveys
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ื•ืขืจื›ื ื• ืกืงืจื™ื
03:06
throughout the southern South China sea
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ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืจื•ื ื™ื ืกื™ืŸ ื”ื“ืจื•ืžื™
03:09
and especially the Java Sea.
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ื•ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ื‘ื™ื ื™ืื•ื•ื”.
03:11
And what we caught,
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ื•ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉื“ื’ื ื•,
03:13
we didn't have words for it.
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ืœื ื”ื™ื• ืœื ื• ืžื™ืœื™ื ืœืชืืจ ืื•ืชื.
03:15
What we caught, I know now,
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ืื ื™ ื™ื•ื“ืข ืฉื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉื“ื’ื ื•
03:18
is the bottom of the sea.
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ื”ื™ื• ืงืจืงืขื™ืช ื”ื™ื.
03:20
And 90 percent of our catch
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ื•-90 ืื—ื•ื– ืžื”ืฉืœืœ
03:22
were sponges,
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ื”ื™ื• ืกืคื•ื’ื™ื,
03:24
other animals that are fixed on the bottom.
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ื‘ืขืœื™ ื—ื™ื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื ืฉืฆืžื•ื“ื™ื ืœืงืจืงืขื™ืช.
03:27
And actually most of the fish,
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ื•ืœืžืขืฉื” ืจื•ื‘ ื”ื“ื’ื™ื,
03:29
they are a little spot on the debris,
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ื”ื™ื• ื›ืชื ืงื˜ืŸ ืขืœ ื”ืคืกื•ืœืช,
03:31
the piles of debris, were coral reef fish.
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ืขืจืžื•ืช ื”ืคืกื•ืœืช, ื”ื™ื• ื“ื’ื™ ืฉื•ื ื™ืช ืืœืžื•ื’ื™ื.
03:34
Essentially the bottom of the sea came onto the deck
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ื‘ืขื™ืงืจื•ืŸ ืงืจืงืขื™ืช ื”ื™ื ื”ื’ื™ืขื” ืืœ ื”ืกื™ืคื•ืŸ
03:36
and then was thrown down.
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ื•ืื– ื ื–ืจืงื” ื‘ื—ื–ืจื”.
03:38
And these pictures are extraordinary
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ื”ืชืžื•ื ื•ืช ื”ืืœื• ืžื“ื”ื™ืžื•ืช
03:41
because this transition is very rapid.
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ืžืคื ื™ ืฉื”ืžืขื‘ืจ ื”ื–ื” ืžื”ื™ืจ ืžืื“.
03:44
Within a year, you do a survey
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ืชื•ืš ืฉื ื”, ืขื•ืฉื™ื ืกืงืจ
03:47
and then commercial fishing begins.
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ื•ืื– ืžืชื—ื™ืœ ื”ื“ื™ื’ ื”ืžืกื—ืจื™.
03:49
The bottom is transformed
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ื”ืงืจืงืขื™ืช ืžืฉืชื ื”
03:51
from, in this case, a hard bottom or soft coral
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ื‘ืžืงืจื” ื”ื–ื”, ืžืงืจืงืขื™ืช ืงืฉื” ืื• ืืœืžื•ื’ื™ื ืจื›ื™ื
03:54
into a muddy mess.
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ืœื‘ืœื’ืŸ ื‘ื•ืฆื™.
03:57
This is a dead turtle.
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ื–ื”ื• ืฆื‘ ืžืช.
03:59
They were not eaten, they were thrown away because they were dead.
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ื”ื ืœื ื ืื›ืœื•, ืืœื ื”ื•ืฉืœื›ื• ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืฉื”ื™ื• ืžืชื™ื.
04:02
And one time we caught a live one.
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ืคืขื ืื—ืช ืชืคืกื ื• ืื—ื“ ื—ื™.
04:04
It was not drowned yet.
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ื”ื•ื ืœื ื˜ื‘ืข ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ.
04:06
And then they wanted to kill it because it was good to eat.
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ื•ืื– ื”ื ืจืฆื• ืœื”ืจื•ื’ ืื•ืชื• ื›ื™ ื”ื•ื ื˜ื•ื‘ ืœืžืื›ืœ.
04:09
This mountain of debris
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ื”ืจ ื”ืคืกื•ืœืช ื”ื–ื”
04:12
is actually collected by fishers
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ื ืืกืฃ ืœืžืขืฉื” ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื“ื™ื™ื’ื™ื
04:15
every time they go
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ื‘ื›ืœ ืคืขื ืฉื”ื ืžื’ื™ืขื™ื
04:17
into an area that's never been fished.
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ืœืื–ื•ืจ ืฉืžืขื•ืœื ืœื ื“ื’ื• ื‘ื•.
04:19
But it's not documented.
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ืื‘ืœ ื–ื” ืœื ืžืชื•ืขื“.
04:21
We transform the world,
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ืื ื• ืžืฉื ื™ื ืืช ื”ืขื•ืœื,
04:23
but we don't remember it.
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ืื‘ืœ ืื ื—ื ื• ืœื ื–ื•ื›ืจื™ื ืืช ื–ื”.
04:25
We adjust our baseline
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ืื ื• ืžืชืื™ืžื™ื ืืช ืงื• ื”ื‘ืกื™ืก ืฉืœื ื•
04:28
to the new level,
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ืœืจืžื” ื”ื—ื“ืฉื”,
04:30
and we don't recall what was there.
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ื•ืื ื—ื ื• ืœื ื–ื•ื›ืจื™ื ืžื” ื”ื™ื” ืฉื.
04:34
If you generalize this,
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ืื ืชืงื™ืฉื• ืžื›ืš ืขืœ ื”ื›ืœืœ,
04:36
something like this happens.
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ืชืจืื• ืฉื–ื” ืžื” ืฉืงื•ืจื”.
04:38
You have on the y axis some good thing:
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ื™ืฉ ืขืœ ืฆื™ืจ ื”"ื•ื•ืื™" ื›ืžื” ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื˜ื•ื‘ื™ื:
04:41
biodiversity, numbers of orca,
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ื’ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ื‘ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™, ื”ืจื‘ื” ืœื•ื•ื™ื™ืชื ื™ื ืงื˜ืœื ื™ื,
04:44
the greenness of your country, the water supply.
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ื”ื™ืจื•ืง ืฉืœ ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื” ืฉืœื›ื, ืืกืคืงืช ื”ืžื™ื.
04:47
And over time it changes --
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ื•ื‘ืžืฉืš ื”ื–ืžืŸ ื–ื” ืžืฉืชื ื”.
04:49
it changes
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ื–ื” ืžืฉืชื ื”
04:51
because people do things, or naturally.
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ื›ื™ ืื ืฉื™ื ืขื•ืฉื™ื ื›ืœ ืžื™ื ื™ ื“ื‘ืจื™ื, ืื• ืฉื–ื” ืžืฉืชื ื” ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื˜ื‘ืขื™.
04:53
Every generation
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ื›ืœ ื“ื•ืจ
04:55
will use the images
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ื™ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ืชืžื•ื ื•ืช
04:57
that they got at the beginning of their conscious lives
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ืฉื”ื ืงื™ื‘ืœื• ื‘ืชื—ื™ืœืช ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ื”ืžื•ื“ืขื™ื ืฉืœื”ื
05:00
as a standard
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ื‘ืชื•ืจ ืชืงืŸ
05:02
and will extrapolate forward.
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ื•ืœืคื™ื• ื”ื ื™ืฉืขืจื• ืœื’ื‘ื™ ื”ืขืชื™ื“.
05:04
And the difference then,
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ื•ืืช ื”ื”ื‘ื“ืœื™ื,
05:06
they perceive as a loss.
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ื”ื ื™ื—ืฉื™ื‘ื• ื›ืื•ื‘ื“ืŸ.
05:08
But they don't perceive what happened before as a loss.
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ืืš ื”ื ืœื ืžื—ืฉื™ื‘ื™ื ื›ืื•ื‘ื“ืŸ ืืช ืžื” ืฉืงืจื” ืงื•ื“ื.
05:11
You can have a succession of changes.
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ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืจืฆืฃ ืฉืœ ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ื.
05:13
At the end you want to sustain
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ื‘ืกื•ืคื• ืฉืœ ื“ื‘ืจ ืžืฉืชื“ืœื™ื ืœืฉืžื•ืจ
05:16
miserable leftovers.
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ืขืœ ืฉืืจื™ื•ืช ืขืœื•ื‘ื•ืช.
05:19
And that, to a large extent, is what we want to do now.
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ื•ื‘ืžื™ื“ื” ืจื‘ื” ื–ื” ืžื” ืฉืื ื• ืจื•ืฆื™ื ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืขื›ืฉื™ื•.
05:22
We want to sustain things that are gone
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ืื ื• ืจื•ืฆื™ื ืœืงื™ื™ื ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉื ืขืœืžื•
05:25
or things that are not the way they were.
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ืื• ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉื›ื‘ืจ ืื™ื ื ื›ืคื™ ืฉื”ื™ื•.
05:29
Now one should think
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื—ืฉื•ื‘
05:31
this problem affected people
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ืขืœ ื›ืš ืฉื”ื‘ืขื™ื” ื”ื–ื• ื”ืฉืคื™ืขื” ืขืœ ืื ืฉื™ื
05:33
certainly when in predatory societies,
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ื‘ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ืฆื™ื“, ืœืœื ืกืคืง,
05:37
they killed animals
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ื”ื ื”ืจื’ื• ื—ื™ื•ืช
05:39
and they didn't know they had done so
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ื•ื”ื ืœื ื™ื“ืขื• ืฉื”ื ืขืฉื• ืืช ื–ื”
05:41
after a few generations.
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ืื—ืจื™ ื›ืžื” ื“ื•ืจื•ืช.
05:43
Because, obviously,
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ืžืคื ื™, ืฉื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ,
05:46
an animal that is very abundant,
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ื—ื™ื” ืฉื”ื™ื ืžืื•ื“ ื ืคื•ืฆื”,
05:51
before it gets extinct,
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ืœืคื ื™ ืฉื”ื™ื ื ื›ื—ื“ืช,
05:54
it becomes rare.
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ื ืขืฉื™ืช ื ื“ื™ืจื”.
05:57
So you don't lose abundant animals.
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ืื– ืœื ืžืื‘ื“ื™ื ื—ื™ื•ืช ื ืคื•ืฆื•ืช.
06:00
You always lose rare animals.
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ืชืžื™ื“ ืžืื‘ื“ื™ื ื—ื™ื•ืช ื ื“ื™ืจื•ืช.
06:02
And therefore they're not perceived
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ื•ืœื›ืŸ ื”ืŸ ืœื ื ื—ืฉื‘ื•ืช
06:04
as a big loss.
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ืœืื•ื‘ื“ืŸ ื’ื“ื•ืœ.
06:06
Over time,
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ื‘ืžืฉืš ื”ื–ืžืŸ,
06:08
we concentrate on large animals,
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืžืชืจื›ื–ื™ื ื‘ื—ื™ื•ืช ื’ื“ื•ืœื•ืช,
06:10
and in a sea that means the big fish.
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ื•ื‘ื™ื ื–ื” ืื•ืžืจ ื“ื’ื™ื ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื.
06:12
They become rarer because we fish them.
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ื”ื ื ืขืฉื™ื ื ื“ื™ืจื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ื›ื™ ืื ื—ื ื• ื“ื’ื™ื ืื•ืชื.
06:15
Over time we have a few fish left
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ืขื ื”ื–ืžืŸ ื ื•ืชืจื™ื ื“ื’ื™ื ืžืขื˜ื™ื
06:17
and we think this is the baseline.
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ื•ืื ื—ื ื• ื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ืฉื–ื” ืงื• ื”ื‘ืกื™ืก.
06:20
And the question is,
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ื•ื”ืฉืืœื” ื”ื™ื,
06:22
why do people accept this?
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ืœืžื” ืื ืฉื™ื ืžืงื‘ืœื™ื ืืช ื–ื”?
06:27
Well because they don't know that it was different.
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ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืฉื”ื ืœื ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ืฉืคืขื ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ืื—ืจืช.
06:30
And in fact, lots of people, scientists,
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ื•ืœืžืขืฉื”, ื”ืจื‘ื” ืื ืฉื™ื, ืžื“ืขื ื™ื,
06:33
will contest that it was really different.
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ื™ืชื ื’ื“ื• ืœืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ืฉื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ื‘ืืžืช ืฉื•ื ื”.
06:35
And they will contest this
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ื•ื”ื ื™ืชื ื’ื“ื• ืœื–ื”
06:37
because the evidence
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ื‘ื’ืœืœ ื”ืขื“ื•ื™ื•ืช
06:39
presented in an earlier mode
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ืฉื”ื•ืฆื’ื• ื‘ืฉืœื‘ ืžื•ืงื“ื ื™ื•ืชืจ
06:44
is not in the way
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ืœื ื”ื•ืฆื’ื• ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ
06:47
they would like the evidence presented.
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ื‘ื• ื”ื ืจื•ืฆื™ื ืฉืขื“ื•ื™ื•ืช ื™ื•ืฆื’ื•.
06:49
For example,
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ืœื“ื•ื’ืžื”,
06:51
the anecdote that some present,
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ื”ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ืฉื™ืฉ ื›ืืœื” ืฉืžืกืคืจื™ื,
06:53
as Captain so-and-so
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ืขืœ ืงืคื˜ืŸ ืžื”-ืฉืžื•
06:55
observed lots of fish in this area
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ืฉืจืื” ื”ืจื‘ื” ื“ื’ื™ื ื‘ืื–ื•ืจ ื”ื–ื”
06:58
cannot be used
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ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืฉืžืฉ
07:00
or is usually not utilized by fishery scientists,
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ืื• ื‘ื“ืจืš ื›ืœืœ ืœื ืžื ื•ืฆืœ ืขืœ-ื™ื“ื™ ืžื“ืขื ื™ ื“ื™ื’,
07:03
because it's not "scientific."
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ืžืคื ื™ ืฉื”ื•ื ืœื "ืžื“ืขื™."
07:05
So you have a situation
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ืื– ื™ืฉ ืžืฆื‘
07:07
where people don't know the past,
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ื‘ื• ืื ืฉื™ื ืœื ืžื›ื™ืจื™ื ืืช ื”ืขื‘ืจ,
07:10
even though we live in literate societies,
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ืœืžืจื•ืช ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ื—ื™ื™ื ื‘ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ืžืฉื›ื™ืœื•ืช,
07:13
because they don't trust
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ืžืคื ื™ ืฉื”ื ืœื ื‘ื•ื˜ื—ื™ื
07:15
the sources of the past.
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ื‘ืžืงื•ืจื•ืช ืžืŸ ื”ืขื‘ืจ.
07:18
And hence, the enormous role
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ื•ืžื›ืืŸ ื”ื—ืฉื™ื‘ื•ืช ื”ืขืฆื•ืžื”
07:21
that a marine protected area can play.
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ืฉื™ืฉ ืœืื–ื•ืจื™ื ื”ื™ืžื™ื™ื ื”ืžื•ื’ื ื™ื.
07:23
Because with marine protected areas,
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ืžืคื ื™ ืฉื‘ืขื–ืจืช ื”ืื–ื•ืจื™ื ื”ื™ืžื™ื™ื ื”ืžื•ื’ื ื™ื
07:26
we actually recreate the past.
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืœืžืขืฉื” ืžืฉื—ื–ืจื™ื ืืช ื”ืขื‘ืจ.
07:30
We recreate the past that people cannot conceive
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ืื ื• ืžืฉื—ื–ืจื™ื ืืช ื”ืขื‘ืจ ืฉืื ืฉื™ื ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืชืคื•ืก
07:33
because the baseline has shifted
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ืžืคื ื™ ืฉืงื• ื”ื‘ืกื™ืก ื–ื–
07:35
and is extremely low.
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ื•ื”ื•ื ื ืžื•ืš ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ.
07:37
That is for people
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ื–ื” ืžื™ื•ืขื“ ืœืื ืฉื™ื
07:39
who can see a marine protected area
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ืฉื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืจืื•ืช ืื–ื•ืจ ื™ืžื™ ืžื•ื’ืŸ
07:44
and who can benefit
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ื•ืœื”ืคื™ืง ืชื•ืขืœืช
07:46
from the insight that it provides,
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ืžื”ืชื•ื‘ื ื” ืฉื”ื•ื ืžืกืคืง,
07:49
which enables them to reset their baseline.
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ืฉืžืืคืฉืจืช ืœื”ื ืœืืคืก ืืช ืงื• ื”ื‘ืกื™ืก ืฉืœื”ื.
07:53
How about the people who can't do that
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ื•ืžื” ืœื’ื‘ื™ ืืœื” ืฉืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืืช ื–ื”
07:55
because they have no access --
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ืžืคื ื™ ืฉืื™ืŸ ืœื”ื ื’ื™ืฉื” --
07:57
the people in the Midwest for example?
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ื”ืื ืฉื™ื ื‘ืžืขืจื‘ ื”ืชื™ื›ื•ืŸ, ืœื“ื•ื’ืžื”?
08:00
There I think
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ืฉื ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘
08:02
that the arts and film
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ืฉื”ืืžื ื•ืช ื•ื”ืกืจื˜ื™ื
08:04
can perhaps fill the gap,
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ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืื•ืœื™ ืœืžืœื ืืช ื”ืคืขืจ,
08:06
and simulation.
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ื•ื’ื ื”ื“ืžื™ื•ืช.
08:08
This is a simulation of Chesapeake Bay.
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ื–ื• ื”ื“ืžื™ื” ืฉืœ ืžืคืจืฅ ืฆ'ืกืคื™ืง.
08:11
There were gray whales in Chesapeake Bay a long time ago --
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ื‘ืžืคืจืฅ ืฆ'ืกืคื™ืง ื”ื™ื• ืœื•ื•ื™ืชื ื™ื ืืคื•ืจื™ื ืœืคื ื™ ื–ืžืŸ ืจื‘ --
08:13
500 years ago.
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ืœืคื ื™ 500 ืฉื ื”.
08:15
And you will have noticed that the hues and tones
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ื•ื•ื“ืื™ ืฉืžืชื ืœื‘ ืฉื”ื’ื•ื•ื ื™ื ื•ื”ืฆื‘ืขื™ื
08:18
are like "Avatar."
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ื”ื ื›ืžื• "ืื•ื•ื˜ืจ."
08:20
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
08:22
And if you think about "Avatar,"
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ื•ืื ืชื—ืฉื‘ื• ืขืœ "ืื•ื•ื˜ืจ,"
08:24
if you think of why people were so touched by it --
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ืื ืชื—ืฉื‘ื• ืœืžื” ื”ื•ื ืจื™ื’ืฉ ื›ืœ-ื›ืš ื”ืจื‘ื” ืื ืฉื™ื --
08:27
never mind the Pocahontas story --
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ืขื™ื–ื‘ื• ืœืจื’ืข ืืช ื”ืงื˜ืข ืฉืœ "ืคื•ืงื”ื•ื ื˜ืก" --
08:31
why so touched by the imagery?
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ืœืžื” ื”ื“ื™ืžื•ื™ื™ื ื”ืืœื” ืžืจื’ืฉื™ื ื›ืœ-ื›ืš?
08:35
Because it evokes something
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ืžืคื ื™ ืฉื”ืกืจื˜ ืขื•ืจืจ ืžืฉื”ื•
08:38
that in a sense has been lost.
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ืฉื‘ืžื•ื‘ืŸ ืžืกื•ื™ื™ื ืื‘ื“.
08:40
And so my recommendation,
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ืื– ื”ื”ืžืœืฆื” ืฉืœื™,
08:42
it's the only one I will provide,
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ื–ื• ื”ื”ืžืœืฆื” ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ื” ืฉืืชืŸ,
08:44
is for Cameron to do "Avatar II" underwater.
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ื”ื™ื ืœื’'ื™ื™ืžืก ืงืžืจื•ืŸ ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืืช "ืื•ื•ื˜ืจ 2" ืžืชื—ืช ืœืžื™ื.
08:49
Thank you very much.
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ืชื•ื“ื” ืจื‘ื” ืœื›ื.
08:51
(Applause)
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(ืžื—ื™ืื•ืช ื›ืคื™ื™ื)
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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