Daniel Pauly: The ocean's shifting baseline

18,522 views ใƒป 2015-07-17

TED


์•„๋ž˜ ์˜๋ฌธ์ž๋ง‰์„ ๋”๋ธ”ํด๋ฆญํ•˜์‹œ๋ฉด ์˜์ƒ์ด ์žฌ์ƒ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

๋ฒˆ์—ญ: Young-ho Park ๊ฒ€ํ† : Woo Hwang
00:12
I'm going to speak
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์ €๋Š” ์˜ค๋Š˜ ์•„์ฃผ ์ž‘๊ณ  ์กฐ๊ทธ๋งˆํ•œ
00:14
about a tiny, little idea.
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์•„์ด๋””์–ด๋ฅผ ๋ง์”€๋“œ๋ฆฌ๋ ค๊ณ  ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:17
And this is about shifting baseline.
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๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์€ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๊ธฐ์ค€์„ ์„ ์ž๊พธ ๋ฐ”๊พผ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:21
And because the idea can be explained in one minute,
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์ด ์•„์ด๋””์–ด๋Š” ์„ค๋ช…ํ•˜๋Š”๋ฐ 1๋ถ„์ด๋ฉด ์ถฉ๋ถ„ํ•˜๋‹ˆ๊นŒ
00:25
I will tell you three stories before
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์‹œ๊ฐ„์„ ์ฑ„์šฐ๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ์šฐ์„  3๊ฐ€์ง€
00:28
to fill in the time.
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์ด์•ผ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๋จผ์ € ๋ง์”€๋“œ๋ฆฌ์ฃ .
00:30
And the first story
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์ฒซ๋ฒˆ์งธ ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐ๋Š”
00:32
is about Charles Darwin, one of my heroes.
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์ €์˜ ์˜์›…์˜ ํ•˜๋‚˜์ธ ์ฑจ์Šค ๋‹ค์œˆ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์ด์ฃ .
00:35
And he was here, as you well know, in '35.
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์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์ด ์ž˜ ์•„์‹œ๋Š” ๋ฐ”์™€ ๊ฐ™์ด ๊ทธ๋Š” 1835๋…„์—
00:38
And you'd think he was chasing finches,
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์ด๊ณณ์— ์žˆ์—ˆ๋Š”๋ฐ ๋‹ค์œˆ์€ ํœœ์น˜(finch)๋ฅผ
00:40
but he wasn't.
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์ซ“์•„๋‹ค๋‹ˆ์ง€ ์•Š๊ณ 
00:42
He was actually collecting fish.
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์‚ฌ์‹ค์€ ๋ฌผ๊ณ ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ์ˆ˜์ง‘ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์—ˆ์ฃ .
00:44
And he described one of them
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๊ทธ๋Š” ๊ทธ๊ฐ€ ์ˆ˜์ง‘ํ•œ ๋ฌผ๊ณ ๊ธฐ ์ค‘์˜
00:46
as very "common."
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ํ•˜๋‚˜๋ฅผ ๋งค์šฐ "ํ”ํ•˜๋‹ค"๊ณ  ๋ฌ˜์‚ฌํ–ˆ๋Š”๋ฐ
00:48
This was the sailfin grouper.
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๊ทธ ๋ฌผ๊ณ ๊ธฐ๋Š” ๋ฐ”๋กœ ์„ธ์ผํ•€ ๊ทธ๋ฃจํผ์˜€๋Š”๋ฐ
00:50
A big fishery was run on it
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๊ทธ ๋ฌผ๊ณ ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— 80๋…„๋Œ€ ๊นŒ์ง€
00:52
until the '80s.
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์ด๊ณณ์ด ํฐ ์–ด์žฅ์„ ํ˜•์„ฑํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์—ˆ๋Š”๋ฐ
00:55
Now the fish is on the IUCN Red List.
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์ง€๊ธˆ์€ ๊ทธ ๋ฌผ๊ณ ๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ์„ธ๊ณ„์ž์—ฐ๋ณด์ „์—ฐ๋งน(IUCN)์˜
00:58
Now this story,
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๋ฉธ์ข…์œ„๊ธฐ๋™๋ฌผ ๋ชฉ๋ก์— ์˜ฌ๋ผ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์ง€์š”.
01:00
we have heard it lots of times
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์ด๋Ÿฐ ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๊ฐˆ๋ผํŒŒ๊ณ ์Šค์™€
01:03
on Galapagos and other places,
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๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๊ณณ์—์„œ ๋งŽ์ด ๋“ค์–ด์„œ ๊ทธ๊ฑด ํŠน๋ณ„ํžˆ
01:05
so there is nothing particular about it.
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์˜ˆ์™ธ์ ์ธ ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐ๋Š” ์•„๋‹ˆ์ฃ .
01:08
But the point is, we still come to Galapagos.
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ๋ฐ๋„ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๊ฐˆ๋ผํŒŒ๊ณ ์Šค๊ฐ€
01:11
We still think it is pristine.
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์›์‹œ์‹œ๋Œ€ ๊ทธ๋Œ€๋กœ๋ผ๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐํ•˜์ฃ .
01:14
The brochures still say
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์—ฌํ–‰ ๋ธŒ๋กœ์…”๋“ค์€ ์ง€๊ธˆ๋„ ๊ทธ๊ณณ์ด
01:17
it is untouched.
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์›๋ž˜ ๊ทธ๋Œ€๋กœ๋ผ๊ณ  ๋งํ•˜์ฃ .
01:19
So what happens here?
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์–ด์ฐŒ๋œ ์ผ์ด์ฃ ?
01:22
The second story, also to illustrate another concept,
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๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์ปจ์…‰์„ ๋ฌ˜์‚ฌํ•ด ์ฃผ๋Š” ๋‘๋ฒˆ์งธ ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐ๋Š”
01:25
is called shifting waistline.
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์†Œ์œ„ ๋งํ•˜๋Š” ์˜ฎ๊ฒจ๊ฐ€๋Š” ํ—ˆ๋ฆฌ์„ ์ด๋ผ๋Š” ๊ฑฐ์ฃ .
01:27
(Laughter)
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(์›ƒ์Œ)
01:30
Because I was there in '71,
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1971๋…„์— ์ €๋Š” ์„œ์•„ํ”„๋ฆฌ์นด์—์„œ
01:32
studying a lagoon in West Africa.
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์„ํ˜ธ๋ฅผ ์—ฐ๊ตฌํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์—ˆ์ง€์š”.
01:34
I was there because I grew up in Europe
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์ œ๊ฐ€ ๊ฑฐ๊ธฐ์— ๊ฐ„ ์ด์œ ๋Š” ์ €๋Š” ์œ ๋Ÿฝ์—์„œ ์ž๋ผ๋‚˜๋ฉฐ
01:37
and I wanted later to work in Africa.
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ํ›„์— ์•„ํ”„๋ฆฌ์นด์—์„œ ์ผํ•˜๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ์›ํ–ˆ๊ณ 
01:39
And I thought I could blend in.
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๊ทธ๊ณณ์—์„œ ์›์ฃผ๋ฏผ์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ ์ผํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์„์ค„ ์•Œ์•˜์ฃ .
01:41
And I got a big sunburn,
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ๋ฐ ์ €๋Š” ๊ทธ๊ณณ์—์„œ ์‹ฌํ•œ ์ผ๊ด‘ํ™”์ƒ์„ ๋ฐ›๊ณ 
01:43
and I was convinced that I was really not from there.
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์ œ๊ฐ€ ๊ทธ๊ณณ ์ถœ์ƒ์ด ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ์ ˆ์‹คํžˆ ๋Š๊ผˆ์—ˆ์ฃ .
01:46
This was my first sunburn.
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์ƒํ›„ ์ฒ˜์Œ์œผ๋กœ ์ œ๊ฐ€ ๊ฑฐ๊ธฐ์„œ ์ผ๊ด‘ํ™”์ƒ์„ ๋ฐ›์•˜์œผ๋‹ˆ๊นŒ์š”.
01:48
And the lagoon
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๊ทธ ์„ํ˜ธ๋Š” ์—ฌ๊ธฐ์„œ ๋ณด์‹œ๋Š” ๋ฐ”์™€ ๊ฐ™์ด
01:51
was surrounded by palm trees,
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ํŒœํŠธ๋ฆฌ์™€ ์•ฝ๊ฐ„์˜ ๋งน๊ทธ๋กœ๋ธŒํŠธ๋ฆฌ๋กœ
01:53
as you can see, and a few mangrove.
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๋‘˜๋Ÿฌ์‹ธ์—ฌ ์žˆ์ง€์š”.
01:55
And it had tilapia
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๊ฑฐ๊ธฐ์—๋Š” ์•ฝ 20cm ์ •๋„ ํฌ๊ธฐ์˜
01:57
about 20 centimeters,
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๋ธ”๋ž™์นœ ํ‹ธ๋ผํ”ผ์•„๋ผ๋Š”
01:59
a species of tilapia called blackchin tilapia.
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ํ‹ธ๋ผํ”ผ์•„ ๋‹ด์ˆ˜์–ด์˜ ํ•œ ์ข…์ด ์‚ด๊ณ  ์žˆ์—ˆ๋Š”๋ฐ
02:01
And the fisheries for this tilapia
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๊ทธ ๋ฌผ๊ณ ๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ๋งŽ์•„์„œ ์–ด๋ถ€๋“ค์˜
02:03
sustained lots of fish and they had a good time
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์‚ถ์€ ํ’์กฑ์Šค๋Ÿฌ์› ๊ณ 
02:06
and they earned more than average
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๊ฐ€๋‚˜์—์„œ ๊ตญ๋‚ด ํ‰๊ท  ์ด์ƒ์˜
02:08
in Ghana.
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์ˆ˜์ž…์„ ์˜ฌ๋ ธ์ฃ .
02:10
When I went there 27 years later,
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์ œ๊ฐ€ 27๋…„ ํ›„์— ๊ทธ๊ณณ์— ๋Œ์•„๊ฐ”์„๋•Œ๋Š”
02:13
the fish had shrunk to half of their size.
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๊ทธ ๋ฌผ๊ณ ๊ธฐ์˜ ํฌ๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ๋ฐ˜์œผ๋กœ ์ค„์€ ์ƒํƒœ์˜€์ฃ .
02:16
They were maturing at five centimeters.
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๋ฌผ๊ณ ๊ธฐ์˜ ๊ธธ์ด๊ฐ€ 5cm๋กœ ์ค„์—ˆ์ง€์š”.
02:18
They had been pushed genetically.
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์œ ์ „์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ž‘๊ฒŒ ๋œ๊ฑฐ์ฃ .
02:20
There were still fishes.
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๊ทธ๋ž˜๋„ ์•„์ง ๋ฌผ๊ณ ๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ๋‚จ์•„์žˆ๊ณ 
02:22
They were still kind of happy.
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์ฃผ๋ฏผ๋“ค์€ ๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ๋Œ€๋กœ ํ–‰๋ณตํ•˜์ฃ .
02:24
And the fish also were happy to be there.
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๋ฌผ๊ณ ๊ธฐ๋“ค๋„ ์ž˜ ์‚ด๊ณ  ์žˆ๊ณ ์š”.
02:29
So nothing has changed,
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‹ˆ๊นŒ ์•„๋ฌด๊ฒƒ๋„ ๋ณ€ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์ด ์—†๋Š”๊ฒƒ
02:31
but everything has changed.
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๊ฐ™์ง€๋งŒ ์‚ฌ์‹ค์€ ๋ชจ๋“  ๊ฒƒ์ด ๋ณ€ํ–ˆ์ง€์š”.
02:33
My third little story
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์„ธ๋ฒˆ์งธ ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐ๋Š” ์ œ๊ฐ€
02:35
is that I was an accomplice
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๋™๋‚จ์•„์‹œ์•„๋กœ ํŠธ๋กค ์–ด์—…์„
02:37
in the introduction of trawling
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์†Œ๊ฐœํ–ˆ๋˜ ๊ณต๋ฒ”์ž์˜
02:39
in Southeast Asia.
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ํ•˜๋‚˜์˜€๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:41
In the '70s -- well, beginning in the '60s --
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70๋…„๋Œ€์— -- ์Œ, 60๋…„๋Œ€ ์ดˆ์— ์œ ๋Ÿฝ์€
02:44
Europe did lots of development projects.
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๋งŽ์€ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ ํ”„๋กœ์ ํŠธ๋ฅผ ์‹ค์‹œํ–ˆ์ฃ .
02:47
Fish development
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๊ทธ๋‹น์‹œ ์–ด์—… ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ์ด๋ž€
02:49
meant imposing on countries
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์ด๋ฏธ 10๋งŒ๋ช…์˜ ์–ด๋ถ€๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ณณ์—
02:51
that had already 100,000 fishers
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์ƒ์—…์  ์–ด์—…์„
02:54
to impose on them industrial fishing.
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๋„์ž…ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ์˜๋ฏธํ–ˆ์ฃ .
02:57
And this boat, quite ugly,
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์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ๋ฎคํ‹ฐ์•„๋ผ 4๋ผ๋Š”
02:59
is called the Mutiara 4.
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๊ฝค ๋ณด๊ธฐ์‹ซ๊ฒŒ ์ƒ๊ธด ๋ฐฐ์˜€์ฃ .
03:01
And I went sailing on it,
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์ด๋ฐฐ๋ฅผ ํƒ€๊ณ 
03:03
and we did surveys
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๋‚จ์ค‘๊ตญํ•ด์˜ ๋‚จ์ชฝ,
03:06
throughout the southern South China sea
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ํŠนํžˆ ์ž๋ฐ”ํ•ด ์ง€์—ญ์„
03:09
and especially the Java Sea.
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์กฐ์‚ฌ ํ–ˆ์ฃ .
03:11
And what we caught,
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์žก์€ ๊ฒƒ๋“ค์€
03:13
we didn't have words for it.
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์ด๋ฆ„์กฐ์ฐจ ์—†์—ˆ์ฃ .
03:15
What we caught, I know now,
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์ง€๊ธˆ์ด์•ผ ์ œ๊ฐ€ ์•„๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด์ง€๋งŒ ๊ทธ๋•Œ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋“ค์ด
03:18
is the bottom of the sea.
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์žก์•˜๋˜ ๊ฒƒ์€ ๋ฐ”๋‹ค ๋ฐ‘๋ฐ”๋‹ฅ์ด์—ˆ์ฃ .
03:20
And 90 percent of our catch
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์ฆ‰, ์ €ํฌ๋“ค์ด ์žก์€ ๊ฒƒ์€ ๋ฐ”๋‹ค์˜
03:22
were sponges,
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๋ฐ‘๋ฐ”๋‹ฅ์— ๋ถ™์–ด ์‚ฌ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ๋“ค์ด์—ˆ๋Š”๋ฐ
03:24
other animals that are fixed on the bottom.
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๊ทธ์ค‘ 90%๋Š” ์Šคํฐ์ง€์˜€์ง€์š”.
03:27
And actually most of the fish,
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์žก์€ ๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„์˜ ๋ฌผ๊ณ ๊ธฐ๋Š”
03:29
they are a little spot on the debris,
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์‚ฐํ˜ธ์ดˆ์—์„œ ์‚ฌ๋Š” ๋ฌผ๊ณ ๊ธฐ์˜€๋Š”๋ฐ
03:31
the piles of debris, were coral reef fish.
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์‚ฌ์ง„์—์„œ๋Š” ์žก๋™์‚ฌ๋‹ˆ ์‚ฌ์ด์— ์žˆ๋Š” ์ ๊ฐ™์ด ๋ณด์ด์ฃ .
03:34
Essentially the bottom of the sea came onto the deck
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ์˜ ์ผ์€ ๊ทผ๋ณธ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋ฐ”๋‹ค๋ฐ‘์— ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ๋“ค์„ ๊ฐ‘ํŒ์œผ๋กœ
03:36
and then was thrown down.
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์˜ฌ๋ ธ๋‹ค๊ฐ€ ๋‹ค์‹œ ๋ฐ”๋‹ค ๋ฐ‘์œผ๋กœ ๋ฒ„๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๊ฑฐ์˜€์ฃ .
03:38
And these pictures are extraordinary
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์ด ์‚ฌ์ง„๋“ค์ด ํŠน๋ณ„ํžˆ ๊ท€์ค‘ํ•œ ์ด์œ ๋Š”
03:41
because this transition is very rapid.
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๋ฐ”๋‹ค๋ฐ‘์˜ ์ƒํƒœ๊ฐ€ ๊ธ‰์†๋„๋กœ ๋ฐ”๋€Œ์—ˆ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ด์ฃ .
03:44
Within a year, you do a survey
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋“ค์ด ์กฐ์‚ฌํ•œ 1๋…„ ์ด๋‚ด๋กœ
03:47
and then commercial fishing begins.
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์ƒ์—…์  ์–ด์—…์ด ์‹œ์ž‘๋˜๋ฉฐ
03:49
The bottom is transformed
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๋ฐ”๋‹ค ๋ฐ‘๋ฐ”๋‹ฅ์ด ์ด ์ง€์—ญ์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ
03:51
from, in this case, a hard bottom or soft coral
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๋”ฑ๋”ฑํ•œ ์ง€ํ‘œ๋ฉด์ด๋‚˜ ๋ถ€๋“œ๋Ÿฌ์šด ์‚ฐํ˜ธ์ดˆ๋กœ ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ
03:54
into a muddy mess.
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์ง„ํ™๋ฐ”๋‹ฅ์œผ๋กœ ๋ฐ”๋€๊ฑฐ์ฃ .
03:57
This is a dead turtle.
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์ด๊ฑด ์ฃฝ์€ ๊ฑฐ๋ถ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:59
They were not eaten, they were thrown away because they were dead.
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์ด๋Ÿฐ ๊ฑฐ๋ถ๋“ค์€ ์ฃฝ์€ ๊ฑฐ๋ผ์„œ ๋จน์ง€ ์•Š๊ณ  ๋ฒ„๋ฆฐ๊ฑฐ์ฃ .
04:02
And one time we caught a live one.
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์–ผ๋งˆ์ „๋งŒ ํ•ด๋„ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š”
04:04
It was not drowned yet.
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์‚ด์•„์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฑฐ๋ถ์„ ์žก์•„์„œ
04:06
And then they wanted to kill it because it was good to eat.
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๋จน์—ˆ์ง€์š”. ๊ฑฐ๋ถ์ด ๊ณ ๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ๋ง›์žˆ์œผ๋‹ˆ๊นŒ์š”.
04:09
This mountain of debris
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์ด๋Ÿฐ ์‚ฐ๋”๋ฏธ ๊ฐ™์€ ์žก๋™์‚ฌ๋‹ˆ๋Š”
04:12
is actually collected by fishers
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์–ด๋ถ€๋“ค์ด ๊ณ ๊ธฐ์žก์ด๋ฅผ ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์•˜๋˜
04:15
every time they go
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์ง€์—ญ์œผ๋กœ ๊ฐˆ๋•Œ๋งˆ๋‹ค
04:17
into an area that's never been fished.
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๊ทธ๋“ค์ด ๊ธ์–ด ์˜ฌ๋ ธ๋˜ ๊ฑฐ์ฃ .
04:19
But it's not documented.
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ์ด๋Ÿฐ ์‚ฌ์‹ค์€ ๋ฌธ์„œํ™”๋˜์ง€ ์•Š์•˜์ฃ .
04:21
We transform the world,
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์„ธ๊ณ„๋ฅผ ๋ฐ”๊ฟ” ๋†“๊ณ  ๊ทธ ์ „์˜ ์ƒํƒœ๊ฐ€
04:23
but we don't remember it.
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์–ด๋• ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ๊ธฐ์–ตํ•˜์ง€ ๋ชปํ•˜์ฃ .
04:25
We adjust our baseline
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์šฐ๋ฆฌ์˜ ๊ธฐ์ค€์„ ์„
04:28
to the new level,
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์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ์ˆ˜์ค€์œผ๋กœ ์žฌ์กฐ์ •ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ
04:30
and we don't recall what was there.
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๊ทธ ์ „์— ์ƒํ™ฉ์ด ์–ด๋• ๋Š”์ง€ ๊ธฐ์–ตํ•˜์ง€ ๋ชปํ•˜์ฃ .
04:34
If you generalize this,
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์ด๋ง์„ ์ผ๋ฐ˜ํ™” ํ•˜๋ฉด ๋‹ค์Œ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์€
04:36
something like this happens.
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๋„ํ‘œ๋กœ ์„ค๋ช…ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์ฃ .
04:38
You have on the y axis some good thing:
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Y ์ถ•์„ ์–ด๋–ค ์ข‹์€ ๊ฒƒ์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ํ•˜์ฃ , ์˜ˆ๋ฅผ๋“ค๋ฉด
04:41
biodiversity, numbers of orca,
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์ƒ๋ฌผ์˜ ๋‹ค์–‘์„ฑ, ๋ฒ”๊ณ ๋ž˜์˜ ์ˆ˜,
04:44
the greenness of your country, the water supply.
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์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์˜ ๋‚˜๋ผ์— ์ดˆ๋ชฉ์˜ ์ˆ˜, ๋ฌผ ๊ณต๊ธ‰ ๋“ฑ์ด
04:47
And over time it changes --
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์‹œ๊ฐ„์ด ํ๋ฆ„์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ๋ณ€ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋ณด์—ฌ์ฃผ์ฃ .
04:49
it changes
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์ด๋“ค์ด ๋ณ€ํ•˜๋Š” ์ด์œ ๋Š” ์ธ์œ„์  ๋˜๋Š”
04:51
because people do things, or naturally.
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์ž์—ฐ์ ์ธ ์ด์œ  ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ด์ฃ .
04:53
Every generation
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๊ฐ ์„ธ๋Œ€๋Š”
04:55
will use the images
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๊ทธ๋“ค์ด ์–ด๋ ธ์„๋•Œ
04:57
that they got at the beginning of their conscious lives
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์ฒ˜์Œ ๊ธฐ์–ตํ•œ ์ด๋ฏธ์ง€๋ฅผ
05:00
as a standard
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๊ธฐ์ค€์œผ๋กœ ํ•ด์„œ
05:02
and will extrapolate forward.
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๋ฏธ๋ž˜๋„ ๊ทธ๋ž˜์•ผ ํ•œ๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐํ•˜์ฃ .
05:04
And the difference then,
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๊ทธ๋“ค์€ ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ๊ณผ
05:06
they perceive as a loss.
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ํ˜„์‹ค์˜ ์ฐจ์ด๋ฅผ ์†์‹ค์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐํ•˜๋ฉด์„œ
05:08
But they don't perceive what happened before as a loss.
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๊ทธ๋“ค์˜ ํƒœ์–ด๋‚˜๊ธฐ ์ „์— ์—†์–ด์ง„ ๊ฒƒ์€ ์†์‹ค๋กœ ์ƒ๊ฐํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์ฃ .
05:11
You can have a succession of changes.
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๊ณ„์†๋œ ๋ณ€ํ™”๋ฅผ ๊ฒช์€ ํ›„
05:13
At the end you want to sustain
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๊ฒฐ๊ตญ์—๋Š” ์ฐŒ๊บผ๊ธฐ๋งŒ ๋‚จ๊ฒŒ ๋˜๋Š”๋ฐ
05:16
miserable leftovers.
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๊ทธ๋•Œ์•ผ ๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ ์ฐŒ๊บผ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๋ณด์กดํ•˜๋ ค๊ณ  ํ•˜์ฃ .
05:19
And that, to a large extent, is what we want to do now.
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ๋ฐ”๋กœ ๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ๊ฑฐ์ฃ .
05:22
We want to sustain things that are gone
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์ด๋ฏธ ๊ฒฐํ•๋œ ์ƒํƒœ ๋˜๋Š”
05:25
or things that are not the way they were.
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์›๋ž˜์˜ ์ƒํƒœ์™€๋Š” ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์ƒํƒœ๋ฅผ ๋ณด์กดํ•˜๋ ค๊ณ  ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:29
Now one should think
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์ธ๋ฅ˜์˜ ์กฐ์ƒ๋“ค์ด
05:31
this problem affected people
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์‚ฌ๋ƒฅ์„ ํ•˜๋˜ ์‹œ์ ˆ์—๋Š”
05:33
certainly when in predatory societies,
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์ง์Šน๋“ค์„ ์žก์•„ ๋จน์œผ๋ฉฐ
05:37
they killed animals
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์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ์„ธ๋Œ€๋ฅผ ๊ฑธ์ณ
05:39
and they didn't know they had done so
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๊ทธ๋“ค์ด ์–ด๋–ค ์˜ํ–ฅ์„
05:41
after a few generations.
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๋ฏธ์น˜๋Š”์ง€ ๋ชฐ๋ž์„ ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:43
Because, obviously,
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์™œ๋ƒํ•˜๋ฉด ํ’๋ถ€ํ•˜๋˜ ์ง์Šน๋“ค์ด
05:46
an animal that is very abundant,
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๋ฉธ์ข…๋˜๊ธฐ ์ „์—๋Š” ๋ถ„๋ช…ํžˆ
05:51
before it gets extinct,
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๋ช‡ ์„ธ๋Œ€์— ๊ฑธ์ณ์„œ
05:54
it becomes rare.
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ํฌ๊ท€ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋์„ ํ…Œ๋‹ˆ๊นŒ์š”.
05:57
So you don't lose abundant animals.
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ํ’๋ถ€ํ•œ ์ง์Šน๋“ค์„ ๋ฉธ์ข…์‹œํ‚ค๋Š”๊ฒŒ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ
06:00
You always lose rare animals.
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ํ•ญ์ƒ ํฌ๊ท€ํ•œ ์ง์Šน๋“ค๋งŒ ๋ฉธ์ข…์‹œ์ผฐ๊ฒ ์ฃ .
06:02
And therefore they're not perceived
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‹ˆ๊นŒ ๊ทธ๋“ค์€ ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์ด ํฐ ์žฌ์•™์ด๋ผ๊ณ 
06:04
as a big loss.
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์ƒ๊ฐํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์•˜๊ฒ ์ฃ .
06:06
Over time,
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์‹œ๊ฐ„์ด ์ง€๋‚˜๋ฉฐ ํฐ ๋™๋ฌผ๋“ค์„
06:08
we concentrate on large animals,
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์ง‘์ค‘์ ์œผ๋กœ ์žก์•„๋จน๋Š”๋ฐ ๋ฐ”๋‹ค์—์„œ๋Š”
06:10
and in a sea that means the big fish.
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ํฐ ๋ฌผ๊ณ ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๋งํ•˜์ฃ . ๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ๋ฐ ํฐ๊ณ ๊ธฐ๋Š”
06:12
They become rarer because we fish them.
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์žก์„์ˆ˜๋ก ๊ทธ ์ˆ˜๊ฐ€ ๋” ์ค„์–ด๋“ค์–ด์„œ
06:15
Over time we have a few fish left
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์–ผ๋งˆํ›„์—๋Š” ์†Œ์ˆ˜๋งŒ ๋‚จ๊ฒŒ๋˜๊ณ 
06:17
and we think this is the baseline.
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์ด ๊ธฐ์ค€์„ ์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐํ•˜์ฃ .
06:20
And the question is,
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ๋ฐ ์ œ๊ฐ€ ๋ฌป๊ณ  ์‹ถ์€ ๊ฒƒ์€
06:22
why do people accept this?
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์™œ ๊ทธ๊ฑธ ๊ธฐ์ค€์„ ์œผ๋กœ ๋ฐ›์•„๋“ค์ด๋ƒ๋Š”๊ฑฐ์ฃ .
06:27
Well because they don't know that it was different.
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๊ทธ๊ฑด ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ํ•œ๋•Œ ์ƒํ™ฉ์ด ๋‹ฌ๋ž๋‹ค๋Š”๊ฑธ ๋ชจ๋ฅด๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ด์ฃ .
06:30
And in fact, lots of people, scientists,
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์‚ฌ์‹ค, ๊ณผํ•™์ž๋“ค์„ ํฌํ•จํ•œ ๋งŽ์€ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ด
06:33
will contest that it was really different.
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์‹ค์ง€๋กœ ์ƒํ™ฉ์ด ๋‹ฌ๋ž๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋ฐ›์•„๋“ค์ด์ง€ ์•Š์ฃ .
06:35
And they will contest this
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๊ทธ๋“ค์ด ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋ถ€์ •ํ•˜๋Š” ์ด์œ ๋Š”
06:37
because the evidence
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๊ทธ๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ ์ œ์‹œ๋˜๋Š”
06:39
presented in an earlier mode
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์ฆ๊ฑฐ๋“ค์ด ๊ทธ๋“ค์ด ์›ํ•˜๋Š”
06:44
is not in the way
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ํ˜•ํƒœ๋กœ ์ œ๊ณต๋˜์ง€
06:47
they would like the evidence presented.
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์•Š์•˜๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ด์ฃ .
06:49
For example,
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์˜ˆ๋ฅผ๋“ค์ž๋ฉด,
06:51
the anecdote that some present,
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์•„๋ฌด๊ฐœ๋ผ๋Š” ์„ ์žฅ์ด ๊ณผ๊ฑฐ์— ์–ด๋–ค ์ง€์—ญ์—
06:53
as Captain so-and-so
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๋ฌผ๊ณ ๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ๋งŽ์ด ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋ดค๋‹ค๋Š” ๋“ฑ์˜
06:55
observed lots of fish in this area
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์ผํ™”๋Š” "๊ณผํ•™์ ์ธ ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ"๊ฐ€ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ๋Š”
06:58
cannot be used
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์ด์œ ๋กœ ๋ฌผ๊ณ ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ์กฐ์‚ฌํ•˜๋Š”
07:00
or is usually not utilized by fishery scientists,
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๊ณผํ•™์ž๋“ค์ด ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ๋˜๋Š”
07:03
because it's not "scientific."
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์‚ฌ์šฉํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์—†๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ด์ฃ .
07:05
So you have a situation
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๋ฌธ๋ช…์‚ฌํšŒ์—์„œ
07:07
where people don't know the past,
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์‚ด์ง€๋งŒ ๊ณผํ•™์ž๋“ค์ด
07:10
even though we live in literate societies,
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๊ณผ๊ฑฐ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ
07:13
because they don't trust
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๋ฏฟ์ง€ ์•Š๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ด
07:15
the sources of the past.
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๊ณผ๊ฑฐ๋ฅผ ๋ชจ๋ฅด๊ฒŒ ๋˜์ง€์š”.
07:18
And hence, the enormous role
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๊ทธ๋ ‡๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ๋ณดํ˜ธ๋œ ํ•ด์—ญ์€
07:21
that a marine protected area can play.
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์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ์—ญํ• ์„ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:23
Because with marine protected areas,
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์™œ๋ƒํ•˜๋ฉด ๋ณดํ˜ธ๋œ ํ•ด์—ญ์—์„œ๋Š” ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€
07:26
we actually recreate the past.
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์‹ค์ง€๋กœ ๊ณผ๊ฑฐ๋ฅผ ์žฌํ˜„ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์œผ๋‹ˆ๊นŒ์š”.
07:30
We recreate the past that people cannot conceive
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์ฆ‰, ์šฐ๋ฆฌ์˜ ๊ธฐ์ค€์„ ์ด ์ง€๊ทนํžˆ ๋‚ฎ์€ ์ˆ˜์ค€์œผ๋กœ
07:33
because the baseline has shifted
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์žฌ์„ค์ •๋˜์—ˆ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ด ์ƒ์ƒ๋„
07:35
and is extremely low.
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๋ชปํ•˜๋Š” ๊ณผ๊ฑฐ๋ฅผ ์žฌํ˜„ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด์ฃ .
07:37
That is for people
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๋ณดํ˜ธ๋œ ํ•ด์—ญ์„ ๋ณด๊ณ 
07:39
who can see a marine protected area
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์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ์‹๊ฒฌ์„ ์–ป๊ฒŒ๋˜๋Š”
07:44
and who can benefit
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์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์€
07:46
from the insight that it provides,
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๊ทธ๋“ค์˜ ๊ธฐ์ค€์„ ์„
07:49
which enables them to reset their baseline.
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์žฌ์„ค์ •ํ•˜์ง€์š”.
07:53
How about the people who can't do that
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ์˜ˆ๋ฅผ๋“ค๋ฉด ๋ฏธ๊ตญ ์ค‘์„œ์ง€์—ญ์— ์‚ฌ๋Š”
07:55
because they have no access --
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์‚ฌ๋žŒ๊ฐ™์ด ๋ณดํ˜ธ๋œ ํ•ด์—ญ์— ๊ฐ€ ๋ณผ์ˆ˜ ์—†๋Š”
07:57
the people in the Midwest for example?
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์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์€ ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ํ• ๊นŒ์š”?
08:00
There I think
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ์—๋Š”
08:02
that the arts and film
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์˜ˆ์ˆ ๊ณผ ์˜ํ™” ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ 
08:04
can perhaps fill the gap,
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์‹œ๋ฎฌ๋ ˆ์ด์…˜์ด ์‹ค๋ฌผ์„
08:06
and simulation.
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๋Œ€์‹ ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:08
This is a simulation of Chesapeake Bay.
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์ด๊ฑด ์ฒด์„œํ”ฝ ๋ฒ ์ด์˜ ์‹œ๋ฎฌ๋ ˆ์ด์…˜์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:11
There were gray whales in Chesapeake Bay a long time ago --
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์˜ค๋ž˜์ „์—๋Š” ํšŒ์ƒ‰๊ณ ๋ž˜๊ฐ€ ์ฒด์„œํ”ฝ ๋ฒ ์ด์— ์‚ด๊ณ  ์žˆ์—ˆ์ฃ  --
08:13
500 years ago.
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์•ฝ 500๋…„ ์ „์—์š”.
08:15
And you will have noticed that the hues and tones
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์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์€ ์•„๋งˆ ๋Œ๊ณ ๋ž˜์˜ ์ƒ‰์ƒ๊ณผ ํ†ค์ด
08:18
are like "Avatar."
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'์•„๋ฐ”ํƒ€'์™€ ๋น„์Šทํ•˜๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋Š๋ผ์‹ค์ง€ ๋ชจ๋ฆ…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:20
(Laughter)
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(์›ƒ์Œ)
08:22
And if you think about "Avatar,"
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์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ด ์™œ ์•„๋ฐ”ํƒ€๋ฅผ ๋ณด๊ณ 
08:24
if you think of why people were so touched by it --
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๊ฐ๋™์„ ๋ฐ›์•˜๋Š”๊ฐ€๋ฅผ ์ƒ๊ฐํ•ด ๋ณด๋ฉด --
08:27
never mind the Pocahontas story --
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ํฌ์นดํ˜ผํƒ€์Šค ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐ๋Š” ์ œ์ณ๋†“๊ณ ์š” --
08:31
why so touched by the imagery?
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์™œ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๊ทธ ์ด๋ฏธ์ง€์— ๊ทธ๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ๊ฐ๋™์„ ๋ฐ›์•˜๋‚˜์š”?
08:35
Because it evokes something
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๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์€ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์žŠ์–ด๋ฒ„๋ฆฐ ๊ทธ ๋ฌด์—‡์„
08:38
that in a sense has been lost.
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์ƒ๊ธฐ์‹œํ‚ค๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ด์ฃ .
08:40
And so my recommendation,
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๋งˆ์ง€๋ง‰์œผ๋กœ, ์ €๋Š” ์นด๋ฉ”๋ก ์ด
08:42
it's the only one I will provide,
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์ˆ˜์ค‘ํŒ '์•„๋ฐ”ํƒ€ 2'๋ฅผ ๋งŒ๋“ค๋„๋ก
08:44
is for Cameron to do "Avatar II" underwater.
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๊ฑด์˜ํ•˜๊ณ  ์‹ถ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:49
Thank you very much.
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๋Œ€๋‹จํžˆ ๊ฐ์‚ฌํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:51
(Applause)
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(๋ฐ•์ˆ˜)
์ด ์›น์‚ฌ์ดํŠธ ์ •๋ณด

์ด ์‚ฌ์ดํŠธ๋Š” ์˜์–ด ํ•™์Šต์— ์œ ์šฉํ•œ YouTube ๋™์˜์ƒ์„ ์†Œ๊ฐœํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ „ ์„ธ๊ณ„ ์ตœ๊ณ ์˜ ์„ ์ƒ๋‹˜๋“ค์ด ๊ฐ€๋ฅด์น˜๋Š” ์˜์–ด ์ˆ˜์—…์„ ๋ณด๊ฒŒ ๋  ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฐ ๋™์˜์ƒ ํŽ˜์ด์ง€์— ํ‘œ์‹œ๋˜๋Š” ์˜์–ด ์ž๋ง‰์„ ๋”๋ธ” ํด๋ฆญํ•˜๋ฉด ๊ทธ๊ณณ์—์„œ ๋™์˜์ƒ์ด ์žฌ์ƒ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋น„๋””์˜ค ์žฌ์ƒ์— ๋งž์ถฐ ์ž๋ง‰์ด ์Šคํฌ๋กค๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์˜๊ฒฌ์ด๋‚˜ ์š”์ฒญ์ด ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ์ด ๋ฌธ์˜ ์–‘์‹์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ฌธ์˜ํ•˜์‹ญ์‹œ์˜ค.

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