Erica Frenkel: The universal anesthesia machine

59,205 views ใƒป 2012-02-02

TED


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

ืžืชืจื’ื: Ido Dekkers ืžื‘ืงืจ: Sigal Tifferet
ืื ื™ ืื“ื‘ืจ ืื™ืชื›ื ื”ื™ื•ื
00:16
I'm going to talk to you today
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00:17
about the design of medical technology for low-resource settings.
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ืขืœ ื”ืชื›ื ื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ืจืคื•ืื™ืช ืœืžืฆื‘ื™ื ืฉืœ ืžืฉืื‘ื™ื ื“ืœื™ื.
ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืงืจืช ืžืขืจื›ื•ืช ืจืคื•ืื™ื•ืช ื‘ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ื”ืืœื•.
00:21
I study health systems in these countries.
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ื•ืื—ื“ ืžื”ืคืขืจื™ื ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื ื‘ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ,
00:23
And one of the major gaps in care,
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ื›ืžืขื˜ ื‘ื›ืœ ื”ืžืงื•ืžื•ืช,
00:25
almost across the board,
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ื”ื•ื ื’ื™ืฉื” ืœื ื™ืชื•ื—ื™ื ื‘ื˜ื•ื—ื™ื.
00:27
is access to safe surgery.
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ืื—ื“ ืžืฆื•ื•ืืจื™ ื”ื‘ืงื‘ื•ืง ื”ืขื™ืงืจื™ื™ื ืฉืžืฆืื ื•
00:29
Now one of the major bottlenecks that we've found
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00:31
that's sort of preventing both the access in the first place,
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ืฉืžื•ื ืข ื’ื ืืช ื”ื’ื™ืฉื”
ื•ื’ื ืืช ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื—ื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ื”ื ื™ืชื•ื—ื™ื ื”ืืœื” ืฉื›ืŸ ืงื•ืจื™ื
00:35
and the safety of those surgeries that do happen, is anesthesia.
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ื”ื™ื ื”ื”ืจื“ืžื”.
ื•ืœืžืขืฉื”, ื–ื” ืžื•ื“ืœ ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืžืฆืคื™ื ืฉื™ืขื‘ื•ื“
00:39
And actually, it's the model that we expect to work
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ืœืืกืคืงืช ื”ืจื“ืžื”
00:41
for delivering anesthesia in these environments.
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ื‘ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื•ืช ื”ืืœื•.
00:44
Here, we have a scene that you would find in any operating room across the US,
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ื›ืืŸ ื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ืกืฆื ื” ืฉื”ื™ื™ืชื ืžื•ืฆืื™ื
ื‘ื›ืœ ื—ื“ืจ ื ื™ืชื•ื— ื‘ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช ืื• ื›ืœ ืžื“ื™ื ื” ืžืคื•ืชื—ืช ืื—ืจืช.
00:48
or any other developed country.
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ื‘ืจืงืข ื›ืืŸ
00:50
In the background there
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00:51
is a very sophisticated anesthesia machine.
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ื™ืฉ ืžื›ื•ื ืช ื”ืจื“ืžื” ืžืฉื•ื›ืœืœืช.
ื•ื”ืžื›ื•ื ื” ื”ื–ื• ืžืกื•ื’ืœืช
00:54
And this machine is able to enable surgery and save lives
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ืœืืคืฉืจ ื ื™ืชื•ื—ื™ื ื•ืœื”ืฆื™ืœ ื—ื™ื™ื
00:57
because it was designed with this environment in mind.
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ืžืคื ื™ ืฉื”ื™ื ืชื•ื›ื ื ื”
ืชื•ืš ืžื—ืฉื‘ื” ืขืœ ื”ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื” ื”ื–ื•.
01:01
In order to operate, this machine needs a number of things
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœืขื‘ื•ื“, ื”ืžื›ื•ื ื” ื”ื–ื• ืฆืจื™ื›ื” ืžืกืคืจ ื“ื‘ืจื™ื
01:04
that this hospital has to offer.
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ืฉื‘ื™ืช ื”ื—ื•ืœื™ื ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ืฆื™ืข.
01:06
It needs an extremely well-trained anesthesiologist
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ื”ื™ื ืฆืจื™ื›ื” ืžืจื“ื™ื ืžืื•ื“ ืžื™ื•ืžืŸ
01:09
with years of training with complex machines
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ืขื ืฉื ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ื›ืฉืจื” ื‘ืžื›ื•ื ื•ืช ืžืกื•ื‘ื›ื•ืช
ื›ื“ื™ ืœืขื–ื•ืจ ืœื” ืœื ื˜ืจ ืืช ื–ืจื™ืžืช ื”ื’ื–
01:12
to help her monitor the flows of the gas
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01:14
and keep her patients safe and anesthetized
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ื•ืœืฉืžื•ืจ ืขืœ ื”ืžื ื•ืชื—ื™ื ื‘ื˜ื•ื—ื™ื ื•ืžื•ืจื“ืžื™ื
ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื”ื ื™ืชื•ื—.
01:17
throughout the surgery.
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01:18
It's a delicate machine running on computer algorithms,
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ื–ื• ืžื›ื•ื ื” ืขื“ื™ื ื” ืฉืจืฆื” ืขืœ ืืœื’ื•ืจื™ืชืžื™ื ืžืžื•ื—ืฉื‘ื™ื,
01:21
and it needs special care, TLC, to keep it up and running,
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ื•ื”ื™ื ืฆืจื™ื›ื” ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ืขื“ื™ืŸ ื›ื“ื™ ืฉื”ื™ื ืชืขื‘ื•ื“,
01:24
and it's going to break pretty easily.
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ื•ื”ื™ื ืžืชืงืœืงืœืช ื“ื™ื™ ื‘ืงืœื•ืช.
01:26
And when it does, it needs a team of biomedical engineers
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ื•ื›ืฉื–ื” ืงื•ืจื”, ื”ื™ื ืฆืจื™ื›ื” ืฆื•ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืžื”ื ื“ืกื™ื ื‘ื™ื• ืžื›ืื ื™ื™ื
01:29
who understand its complexities, can fix it, can source the parts
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ืฉืžื‘ื™ื ื™ื ืืช ื”ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ื•ืช ืฉืœื”,
ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืชืงืŸ ืื•ืชื”, ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ืฉื™ื’ ื—ืœืงื™ื
01:33
and keep it saving lives.
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ื•ืœืขื–ื•ืจ ืœื” ืœื”ืžืฉื™ืš ืœื”ืฆื™ืœ ื—ื™ื™ื.
01:35
It's a pretty expensive machine.
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ื–ื• ืžื›ื•ื ื” ื“ื™ื™ ื™ืงืจื”.
01:37
It needs a hospital whose budget can allow it
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ื”ื™ื ืฆืจื™ื›ื” ื‘ื™ืช ื—ื•ืœื™ื
ืฉื”ืชืงืฆื™ื‘ ืฉืœื• ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืืคืฉืจ ืžื›ื•ื ื” ืื—ืช
01:40
to support one machine costing upwards of 50 or $100,000.
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ืฉืขื•ืœื” 50 ืื• 100,000$.
ื•ืื•ืœื™ ื”ื›ื™ ื‘ืจื•ืจ,
01:45
And perhaps most obviously,
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ื•ืื•ืœื™ ื”ื›ื™ ื—ืฉื•ื‘ --
01:47
but also most importantly --
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ื•ื”ื“ืจืš ืœืจืขื™ื•ื ื•ืช ืฉืฉืžืขื ื• ืขืœื™ื”ื
01:49
and the path to concepts that we've heard about
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ืžื“ื’ื™ื ืืช ื–ื” --
01:51
kind of illustrates this --
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ื”ื™ื ืฆืจื™ื›ื” ืชืฉืชื™ืช
01:53
it needs infrastructure that can supply an uninterrupted source of electricity,
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ืฉื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœืกืคืง ืžืงื•ืจ ื‘ืœืชื™ ื ืคืกืง
ืฉืœ ื—ืฉืžืœ, ืฉืœ ื—ืžืฆืŸ ื“ื—ื•ืก
01:58
of compressed oxygen, and other medical supplies
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ื•ืืช ืฉืืจ ื”ืืกืคืงื” ื”ืจืคื•ืื™ืช
02:01
that are so critical to the functioning of this machine.
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ืฉื›ืœ ื›ืš ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื” ืœืคืขื™ืœื•ืช
ืฉืœ ื”ืžื›ื•ื ื” ื”ื–ื•.
02:05
In other words, this machine requires a lot of stuff
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ื‘ืžื™ืœื™ื ืื—ืจื•ืช, ื”ืžื›ื•ื ื” ื“ื•ืจืฉืช ื”ืจื‘ื” ื“ื‘ืจื™ื
ืฉื‘ื™ืช ื”ื—ื•ืœื™ื ื”ื–ื” ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ืฆื™ืข.
02:09
that this hospital cannot offer.
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ื–ื• ืืกืคืงืช ื—ืฉืžืœ
02:11
This is the electrical supply for a hospital in rural Malawi.
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ืœื‘ื™ืช ื—ื•ืœื™ื ื‘ืื–ื•ืจื™ ื”ืกืคืจ ืฉืœ ืžืœืื•ื™.
ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื”ื—ื•ืœื™ื ื”ื–ื”,
02:15
In this hospital,
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02:16
there is one person qualified to deliver anesthesia,
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ื™ืฉ ืืฉื” ืื—ืช ืขื ื”ื›ืฉืจื” ืœืชืช ื”ืจื“ืžื”,
ื•ื”ื™ื ืžื•ืกืžื›ืช
02:19
and she's qualified
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02:20
because she has 12, maybe 18 months of training in anesthesia.
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ืžืคื ื™ ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื” 12, ืื•ืœื™ 18 ื—ื•ื“ืฉื™ื
ืฉืœ ื”ื›ืฉืจื” ื‘ื”ืจื“ืžื”.
ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื”ื—ื•ืœื™ื ื•ื‘ื›ืœ ื”ืื–ื•ืจ
02:25
In the hospital and in the entire region
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ืื™ืŸ ืžื”ื ื“ืก ื‘ื™ื•-ืจืคื•ืื™ ื™ื—ื™ื“.
02:27
there's not a single biomedical engineer.
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ืื– ื›ืฉื”ืžื›ื•ื ื” ื”ื–ื• ืžืชืงืœืงืœืช,
02:29
So when this machine breaks,
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02:30
the machines that they have to work with break,
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ื”ืžื›ื•ื ื•ืช ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื”ื ืžืชืงืœืงืœื•ืช,
ื”ื ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœื ืกื•ืช ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ, ืื‘ืœ ืจื•ื‘ ื”ื–ืžืŸ, ื–ื” ืกื•ืฃ ื”ื“ืจืš.
02:33
they've got to try and figure it out,
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02:34
but most of the time, that's the end of the road.
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ื”ืžื›ื•ื ื•ืช ื”ืืœื” ืขื•ื‘ืจื•ืช ืœื‘ื™ืช ื”ืงื‘ืจื•ืช.
02:37
Those machines go the proverbial junkyard.
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ื•ื”ืžื—ื™ืจ ืฉืœ ื”ืžื›ื•ื ื” ืฉื”ื–ื›ืจืชื™
02:39
And the price tag of the machine that I mentioned
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02:41
could represent maybe a quarter or a third
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ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื™ื™ืฆื’ ืื•ืœื™ ืจื‘ืข ืื• ืฉืœื™ืฉ
02:43
of the annual operating budget for this hospital.
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ืฉืœ ืชืงืฆื™ื‘ ื”ืคืขื™ืœื•ืช ื”ืฉื ืชื™
ืฉืœ ื‘ื™ืช ื”ื—ื•ืœื™ื.
02:47
And finally, I think you can see that infrastructure is not very strong.
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ื•ืœื‘ืกื•ืฃ, ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ืช ืฉืืชื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื”ืชืฉืชื™ืช ื”ื™ื ืœื ืžืžืฉ ื—ื–ืงื”.
ื‘ื™ืช ื”ื—ื•ืœื™ื ื”ื–ื” ืžื—ื•ื‘ืจ ืœืจืฉืช ืžืžืฉ ื—ืœืฉื”,
02:51
This hospital is connected to a very weak power grid,
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02:53
one that goes down frequently.
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ืื—ืช ืฉื ื•ืคืœืช ื”ืจื‘ื”.
02:55
So it runs frequently, the entire hospital,
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ืื– ืœืขื™ืชื™ื ืงืจื•ื‘ื•ืช ื›ืœ ื‘ื™ืช ื”ื—ื•ืœื™ื,
ืคื•ืขืœ ืจืง ืขืœ ื’ื ืจื˜ื•ืจ.
02:58
just on a generator.
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02:59
And you can imagine, the generator breaks down
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ื•ืืชื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื“ืžื™ื™ืŸ, ื”ื’ื ืจื˜ื•ืจ ืžืชืงืœืงืœ
03:01
or runs out of fuel.
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ืื• ื ื’ืžืจ ืœื• ื”ื“ืœืง.
03:03
And the World Bank sees this
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ื•ื”ื‘ื ืง ื”ืขื•ืœืžื™ ืจื•ืื” ืืช ื–ื”
03:05
and estimates that a hospital in this setting in a low-income country
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ื•ืžืขืจื™ืš ืฉื‘ื™ืช ื—ื•ืœื™ื ื‘ืžืฆื‘ ื›ื–ื” ื‘ืžื“ื™ื ื” ืขื ื”ื›ื ืกื” ื ืžื•ื›ื”
ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืฆืคื•ืช ืœ 18 ื”ืคืกืงื•ืช ื—ืฉืžืœ
03:09
can expect up to 18 power outages per month.
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ื‘ื—ื•ื“ืฉ.
03:13
Similarly, compressed oxygen and other medical supplies
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ื•ื‘ื“ื•ืžื”, ื—ืžืฆืŸ ื“ื—ื•ืก ื•ืืกืคืงื” ืจืคื•ืื™ืช ืื—ืจืช
ื”ื ื‘ืืžืช ืžื•ืชืจื•ืช
03:17
are really a luxury,
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ื•ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืจื‘ื•ืช ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื—ืกืจื™ื
03:18
and can often be out of stock for months or even a year.
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ื‘ืžืฉืš ื—ื•ื“ืฉื™ื ื•ืืคื™ืœื• ืฉื ื”.
03:21
So it seems crazy, but the model that we have right now
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ืื– ื–ื” ื ืจืื” ืžื˜ื•ืจืฃ, ืื‘ืœ ื”ืžื•ื“ืœ ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ืขื›ืฉื™ื•
03:24
is taking those machines that were designed
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ืœื•ืงื— ืืช ื”ืžื›ื•ื ื•ืช ื”ืืœื”
ืฉืชื•ื›ื ื ื• ืœืกื‘ื™ื‘ื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืฉื”ืจืื™ืชื™ ืœื›ื
03:27
for that first environment that I showed you
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ื•ืชื•ืจืžื™ื ืื•ืชืŸ ืื• ืžื•ื›ืจื™ื ืื•ืชืŸ
03:29
and donating or selling them to hospitals in this environment.
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ืœื‘ืชื™ ื—ื•ืœื™ื ื‘ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื•ืช ื”ืืœื”.
ื–ื” ืœื ืจืง ืœื ืžืชืื™ื,
03:34
It's not just inappropriate,
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03:35
it becomes really unsafe.
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ื–ื” ื ืขืฉื” ืžืžืฉ ืœื ื‘ื˜ื•ื—.
03:38
One of our partners at Johns Hopkins
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ืื—ื“ ื”ืฉื•ืชืคื™ื ืฉืœื ื• ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื”ื—ื•ืœื™ื ื’'ื•ื ืก ื”ื•ืคืงื™ื ืก
03:40
was observing surgeries in Sierra Leone about a year ago.
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ืฆืคื” ื‘ื ื™ืชื•ื—ื™ื ื‘ืกื™ื™ืจื” ืœืื•ืŸ
ื‘ืขืจืš ืœืคื ื™ ืฉื ื”.
03:45
And the first surgery of the day happened to be an obstetrical case.
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ื•ื”ื ื™ืชื•ื— ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ื‘ื™ื•ื ื”ื™ื” ืžื™ืœื“ื•ืชื™ ื‘ืžืงืจื”.
03:48
A woman came in, she needed an emergency C-section
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ืื™ืฉื” ื”ื’ื™ืขื”, ื•ื”ื™ืชื” ื–ืงื•ืงื” ืœื ื™ืชื•ื— ืงื™ืกืจื™ ื“ื—ื•ืฃ
03:51
to save her life and the life of her baby.
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืฆื™ืœ ืืช ื—ื™ื™ื” ื•ืืช ื—ื™ื™ ื”ืชื™ื ื•ืง.
ื•ื”ื›ืœ ื”ืชื—ื™ืœ ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ื˜ื•ื‘ื”.
03:55
And everything began pretty auspiciously.
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ื”ืžื ืชื— ื”ื™ื” ืžื•ื›ืŸ ื•ื”ืชื›ื•ื ืŸ.
03:57
The surgeon was on call and scrubbed in.
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ื”ืื—ื•ืช ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืฉื.
03:59
The nurse was there.
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04:00
She was able to anesthetize her quickly, and it was important
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ื”ื™ื ื”ื™ืชื” ืžืกื•ื’ืœืช ืœื”ืจื“ื™ื ืื•ืชื” ื‘ืžื”ื™ืจื•ืช,
ื•ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ื‘ื’ืœืœ ื”ื“ื—ื™ืคื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืžืฆื‘.
04:03
because of the emergency nature of the situation.
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04:05
And everything began well
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ื•ื”ื›ืœ ื”ืชื—ื™ืœ ื˜ื•ื‘
04:07
until the power went out.
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ืขื“ ืฉื”ื—ืฉืžืœ ื”ืคืกื™ืง.
ื•ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ื‘ืืžืฆืข ื”ื ื™ืชื•ื—,
04:11
And now in the middle of this surgery,
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04:12
the surgeon is racing against the clock to finish his case,
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ื”ืžื ืชื— ื ืœื—ื ื ื’ื“ ื”ืฉืขื•ืŸ ื›ื“ื™ ืœืกื™ื™ื ืืช ื”ื ื™ืชื•ื—,
04:15
which he can do -- he's got a headlamp.
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ืฉื”ื•ื ื™ื›ื•ืœ - ื™ืฉ ืœื• ืคื ืก ืจืืฉ.
ืื‘ืœ ื”ืื—ื•ืช ืžื™ืœื•ืœื™ืช
04:18
But the nurse is literally running around a darkened operating theater
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ืจืฆื” ื‘ื—ื“ืจ ื ื™ืชื•ื— ื—ืฉื•ืš
04:22
trying to find anything she can use to anesthetize her patient,
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ืžื ืกื” ืœืžืฆื•ื ืืช ื›ืœ ื“ื‘ืจ ืฉื”ื™ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืจื“ื™ื ืืช ื”ืคืฆื™ื™ื ื˜ื™ืช,
ื›ื“ื™ ืœืฉืžื•ืจ ืขืœื™ื” ืžื•ืจื“ืžืช.
04:25
to keep her patient asleep.
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ืžืคื ื™ ืฉื”ืžื›ื•ื ื” ืฉืœื” ืœื ืขื•ื‘ื“ืช ื›ืฉืื™ืŸ ื—ืฉืžืœ.
04:27
Because her machine doesn't work when there's no power.
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04:30
This routine surgery that many of you have probably experienced,
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ื•ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ื”ื ื™ืชื•ื— ื”ืจื’ื™ืœ ื”ื–ื” ืฉืจื‘ื•ืช ืžื›ืŸ ื‘ื•ื•ื“ืื™ ื—ื•ื•,
04:33
and others are probably the product of, has now become a tragedy.
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ื•ืื—ืจื™ื ื”ื ืชื•ืฆืจ ืฉืœื•,
ื”ืคืš ืœื˜ืจื’ื“ื™ื”.
04:38
And what's so frustrating is this is not a singular event;
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ื•ืžื” ืฉื›ืœ ื›ืš ืžืชืกื›ืœ ื–ื” ืฉื–ื” ืœื ืžืงืจื” ืžื‘ื•ื“ื“;
04:41
this happens across the developing world.
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ื–ื” ืงื•ืจื” ื‘ื›ืœ ื”ืขื•ืœื ื”ืžืชืคืชื—.
35 ืžื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ื ื™ืชื•ื—ื™ื ื ืขืจื›ื™ื ื›ืœ ืฉื ื”
04:44
35 million surgeries are attempted every year
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ื‘ืœื™ ื”ืจื“ืžื” ื‘ื˜ื•ื—ื”.
04:47
without safe anesthesia.
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ื”ืงื•ืœื’ื” ืฉืœื™ ื“ืจ. ืคื•ืœ ืคื ื˜ื•ืŸ,
04:49
My colleague, Dr. Paul Fenton, was living this reality.
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ื—ื™ ืืช ื”ืžืฆื™ืื•ืช ื”ื–ื•.
04:52
He was the chief of anesthesiology
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ื”ื•ื ื”ื™ื” ื”ืžืจื“ื™ื ื”ืจืืฉื™
04:54
in a hospital in Malawi, a teaching hospital.
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ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื—ื•ืœื™ื ื‘ืžืœืื•ื•ื™, ื‘ื™ืช ื—ื•ืœื™ื ืœื™ืžื•ื“ื™.
ื”ื•ื ื”ืœืš ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ ื›ืœ ื™ื•ื
04:57
He went to work every day
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04:58
in an operating theater like this one,
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ื‘ื—ื“ืจ ื ื™ืชื•ื— ื›ืžื• ื–ื”,
05:00
trying to deliver anesthesia and teach others how to do so
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ืžื ืกื” ืœืกืคืง ื”ืจื“ืžื” ื•ืœืœืžื“ ืื—ืจื™ื ืื™ืš ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืืช ื–ื”
05:03
using that same equipment
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ืขื ืื•ืชื• ืฆื™ื•ื“
05:05
that became so unreliable, and frankly unsafe, in his hospital.
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ืฉื”ืคืš ืœื›ืœ ื›ืš ืœื ืืžื™ืŸ, ื•ืœืžืขืฉื” ืœื ื‘ื˜ื•ื—,
ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื”ื—ื•ืœื™ื ืฉืœื•.
ื•ืื—ืจื™ ื”ืžื•ืŸ ื ื™ืชื•ื—ื™ื
05:10
And after umpteen surgeries
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ื•ืืชื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื“ืžื™ื™ืŸ, ื˜ืจื’ื“ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืืžืช ื ื•ืจืื™ื•ืช,
05:12
and, you can imagine, really unspeakable tragedy,
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05:14
he just said, "That's it. I'm done. That's enough.
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ื”ื•ื ืคืฉื•ื˜ ืืžืจ, "ื–ื”ื•, ืื ื™ ืกื™ื™ืžืชื™. ื–ื” ืžืกืคื™ืง.
ื—ื™ื™ื‘ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžืฉื”ื• ื™ื•ืชืจ ื˜ื•ื‘."
05:17
There has to be something better."
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ืื– ื”ื•ื ื”ืœืš ื‘ืžื•ืจื“ ื”ืžืกื“ืจื•ืŸ
05:19
He took a walk down the hall
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ืœืžืงื•ื ื‘ื• ื–ืจืงื• ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ืžื›ื•ื ื•ืช ืฉืคืฉื•ื˜ ื”ืชืคื’ืจื• ืœื”ื --
05:21
to where they threw all those machines that had just crapped out on them,
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ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ืช ืฉื–ื” ื”ืžื•ืฉื’ ื”ืžื“ืขื™ --
05:24
I think that's the scientific term,
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ื•ื”ื•ื ืคืฉื•ื˜ ื”ืชื—ื™ืœ ืœืฉื—ืง.
05:26
and he started tinkering.
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ื”ื•ื ืœืงื— ื—ืœืง ืื—ื“ ืžืžื›ื•ื ื” ืื—ืช ื•ืื—ืจ ืžืžื›ื•ื ื” ืื—ืจืช,
05:27
He took one part from here and another from there,
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ื•ื”ื•ื ื ื™ืกื” ืœื”ื’ื™ืข ืœืžื›ื•ื ื”
05:29
and he tried to come up with a machine that would work
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ืฉืชืขื‘ื•ื“ ื‘ืžืฆื™ืื•ืช ืฉืขืžื“ื” ืœืคื ื™ื•.
05:32
in the reality that he was facing.
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ื•ืžื” ืฉื”ื•ื ื”ื’ื™ืข ืืœื™ื• ื”ื™ื” ื”ื‘ื—ื•ืจ ื”ื–ื”,
05:34
And what he came up with:
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05:35
was this guy.
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05:36
The prototype for the Universal Anesthesia Machine --
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ืื‘ ื”ื˜ื™ืคื•ืก ืฉืœ ืžื›ื•ื ืช ื”ื”ืจื“ืžื” ื”ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกืœื™ืช --
ืžื›ื•ื ื” ืฉืชืขื‘ื•ื“
05:40
a machine that would work and anesthetize his patients
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ื•ืชืจื“ื™ื ืืช ื”ื—ื•ืœื™ื ืฉืœื•
05:43
no matter the circumstances that his hospital had to offer.
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ืœื ืžืฉื ื” ืžื” ื”ืชื ืื™ื ืฉื”ื™ื• ืœื‘ื™ืช ื”ื—ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ืฆื™ืข.
05:47
Here it is, back at home
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ื”ื ื” ื”ื™ื ื‘ื‘ื™ืช
05:49
at that same hospital, developed a little further, 12 years later,
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ื‘ืื•ืชื• ื‘ื™ืช ื—ื•ืœื™ื, ืžืคื•ืชื—ืช ืงืฆืช ื™ื•ืชืจ, 12 ืฉื ื™ื ืžืื•ื—ืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ,
05:52
working on patients from pediatrics to geriatrics.
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ืขื•ื‘ื“ืช ืขื ื—ื•ืœื™ื ืžื™ืœื“ื™ื ืœื’ืจื™ืื˜ืจื™ืงื”.
ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ืชื ื• ืœื™ ืœื”ืจืื•ืช ืœื›ื ืžืขื˜ ืขืœ ืื™ืš ื”ืžื›ื•ื ื” ื”ื–ื• ืขื•ื‘ื“ืช.
05:56
Let me show you a little bit about how this machine works.
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ื•ื•ืืœื”!
05:59
Voila!
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ื”ื ื” ื”ื™ื.
06:01
Here she is.
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06:02
When you have electricity,
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ื›ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื›ื ื—ืฉืžืœ,
06:04
everything in this machine begins in the base.
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ื”ื›ืœ ื‘ืชื•ืš ื”ืžื›ื•ื ื” ืžืชื—ื™ืœ ื‘ื‘ืกื™ืก.
ื™ืฉ ืžืจื›ื– ื—ืžืฆืŸ ื‘ื ื•ื™ ื‘ืชื•ื›ื” ืฉื ืœืžื˜ื”.
06:07
There's a built-in oxygen concentrator down there.
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06:09
Now you've heard me mention oxygen a few times at this point.
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ืฉืžืขืชื ืื•ืชื™ ืžื–ื›ื™ืจื” ื—ืžืฆืŸ ื›ืžื” ืคืขืžื™ื ืขื“ ื”ื ืงื•ื“ื” ื”ื–ื•.
ื‘ืขื™ืงืจื•ืŸ, ื›ื“ื™ ืœืชืช ื”ืจื“ืžื”,
06:13
Essentially, to deliver anesthesia, you want as pure oxygen as possible,
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ืชืจืฆื• ื—ืžืฆืŸ ื˜ื”ื•ืจ ื›ื›ืœ ื”ืืคืฉืจ,
06:16
because eventually you're going to dilute it, essentially, with the gas.
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ืžืคื ื™ ืฉื‘ืกื•ืคื• ืฉืœ ื“ื‘ืจ ืืชื ืชื“ืœืœื• ืื•ืชื•
ื‘ืขื™ืงืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ื’ื–.
06:20
And the mixture that the patient inhales
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ื•ื”ืชืขืจื•ื‘ืช ืฉื”ื—ื•ืœื” ืฉื•ืืฃ
06:22
needs to be at least a certain percentage oxygen
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ืฆืจื™ื›ื” ืœื”ื›ื™ืœ ืœืคื—ื•ืช ืื—ื•ื– ืžืกื•ื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ื—ืžืฆืŸ
ืื—ืจืช ื”ื™ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžืกื•ื›ื ืช.
06:25
or else it can become dangerous.
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06:26
But so in here when there's electricity,
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ืื‘ืœ ื›ื›ื” ื‘ืคื ื™ื ื›ืฉื™ืฉ ื—ืฉืžืœ,
06:28
the oxygen concentrator takes in room air.
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ืžืจื›ื– ื”ื—ืžืฆืŸ ืœื•ืงื— ืื•ื™ืจ ืžื”ื—ื“ืจ.
06:31
Now we know room air is gloriously free,
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ืฉืื•ื™ืจ ืžื”ื—ื“ืจ ื”ื•ื ื—ื•ืคืฉื™ ืœื”ืคืœื™ื,
06:34
it is abundant,
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ื”ื•ื ื ืžืฆื ื‘ืฉืคืข,
06:36
and it's already 21 percent oxygen.
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ื•ื–ื” ื›ื‘ืจ 21 ืื—ื•ื– ื—ืžืฆืŸ.
06:38
So all this concentrator does is take that room air in, filter it
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ืื– ื›ืœ ืžื” ืฉื”ืžืจื›ื– ื”ื–ื” ืขื•ืฉื” ื”ื•ื ืœืงื—ืช ืื•ื™ืจ ืžื”ื—ื“ืจ, ืœืกื ืŸ ืื•ืชื•
ื•ืœื”ื•ืฆื™ื ื—ืžืฆืŸ ื‘95 ืื—ื•ื–
06:42
and send 95 percent pure oxygen up and across here,
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ื“ืจืš ื›ืืŸ
ืฉื ื”ื•ื ืžืขื•ืจื‘ื‘ ืขื ื—ื•ืžืจ ื”ื”ืจื“ืžื”.
06:46
where it mixes with the anesthetic agent.
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ืœืคื ื™ ืฉื”ืชืขืจื•ื‘ืช ื”ื–ื•
06:49
Now before that mixture hits the patient's lungs,
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ืžื’ื™ืขื” ืœืจื™ืื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ื—ื•ืœื”,
06:52
it's going to pass by here -- you can't see it,
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ื”ื™ื ืชืขื‘ื•ืจ ืคื” --
06:54
but there's an oxygen sensor here --
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ืืชื ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืจืื•ืช ืืช ื–ื”, ืื‘ืœ ื™ืฉ ื—ื™ื™ืฉืŸ ื—ืžืฆืŸ ืคื” --
06:56
that's going to read out on this screen the percentage of oxygen being delivered.
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ืฉื™ืจืื” ืขืœ ื”ืžืกืš ืคื”
ืืช ืื—ื•ื– ื”ื—ืžืฆืŸ ื”ืžืกื•ืคืง.
07:01
Now if you don't have power,
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ืื ืื™ืŸ ื—ืฉืžืœ,
07:03
or, God forbid, the power cuts out in the middle of a surgery,
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ืื•, ื—ืก ื•ื—ืœื™ืœื”, ื”ื—ืฉืžืœ ื ืคืกืง ื‘ืืžืฆืข ื”ื ื™ืชื•ื—,
ื”ืžื›ื•ื ื” ืขื•ื‘ืจืช ืื•ื˜ื•ืžื˜ื™ืช,
07:07
this machine transitions automatically,
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ืœืœื ืžื’ืข ืืคื™ืœื•,
07:09
without even having to touch it,
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ืœืžืฉื•ืš ืื•ื™ืจ ืžื”ื—ื“ืจ ื“ืจืš ื”ื›ื ื™ืกื” ื”ื–ื•.
07:11
to drawing in room air from this inlet.
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ื›ืœ ื”ืฉืืจ ืื•ืชื• ื”ื“ื‘ืจ.
07:14
Everything else is the same.
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07:15
The only difference is that now
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ื”ื”ื‘ื“ืœ ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ื™ ื”ื•ื ืฉืขื›ืฉื™ื•
07:17
you're only working with 21 percent oxygen.
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ืืชื ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ืจืง ืขื 21 ืื—ื•ื– ื—ืžืฆืŸ.
07:20
Now that used to be a dangerous guessing game,
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ืคืขื ืžืฉื—ืง ื ื™ื—ื•ืฉ ืžืกื•ื›ืŸ,
07:23
because you only knew if you gave too little oxygen
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ืžืคื ื™ ืฉืจืง ื™ื“ืขืชื ืื ื ืชืชื ืžืขื˜ ืžื“ื™ ื—ืžืฆืŸ ื‘ืจื’ืข ืฉืžืฉื”ื• ืจืข ืงืจื”.
07:25
once something bad happened.
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ืื‘ืœ ืฉืžื ื• ืกื•ืœืœื” ืžืืจื™ื›ืช ื—ื™ื™ื™ื ืฉื ื‘ืคื ื™ื.
07:27
But we've put a long-life battery backup on here.
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ื–ื” ื”ื—ืœืง ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ื™ ืขื ื’ื™ื‘ื•ื™ ืกื•ืœืœื”.
07:30
This is the only part that's battery backed up.
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ืื‘ืœ ื–ื” ื ื•ืชืŸ ืฉืœื™ื˜ื” ืœืžืคืขื™ืœ,
07:32
But this gives control to the provider, whether there's power or not,
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ืื ื™ืฉ ื—ืฉืžืœ ืื• ืœื,
07:35
because they can adjust the flows
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ืžืคื ื™ ืฉื”ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืฉื ื•ืช ืืช ื”ื–ืจื™ืžื”
07:37
based on the percentage of oxygen they see that they're giving the patient.
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ื‘ื”ืชื‘ืกืก ืขืœ ืื—ื•ื– ื”ื—ืžืฆืŸ ืฉื”ื ืจื•ืื™ื ืฉื”ื ื ื•ืชื ื™ื ืœื—ื•ืœื”.
ื‘ืฉื ื™ ื”ืžืงืจื™ื,
07:41
In both cases, whether you have power or not,
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ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื ื™ืฉ ืœื›ื ื—ืฉืžืœ ืื• ืœื,
07:44
sometimes the patient needs help breathing.
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ืœืคืขืžื™ื ื”ื”ื—ื•ืœื” ืฆืจื™ืš ืขื–ืจื” ื‘ื ืฉื™ืžื”.
07:46
It's just a reality of anesthesia, the lungs can be paralyzed.
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ื–ื• ืคืฉื•ื˜ ื”ืžืฆื™ืื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ื”ืจื“ืžื”. ื”ืจื™ืื•ืช ื™ื›ื•ืœื•ืช ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžืฉื•ืชืงื•ืช.
07:49
And so we've just added this manual bellows.
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ืื– ืจืง ื”ื•ืกืคื ื• ืืช ื”ืžืคื•ื—ื™ื ื”ื™ื“ื ื™ื™ื ื”ืืœื”.
ืจืื™ื ื• ื ื™ืชื•ื—ื™ื ืฉืœ ืฉืœื•ืฉ ืื• ืืจื‘ืข ืฉืขื•ืช
07:52
We've seen surgeries for three or four hours
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ืฉื”ื ืฉื™ืžื• ืืช ื”ื—ื•ืœื” ืขื ื–ื”.
07:55
to ventilate the patient on this.
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07:57
So it's a straightforward machine.
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ืื– ื–ื• ืžื›ื•ื ื” ื“ื™ ื™ืฉื™ืจื”.
08:00
I shudder to say simple; it's straightforward.
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ืื ื™ ืจื•ืขื“ืช ืœื”ื’ื™ื“ ืคืฉื•ื˜ื”;
ื”ื™ื ื™ืฉื™ืจื”.
08:04
And it's by design.
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ื•ื”ื™ื ืžืชื•ื›ื ื ืช ื›ืš.
08:06
You do not need to be a highly trained, specialized anesthesiologist
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ื•ืืชื ืœื ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช
ืžืจื“ื™ืžื™ื ืžื•ืžื—ื™ื ื•ืžืื•ืžื ื™ื ื”ื™ื˜ื‘ ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ืžื›ื•ื ื” ื”ื–ื•,
08:11
to use this machine,
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ืฉื–ื” ื˜ื•ื‘, ื›ื™ ื‘ื‘ืชื™ ื”ื—ื•ืœื™ื ื‘ืื–ื•ืจื™ื ื”ื›ืคืจื™ื™ื ื”ืืœื”,
08:12
which is good because, in these rural district hospitals,
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ืืชื ืœื ืชืงื‘ืœื• ื›ื–ื• ืจืžื” ืฉืœ ื”ื›ืฉืจื”.
08:15
you're not going to get that level of training.
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08:17
It's also designed for the environment that it will be used in.
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ื”ื™ื ื’ื ืžืชื•ื›ื ื ืช ืœืกื‘ื™ื‘ื” ื‘ื” ื™ืฉืชืžืฉื• ื‘ื”.
ื–ื• ืžื›ื•ื ื” ืขืžื™ื“ื” ืœื”ืคืœื™ื.
08:21
This is an incredibly rugged machine.
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08:22
It has to stand up to the heat and the wear and tear
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ื”ื™ื ืฆืจื™ื›ื” ืœืขืžื•ื“
ื‘ืœื—ืฅ ื•ื‘ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ืฉืงื•ืจื”
08:26
that happens in hospitals in these rural districts.
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ื‘ื‘ืชื™ ื—ื•ืœื™ื ื‘ืื–ื•ืจื™ื ื”ื›ืคืจื™ื™ื ื”ืืœื”.
08:29
And so it's not going to break very easily,
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ืื– ื”ื™ื ืœื ืชืชืงืœืงืœ ื‘ืงืœื•ืช,
08:31
but if it does, virtually every piece in this machine
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ืื‘ืœ ืื ื”ื™ื ื›ืŸ, ืžืžืฉ ื›ืœ ื—ืœืง ื‘ืžื›ื•ื ื”
ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžื•ื—ืœืฃ
08:35
can be swapped out and replaced
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08:37
with a hex wrench and a screwdriver.
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ืขื ืžืคืชื— ืืœืŸ ื•ืžื‘ืจื’.
ื•ืœื‘ืกื•ืฃ, ื”ื™ื ื‘ืจืช ื”ืฉื’ื”.
08:41
And finally, it's affordable.
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ื”ืžื›ื•ื ื” ื”ื–ื• ืžื’ื™ืขื”
08:43
This machine comes in at an eighth of the cost
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ืœืฉืžื™ื ื™ืช ืžืžื—ื™ืจ
08:46
of the conventional machine that I showed you earlier.
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ื”ืžื›ื•ื ื” ื”ืจื’ื™ืœื” ืฉื”ืจืืชื™ ืงื•ื“ื.
ืื– ื‘ืžื™ืœื™ื ืื—ืจื•ืช, ืžื” ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ืคื”
08:50
So in other words, what we have here is a machine that can enable surgery
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ื”ื•ื ืžื›ื•ื ื” ืฉื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœืืคืฉืจ ื ื™ืชื•ื—ื™ื ื•ืœื”ืฆื™ืœ ื—ื™ื™ื
08:54
and save lives,
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08:55
because it was designed for its environment,
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ืžืคื ื™ ืฉื”ื™ื ืชื•ื›ื ื ื” ืœืกื‘ื™ื‘ื” ืฉืœื”
08:58
just like the first machine I showed you.
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ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ื›ืžื• ื”ืžื›ื•ื ื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืฉื”ืจืื™ืชื™ ืœื›ื.
ืื‘ืœ ืื ื—ื ื• ืœื ืจื•ืฆื™ื ืœืขืฆื•ืจ ืคื”.
09:01
But we're not content to stop there.
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ื”ื™ื ืขื•ื‘ื“ืช?
09:03
Is it working?
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09:04
Is this the design that's going to work in place?
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ื”ืื ื–ื” ื”ืชื›ื ื•ืŸ ืฉื™ืขื‘ื•ื“ ื‘ืžืงื•ื?
ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ ืจืื™ื ื• ืชื•ืฆืื•ืช ื˜ื•ื‘ื•ืช ืขื“ ืขื›ืฉื™ื•.
09:07
Well, we've seen good results so far.
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09:08
This is in 13 hospitals in four countries,
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ื–ื” ื‘ 13 ื‘ืชื™ ื—ื•ืœื™ื ื‘ืืจื‘ืข ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช,
ื•ืžืื– 2010,
09:12
and since 2010, we've done well over 2,000 surgeries
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ืขืฉื™ื ื• ื™ื•ืชืจ ืž2,000 ื ื™ืชื•ื—ื™ื
ื‘ืœื™ ืฉื•ื ืืจื•ืขื™ื ืงืœื™ื ื™ื™ื ื‘ืขื™ื™ืชื™ื™ื.
09:16
with no clinically adverse events.
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ืื– ืื ื—ื ื• ืžืื•ืฉืจื™ื.
09:18
So we're thrilled.
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09:19
This really seems like a cost-effective, scalable solution
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ื–ื” ื‘ืืžืช ื ืจืื” ื›ืžื• ืคื™ืชืจื•ืŸ ืœื ื™ืงืจ ื•ืกืงื™ื™ืœื‘ื™ืœื™
ืœื‘ืขื™ื” ืžืžืฉ ื ืคื•ืฆื”.
09:24
to a problem that's really pervasive.
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09:26
But we still want to be sure
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ืื‘ืœ ืื ื—ื ื• ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืจื•ืฆื™ื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื‘ื˜ื•ื—ื™ื
09:28
that this is the most effective and safe device
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ืฉื–ื” ื‘ืืžืช ื”ืžื›ืฉื™ืจ ื”ื›ื™ ื‘ื˜ื•ื— ื•ืืคืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™
ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ื›ื ื™ืก ืœื‘ืชื™ ื—ื•ืœื™ื.
09:31
that we can be putting into hospitals.
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ืื– ื›ื“ื™ ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืืช ื–ื” ื”ืฉืงื ื• ืžืกืคืจ ืฉื•ืชืคื•ื™ื•ืช
09:33
So to do that, we've launched a number of partnerships
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ืขื ืืจื’ื•ื ื™ื ื—ื•ืฅ ืžืžืฉืœืชื™ื™ื ื•ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ืื•ืช
09:35
with NGOs and universities,
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœืืกื•ืฃ ืžื™ื“ืข ืขืœ ืžืžืฉืง ื”ืžืฉืชืžืฉ,
09:37
to gather data on the user interface,
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09:39
on the types of surgeries it's appropriate for,
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ืขืœ ืกื•ื’ื™ ื”ื ื™ืชื•ื—ื™ื ืฉื”ื™ื ืžืชืื™ืžื” ืœื”ื
ื•ื“ืจื›ื™ื ื‘ื”ืŸ ืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืฉืคืจ ืืช ื”ืžื›ืฉื™ืจ ืขืฆืžื•.
09:42
and ways we can enhance the device itself.
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ืื—ืช ื”ืฉื•ืชืคื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ืืœื”
09:44
One of those partnerships is with Johns Hopkins
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ื”ื™ื ืขื ื’'ื•ื ืก ื”ื•ืคืงื™ื ืก ืžืžืฉ ืคื” ื‘ื‘ื•ืœื˜ื™ืžื•ืจ.
09:47
just here in Baltimore.
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09:48
They have a really cool anesthesia simulation lab out in Baltimore.
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ื™ืฉ ืœื”ื ืžืขื‘ื“ืช ื”ืจื“ืžื” ืžืžืฉ ืžื’ื ื™ื‘ื” ื‘ื‘ื•ืœื˜ื™ืžื•ืจ.
09:52
So we're taking this machine
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ืื– ืื ื—ื ื• ืœื•ืงื—ื™ื ืืช ื”ืžื›ื•ื ื”
09:54
and recreating some of the operating theater crises
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ื•ื™ื•ืฆืจื™ื ื›ืžื” ืžืžืฉื‘ืจื™ ื—ื“ืจ ื”ื ื™ืชื•ื—
ืฉื”ืžื›ื•ื ื” ื”ื–ื• ืื•ืœื™ ืชืขืžื•ื“ ืžื•ืœืŸ
09:58
that this machine might face
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09:59
in one of the hospitals that it's intended for,
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ื‘ืื—ื“ ืžื‘ืชื™ ื”ื—ื•ืœื™ื ืฉื”ื™ื ืžื™ื•ืขื“ืช ืืœื™ื”ื,
ื•ื‘ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื” ืกื’ื•ืจื” ื•ื‘ื˜ื•ื—ื”,
10:02
and in a contained, safe environment,
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10:04
evaluating its effectiveness.
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ืžืขืจื™ื›ื™ื ืืช ื”ื™ืขื™ืœื•ืช ืฉืœื”.
10:06
We're then able to compare the results from that study
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ืื– ืืคืฉืจ ืœื”ืฉื•ื•ืช ืืช ื”ืชื•ืฆืื•ืช ืžื”ืžื—ืงืจ ื”ื–ื”
ืขื ื ืกื™ื•ืŸ ืžื”ืขื•ืœื ื”ืืžื™ืชื™,
10:10
with real-world experience,
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10:11
because we're putting two of these in hospitals
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ืžืคื ื™ ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืฉืžื™ื ืฉืชื™ื™ื ื›ืืœื” ื‘ื‘ืชื™ ื—ื•ืœื™ื
10:13
that Johns Hopkins works with in Sierra Leone,
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ืฉื’'ื•ื ืก ื”ื•ืคืงื™ื ืก ืขื•ื‘ื“ ืื™ืชื ื‘ืกื™ื™ืจื” ืœืื•ืŸ,
ื›ื•ืœืœ ื‘ื™ืช ื”ื—ื•ืœื™ื ื‘ื• ื”ื ื™ืชื•ื— ื”ืงื™ืกืจื™ ื”ื–ื” ืงืจื”.
10:16
including the hospital where that emergency C-section happened.
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10:20
So I've talked a lot about anesthesia, and I tend to do that.
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ืื– ื“ื™ื‘ืจืชื™ ื”ืจื‘ื” ืขืœ ื”ืจื“ืžื”, ื•ืื ื™ ื ื•ื˜ื” ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืืช ื–ื”.
10:23
I think it is incredibly fascinating and an important component of health.
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ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ืช ืฉื–ื” ืžืžืฉ ืžื“ื”ื™ื
ื•ื—ืœืง ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืฉืœ ืจืคื•ืื”.
10:27
And it really seems peripheral, we never think about it,
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ื•ื–ื” ื‘ืืžืช ื ืจืื” ืฉื•ืœื™, ืื ื—ื ื• ืืฃ ืคืขื ืœื ื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ืขืœ ื–ื”,
10:30
until we don't have access to it,
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ืขื“ ืฉืื™ืŸ ืœื ื• ื’ื™ืฉื” ืœื–ื”,
10:32
and then it becomes a gatekeeper.
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ื•ืื– ื”ื™ื ื ื”ื™ื™ืช ืฉื•ืžืจืช ื”ืฉืขืจ.
10:34
Who gets surgery and who doesn't?
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ืžื™ ื ื›ื ืก ืœื ื™ืชื•ื— ื•ืžื™ ืœื?
ืžื™ ืขื•ื‘ืจ ื ื™ืชื•ื— ื‘ื˜ื•ื— ื•ืžื™ ืœื?
10:37
Who gets safe surgery and who doesn't?
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ืื‘ืœ ืืชื ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื, ื–ื• ืจืง ืื—ืช ืžื›ืœ ื›ืš ื”ืจื‘ื” ื“ืจื›ื™ื
10:40
But you know, it's just one of so many ways
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10:42
that design, appropriate design,
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ืฉืขื™ืฆื•ื‘, ืขื™ืฆื•ื‘ ืžืชืื™ื,
ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ืฉืคื™ืข ืขืœ ืชื•ืฆืื•ืช ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืชื™ื•ืช.
10:46
can have an impact on health outcomes.
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10:48
If more people in the health-delivery space
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ืื ื™ื•ืชืจ ืื ืฉื™ื ื‘ืืกืคืงืช ื”ืจืคื•ืื”
10:50
really working on some of these challenges in low-income countries
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ืฉื‘ืืžืช ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ืขืœ ื›ืžื” ืžื”ืืชื’ืจื™ื ื”ืืœื” ื‘ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ืขื ื”ื›ื ืกื” ื ืžื•ื›ื”
ื™ื•ื›ืœื• ืœื”ืชื—ื™ืœ ืืช ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื”ืขื™ืฆื•ื‘ ืฉืœื”ื,
10:54
could start their design process, their solution search,
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ืืช ื—ื™ืคื•ืฉ ื”ืคืชืจื•ื ื•ืช ืฉืœื”ื,
10:57
from outside of that proverbial box
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ืžื—ื•ืฅ ืœืงื•ืคืกื”
10:59
and inside of the hospital --
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ื•ื‘ืชื•ืš ื‘ื™ืช ื”ื—ื•ืœื™ื --
11:01
In other words, if we could design
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ื‘ืžื™ืœื™ื ืื—ืจื•ืช, ืื ื ื•ื›ืœ ืœืขืฆื‘
11:03
for the environment that exists in so many parts of the world,
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ืœืกื‘ื™ื‘ื” ืฉืงื™ื™ืžืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื›ืš ื”ืจื‘ื” ืื–ื•ืจื™ื ื‘ืขื•ืœื,
11:06
rather than the one that we wished existed --
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ื‘ืžืงื•ื ื–ื• ืฉืื ื• ืžืงื•ื•ื™ื ืฉืชื”ื™ื™ื” ืงื™ื™ืžืช --
ืื•ืœื™ ืืคื™ืœื• ื ืฆื™ืœ ื”ืจื‘ื” ื—ื™ื™ื.
11:09
we might just save a lot of lives.
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ืชื•ื“ื” ืจื‘ื” ืœื›ื.
11:12
Thank you very much.
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11:13
(Applause)
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(ืžื—ื™ืื•ืช ื›ืคื™ื™ื)
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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