Erica Frenkel: The universal anesthesia machine

59,131 views ใƒป 2012-02-02

TED


์•„๋ž˜ ์˜๋ฌธ์ž๋ง‰์„ ๋”๋ธ”ํด๋ฆญํ•˜์‹œ๋ฉด ์˜์ƒ์ด ์žฌ์ƒ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

๋ฒˆ์—ญ: Yong Choi ๊ฒ€ํ† : Jeongyob Park
์˜ค๋Š˜ ์ €๋Š” ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„๊ป˜
00:16
I'm going to talk to you today
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00:17
about the design of medical technology for low-resource settings.
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์ ์€ ์ž์›์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜๋Š” ์˜๋ฃŒ ์žฅ๋น„์˜ ๋””์ž์ธ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ๋ง์”€๋“œ๋ฆฌ๊ฒ ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
์ €๋Š” ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ๋‚˜๋ผ์˜ ์˜๋ฃŒ ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์„ ์—ฐ๊ตฌํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:21
I study health systems in these countries.
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๋‚˜๋ผ๋งˆ๋‹ค ๊ฐ€์žฅ ํฐ
00:23
And one of the major gaps in care,
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์ฐจ์ด์  ์ค‘ ํ•˜๋‚˜๋Š”
00:25
almost across the board,
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์•ˆ์ „ํ•œ ์ˆ˜์ˆ ์„ ๋ฐ›์„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š”์ง€ ์—ฌ๋ถ€์˜€์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:27
is access to safe surgery.
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์ €ํฌ๋Š” ๋ฌธ์ œ๊ฐ€ ๋˜๋Š” ์ ์„ ํ•œ ๊ฐ€์ง€ ์•Œ์•„๋ƒˆ๋Š”๋ฐ,
00:29
Now one of the major bottlenecks that we've found
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00:31
that's sort of preventing both the access in the first place,
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์šฐ์„ ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ˆ˜์ˆ ์˜ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ๊ณผ ์•ˆ์ „ํ•œ ์ˆ˜์ˆ ์„ ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐ์— ์žˆ์–ด ๋ชจ๋‘
๋งˆ์ทจ๊ฐ€ ๊ฑธ๋ฆผ๋Œ์ด ๋˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š”
00:35
and the safety of those surgeries that do happen, is anesthesia.
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๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
๊ทธ๋ฆฌํ•˜์—ฌ, ์ €ํฌ๋Š” ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌํ•œ ํ™˜๊ฒฝ์—
00:39
And actually, it's the model that we expect to work
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๋งž๋Š” ๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ
00:41
for delivering anesthesia in these environments.
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๋งˆ์ทจ์žฅ๋น„๋ฅผ ๋งŒ๋“ค๋ ค๊ณ  ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:44
Here, we have a scene that you would find in any operating room across the US,
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์‚ฌ์ง„์€ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์ด๋‚˜ ์—ฌํƒ€ ์„ ์ง„๊ตญ์˜
์—ฌ๋Š ์ˆ˜์ˆ ์‹ค์—์„œ๋‚˜ ๋ณผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๋ชจ์Šต์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:48
or any other developed country.
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๋’ค์ชฝ์œผ๋กœ๋Š” ์ •๊ตํ•œ
00:50
In the background there
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00:51
is a very sophisticated anesthesia machine.
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๋งˆ์ทจ ์žฅ๋น„๊ฐ€ ๋ณด์ด์ฃ .
์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๊ธฐ๊ณ„๊ฐ€ ์ˆ˜์ˆ ์— ์ด์šฉ๋˜์–ด
00:54
And this machine is able to enable surgery and save lives
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์ƒ๋ช…์„ ๊ตฌํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€
00:57
because it was designed with this environment in mind.
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์ด๋Ÿฐ ํ™˜๊ฒฝ์„ ์—ผ๋‘์— ๋‘๊ณ 
๋””์ž์ธ๋˜์—ˆ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:01
In order to operate, this machine needs a number of things
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์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์žฅ๋น„๋ฅผ ์šด์˜ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด์„œ๋Š”
01:04
that this hospital has to offer.
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๋ณ‘์›์—์„œ ํ•„์š”ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ๋“ค์ด ๋งŽ์ด ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:06
It needs an extremely well-trained anesthesiologist
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๋ณต์žกํ•œ ๊ธฐ๊ณ„๋กœ ์ˆ˜๋…„๊ฐ„ ํ›ˆ๋ จ๋ฐ›์€
01:09
with years of training with complex machines
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๋งค์šฐ ์ˆ™๋ จ๋œ ๋งˆ์ทจ์ „๋ฌธ๊ฐ€๊ฐ€ ํ•„์š”ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
๊ฐ€์Šค์˜ ํ๋ฆ„์„ ์‚ดํ”ผ๊ณ 
01:12
to help her monitor the flows of the gas
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01:14
and keep her patients safe and anesthetized
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ํ™˜์ž๋ฅผ ์•ˆ์ „ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋ณดํ˜ธํ•˜๊ณ  ์ˆ˜์ˆ ๋™์•ˆ์—
๋งˆ์ทจ ์ƒํƒœ๋ฅผ ์œ ์ง€ํ•ด์•ผ ํ•˜์ฃ .
01:17
throughout the surgery.
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01:18
It's a delicate machine running on computer algorithms,
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์ปดํ“จํ„ฐ ์•Œ๊ณ ๋ฆฌ๋“ฌ์— ์˜ํ•ด ์ž‘๋™ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ณต์žกํ•œ ๊ธฐ๊ณ„์ด๋ฉฐ,
01:21
and it needs special care, TLC, to keep it up and running,
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๊ณ„์† ์ž‘๋™์‹œํ‚ค๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด์„œ๋Š” ํŠน๋ณ„ํ•œ ์ฃผ์˜, TLC๊ฐ€ ํ•„์š”ํ•˜๋ฉฐ,
01:24
and it's going to break pretty easily.
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๋˜ํ•œ ์‰ฝ๊ฒŒ ๊ณ ์žฅ๋‚ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:26
And when it does, it needs a team of biomedical engineers
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๋˜ ๊ณ ์žฅ์ด ๋‚ ๋•Œ๋Š” ์ด ๋ณต์žกํ•œ ๊ธฐ๊ณ„๋ฅผ ์ดํ•ดํ•˜๊ณ 
01:29
who understand its complexities, can fix it, can source the parts
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๋ถ€ํ’ˆ์„ ๊ตฌํ•ด ์ˆ˜๋ฆฌํ•ด์„œ
์ƒ๋ช…์„ ๊ณ„์† ๊ตฌํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋„๋ก ํ•˜๋Š”
01:33
and keep it saving lives.
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์ƒ์˜๊ณตํ•™ ์—”์ง€๋‹ˆ์–ดํŒ€์ด ์žˆ์–ด์•ผ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:35
It's a pretty expensive machine.
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์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ๋งค์šฐ ๊ฐ’๋น„์‹ผ ์žฅ๋น„์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:37
It needs a hospital whose budget can allow it
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์ด ๊ธฐ๊ณ„๋Š”
ํ•œ๋Œ€๋ฅผ ์šด์šฉํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด์„œ
01:40
to support one machine costing upwards of 50 or $100,000.
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5๋งŒ๋ถˆ์—์„œ 10๋งŒ๋ถˆ์ •๋„์˜ ์˜ˆ์‚ฐ์„ ๊ฐ๋‹นํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๋ณ‘์›๋“ค์ด ์“ธ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์ฃ .
๋˜ํ•œ ์•„๋งˆ๋„ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ์ž๋ช…ํ•˜๊ณ ,
01:45
And perhaps most obviously,
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๊ฐ€์žฅ ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ
01:47
but also most importantly --
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๋“ค์€ ๊ฐœ๋…์€
01:49
and the path to concepts that we've heard about
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์ด๋Ÿฐ ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
01:51
kind of illustrates this --
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๊ธฐ๋ณธ ์‹œ์„ค์ด ํ•„์š”ํ•œ๋ฐ
01:53
it needs infrastructure that can supply an uninterrupted source of electricity,
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์ด๋Š” ์ „๊ธฐ, ์••์ถ• ์‚ฐ์†Œ
๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์˜๋ฃŒํ’ˆ์˜ ๋Š์ž„์—†๋Š”
01:58
of compressed oxygen, and other medical supplies
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๊ณต๊ธ‰์„ ์œ„ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์ด์ฃ 
02:01
that are so critical to the functioning of this machine.
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์ด๊ฒƒ๋“ค์€ ์ด ๊ธฐ๊ณ„์˜ ์ž‘๋™์—
ํ•„์ˆ˜์ ์ธ ๊ฒƒ๋“ค์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:05
In other words, this machine requires a lot of stuff
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๋‹ฌ๋ฆฌ ๋งํ•ด, ์ด ๊ธฐ๊ณ„๊ฐ€ ํ•„์š”๋กœ ํ•˜๋Š” ๋งŽ์€ ๊ฒƒ๋“ค์€
์ด๋Ÿฐ ๋ณ‘์›์—์„œ๋Š” ๊ฐ๋‹นํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์—†์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:09
that this hospital cannot offer.
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์ „๊ธฐ ์‹œ์„ค์„ ๋ณด์„ธ์š”.
02:11
This is the electrical supply for a hospital in rural Malawi.
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๋ฃจ๋Ÿด ๋ง๋ผ์œ„์˜ ๋ณ‘์›์— ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
์ด ๋ณ‘์›์—์„œ๋Š”,
02:15
In this hospital,
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02:16
there is one person qualified to deliver anesthesia,
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๋งˆ์ทจ๋ฅผ ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์ด ๋‹จ ํ•œ ๋ช…์ธ๋ฐ,
์™œ๋ƒํ•˜๋ฉด ๊ทธ ์ž๊ฒฉ์„
02:19
and she's qualified
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02:20
because she has 12, maybe 18 months of training in anesthesia.
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12๊ฐœ์›” ํ˜น์€ 18๊ฐœ์›”
๊ฑธ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๋งˆ์ทจ ๊ต์œก์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ๋ฐ›์•˜๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ด์ฃ .
์ด ๋ณ‘์› ๋ฐ ์ง€์—ญ ์ „์ฒด์—์„œ๋Š”
02:25
In the hospital and in the entire region
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์ƒ์˜๊ณตํ•™ ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์ž๋Š” ๋‹จ ํ•œ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋„ ์—†์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:27
there's not a single biomedical engineer.
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๊ธฐ๊ณ„๊ฐ€ ๊ณ ์žฅ๋‚œ๋‹ค๋ฉด,
02:29
So when this machine breaks,
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02:30
the machines that they have to work with break,
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๊ณ ์žฅ๋‚œ ์ฑ„๋กœ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•  ์ˆ˜ ๋ฐ–์— ์—†๊ณ ,
๋ฌธ์ œ๋ฅผ ํ•ด๊ฒฐํ•˜๋ ค ํ•˜๊ฒ ์ง€๋งŒ, ๋ง‰๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๊ธธ์— ๋‹ค๋‹ค๋ฅด๊ฒŒ ๋  ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:33
they've got to try and figure it out,
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02:34
but most of the time, that's the end of the road.
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๊ธฐ๊ณ„๋Š” ๊ณ ๋ฌผ์ƒ์ด๋ผ๋Š” ๊ณณ์œผ๋กœ ๊ฐ€๋Š”๊ฑฐ์ฃ .
02:37
Those machines go the proverbial junkyard.
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ œ๊ฐ€ ๋ง์”€๋“œ๋ฆฐ ๊ธฐ๊ณ„ ๊ฐ€๊ฒฉ์€
02:39
And the price tag of the machine that I mentioned
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02:41
could represent maybe a quarter or a third
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์ด ๋ณ‘์›์˜ ์—ฐ๊ฐ„ ์šด์˜ ์˜ˆ์‚ฐ์˜
02:43
of the annual operating budget for this hospital.
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์‚ผ ๋ถ„์˜ ์ผ์ด๋‚˜ ์‚ฌ ๋ถ„์˜ ์ผ์—
๋‹ฌํ•˜๋Š” ๊ธˆ์•ก์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:47
And finally, I think you can see that infrastructure is not very strong.
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๊ฒŒ๋‹ค๊ฐ€, ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜ ์‹œ์„ค์ด ์ทจ์•ฝํ•˜๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ์•Œ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์œผ์‹ค ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
์ด ๋ณ‘์›์œผ๋กœ ๋“ค์–ด์˜ค๋Š” ์ „๋ ฅ์€ ๋งค์šฐ ์•ฝํ•ด์„œ,
02:51
This hospital is connected to a very weak power grid,
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02:53
one that goes down frequently.
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์ „๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ์ข…์ข… ๋Š์–ด์ง€๊ณค ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:55
So it runs frequently, the entire hospital,
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๋ฐœ์ „๊ธฐ ํ•œ ๋Œ€๋กœ ๋ณ‘์› ์ „์ฒด๋ฅผ
์šด์˜ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ๋„ ํ”ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:58
just on a generator.
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02:59
And you can imagine, the generator breaks down
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๋ฐœ์ „๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ๊ณ ์žฅ๋‚˜๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ์—ฐ๋ฃŒ๊ฐ€ ๋–จ์–ด์ง€๋Š” ์ผ๋„
03:01
or runs out of fuel.
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์ƒ์ƒํ•˜์‹ค ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ฒ ์ฃ .
03:03
And the World Bank sees this
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์„ธ๊ณ„์€ํ–‰์—์„œ๋Š”
03:05
and estimates that a hospital in this setting in a low-income country
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์ด๋Ÿฐ ํ˜•ํŽธ์˜ ์ €๊ฐœ๋ฐœ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€์˜ ๋ณ‘์›์—์„œ๋Š”
๋งค์›” 18๋ฒˆ๊นŒ์ง€ ์ „๋ ฅ ์ค‘๋‹จ์„
03:09
can expect up to 18 power outages per month.
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๊ฒช์„ ๊ฑฐ๋ผ๊ณ  ์˜ˆ์ƒํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:13
Similarly, compressed oxygen and other medical supplies
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๋งˆ์ฐฌ๊ฐ€์ง€๋กœ ์••์ถ• ์‚ฐ์†Œ์™€ ๊ฐ™์€
์˜๋ฃŒ ๋ฌผํ’ˆ๋“ค์€ ๋„ˆ๋ฌด๋‚˜ ๊ท€ํ•˜์—ฌ
03:17
are really a luxury,
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๋ช‡ ๋‹ฌ, ํ˜น์€ ์ผ ๋…„ ์”ฉ
03:18
and can often be out of stock for months or even a year.
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๋ฐ”๋‹ฅ๋‚˜๊ธฐ ์ผ์‘ค์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:21
So it seems crazy, but the model that we have right now
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์ €ํฌ๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ๋ชจ๋ธ์€
03:24
is taking those machines that were designed
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์ฒ˜์Œ ๋ณด์‹  ์‚ฌ์ง„๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์€ ๋ณ‘์›์—์„œ๋‚˜
์‚ฌ์šฉํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋„๋ก ์„ค๊ณ„๋œ ์žฅ๋น„๋ฅผ
03:27
for that first environment that I showed you
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๊ทธ๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ ๊ธฐ๋ถ€ํ•˜๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ํŒ๋งคํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ธ๋ฐ์š”
03:29
and donating or selling them to hospitals in this environment.
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์•„๋งˆ ๋ฏธ์นœ ๊ฒƒ์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ ๋ณด์ผ ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
์ด๋Š” ์ ์ ˆํ•˜์ง€ ๋ชปํ•  ๋ฟ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ,
03:34
It's not just inappropriate,
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03:35
it becomes really unsafe.
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์œ„ํ—˜ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์ง์ด ์—†๋Š” ์ผ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:38
One of our partners at Johns Hopkins
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์กด์Šค ํ™‰ํ‚จ์Šค ๋ณ‘์›์˜ ํ•œ ๋™๋ฃŒ๋Š”
03:40
was observing surgeries in Sierra Leone about a year ago.
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์ผ๋…„ ์ „ ์‹œ์—๋ผ ๋ฆฌ์˜จ์—์„œ ํ–‰ํ•ด์ง€๋Š”
์ˆ˜์ˆ ๋“ค์„ ์ฐธ๊ด€ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:45
And the first surgery of the day happened to be an obstetrical case.
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๊ทธ๋‚ ์˜ ์ฒซ ์ˆ˜์ˆ ์€ ์‚ฐ๋ถ€์ธ๊ณผ ์ˆ˜์ˆ ์ด์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:48
A woman came in, she needed an emergency C-section
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์‚ฐ๋ชจ์™€ ์•„๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๊ตฌํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด์„œ
03:51
to save her life and the life of her baby.
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์‘๊ธ‰ ์ œ์™•์ ˆ๊ฐœ ์ˆ˜์ˆ ์„ ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋œ ๊ฒƒ์ด์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
๋ชจ๋“  ๊ฒƒ์ด ์ˆœ์กฐ๋กญ๊ฒŒ ์‹œ์ž‘๋˜์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:55
And everything began pretty auspiciously.
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์™ธ๊ณผ ์˜์‚ฌ๊ฐ€ ํ˜ธ์ถœ๋˜์–ด ์„ธ์ •์„ ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:57
The surgeon was on call and scrubbed in.
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๊ฐ„ํ˜ธ์‚ฌ๊ฐ€ ๊ทธ ์ž๋ฆฌ์— ์žˆ์—ˆ๊ตฌ์š”.
03:59
The nurse was there.
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04:00
She was able to anesthetize her quickly, and it was important
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์žฌ๋นจ๋ฆฌ ๋งˆ์ทจ๋ฅผ ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ๋Š”๋ฐ,
๋‹น์‹œ์˜ ์ƒํ™ฉ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ์ ์ด์—ˆ์ฃ .
04:03
because of the emergency nature of the situation.
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04:05
And everything began well
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ž˜ ์ง„ํ–‰์ด ๋˜๋‹ค๊ฐ€
04:07
until the power went out.
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์ „๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ๋Š์–ด์ ธ๋ฒ„๋ ธ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
์ˆ˜์ˆ ์„ ํ•œ์ฐธ ํ•˜๋˜ ์ค‘์—,
04:11
And now in the middle of this surgery,
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04:12
the surgeon is racing against the clock to finish his case,
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์ง‘๋„์˜๋Š” ํ—ค๋“œ ๋žจํ”„๋ฅผ ์“ฐ๊ณ 
04:15
which he can do -- he's got a headlamp.
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๋นจ๋ฆฌ ๋๋‚ด๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ์„œ๋‘˜๋ €์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ๊ฐ„ํ˜ธ์‚ฌ๋Š”
04:18
But the nurse is literally running around a darkened operating theater
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๋ง ๊ทธ๋Œ€๋กœ ์บ„์บ„ํ•œ ์ˆ˜์ˆ ์‹ค์„ ํ—ค๋งค๋ฉฐ
04:22
trying to find anything she can use to anesthetize her patient,
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๋งˆ์ทจ๊ฐ€ ๊นจ์ง€ ์•Š๋„๋ก ํ• 
๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์„ ์ฐพ์œผ๋ คํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:25
to keep her patient asleep.
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์ „๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ์—†์ด๋Š” ๋งˆ์ทจ ์žฅ๋น„๋Š” ์ž‘๋™ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:27
Because her machine doesn't work when there's no power.
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04:30
This routine surgery that many of you have probably experienced,
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์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„ ์ค‘ ๋‹ค์ˆ˜๊ฐ€ ๊ฒฝํ—˜ํ•ด๋ณด์…จ๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ํ˜น์€ ๋ฐ›์œผ์…จ๋˜
04:33
and others are probably the product of, has now become a tragedy.
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์ผ์ƒ์ ์ธ ์ˆ˜์ˆ ์€
๋น„๊ทน์œผ๋กœ ๋Œ๋ณ€ํ•˜๊ณ  ๋ง์•˜์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:38
And what's so frustrating is this is not a singular event;
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์•ˆํƒ€๊น๊ฒŒ๋„, ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์ผ์€ ๋“œ๋ฌธ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ๊ฐ€ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ฉฐ
04:41
this happens across the developing world.
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๊ฐœ๋ฐœ๋„์ƒ๊ตญ์—์„œ๋Š” ์ข…์ข… ์ผ์–ด๋‚ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
๋งค๋…„ ์‚ผ์ฒœ์˜ค๋ฐฑ๋งŒ ๊ฑด์˜ ์ˆ˜์ˆ ์ด
04:44
35 million surgeries are attempted every year
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์•ˆ์ „ํ•œ ๋งˆ์ทจ ์—†์ด ์ด๋ค„์ง‘๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:47
without safe anesthesia.
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์ œ ๋™๋ฃŒ ํด ํ”„๋ Œํ„ด ๋ฐ•์‚ฌ๋Š”
04:49
My colleague, Dr. Paul Fenton, was living this reality.
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์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์ผ์„ ๊ฒช๊ณ  ์žˆ์—ˆ์ฃ .
04:52
He was the chief of anesthesiology
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๊ทธ๋Š” ๋ง๋ผ์œ„์˜ ๋Œ€ํ•™ ๋ณ‘์›์˜
04:54
in a hospital in Malawi, a teaching hospital.
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๋งˆ์ทจ๊ณผ์žฅ์ด์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
๋งค์ผ ์ผ์„ ํ–ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ
04:57
He went to work every day
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04:58
in an operating theater like this one,
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์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์ˆ˜์ˆ ์‹ค์—์„œ
05:00
trying to deliver anesthesia and teach others how to do so
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๋งˆ์ทจ๋ฅผ ์‹คํ–‰ํ•˜๋Š” ํ•œํŽธ ๊ฐ™์€ ์žฅ๋น„๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜๋Š” ์ด๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ
05:03
using that same equipment
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๋ฏฟ์„ ์ˆ˜ ์—†๊ณ , ์œ„ํ—˜ํ•˜๊ธฐ๊นŒ์ง€ ํ•œ
05:05
that became so unreliable, and frankly unsafe, in his hospital.
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์ด ์žฅ๋น„๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์„
๊ฐ€๋ฅด์ณค์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
๋ฌด์ˆ˜ํ•œ ์ˆ˜์ˆ ๊ณผ
05:10
And after umpteen surgeries
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๋”์ฐํ•œ ์ผ๋“ค์„ ๊ฒช๊ณ , ์ด๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ๋งํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:12
and, you can imagine, really unspeakable tragedy,
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05:14
he just said, "That's it. I'm done. That's enough.
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"์ด๋ ‡๊ฒŒ๋Š” ๋ชปํ•ด. ๋”๋Š” ๋ชป ์ฐธ๊ฒ ์–ด.
๋” ๋‚˜์€ ๋ญ”๊ฐ€๊ฐ€ ํ•„์š”ํ•ด."
05:17
There has to be something better."
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๋ณต๋„๋ฅผ ๋”ฐ๋ผ ๊ฑธ์–ด๊ฐ€์„œ
05:19
He took a walk down the hall
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๋ชจ๋“  ๊ธฐ๊ณ„๋“ค์ด ๋ฒ„๋ ค์ ธ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ณณ์œผ๋กœ ๊ฐ€์„œ
05:21
to where they threw all those machines that had just crapped out on them,
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๊ณผํ•™ ์šฉ์–ด์˜€๋˜ ๊ฒƒ ๊ฐ™์€๋ฐ
05:24
I think that's the scientific term,
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์ˆ˜๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:26
and he started tinkering.
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๋ถ€ํ’ˆ๋“ค์„ ์—ฌ๊ธฐ์ €๊ธฐ์„œ ํ•˜๋‚˜์”ฉ ๊ฐ€์ ธ๋‹ค๊ฐ€,
05:27
He took one part from here and another from there,
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๊ทธ๊ฐ€ ์ง๋ฉดํ•œ ํ˜„์‹ค์—์„œ
05:29
and he tried to come up with a machine that would work
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์‚ฌ์šฉํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ธฐ๊ณ„๋ฅผ ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด๋‚ด๋ ค๊ณ  ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:32
in the reality that he was facing.
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ด๊ฒŒ ๊ทธ๊ฐ€ ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด ๋‚ธ ๊ฒƒ์ธ๋ฐ์š”,
05:34
And what he came up with:
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05:35
was this guy.
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05:36
The prototype for the Universal Anesthesia Machine --
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๋ฒ”์šฉ ๋งˆ์ทจ ๊ธฐ๊ณ„์˜ ์›ํ˜•์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค,
์–ด๋– ํ•œ ์ƒํ™ฉ์—์„œ๋„
05:40
a machine that would work and anesthetize his patients
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์˜ฌ๋ฐ”๋กœ ์ž‘๋™ํ•˜๊ณ 
05:43
no matter the circumstances that his hospital had to offer.
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ํ™˜์ž๋ฅผ ๋งˆ์ทจํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ ๊ธฐ๊ณ„์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:47
Here it is, back at home
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์ง‘๊ณผ ๋ณ‘์›์„ ์˜ค๊ฐ€๋ฉฐ
05:49
at that same hospital, developed a little further, 12 years later,
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๊ฐœ๋ฐœ์„ ๊ฑฐ๋“ญํ•œ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ, 12๋…„ ํ›„์—๋Š”,
05:52
working on patients from pediatrics to geriatrics.
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์†Œ์•„๊ณผ์—์„œ ๋…ธ์ธ์˜ํ•™๊ณผ์—๊นŒ์ง€ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋˜์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
์ด ๊ธฐ๊ณ„๊ฐ€ ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ๋™์ž‘ํ•˜๋Š”์ง€ ์กฐ๊ธˆ ๋ณด์—ฌ๋“œ๋ฆฌ๊ฒ ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:56
Let me show you a little bit about how this machine works.
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์งœ์ž”!
05:59
Voila!
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๋ฐ”๋กœ ์ด๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:01
Here she is.
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06:02
When you have electricity,
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์ „๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ๊ณต๊ธ‰๋  ๋•Œ๋Š”,
06:04
everything in this machine begins in the base.
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๊ธฐ๊ณ„๋Š” ์ด ์•„๋ž˜์—์„œ ์‹œ์ž‘๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
์•„๋ž˜์ชฝ์—๋Š” ์‚ฐ์†Œ ๋ฐœ์ƒ๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ์„ค์น˜๋˜์–ด ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:07
There's a built-in oxygen concentrator down there.
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06:09
Now you've heard me mention oxygen a few times at this point.
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์‚ฐ์†Œ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด์„œ๋Š” ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ฒˆ ๋ง์”€๋“œ๋ ธ์ฃ .
๋งˆ์ทจ๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•ด์„œ๋Š”, ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•œ
06:13
Essentially, to deliver anesthesia, you want as pure oxygen as possible,
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์ˆœ์ˆ˜ํ•œ ์‚ฐ์†Œ์˜ ๊ณต๊ธ‰์ด ํ•„์ˆ˜์ ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค,
06:16
because eventually you're going to dilute it, essentially, with the gas.
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์™œ๋ƒํ•˜๋ฉด ์‚ฐ์†Œ๋ฅผ ๊ฐœ์Šค์™€
ํ˜ผํ•ฉํ•ด์•ผ ํ•˜๊ฑฐ๋“ ์š”.
06:20
And the mixture that the patient inhales
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ํ™˜์ž๊ฐ€ ํก์ž…ํ•˜๋Š” ํ˜ผํ•ฉ๋ฌผ์—๋Š”
06:22
needs to be at least a certain percentage oxygen
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์ ์ • ๋†๋„์˜ ์‚ฐ์†Œ๊ฐ€ ํ•„์š”ํ•˜๋ฉฐ
๊ทธ๋ ‡์ง€ ์•Š์œผ๋ฉด ์œ„ํ—˜ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:25
or else it can become dangerous.
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06:26
But so in here when there's electricity,
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์ „๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ๋“ค์–ด์˜ฌ ๋•Œ์—๋Š”
06:28
the oxygen concentrator takes in room air.
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์‚ฐ์†Œ ์ƒ์„ฑ๊ธฐ๋Š” ์‹ค๋‚ด์˜ ๊ณต๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:31
Now we know room air is gloriously free,
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๊ณต๊ธฐ๋Š” ๋ˆ์ด ํ•œ ํ‘ผ๋„ ๋“ค์ง€ ์•Š๊ณ ,
06:34
it is abundant,
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ํ’๋ถ€ํ•˜๋ฉฐ,
06:36
and it's already 21 percent oxygen.
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๊ฑฐ์˜ 21 ํผ์„ผํŠธ์˜ ์‚ฐ์†Œ๋ฅผ ํ•จ์œ ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:38
So all this concentrator does is take that room air in, filter it
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์‚ฐ์†Œ ์ƒ์„ฑ๊ธฐ๋Š” ์‹ค๋‚ด์˜ ๊ณต๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๊ฑธ๋Ÿฌ์„œ
95 ํผ์„ผํŠธ์˜ ์ˆœ์ˆ˜ ์‚ฐ์†Œ๋ฅผ
06:42
and send 95 percent pure oxygen up and across here,
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์ด์ชฝ์œผ๋กœ ๋ณด๋‚ด์„œ
๋งˆ์ทจ ์•ฝํ’ˆ๊ณผ ํ˜ผํ•ฉํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:46
where it mixes with the anesthetic agent.
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๊ทธ ํ˜ผํ•ฉ๋ฌผ์ด
06:49
Now before that mixture hits the patient's lungs,
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ํ™˜์ž์˜ ํ์— ๋„๋‹ฌํ•˜๊ธฐ ์ „์—
06:52
it's going to pass by here -- you can't see it,
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์ด์ชฝ์œผ๋กœ ์ง€๋‚˜์„œ
06:54
but there's an oxygen sensor here --
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๋ณด์ด์ง€๋Š” ์•Š์ง€๋งŒ ์‚ฐ์†Œ ๊ฐ์ง€๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ์ด์ชฝ์— ์ˆจ์–ด์žˆ๊ตฌ์š”
06:56
that's going to read out on this screen the percentage of oxygen being delivered.
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์‚ฐ์†Œ๊ฐ€ ๋ช‡ ํผ์„ผํŠธ๋กœ ๊ณต๊ธ‰๋˜๋Š”์ง€
์ด ํ™”๋ฉด์— ํ‘œ์‹œ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:01
Now if you don't have power,
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๋งŒ์•ฝ์— ์ „์›์ด ์—†๊ฑฐ๋‚˜,
07:03
or, God forbid, the power cuts out in the middle of a surgery,
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ํ˜น์€ ์ˆ˜์ˆ  ๋„์ค‘์— ์ „๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ๋Š์–ด์ง€๋ฉด
์ด ์žฅ๋น„๋Š” ์†๋Œˆ ํ•„์š”๋„ ์—†์ด,
07:07
this machine transitions automatically,
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์ž๋™์œผ๋กœ ์ „ํ™˜๋˜์–ด,
07:09
without even having to touch it,
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์ด ํก์ž…๊ตฌ๋กœ ๋“ค์–ด์˜ค๋Š” ์‹ค๋‚ด ๊ณต๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:11
to drawing in room air from this inlet.
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๋‚˜๋จธ์ง€๋Š” ๋™์ผํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:14
Everything else is the same.
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07:15
The only difference is that now
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๋‹จ ํ•œ ๊ฐ€์ง€ ์ฐจ์ด์ ์€
07:17
you're only working with 21 percent oxygen.
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21 ํผ์„ผํŠธ ์‚ฐ์†Œ๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•œ๋‹ค๋Š” ์ ์ด์ฃ .
07:20
Now that used to be a dangerous guessing game,
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์ง€๊ธˆ๊นŒ์ง€๋Š” ์œ„ํ—˜์ฒœ๋งŒํ•œ ์ฃผ๋จน๊ตฌ๊ตฌ์˜€์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค,
07:23
because you only knew if you gave too little oxygen
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์™œ๋ƒํ•˜๋ฉด ๋ญ”๊ฐ€ ๋‚˜์œ ์ผ์ด ๋ฒŒ์–ด์ง„ ํ›„์—์•ผ ์‚ฐ์†Œ๊ฐ€ ๋„ˆ๋ฌด ์ ๊ฒŒ ๊ณต๊ธ‰๋œ๊ฑธ ์•Œ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ด์—ˆ์ฃ .
07:25
once something bad happened.
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์˜ค๋ž˜ ๊ฐ€๋Š” ๋ณด์กฐ ์ „์ง€๋ฅผ ๋‹ฌ์•˜์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:27
But we've put a long-life battery backup on here.
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์ „์ง€์˜ ๋„์›€์„ ๋ฐ›๋Š” ๋ถ€ํ’ˆ์€ ์ด๊ฒƒ ๋ฟ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:30
This is the only part that's battery backed up.
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์ด๊ฒƒ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ํ†ต์ œํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ฒŒ ๋˜์—ˆ์ฃ ,
07:32
But this gives control to the provider, whether there's power or not,
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์ „๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ๋“ค์–ด์˜ค๋“  ์•„๋‹ˆ๋“ ,
07:35
because they can adjust the flows
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์™œ๋ƒํ•˜๋ฉด ํ™˜์ž์—๊ฒŒ ๊ณต๊ธ‰ํ•˜๋Š” ์‚ฐ์†Œ์˜ ๋†๋„์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ
07:37
based on the percentage of oxygen they see that they're giving the patient.
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๋งˆ์ทจ๋ฅผ ์กฐ์ ˆํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ด์ฃ .
์–‘์ชฝ์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ์—
07:41
In both cases, whether you have power or not,
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์ „์›์„ ํ™•๋ณดํ•˜๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ๊ทธ๋ ‡์ง€ ๋ชปํ•˜๊ฑฐ๋‚˜
07:44
sometimes the patient needs help breathing.
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๋•Œ๋กœ ํ™˜์ž๋Š” ํ˜ธํกํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐ์— ๋„์›€์ด ํ•„์š”ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:46
It's just a reality of anesthesia, the lungs can be paralyzed.
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์ด๊ฒŒ ๋งˆ์ทจ์˜ ํ˜„์‹ค์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ํ๊ฐ€ ๋งˆ๋น„๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์ง€์š”.
07:49
And so we've just added this manual bellows.
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์ €ํฌ๋Š” ์ด๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ์ˆ˜๋™ ์†กํ’๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๋‹ฌ์•˜์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
์„œ๋„ˆ ์‹œ๊ฐ„ ๋™์•ˆ ์ˆ˜์ˆ ์„ ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋ณธ ์ ์ด ์žˆ๋Š”๋ฐ
07:52
We've seen surgeries for three or four hours
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์ด๊ฒƒ์„ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ  ํ™˜์ž๋ฅผ ํ˜ธํก์‹œ์ผฐ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:55
to ventilate the patient on this.
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07:57
So it's a straightforward machine.
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์ด๋ ‡๋“ฏ ๊ฐ„๋‹จํ•œ ๊ธฐ๊ณ„์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:00
I shudder to say simple; it's straightforward.
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๋‹จ์ˆœํ•˜๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ง์— ๋ชธ์„œ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์ณ์ง‘๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ๊ฐ„๋‹จํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:04
And it's by design.
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๋””์ž์ธ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ๊ฐ€ ๊ทธ๋ ‡์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:06
You do not need to be a highly trained, specialized anesthesiologist
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์ด ์žฅ๋น„๋ฅผ ๋‹ค๋ฃจ๋Š” ๋ฐ์—๋Š”
๊ณ ๋„์˜ ๊ต์œก์ด๋‚˜ ๋งˆ์ทจ ์ „๋ฌธ๊ฐ€๊ฐ€ ํ•„์š”์—†๋Š”๋ฐ,
08:11
to use this machine,
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์ด๋Š” ์ด๋Ÿฐ ์‹œ๊ณจ ๋ณ‘์›์—์„œ ์ฐธ ๋‹คํ–‰์ด์ง€์š”,
08:12
which is good because, in these rural district hospitals,
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ ์ˆ˜์ค€์˜ ํ›ˆ๋ จ์„ ๋ฐ›์„ ์ˆ˜๊ฐ€ ์—†๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:15
you're not going to get that level of training.
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08:17
It's also designed for the environment that it will be used in.
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์ด๋Š” ๋˜ํ•œ ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋  ๊ณณ์— ์ ํ•ฉํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋””์ž์ธ๋˜์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
๋ฏฟ์„ ์ˆ˜ ์—†์„ ๋งŒํผ ํŠผํŠผํ•œ ๊ธฐ๊ณ„์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:21
This is an incredibly rugged machine.
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08:22
It has to stand up to the heat and the wear and tear
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์ด ๊ธฐ๊ณ„๋Š”
์ด๋Ÿฐ ์‹œ๊ณจ ๋ณ‘์›์—์„œ ์ƒ๊ธธ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ์—ด๊ณผ ๋งˆ๋ชจ์™€ ๊ท ์—ด์„
08:26
that happens in hospitals in these rural districts.
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๊ฒฌ๋ŽŒ๋‚ด์–ด์•ผ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:29
And so it's not going to break very easily,
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์‰ฝ๊ฒŒ ๊ณ ์žฅ๋‚˜์ง€๋„ ์•Š๊ณ 
08:31
but if it does, virtually every piece in this machine
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์„ค์‚ฌ ๊ณ ์žฅ์ด ๋‚˜๋”๋ผ๋„, ๊ฐ ๋ถ€ํ’ˆ์€
๊ตํ™˜๋˜๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ๊ต์ฒด๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค,
08:35
can be swapped out and replaced
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08:37
with a hex wrench and a screwdriver.
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์œก๊ฐ ๋ Œ์น˜์™€ ์Šคํฌ๋ฅ˜๋“œ๋ผ์ด๋ฒ„๋งŒ ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉด ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
๋์œผ๋กœ, ์ด ์žฅ๋น„๋Š” ์ €๋ ดํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:41
And finally, it's affordable.
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์ด ์žฅ๋น„๋Š”
08:43
This machine comes in at an eighth of the cost
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์•ž์„œ ๋ณด์—ฌ๋“œ๋ฆฐ ์ผ๋ฐ˜์ ์ธ ๊ธฐ๊ณ„์˜
08:46
of the conventional machine that I showed you earlier.
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๊ฐ€๊ฒฉ์˜ 8๋ถ„์˜ 1์ˆ˜์ค€์œผ๋กœ ๋‚˜์˜ต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
๋‹ฌ๋ฆฌ ๋งํ•ด์„œ,
08:50
So in other words, what we have here is a machine that can enable surgery
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์ด ์žฅ๋น„๋Š” ์ˆ˜์ˆ ๊ณผ ์ƒ๋ช…์„ ๊ตฌํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์ผ€ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:54
and save lives,
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08:55
because it was designed for its environment,
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์™œ๋ƒํ•˜๋ฉด ์ฒ˜์Œ ๋ณด์—ฌ๋“œ๋ฆฐ ์žฅ๋น„์™€ ๋งˆ์ฐฌ๊ฐ€์ง€๋กœ,
08:58
just like the first machine I showed you.
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๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์ด ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋  ํ™˜๊ฒฝ์— ๋งž๊ฒŒ ๋””์ž์ธ๋˜์—ˆ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
์—ฌ๊ธฐ์„œ ๊ทธ์น˜์ง€ ์•Š์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:01
But we're not content to stop there.
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์˜ฌ๋ฐ”๋กœ ๋™์ž‘ํ•˜๋Š๋ƒ๊ตฌ์š”?
09:03
Is it working?
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09:04
Is this the design that's going to work in place?
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์ œ๋Œ€๋กœ ์ž‘๋™ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์„ค๊ณ„๋˜์—ˆ์„๊นŒ์š”?
์ง€๊ธˆ๊นŒ์ง€๋Š” ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๊ฐ€ ์ข‹์•˜์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:07
Well, we've seen good results so far.
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09:08
This is in 13 hospitals in four countries,
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4๊ฐœ๊ตญ 13๊ฐœ ๋ณ‘์›์—์„œ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
2010๋…„๋ถ€ํ„ฐ
09:12
and since 2010, we've done well over 2,000 surgeries
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2์ฒœํšŒ ์ด์ƒ์˜ ์ˆ˜์ˆ ์„
์ž„์ƒ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋ถ€์ •์ ์ธ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ ์—†์ด ํ•ด๋ƒˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:16
with no clinically adverse events.
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์ €ํฌ๊ฐ€ ํฅ๋ถ„ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:18
So we're thrilled.
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09:19
This really seems like a cost-effective, scalable solution
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์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ์ •๋ง ๋งŒ์—ฐํ•ด ์žˆ๋Š” ๋ฌธ์ œ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ
๋น„์šฉํšจ์œจ์ ์ด๊ณ  ํ™•์žฅ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•œ ํ•ด๊ฒฐ์ฑ…์œผ๋กœ ๋ณด์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:24
to a problem that's really pervasive.
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09:26
But we still want to be sure
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์ €ํฌ๋Š” ๋ณ‘์›์— ๋†“์„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์„ ๋งŒํผ
09:28
that this is the most effective and safe device
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๊ฐ€์žฅ ํšจ์œจ์ ์ด๊ณ  ์•ˆ์ „ํ•œ ์žฅ๋น„๋ผ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„
ํ™•์‹คํžˆ ํ•˜๊ณ  ์‹ถ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:31
that we can be putting into hospitals.
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๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์„ ์œ„ํ•ด ์ €ํฌ๋Š” ํŒŒํŠธ๋„ˆ์‰ฝ์„ ์ฒด๊ฒฐํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:33
So to do that, we've launched a number of partnerships
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NGO ๋ฐ ๋Œ€ํ•™ ๋“ฑ๊ณผ
09:35
with NGOs and universities,
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์‚ฌ์šฉ์ž ์ธํ„ฐํŽ˜์ด์Šค์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ž๋ฃŒ๋ฅผ ์ˆ˜์ง‘ํ•˜๊ณ ,
09:37
to gather data on the user interface,
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09:39
on the types of surgeries it's appropriate for,
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์–ด๋–ค ์ˆ˜์ˆ ์ด ์ ํ•ฉํ•œ์ง€์™€
์žฅ๋น„๋ฅผ ๊ฐœ์„ ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์„ ์ฐพ๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด์„œ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:42
and ways we can enhance the device itself.
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์ด๊ณณ ๋ณผํ‹ฐ๋ชจ์–ด์˜
09:44
One of those partnerships is with Johns Hopkins
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์กด์Šค ํ™‰ํ‚จ์Šค ๋ณ‘์›๋„ ์ €ํฌ์™€ ํ˜‘๋ ฅ ๊ด€๊ณ„์— ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:47
just here in Baltimore.
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09:48
They have a really cool anesthesia simulation lab out in Baltimore.
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๊ทธ๋“ค์€ ๋ณผํ‹ฐ๋ชจ์–ด์— ํ›Œ๋ฅญํ•œ ๋งˆ์ทจ ์‹œ๋ฎฌ๋ ˆ์ด์…˜ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์‹ค์„ ๊ฐ–์ถ”๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:52
So we're taking this machine
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์ €ํฌ๋Š” ์ด ๊ธฐ๊ณ„๋ฅผ ๊ฐ–๋‹ค๋†“๊ณ 
09:54
and recreating some of the operating theater crises
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์ด ๊ธฐ๊ณ„๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•  ์–ด๋–ค ๋ณ‘์›์˜
์ˆ˜์ˆ ์‹ค์—์„œ ์ƒ๊ธธ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ์œ„ํ—˜์ƒํ™ฉ๋ฅผ
09:58
that this machine might face
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09:59
in one of the hospitals that it's intended for,
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์žฌํ˜„ํ•ด ๋ณด๋ฉด์„œ
์•ˆ์ „ํ•œ ํ™˜๊ฒฝ์—์„œ
10:02
and in a contained, safe environment,
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10:04
evaluating its effectiveness.
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ํšจ์œจ์„ฑ์„ ํ‰๊ฐ€ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:06
We're then able to compare the results from that study
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์ €ํฌ๋Š” ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ์™€
์‹ค์ œ ์ƒํ™ฉ์˜ ๊ฒฝํ—˜์„ ๋น„๊ต ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•œ๋ฐ์š”,
10:10
with real-world experience,
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10:11
because we're putting two of these in hospitals
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์กด์Šค ํ™‰ํ‚จ์Šค์™€ ํ˜‘๋ ฅํ•˜๋Š” ์‹œ์—๋ผ ๋ฆฌ์˜จ์˜
10:13
that Johns Hopkins works with in Sierra Leone,
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๋ณ‘์› ๋‘ ๊ณณ์— ์ด ์žฅ๋น„๋ฅผ ์„ค์น˜ํ–ˆ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ด์ฃ ,
์—ฌ๊ธฐ์—๋Š” ์‘๊ธ‰ ์ œ์™•์ ˆ๊ฐœ ์ˆ˜์ˆ ์ด ์ผ์–ด๋‚˜๋Š” ๋ณ‘์›๋„ ๋Œ€์ƒ์— ํฌํ•จํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:16
including the hospital where that emergency C-section happened.
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10:20
So I've talked a lot about anesthesia, and I tend to do that.
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๋งˆ์ทจ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด์„œ ๋งŽ์€ ๋ง์”€์„ ๋“œ๋ ธ๋Š”๋ฐ, ์š”๋Š” ์ด๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:23
I think it is incredibly fascinating and an important component of health.
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์ €๋Š” ๋งˆ์ทจ๊ฐ€ ๋งค์šฐ ํฅ๋ฏธ๋กญ๊ณ 
์˜๋ฃŒ์˜ ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ์š”์†Œ๋ผ๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:27
And it really seems peripheral, we never think about it,
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ํ‰์†Œ์—๋Š” ์ •๋ง๋กœ ์ง€์—ฝ์ ์ธ ๊ฒƒ์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ ๋ณด์ด๊ณ , ์ƒ๊ฐ์กฐ์ฐจ ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด,
10:30
until we don't have access to it,
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์‚ฌ์šฉํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์—†๋Š” ์ƒํ™ฉ์— ์ฒ˜ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋˜๋ฉด
10:32
and then it becomes a gatekeeper.
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์ƒ์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ์ขŒ์šฐํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:34
Who gets surgery and who doesn't?
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๋ˆ„๊ฐ€ ์ˆ˜์ˆ ์„ ๋ฐ›๊ณ , ๋ˆ„๊ฐ€ ๊ทธ๋ ‡์ง€ ๋ชปํ•œ๊ฐ€?
๋ˆ„๊ฐ€ ์•ˆ์ „ํ•œ ์ˆ˜์ˆ ์„ ๋ฐ›๊ณ , ๋ˆ„๊ฐ€ ๊ทธ๋ ‡์ง€ ๋ชปํ•œ๊ฐ€?
10:37
Who gets safe surgery and who doesn't?
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ, ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ• ์ค‘์— ํ•˜๋‚˜์ผ ๋ฟ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:40
But you know, it's just one of so many ways
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10:42
that design, appropriate design,
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์ ํ•ฉํ•œ ๋””์ž์ธ์€
๊ฑด๊ฐ•์— ํฐ ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ผ์น  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:46
can have an impact on health outcomes.
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10:48
If more people in the health-delivery space
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๋ณด๊ฑด ๋ถ„์•ผ์— ์žˆ๋Š” ๋” ๋งŽ์€ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ด
10:50
really working on some of these challenges in low-income countries
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์ €๊ฐœ๋ฐœ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€๊ฐ€ ๋‹น๋ฉดํ•œ ๋ฌธ์ œ๋“ค์— ๋…ธ๋ ฅํ•œ๋‹ค๋ฉด
๋””์ž์ธ ํ”„๋กœ์„ธ์Šค์™€
10:54
could start their design process, their solution search,
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ํ•ด๊ฒฐ์ฑ… ์ฐพ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ
10:57
from outside of that proverbial box
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๊ทธ ์œ ๋ช…ํ•œ ์ƒ๊ฐ์˜ ํ‹€์„ ๋ฒ—์–ด๋‚˜
10:59
and inside of the hospital --
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๋ณ‘์› ๋‚ด๋ถ€์—์„œ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์„ ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค,
11:01
In other words, if we could design
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๋‹ฌ๋ฆฌ ๋งํ•ด, ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๋””์ž์ธ์„ ํ•  ๋•Œ
11:03
for the environment that exists in so many parts of the world,
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์ด์ƒ์ ์ธ ํ•œ ๊ฐ€์ง€ ํ™˜๊ฒฝ์—๋งŒ ์ ํ•ฉํ•˜๋„๋ก ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ
11:06
rather than the one that we wished existed --
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์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ๊ณณ์—์„œ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋„๋ก ๋งŒ๋“ ๋‹ค๋ฉด
๋”์šฑ ๋งŽ์€ ์ƒ๋ช…์„ ๊ตฌํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์„ ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:09
we might just save a lot of lives.
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๊ณ ๋ง™์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:12
Thank you very much.
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11:13
(Applause)
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(๋ฐ•์ˆ˜)
์ด ์›น์‚ฌ์ดํŠธ ์ •๋ณด

์ด ์‚ฌ์ดํŠธ๋Š” ์˜์–ด ํ•™์Šต์— ์œ ์šฉํ•œ YouTube ๋™์˜์ƒ์„ ์†Œ๊ฐœํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ „ ์„ธ๊ณ„ ์ตœ๊ณ ์˜ ์„ ์ƒ๋‹˜๋“ค์ด ๊ฐ€๋ฅด์น˜๋Š” ์˜์–ด ์ˆ˜์—…์„ ๋ณด๊ฒŒ ๋  ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฐ ๋™์˜์ƒ ํŽ˜์ด์ง€์— ํ‘œ์‹œ๋˜๋Š” ์˜์–ด ์ž๋ง‰์„ ๋”๋ธ” ํด๋ฆญํ•˜๋ฉด ๊ทธ๊ณณ์—์„œ ๋™์˜์ƒ์ด ์žฌ์ƒ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋น„๋””์˜ค ์žฌ์ƒ์— ๋งž์ถฐ ์ž๋ง‰์ด ์Šคํฌ๋กค๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์˜๊ฒฌ์ด๋‚˜ ์š”์ฒญ์ด ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ์ด ๋ฌธ์˜ ์–‘์‹์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ฌธ์˜ํ•˜์‹ญ์‹œ์˜ค.

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