Ray Kurzweil: A university for the coming singularity

87,426 views ใƒป 2009-06-02

TED


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

ืžืชืจื’ื: Ran Amitay ืžื‘ืงืจ: Arnon Cahen
00:13
Information technology grows in an exponential manner.
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ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื™ืช ื”ืžื™ื“ืข ืžืชืงื“ืžืช ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ืืงืกืคื•ื ื ืฆื™ืืœื™ืช (ืžืขืจื™ื›ื™ืช)
00:16
It's not linear. And our intuition is linear.
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ืœื ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ืœื™ื ืืจื™ืช (ืงื•ื•ื™ืช). ื•ื”ืื™ื ื˜ื•ืื™ืฆื™ื” ืฉืœื ื• ื”ื™ื ืœื™ื ืืจื™ืช.
00:20
When we walked through the savanna a thousand years ago
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ื›ืฉื”ืœื›ื ื• ื‘ืกื•ื•ืื ื” ืœืคื ื™ ืืœืฃ ืฉื ื”
00:22
we made linear predictions where that animal would be,
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ื”ืขืจื›ื ื• ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ืœื™ื ืืจื™ืช ื”ื™ื›ืŸ ืชื™ืžืฆื ื”ื—ื™ื”.
00:24
and that worked fine. It's hardwired in our brains.
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ื•ื–ื” ืขื‘ื“ ืžืฆื•ื™ืŸ. ื–ื” ื ืฆืจื‘ ืœืžื•ื—ื•ืชื™ื ื•.
00:27
But the pace of exponential growth
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ืงืฆื‘ ืฉืœ ื”ื’ื™ื“ื•ืœ ื”ืืงืกืคื•ื ื ืฆื™ืืœื™
00:30
is really what describes information technologies.
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ื”ื•ื ืžื” ืฉื‘ืืžืช ืžืชืืจ ืืช ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื•ืช ื”ืžื™ื“ืข.
00:33
And it's not just computation.
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ื•ื–ื” ืœื ืจืง ื—ื™ืฉื•ื‘.
00:36
There is a big difference between linear and exponential growth.
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ื™ืฉ ื”ื‘ื“ืœ ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื’ื™ื“ื•ืœ ืœื™ื ืืจื™ ืœืืงืกืคื•ื ื ืฆื™ืืœื™.
00:38
If I take 30 steps linearly -- one, two, three, four, five --
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ืื ืื‘ืฆืข 30 ืฆืขื“ื™ื ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ืœื™ื ืืจื™ืช, ืื—ืช, ืฉืชื™ื™ื, ืฉืœื•ืฉ, ืืจื‘ืข, ื—ืžืฉ,
00:42
I get to 30.
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ืื’ื™ืข ืœ30.
00:44
If I take 30 steps exponentially -- two, four, eight, 16 --
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ืื ืื‘ืฆืข 30 ืฆืขื“ื™ื ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ืืงืกืคื•ื ื ืฆื™ืืœื™ืช, ืฉืชื™ื™ื, ืืจื‘ืข, ืฉืžื•ื ื”, 16,
00:47
I get to a billion.
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ืื’ื™ืข ืœืžื™ืœื™ืืจื“.
00:49
It makes a huge difference.
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ื–ื” ื”ื‘ื“ืœ ืขืฆื•ื.
00:51
And that really describes information technology.
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ื•ื–ื” ืžื” ืฉื‘ืืžืช ืžืชืืจ ืืช ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื™ืช ื”ืžื™ื“ืข.
00:53
When I was a student at MIT,
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ื›ืฉื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ืกื˜ื•ื“ื ื˜ ื‘ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ืช MIT
00:55
we all shared one computer that took up a whole building.
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ื—ืœืงื ื• ื‘ื™ื ื ื• ืžื—ืฉื‘ ืื—ื“ ืฉื”ื™ื” ื‘ื’ื•ื“ืœ ื”ื‘ื ื™ื™ืŸ ื›ื•ืœื•.
00:57
The computer in your cellphone today is a million times cheaper,
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ื”ืžื—ืฉื‘ ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื›ื ื‘ื˜ืœืคื•ืŸ ื”ืกืœื•ืœืจื™ ื›ื™ื•ื ื”ื•ื ื–ื•ืœ ืคื™ ืžืœื™ื•ืŸ,
01:00
a million times smaller,
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ืงื˜ืŸ ืคื™ ืžืœื™ื•ืŸ,
01:02
a thousand times more powerful.
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ื—ื–ืง ืคื™ ืืœืฃ.
01:04
That's a billion-fold increase in capability per dollar
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ื–ื” ืฉื™ืคื•ืจ ืฉืœ ืคื™ ืžื™ืœื™ืืจื“ ื‘ื™ื›ื•ืœื•ืช ืœื›ืœ ื“ื•ืœืจ
01:07
that we've actually experienced since I was a student.
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ืฉื—ื•ื•ื™ื ื• ืœืžืขืฉื” ืžืื– ืฉื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ืกื˜ื•ื“ื ื˜.
01:09
And we're going to do it again in the next 25 years.
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ื•ืื ื—ื ื• ื ืขืฉื” ืืช ื–ื” ืฉื•ื‘ ื‘25 ืฉื ื™ื ื”ื‘ืื•ืช.
01:12
Information technology progresses
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ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื™ืช ื”ืžื™ื“ืข ืžืชืงื“ืžืช
01:14
through a series of S-curves
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ื‘ืจืฆืฃ ืฉืœ ืขืงื•ืžื•ืช ื‘ืฆื•ืจืช S
01:16
where each one is a different paradigm.
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ื›ืฉื›ืœ ืื—ืช ื”ื™ื ืคืจื“ื™ื’ืžื” ืื—ืจืช.
01:18
So people say, "What's going to happen when Moore's Law comes to an end?"
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ืื– ืื ืฉื™ื ืื•ืžืจื™ื: "ืžื” ื™ืงืจื” ื›ืฉ'ื—ื•ืง ืžื•ืจ' (Moore's Law) ื™ื’ื™ืข ืœืงื™ืฆื•?"
01:21
Which will happen around 2020.
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ื“ื‘ืจ ืฉื™ืงืจื” ื‘ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื•ืช 2020.
01:23
We'll then go to the next paradigm.
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ืื– ืื ื—ื ื• ื ืชืงื“ื ืœืคืจื“ื™ื’ืžื” ื”ื‘ืื”.
01:25
And Moore's Law was not the first paradigm
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ื•ื—ื•ืง ืžื•ืจ ืœื ื”ื™ื” ื”ืคืจื“ื™ื’ืžื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื”
01:27
to bring exponential growth to computing.
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ืฉื”ื‘ื™ืื” ื”ืชืงื“ืžื•ืช ืืงืกืคื•ื ื ืฆื™ืืœื™ืช ืœืžื™ื—ืฉื•ื‘.
01:29
The exponential growth of computing started
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ื”ื”ืชืงื“ืžื•ืช ื”ืืงืกืคื•ื ื ืฆื™ืืœื™ืช ื‘ืžื™ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ื”ื—ืœื”
01:31
decades before Gordon Moore was even born.
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ืขืฉื•ืจื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื ืœืคื ื™ ืฉื’ื•ืจื“ื•ืŸ ืžื•ืจ ื‘ื›ืœืœ ื ื•ืœื“.
01:33
And it doesn't just apply to computation.
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ื•ื”ื—ื•ืง ื”ื–ื” ืœื ืชืงืฃ ืจืง ื‘ืžื™ื—ืฉื•ื‘.
01:37
It's really any technology where we can measure
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ื”ื•ื ืชืงืฃ ืœืžืขืฉื” ื‘ื›ืœ ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ืฉื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืžื“ื•ื“ ื‘ื”
01:39
the underlying information properties.
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ืืช ืชื›ื•ื ื•ืช ื”ืžื™ื“ืข ื”ื™ืกื•ื“ื™ื•ืช ืฉื‘ื”.
01:42
Here we have 49 famous computers. I put them in a logarithmic graph.
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ื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ื›ืืŸ 49 ืžื—ืฉื‘ื™ื ืžืคื•ืจืกืžื™ื. ืื ื™ ืžืฆื™ื’ ืื•ืชื ื‘ื’ืจืฃ ืœื•ื’ืจื™ืชืžื™.
01:46
The logarithmic scale hides the scale of the increase,
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ื”ืกื•ืœื ื”ืœื•ื’ืจื™ืชืžื™ ืžืกืชื™ืจ ืืช ื”ืกื•ืœื ืฉืœ ื”ื”ืชืงื“ืžื•ืช.
01:50
because this represents trillions-fold increase
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ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉื–ื” ืžื™ื™ืฆื’ ื”ืชืงื“ืžื•ืช ืคื™ ื˜ืจื™ืœื™ื•ื ื™ื
01:52
since the 1890 census.
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ืžืื– ื”ืกืงืจ ืฉืœ 1890.
01:55
In 1950s they were shrinking vacuum tubes,
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ื‘ืฉื ื•ืช ื”50 ืฉืœ ื”ืžืื” ื”20 ื›ื™ื•ื•ืฆื• ืฉืคื•ืคืจื•ืช ื•ืืงื•ื,
01:57
making them smaller and smaller. They finally hit a wall;
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ื”ืงื˜ื™ื ื• ืื•ืชืŸ ืขื•ื“ ื•ืขื•ื“. ืœื‘ืกื•ืฃ ื ืชืงืœื• ื‘ืงื™ืจ.
02:00
they couldn't shrink the vacuum tube any more and keep the vacuum.
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ื”ื ืœื ื™ื›ืœื• ืœื”ืงื˜ื™ืŸ ืขื•ื“ ืืช ื”ืฉืคื•ืคืจื•ืช ื•ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืœืฉืžื•ืจ ืขืœ ื”ื•ืืงื•ื.
02:02
And that was the end of the shrinking of vacuum tubes,
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ื•ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ื”ืกื•ืฃ ืฉืœ ื›ื™ื•ื•ืฅ ืฉืคื•ืคืจื•ืช ื•ืืงื•ื.
02:05
but it was not the end of the exponential growth of computing.
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ืื‘ืœ ื–ื” ืœื ื”ื™ื” ื”ืกื•ืฃ ืฉืœ ื”ื’ื™ื“ื•ืœ ื”ืืงืกืคื•ื ื ืฆื™ืืœื™ ืฉืœ ื”ืžื™ื—ืฉื•ื‘.
02:08
We went to the fourth paradigm, transistors,
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ืขื‘ืจื ื• ืœืคืจื“ื™ื’ืžื” ื”ืจื‘ื™ืขื™ืช, ื˜ืจื ื–ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื,
02:10
and finally integrated circuits.
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ื•ืœื‘ืกื•ืฃ, ืžืขื’ืœื™ื ืžืฉื•ืœื‘ื™ื.
02:12
When that comes to an end we'll go to the sixth paradigm;
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ื•ื›ืฉื–ื” ื™ื’ื™ืข ืœืงื™ืฆื•, ื ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืœืคืจื“ื™ื’ืžื” ื”ืฉื™ืฉื™ืช,
02:14
three-dimensional self-organizing molecular circuits.
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ืžืขื’ืœื™ื ืžื•ืœืงื•ืœืจื™ื™ื ืชืœืช-ืžื™ืžื“ื™ื™ื ืฉืžืชืืจื’ื ื™ื ืžืขืฆืžื.
02:18
But what's even more amazing, really, than this
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ืื‘ืœ ืžื” ืฉืืคื™ืœื• ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื“ื”ื™ื, ื‘ืขืฆื,
02:21
fantastic scale of progress,
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ืžืงืฆื‘ ื”ื’ื™ื“ื•ืœ ื”ืคื ื˜ืกื˜ื™ ื”ื–ื”
02:23
is that -- look at how predictable this is.
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ื”ื•ื ืฉืชืจืื• ื›ืžื” ืฉื”ื•ื ืฆืคื•ื™.
02:25
I mean this went through thick and thin,
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ืื ื™ ืžืชื›ื•ื•ืŸ, ื”ื•ื ื”ืžืฉื™ืš ื‘ื–ืžื ื™ื ื˜ื•ื‘ื™ื ื•ืจืขื™ื,
02:27
through war and peace, through boom times and recessions.
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ื‘ืžืœื—ืžื” ื•ืฉืœื•ื, ื‘ืฉื’ืฉื•ื’ ื•ื‘ืžื™ืชื•ืŸ.
02:30
The Great Depression made not a dent in this exponential progression.
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"ื”ืžื™ืชื•ืŸ ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ" ืœื ื’ืจื ืืคื™ืœื• ืœืงืžื˜ ืงืœ ื‘ื’ื™ื“ื•ืœ ื”ืืงืกืคื•ื ื ืฆื™ืืœื™ ื”ื–ื”.
02:34
We'll see the same thing in the economic recession we're having now.
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ื•ืื—ื ื• ื ืจืื” ืืช ืื•ืชื• ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื‘ืžื™ืชื•ืŸ ื”ื›ืœื›ืœื™ ืฉืœ ื”ื™ื•ื.
02:38
At least the exponential growth of information technology capability
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ืœืคื—ื•ืช ื”ื’ื™ื“ื•ืœ ื”ืืงืกืคื•ื ื ืฆื™ืืœื™ ืฉืœ ื”ื™ื›ื•ืœื•ืช ืฉืœ ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื™ืช ื”ืžื™ื“ืข
02:41
will continue unabated.
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ื™ืžืฉื™ืš ืœืœื ื”ืคืจืขื”.
02:44
And I just updated these graphs.
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ื•ืจืง ืœืื—ืจื•ื ื” ืขื™ื“ื›ื ื™ ืืช ื”ื’ืจืคื™ื ื”ืืœื”.
02:46
Because I had them through 2002 in my book, "The Singularity is Near."
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ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉื”ื ื”ื•ืคื™ืขื• ืžืื– 2002 ื‘ืกืคืจื™ "ื”ืกื™ื ื’ื•ืœืจื™ื•ืช ืงืจื‘ื”".
02:49
So we updated them,
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ืื– ืขื™ื“ื›ื ื• ืื•ืชื,
02:51
so I could present it here, to 2007.
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ื›ื“ื™ ืฉืื•ื›ืœ ืœื”ืฆื™ื’ื ื›ืืŸ, ืœืฉื ืช 2007
02:54
And I was asked, "Well aren't you nervous?
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ื•ืฉืืœื• ืื•ืชื™: "ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ, ืืชื” ืœื ืžื•ื“ืื’?
02:56
Maybe it kind of didn't stay on this exponential progression."
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ืื•ืœื™ ื”ื”ืชืงื“ืžื•ืช ืœื ืชื™ืฉืืจ ืืงืกืคื•ื ื ืฆื™ืืœื™ืช ืœื’ืžืจื™."
03:00
I was a little nervous
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ื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ืงืฆืช ืžื•ื“ืื’
03:02
because maybe the data wouldn't be right,
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ื›ื™ ืื•ืœื™ ื”ื ืชื•ื ื™ื ืœื ื™ื”ื™ื• ื ื›ื•ื ื™ื,
03:04
but I've done this now for 30 years,
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ืื‘ืœ ืื ื™ ื›ื‘ืจ ืขื•ืกืง ื‘ื–ื” ื‘ืžืฉืš 30 ืฉื ื”,
03:06
and it has stayed on this exponential progression.
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ื•ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ, ื”ื’ืจืฃ ื ืฉืืจ ืขื ื”ื”ืชืงื“ืžื•ืช ื”ืืงืกืคื•ื ื ืฆื™ืืœื™ืช ื”ื–ื•.
03:09
Look at this graph here.You could buy one transistor for a dollar in 1968.
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ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื• ื‘ื’ืจืฃ ื”ื–ื”. ื”ื™ื” ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืงื ื•ืช ื˜ืจื ื–ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจ ืื—ื“ ื‘ื“ื•ืœืจ ืื—ื“ ื‘ืฉื ืช 1968.
03:12
You can buy half a billion today,
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ื›ื™ื•ื ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืงื ื•ืช ื—ืฆื™ ืžื™ืœื™ืืจื“.
03:14
and they are actually better, because they are faster.
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ื•ื”ื ืืคื™ืœื• ื™ื•ืชืจ ื˜ื•ื‘ื™ื, ื›ื™ ื”ื ืžื”ื™ืจื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ.
03:16
But look at how predictable this is.
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ืื‘ืœ ืจืื• ื›ืžื” ื–ื” ืฆืคื•ื™.
03:18
And I'd say this knowledge is over-fitting to past data.
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ื•ื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ืื•ืžืจ ืฉื”ื™ื“ืข ื”ื–ื” ื”ื•ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืžืชืื™ื ืœื ืชื•ื ื™ ื”ืขื‘ืจ.
03:21
I've been making these forward-looking predictions for about 30 years.
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ืื ื™ ื›ื‘ืจ ืžื‘ืฆืข ืืช ื”ืชื—ื–ื™ื•ืช ื”ืืœื” ื‘ืžืฉืš ื›30 ืฉื ื”.
03:25
And the cost of a transistor cycle,
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ื•ื”ืžื—ื™ืจ ืฉืœ ืคืขื•ืœืช ืžื—ื–ื•ืจ ืฉืœ ื˜ืจื ื–ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจ,
03:27
which is a measure of the price performance of electronics,
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ืฉื”ื•ื ืžื“ื“ ืฉืœ ืžื—ื™ืจ ื”ื‘ื™ืฆื•ืขื™ื ืฉืœ ืืœืงื˜ืจื•ื ื™ืงื”,
03:29
comes down about every year.
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ื™ื•ืจื“ ื‘ืขืจืš ื›ืœ ืฉื ื”.
03:31
That's a 50 percent deflation rate.
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ื“ื‘ืจ ืฉืžื™ื™ืฆื’ ืงืฆื‘ ืฉืœ 50 ืื—ื•ื–ื™ ื“ื™ืคืœืฆื™ื”.
03:33
And it's also true of other examples,
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ื•ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื ื›ื•ืŸ ื’ื ื‘ื“ื•ื’ืžืื•ืช ืื—ืจื•ืช
03:35
like DNA data or brain data.
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ื›ืžื• ื ืชื•ื ื™ ื“ื™.ืื .ืื™ื™ ืื• ื ืชื•ื ื™ ืžื—.
03:37
But we more than make up for that.
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ืื‘ืœ ืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืžืคืฆื™ื ืขืœ ื–ื”.
03:39
We actually ship more than twice as much
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืœืžืขืฉื” ืžื™ืฆืื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืคื™ ืฉื ื™ื™ื
03:41
of every form of information technology.
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ืžื›ืœ ืกื•ื’ ืฉืœ ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื™ืช ืžื™ื“ืข.
03:43
We've had 18 percent growth in constant dollars
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ื”ื™ื• ืœื ื• 18 ืื—ื•ื–ื™ ื’ื™ื“ื•ืœ ื‘ื“ื•ืœืจื™ื
03:46
in every form of information technology for the last half-century,
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ื‘ื›ืœ ืฆื•ืจื” ืฉืœ ืฉืœ ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื™ืช ืžื™ื“ืข ื‘ื—ืฆื™ ื”ืžืื” ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื”.
03:49
despite the fact that you can get twice as much of it each year.
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ืืฃ-ืขืœ-ืคื™ ืฉื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื”ืฉื™ื’ ืคื™ ืฉืชื™ื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื›ืœ ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” - ื‘ื›ืœ ืฉื ื”.
03:53
This is a completely different example.
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ื–ืืช ื“ื•ื’ืžื” ืฉื•ื ื” ืœื’ืžืจื™.
03:55
This is not Moore's Law.
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ื–ื” ืื™ื ื• ื—ื•ืง ืžื•ืจ.
03:57
The amount of DNA data
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ื›ืžื•ืช ืžื™ื“ืข ื”ื“ื™.ืื .ืื™ื™
03:59
we've sequenced has doubled every year.
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ืฉืืกืคื ื• ื”ื•ื›ืคืœ ื‘ื›ืœ ืฉื ื”
04:01
The cost has come down by half every year.
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ื”ืžื—ื™ืจ ื™ื—ื“ ื‘ื—ืฆื™ ื›ืœ ืฉื ื”.
04:04
And this has been a smooth progression
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ื•ื–ื• ื”ื™ืชื” ื”ืชืงื“ืžื•ืช ื—ืœืงื”
04:06
since the beginning of the genome project.
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ืžืื– ืชื—ื™ืœืช ืคืจื•ื™ื™ืงื˜ ื”ื’ื ื•ื ื”ืื ื•ืฉื™.
04:08
And halfway through the project, skeptics said,
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ื•ื‘ืžื—ืฆื™ืช ื”ืคืจื•ื™ื™ืงื˜, ื”ืกืคืงื ื™ื ืืžืจื•:
04:10
"Well, this is not working out. You're halfway through the genome project
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"ื–ื” ืœื ืขื•ื‘ื“. ืืชื ื›ื‘ืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืข ื”ืคืจื•ื™ื™ืงื˜
04:13
and you've finished one percent of the project."
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ื•ืกื™ื™ืžืชื ืจืง ืื—ื•ื– ืื—ื“ ืžื›ืœืœ ื”ืคืจื•ื™ื™ืงื˜."
04:15
But that was really right on schedule.
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ืื‘ืœ ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ืœืคื™ ื”ืœื•"ื–.
04:17
Because if you double one percent seven more times,
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ื›ื™ ืื ืžื›ืคื™ืœื™ื ืื—ื•ื– ืื—ื“ ืฉื‘ืข ืคืขืžื™ื ื ื•ืกืคื•ืช,
04:19
which is exactly what happened,
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ื•ื–ื” ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ืžื” ืฉืงืจื”,
04:21
you get 100 percent. And the project was finished on time.
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ืžื’ื™ืขื™ื ืœ100 ืื—ื•ื–. ื•ื”ืคืจื•ื™ื™ืงื˜ ื”ืกืชื™ื™ื ื‘ื–ืžืŸ.
04:24
Communication technologies:
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ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื•ืช ืชืงืฉื•ืจืช:
04:26
50 different ways to measure this,
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50 ื“ืจื›ื™ื ืฉื•ื ื•ืช ืœืžื“ื™ื“ื”.
04:28
the number of bits being moved around, the size of the Internet.
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ืžืกืคืจ ื”"ื‘ื™ื˜ื™ื" ืฉืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื, ื’ื•ื“ืœ ื”ืื™ื ื˜ืจื ื˜.
04:31
But this has progressed at an exponential pace.
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ืื‘ืœ ื–ื” ื”ืชืงื“ื ื‘ืงืฆื‘ ืืงืกืคื•ื ื ืฆื™ืืœื™.
04:33
This is deeply democratizing.
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ื–ื” ืžืžืฉ ื’ื•ืจื ืœื“ืžื•ืงืจื˜ื™ื–ืฆื™ื”.
04:35
I wrote, over 20 years ago in "The Age of Intelligent Machines,"
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ืœืคื ื™ 20 ืฉื ื”, ื›ืชื‘ืชื™ ื‘"ืขื™ื“ืŸ ื”ืžื›ื•ื ื•ืช ื”ืื™ื˜ื™ืœื™ื’ื ื˜ื™ื•ืช"
04:38
when the Soviet Union was going strong, that it would be swept away
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ื›ืฉื‘ืจื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขืฆื•ืช ื”ื™ืชื” ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื”ืชื—ื–ืงื•ืช, ืฉื”ื™ื ืชืชืคื•ื’ื’
04:41
by this growth of decentralized communication.
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ืข"ื™ ื”ื’ืœ ื”ื–ื” ืฉืœ ืชืงืฉื•ืจืช ืžื‘ื•ื–ืจืช.
04:45
And we will have plenty of computation as we go through the 21st century
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ื•ื™ื”ื™ื” ืœื ื• ื“ื™ ื›ื— ืžื™ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื”ืžืื” ื”21
04:48
to do things like simulate regions of the human brain.
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœื“ืžื•ืช ืื™ื–ื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืžื— ื”ืื ื•ืฉื™.
04:52
But where will we get the software?
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ืื‘ืœ ืžื”ื™ื›ืŸ ื ืฉื™ื’ ืืช ื”ืชื•ื›ื ื”?
04:54
Some critics say, "Oh, well software is stuck in the mud."
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ื—ืœืง ืžื”ืžื‘ืงืจื™ื ืื•ืžืจื™ื: "ื”ืž.. ื”ืชื•ื›ื ื” ืชืงื•ืขื” ื•ืœื ืžืชืงื“ืžืช"
04:57
But we are learning more and more about the human brain.
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ืื‘ืœ ืื ื—ื ื• ืœื•ืžื“ื™ื ืขื•ื“ ื•ืขื•ื“ ืขืœ ื”ืžื•ื— ื”ืื ื•ืฉื™.
04:59
Spatial resolution of brain scanning is doubling every year.
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ื•ื”ืจื–ื•ืœื•ืฆื™ื” ื”ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ืช ืฉืœ ืกืจื™ืงืช ื”ืžื— ื”ืื ื•ืฉื™ ืžื•ื›ืคืœืช ื›ืœ ืฉื ื”.
05:02
The amount of data we're getting about the brain is doubling every year.
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ื›ืžื•ืช ื”ืžื™ื“ืข ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืื•ืกืคื™ื ืขืœ ื”ืžื•ื— ืžื•ื›ืคืœืช ื›ืœ ืฉื ื”.
05:05
And we're showing that we can actually turn this data
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ื•ืื ื—ื ื• ืžืจืื™ื ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืื›ืŸ ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ืคื•ืš ืืช ื”ืžื™ื“ืข ื”ื–ื”
05:08
into working models and simulations of brain regions.
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ืœื›ื“ื™ ืžื•ื“ืœื™ื ืžืชืคืงื“ื™ื ื•ืกื™ืžื•ืœืฆื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื—ืœืงื™ื ื‘ืžื•ื—.
05:11
There is about 20 regions of the brain that have been modeled,
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ื™ืฉื ื ื›20 ืื™ื–ื•ืจื™ื ื‘ืžื•ื— ืฉื›ื‘ืจ ื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ืขื‘ื•ืจื ืžื•ื“ืœื™ื,
05:13
simulated and tested:
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ืฉืขื‘ืจื• ืกื™ืžื•ืœืฆื™ื” ื•ืžื‘ื—ื ื™ื:
05:15
the auditory cortex, regions of the visual cortex;
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ืงืœื™ืคืช ื”ืฉืžื™ืขื”, ืื™ื–ื•ืจื™ื ืฉืœ ืงืœื™ืคืช ื”ืจืื™ื”,
05:18
cerebellum, where we do our skill formation;
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ื”ืžื— ื”ืงื˜ืŸ, ื”ืื™ื–ื•ืจ ื‘ื• ืื ื—ื ื• ืžื™ื™ืฆื‘ื™ื ืืช ื”ื™ื›ื•ืœื•ืช ืฉืœื ื•,
05:20
slices of the cerebral cortex, where we do our rational thinking.
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ืคื™ืกื•ืช ืฉืœ ืงืœื™ืคืช ื”ืžื—, ื”ืื™ื–ื•ืจ ื‘ื• ืื ื—ื ื• ืžื‘ืฆืขื™ื ื—ืฉื™ื‘ื” ื”ื’ื™ื•ื ื™ืช.
05:24
And all of this has fueled
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ื•ื›ืœ ื–ื” ื”ื ื™ืข
05:26
an increase, very smooth and predictable, of productivity.
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ืฉื™ืคื•ืจ, ืžืื•ื“ ื—ืœืง ื•ืฆืคื•ื™, ืฉืœ ืคืจื•ื“ื•ืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™ื•ืช.
05:29
We've gone from 30 dollars to 130 dollars
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ืขื‘ืจื ื• ืž30 ื“ื•ืœืจ ืœ130 ื“ื•ืœืจ
05:31
in constant dollars in the value of an average hour of human labor,
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ื‘ืฉื•ื•ื™ ืžืžื•ืฆืข ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืฉืขืช ืขื‘ื•ื“ืช ืื“ื,
05:35
fueled by this information technology.
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ื“ื‘ืจ ืฉื”ื•ื ืข ืข" ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื™ืช ื”ืžื™ื“ืข.
05:38
And we're all concerned about energy and the environment.
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ื•ื›ื•ืœื ื• ืžื•ื“ืื’ื™ื ืžืื ืจื’ื™ื” ื•ืžื”ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื”.
05:41
Well this is a logarithmic graph.
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ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ, ื–ื” ื’ืจืฃ ืœื•ื’ืจื™ืชืžื™,
05:43
This represents a smooth doubling,
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ืฉืžืชืืจ ื”ื›ืคืœื” ื™ืฆื™ื‘ื”
05:45
every two years, of the amount of solar energy we're creating,
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ื›ืœ ืฉื ืชื™ื™ื, ืฉืœ ื›ืžื•ืช ื”ืื ืจื’ื™ื” ื”ืกื•ืœืืจื™ืช ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืžื™ื™ืฆืจื™ื.
05:49
particularly as we're now applying nanotechnology,
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ื•ื‘ื™ื™ื—ื•ื“ ื›ืขืช, ื›ืืฉืจ ืื ื—ื ื• ืžื™ื™ืฉืžื™ื ื ื ื•-ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื”,
05:51
a form of information technology, to solar panels.
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ืฉื”ื™ื ืกื•ื’ ืฉืœ ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื™ืช ืžื™ื“ืข, ืœืœื•ื—ื•ืช ืกื•ืœืืจื™ื™ื.
05:54
And we're only eight doublings away
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ื•ืื ื—ื ื• ืจืง ื‘ืžืจื—ืง ืฉืœ 8 ื”ื›ืคืœื•ืช
05:56
from it meeting 100 percent of our energy needs.
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ืžื™ื›ื•ืœืช ื™ื™ืฆื•ืจ ืฉืœ 100 ืื—ื•ื–ื™ื ืžืฆืจื›ื™ ื”ืื ืจื’ื™ื” ืฉืœื ื•.
05:58
And there is 10 thousand times more sunlight than we need.
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ื•ื™ืฉ ืคื™ 10,000 ื™ื•ืชืจ ืื•ืจ ืฉืžืฉ ืžืžื” ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื.
06:02
We ultimately will merge with this technology. It's already very close to us.
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืœื‘ืกื•ืฃ ื ืชืžื–ื’ ืขื ื”ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ื”ื–ืืช. ื–ื” ื›ื‘ืจ ื“ื™ ืงืจื•ื‘ ืืœื™ื ื•.
06:07
When I was a student it was across campus, now it's in our pockets.
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ื›ืฉื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ืกื˜ื•ื“ื ื˜ ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ืœืจื•ื—ื‘ ื”ืงืžืคื•ืก. ื”ื™ื•ื ื–ื” ื ื›ื ืก ื‘ื›ื™ืก.
06:10
What used to take up a building now fits in our pockets.
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ืžื” ืฉืชืคืก ื‘ื ื™ื™ืŸ ืฉืœื, ื”ื™ื•ื ื ื›ื ืก ื‘ื›ื™ืก.
06:13
What now fits in our pockets would fit in a blood cell in 25 years.
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ืžื” ืฉื”ื™ื•ื ื ื›ื ืก ื‘ื›ื™ืก, ื™ื™ื›ื ืก ื‘ืชื•ืš ืชื ื“ื ื‘ืขื•ื“ 25 ืฉื ื”.
06:16
And we will begin to actually deeply influence
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ื•ืื ื—ื ื• ื ืชื—ื™ืœ ืœื”ืฉืคื™ืข ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืžื”ื•ืชื™ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ
06:20
our health and our intelligence,
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ืขืœ ื”ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช ื•ื”ืื™ื ื˜ื™ืœื™ื’ื ืฆื™ื” ืฉืœื ื•
06:22
as we get closer and closer to this technology.
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ื›ื›ืœ ืฉื ืชืงืจื‘ ืœื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ื”ื–ืืช.
06:26
Based on that we are announcing, here at TED,
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ื‘ื”ืชื‘ืกืก ืขืœ ื–ื”, ืื ื—ื ื• ืžื›ืจื™ื–ื™ื ื›ืืŸ ื‘TED
06:29
in true TED tradition, Singularity University.
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ื›ืžื™ื˜ื‘ ืžืกื•ืจืช TED, ืขืœ ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ืช ื”ืกื™ื ื’ื•ืœืจื™ื•ืช.
06:32
It's a new university
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ื–ื• ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ื” ื—ื“ืฉื”
06:34
that's founded by Peter Diamandis, who is here in the audience,
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ืฉืžื™ื•ืกื“ืช ืข"ื™ ืคื™ื˜ืจ ื“ื™ืืžื ื“ื™ืก, ืฉื ืžืฆื ื›ืืŸ ื‘ืงื”ืœ,
06:36
and myself.
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ื•ืื ื•ื›ื™.
06:38
It's backed by NASA and Google,
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ื”ื™ื ื ืชืžื›ืช ืข"ื™ ื ืืกื ื•ื’ื•ื’ืœ,
06:40
and other leaders in the high-tech and science community.
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ื•ืข"ื™ ืžื•ื‘ื™ืœื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื ื‘ืงื”ื™ืœืช ื”ื”ื™-ื˜ืง ื•ื”ืžื“ืข.
06:44
And our goal was to assemble the leaders,
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ืžื˜ืจืชื ื• ื”ื™ืชื” ืœืืกื•ืฃ ืืช ื”ืžื ื”ื™ื’ื™ื,
06:47
both teachers and students,
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ืžื•ืจื™ื ื•ืชืœืžื™ื“ื™ื ื›ืื—ื“,
06:49
in these exponentially growing information technologies,
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ื‘ืชื—ื•ืžื™ ื”ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื•ืช ื”ืืœื”, ืฉืžืชืงื“ืžื•ืช ื‘ืงืฆื‘ ื”ืืงืกืคื•ื ื ืฆื™ืืœื™,
06:51
and their application.
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ื•ื‘ื™ื™ืฉื•ืžืŸ.
06:53
But Larry Page made an impassioned speech
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ืื‘ืœ ืœืืจื™ ืคื™ื™ื’' ื ืฉื ื ืื•ื ื ืจื’ืฉ
06:55
at our organizing meeting,
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ื‘ืืกื™ืคืช ื”ื™ื™ืกื•ื“ ืฉืœื ื•,
06:57
saying we should devote this study
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ื•ืืžืจ ืฉืขืœื™ื ื• ืœื”ืงื“ื™ืฉ ืืช ื”ืžื—ืงืจ ื”ื–ื”
07:02
to actually addressing some of the major challenges facing humanity.
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ืœื ืกื™ื•ืŸ ืœืคืชื•ืจ ื›ืžื” ืžื”ืืชื’ืจื™ื ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉืžื•ืœื ื ื™ืฆื‘ืช ื”ืื ื•ืฉื•ืช.
07:06
And if we did that, then Google would back this.
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ื•ืฉืื ื ืขืฉื” ื›ืš, ื’ื•ื’ืœ ืชืชืžื•ืš ื‘ื ื•.
07:08
And so that's what we've done.
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ื•ื›ืš ืขืฉื™ื ื•.
07:10
The last third of the nine-week intensive summer session
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ื”ืฉืœื™ืฉ ื”ืื—ืจื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ืงื•ืจืก ื”ืงื™ืฅ ื”ืื™ื ื˜ื ืกื™ื‘ื™ ื‘ืŸ 9 ื”ืฉื‘ื•ืขื•ืช
07:14
will be devoted to a group project to address
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ื™ื•ืงื“ืฉ ืœืคืจื•ื™ื™ืงื˜ ืงื‘ื•ืฆืชื™ ืฉืžื˜ืจืชื• ืœื”ืชืžืงื“
07:16
some major challenge of humanity.
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ื‘ืื™ื–ื” ืืชื’ืจ ื’ื“ื•ืœ ืฉืœ ื”ืื ื•ืฉื•ืช.
07:18
Like for example, applying the Internet,
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ื›ืžื• ืœืžืฉืœ, ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ืจืฉืช ื”ืื™ื ื˜ืจื ื˜,
07:20
which is now ubiquitous, in the rural areas of China or in Africa,
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ืฉื›ื‘ืจ ื ืคื•ืฆื” ื‘ืื™ื–ื•ืจื™ื ื›ืคืจื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ืกื™ืŸ ืื• ืืคืจื™ืงื”,
07:25
to bringing health information
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ืœื”ืคืฆืช ืžื™ื“ืข ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืชื™
07:27
to developing areas of the world.
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ื‘ืื™ื–ื•ืจื™ื ืžืชืคืชื—ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืขื•ืœื.
07:30
And these projects will continue past these sessions,
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ื•ื”ืคืจื•ื™ื™ืงื˜ื™ื ื”ืืœื” ื™ืžืฉื™ื›ื• ืžืขื‘ืจ ืœืงื•ืจืกื™ื ื”ืืœื”
07:33
using collaborative interactive communication.
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ืชื•ืš ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ืชืงืฉืจื•ืช ืฉื™ืชื•ืคื™ืช ืื™ื ื˜ืจืืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™ืช.
07:36
All the intellectual property that is created and taught
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ื›ืœ ื”ืงื ื™ื™ืŸ ื”ืจื•ื—ื ื™ ืฉื™ื™ื•ื•ืฆืจ ื•ื™ื™ืœืžื“
07:40
will be online and available,
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ื™ื”ื™ื” ื ื’ื™ืฉ ื‘ืจืฉืช
07:42
and developed online in a collaborative fashion.
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ื•ื™ืคื•ืชื— ื‘ืจืฉืช ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ืฉื™ืชื•ืคื™ืช.
07:45
Here is our founding meeting.
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ื”ื ื” ืืกื™ืคืช ื”ื™ื™ืกื•ื“ ืฉืœื ื•.
07:47
But this is being announced today.
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ืื‘ืœ ืื ื—ื ื• ืžื›ืจื™ื–ื™ื ืขืœ ื–ืืช ื”ื™ื•ื.
07:49
It will be permanently headquartered in Silicon Valley,
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ืžืคืงื“ืช ื”ืงื‘ืข ืฉืœื ื• ืชื”ื™ื” ื‘ืขืžืง ื”ืกื™ืœื™ืงื•ืŸ,
07:52
at the NASA Ames research center.
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ื‘ืžืจื›ื– ื”ืžื—ืงืจ "ืื™ื™ืžืก" ืฉืœ ื ืืกื.
07:54
There are different programs for graduate students,
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ื™ืฉื ืŸ ืชื•ื›ื ื™ื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื•ืช ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืชืœืžื™ื“ื™ื ืœืชืืจื™ื ืžืชืงื“ืžื™ื,
07:56
for executives at different companies.
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ืœื‘ื›ื™ืจื™ื ื‘ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื•ืช.
07:59
The first six tracks here -- artificial intelligence,
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ืฉืฉืช ื”ืžืกืœื•ืœื™ื ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื ื›ืืŸ, ื‘ื™ื ื” ืžืœืื›ื•ืชื™ืช,
08:01
advanced computing technologies, biotechnology, nanotechnology --
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ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื•ืช ืžื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืžืชืงื“ืžื•ืช, ื‘ื™ื•-ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื”, ื ื ื•-ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื”
08:04
are the different core areas of information technology.
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ื”ื™ื ื ืชื—ื•ืžื™ ื”ืœื™ื‘ื” ืฉืœ ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื™ืช ื”ืžื™ื“ืข.
08:08
Then we are going to apply them to the other areas,
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ืœืื—ืจ ืžื›ืŸ, ื ื™ื™ืฉื ืื•ืชืŸ ื‘ืชื—ื•ืžื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื
08:10
like energy, ecology,
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ื›ืžื• ืื ืจื’ื™ื”, ืืงื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื”,
08:13
policy law and ethics, entrepreneurship,
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ืžื“ื™ื ื™ื•ืช ื—ื•ืง ื•ืืชื™ืงื”, ื™ื™ื–ืžื•ืช
08:15
so that people can bring these new technologies to the world.
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ื›ื“ื™ ืฉืื ืฉื™ื ื™ื•ื›ืœื• ืœื”ื‘ื™ื ืืช ื”ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื•ืช ื”ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช ื”ืืœื” ืืœ ื”ืขื•ืœื.
08:19
So we're very appreciative of the support we've gotten
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืžืขืจื™ื›ื™ื ืžืื•ื“ ืืช ื”ืชืžื™ื›ื” ืฉืงื™ื‘ืœื ื•
08:24
from both the intellectual leaders, the high-tech leaders,
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ืžื”ืžื ื”ื™ื’ื™ื ื”ืื™ื˜ืœืงื˜ื•ืืœื™ื, ืžื ื”ื™ื’ื™ ื”ื”ื™-ื˜ืง,
08:26
particularly Google and NASA.
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ื‘ื™ื™ื—ื•ื“ ื ืืกื ื•ื’ื•ื’ืœ.
08:28
This is an exciting new venture.
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ื–ื” ืžืคืขืœ ื—ื“ืฉ ื•ืžืจืชืง.
08:30
And we invite you to participate. Thank you very much.
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ื•ืื ื—ื ื• ืžื–ืžื™ื ื™ื ืืชื›ื ืœืงื—ืช ื‘ื• ื—ืœืง. ืชื•ื“ื” ืจื‘ื”.
08:33
(Applause)
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(ื›ืคื™ื™ื)
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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