Ray Kurzweil: A university for the coming singularity

87,426 views ・ 2009-06-02

TED


Dvaput kliknite na engleske titlove ispod za reprodukciju videozapisa.

Prevoditelj: Ivan Majstorovic Recezent: Ando Saina
00:13
Information technology grows in an exponential manner.
0
13160
3000
Infomacijske tehnologije rastu eksponencijalno.
00:16
It's not linear. And our intuition is linear.
1
16160
4000
Ne rastu linearno. Naša intuicija je linearna.
00:20
When we walked through the savanna a thousand years ago
2
20160
2000
Hodajući savanom prije tisuću godina
00:22
we made linear predictions where that animal would be,
3
22160
2000
stvarali smo linearna predviđanja gdje bi neka životinja mogla biti.
00:24
and that worked fine. It's hardwired in our brains.
4
24160
3000
I to je radilo dobro. Ugrađeno nam je u mozgove.
00:27
But the pace of exponential growth
5
27160
3000
Ali brzina eksponencijalnog rasta
00:30
is really what describes information technologies.
6
30160
3000
je ono što zapravo opisuje informacijske tehnologije.
00:33
And it's not just computation.
7
33160
3000
A ne radi se samo o računanju.
00:36
There is a big difference between linear and exponential growth.
8
36160
2000
Postoji velika razlika između linearnog i eksponencijalnog rasta.
00:38
If I take 30 steps linearly -- one, two, three, four, five --
9
38160
4000
Ako napravim 30 koraka linearno, jedan, dva, tri, četiri, pet,
00:42
I get to 30.
10
42160
2000
dođem do 30.
00:44
If I take 30 steps exponentially -- two, four, eight, 16 --
11
44160
3000
Ako napravim 30 koraka eksponencijalno, dva, četiri, osam, 16,
00:47
I get to a billion.
12
47160
2000
dođem do milijardu.
00:49
It makes a huge difference.
13
49160
2000
To čini ogromnu razliku.
00:51
And that really describes information technology.
14
51160
2000
I to zapravo opisuje informacijsku tehnologiju.
00:53
When I was a student at MIT,
15
53160
2000
Kad sam bio student na MIT-u
00:55
we all shared one computer that took up a whole building.
16
55160
2000
svi smo dijelili jedno računalo koje je zauzimalo čitavu zgradu.
00:57
The computer in your cellphone today is a million times cheaper,
17
57160
3000
Računalo u vašem mobitelu danas je milijun puta jeftinije,
01:00
a million times smaller,
18
60160
2000
milijun puta manje,
01:02
a thousand times more powerful.
19
62160
2000
tisuću puta moćnije.
01:04
That's a billion-fold increase in capability per dollar
20
64160
3000
To je povećanje snage po dolaru za milijardu
01:07
that we've actually experienced since I was a student.
21
67160
2000
koje smo iskusili od vremena kad sam ja bio student.
01:09
And we're going to do it again in the next 25 years.
22
69160
3000
I učinit ćemo to ponovo u narednih 25 godina.
01:12
Information technology progresses
23
72160
2000
Informacijska tehnologija napreduje
01:14
through a series of S-curves
24
74160
2000
kroz niz S-krivulja
01:16
where each one is a different paradigm.
25
76160
2000
gdje je svaka od njih drugačija paradigma.
01:18
So people say, "What's going to happen when Moore's Law comes to an end?"
26
78160
3000
Ljudi se pitaju, "Što će se dogoditi kada Moorov zakon dođe do svog kraja?"
01:21
Which will happen around 2020.
27
81160
2000
A dogoditi će se oko 2020. godine.
01:23
We'll then go to the next paradigm.
28
83160
2000
Tada ćemo prijeći na sljedeću paradigmu.
01:25
And Moore's Law was not the first paradigm
29
85160
2000
Moorov zakon nije bio prva paradigma
01:27
to bring exponential growth to computing.
30
87160
2000
koja je donijela eksponencijalni rast računarstva.
01:29
The exponential growth of computing started
31
89160
2000
Eksponencijalni rast računarstva počeo je
01:31
decades before Gordon Moore was even born.
32
91160
2000
desetljećima prije nego se Gordon Moore uopće rodio.
01:33
And it doesn't just apply to computation.
33
93160
4000
A to se ne odnosi samo na računarstvo.
01:37
It's really any technology where we can measure
34
97160
2000
To je zapravo bilo koja tehnologija u kojoj možemo mjeriti
01:39
the underlying information properties.
35
99160
3000
ishodišna svojstva informacija.
01:42
Here we have 49 famous computers. I put them in a logarithmic graph.
36
102160
4000
Ovdje imamo 49 poznatih računala. Stavio sam ih u logaritamski grafikon.
01:46
The logarithmic scale hides the scale of the increase,
37
106160
4000
Logaritamsko mjerilo skriva pravi razmjer povećanja.
01:50
because this represents trillions-fold increase
38
110160
2000
Zato što ovo prikazuje povećanje za faktor od trilijun
01:52
since the 1890 census.
39
112160
3000
od 1890. godine.
01:55
In 1950s they were shrinking vacuum tubes,
40
115160
2000
1950-tih godina smanjivali su vakumske cijevi,
01:57
making them smaller and smaller. They finally hit a wall;
41
117160
3000
čineći ih sve manjima. Tada su naposljetku stali pred zid.
02:00
they couldn't shrink the vacuum tube any more and keep the vacuum.
42
120160
2000
Nisu više mogli smanjiti vakumsku cijev i zadržati vakuum.
02:02
And that was the end of the shrinking of vacuum tubes,
43
122160
3000
I bio je to kraj smanjivanja vakumskih cijevi.
02:05
but it was not the end of the exponential growth of computing.
44
125160
3000
Ali to nije bio kraj eksponencijalnog rasta računarstva.
02:08
We went to the fourth paradigm, transistors,
45
128160
2000
Prešli smo na četvrtu paradigmu, tranzistore
02:10
and finally integrated circuits.
46
130160
2000
te naposljetku na integrirane krugove.
02:12
When that comes to an end we'll go to the sixth paradigm;
47
132160
2000
Kad to dođe do kraja prijeći ćemo na šestu paradigmu,
02:14
three-dimensional self-organizing molecular circuits.
48
134160
4000
trodimenzionalne samoorganizirajuće molekularne krugove.
02:18
But what's even more amazing, really, than this
49
138160
3000
Ali, ono što je još više zadivljujuće od
02:21
fantastic scale of progress,
50
141160
2000
ovog fantastičnog napretka
02:23
is that -- look at how predictable this is.
51
143160
2000
jest njegova predvidljivost.
02:25
I mean this went through thick and thin,
52
145160
2000
Mislim, ovaj napredak prošao je kroz debelo i tanko,
02:27
through war and peace, through boom times and recessions.
53
147160
3000
rat i mir, kroz vrijeme procvata i recesije.
02:30
The Great Depression made not a dent in this exponential progression.
54
150160
4000
Velika Depresija nije ni traga pustila na ovom eksponencijalnom rastu.
02:34
We'll see the same thing in the economic recession we're having now.
55
154160
4000
Vidjet ćemo istu stvar u sadašnjoj ekonomskoj recesiji.
02:38
At least the exponential growth of information technology capability
56
158160
3000
Barem će eksponencijalni rast sposobnosti informacijskih tehnologija
02:41
will continue unabated.
57
161160
3000
nastaviti neoslabljen.
02:44
And I just updated these graphs.
58
164160
2000
Upravo sam ažurirao ove grafove.
02:46
Because I had them through 2002 in my book, "The Singularity is Near."
59
166160
3000
Jer sam ih koristio u svojoj knjizi iz 2002., "Singularnost se bliži."
02:49
So we updated them,
60
169160
2000
Zato smo ih ažurirali
02:51
so I could present it here, to 2007.
61
171160
3000
kako bi ih prezentirao ovdje, 2007.
02:54
And I was asked, "Well aren't you nervous?
62
174160
2000
Pitali su me, "I, zar nisi nervozan?
02:56
Maybe it kind of didn't stay on this exponential progression."
63
176160
4000
Možda nije nastavilo s ovom eksponencijalnom progresijom."
03:00
I was a little nervous
64
180160
2000
Bio sam malo nervozan
03:02
because maybe the data wouldn't be right,
65
182160
2000
jer možda podaci neće biti točni,
03:04
but I've done this now for 30 years,
66
184160
2000
ali radio sam ovo, sada već 30 godina,
03:06
and it has stayed on this exponential progression.
67
186160
3000
i rast je uvijek ostao eksponencijalan.
03:09
Look at this graph here.You could buy one transistor for a dollar in 1968.
68
189160
3000
Pogledajte ovaj graf. Mogli ste kupiti jedan tranzistor za dolar 1968.
03:12
You can buy half a billion today,
69
192160
2000
Danas možete kupiti pola milijarde.
03:14
and they are actually better, because they are faster.
70
194160
2000
A zapravo su i bolji, jer su brži.
03:16
But look at how predictable this is.
71
196160
2000
Ali pogledajte kako je ovo predvidljivo.
03:18
And I'd say this knowledge is over-fitting to past data.
72
198160
3000
I rekao bih da se ovo znanje podudara sa ranijim podacima.
03:21
I've been making these forward-looking predictions for about 30 years.
73
201160
4000
Radim na ovim predviđanjima već skoro 30 godina.
03:25
And the cost of a transistor cycle,
74
205160
2000
Cijena tranzistorskog ciklusa,
03:27
which is a measure of the price performance of electronics,
75
207160
2000
koja je mjerilo cijene performansi elektronike,
03:29
comes down about every year.
76
209160
2000
pada otprilike svake godine.
03:31
That's a 50 percent deflation rate.
77
211160
2000
To je deflacija od 50 posto.
03:33
And it's also true of other examples,
78
213160
2000
A vrijedi i za druge primjere
03:35
like DNA data or brain data.
79
215160
2000
kao što su DNA podaci ili podaci o mozgu.
03:37
But we more than make up for that.
80
217160
2000
Ali mi više nego nadoknađujemo za to.
03:39
We actually ship more than twice as much
81
219160
2000
Zapravo isporučujemo više nego dvostruko
03:41
of every form of information technology.
82
221160
2000
svakog oblika informacijske tehnologije.
03:43
We've had 18 percent growth in constant dollars
83
223160
3000
Imali smo 18 postotni rast u nepromijenjenim dolarima
03:46
in every form of information technology for the last half-century,
84
226160
3000
u svakom obliku informacijskih tehnologija u zadnjih pola stoljeća.
03:49
despite the fact that you can get twice as much of it each year.
85
229160
4000
Usprkos činjenici da ih možete dobiti dvostruko više svake godine.
03:53
This is a completely different example.
86
233160
2000
Ovo je potpuno drugačiji primjer.
03:55
This is not Moore's Law.
87
235160
2000
Ovo nije Moorov zakon.
03:57
The amount of DNA data
88
237160
2000
Količina DNA podataka
03:59
we've sequenced has doubled every year.
89
239160
2000
koje smo sekvencirali udvostručila se svake godine.
04:01
The cost has come down by half every year.
90
241160
3000
Cijena se prepolovila svake godine.
04:04
And this has been a smooth progression
91
244160
2000
Ovo je bio glatki progres
04:06
since the beginning of the genome project.
92
246160
2000
od početka genomskog Projekta.
04:08
And halfway through the project, skeptics said,
93
248160
2000
U pola projekta, skeptici su govorili,
04:10
"Well, this is not working out. You're halfway through the genome project
94
250160
3000
"Ovo ne valja. Na polovici ste projekta genoma
04:13
and you've finished one percent of the project."
95
253160
2000
i završili ste samo jedan posto projekta."
04:15
But that was really right on schedule.
96
255160
2000
Ali to je zapravo bilo točno po rasporedu.
04:17
Because if you double one percent seven more times,
97
257160
2000
Zato što ako udvostručite jedan posto još sedam puta,
04:19
which is exactly what happened,
98
259160
2000
što je upravo ono što se dogodilo,
04:21
you get 100 percent. And the project was finished on time.
99
261160
3000
dođete do 100 posto. I projekt je bio završen na vrijeme.
04:24
Communication technologies:
100
264160
2000
Komunikacijske tehnologije:
04:26
50 different ways to measure this,
101
266160
2000
50 različitih načina za mjerenje.
04:28
the number of bits being moved around, the size of the Internet.
102
268160
3000
Broj bitova koji se prenose, veličina Interneta.
04:31
But this has progressed at an exponential pace.
103
271160
2000
Ali ovo je napredovalo eksponencijalnim rastom.
04:33
This is deeply democratizing.
104
273160
2000
Ovo je duboko demokratizirajuće.
04:35
I wrote, over 20 years ago in "The Age of Intelligent Machines,"
105
275160
3000
Napisao sam, prije 20 godina, u knjizi "Doba inteligentnih strojeva",
04:38
when the Soviet Union was going strong, that it would be swept away
106
278160
3000
kad je Sovjetski savez bio u punoj snazi, da će ga pomesti
04:41
by this growth of decentralized communication.
107
281160
4000
ovaj rast decentralizirane komunikacije.
04:45
And we will have plenty of computation as we go through the 21st century
108
285160
3000
I da ćemo imati dovoljnu snagu računala u 21. stoljeću
04:48
to do things like simulate regions of the human brain.
109
288160
4000
da činimo stvari poput simuliranja pojedinih dijelova ljudskog mozga.
04:52
But where will we get the software?
110
292160
2000
Ali gdje ćemo nabaviti softver?
04:54
Some critics say, "Oh, well software is stuck in the mud."
111
294160
3000
Neki kritičari kažu, "Ah, softver je zapeo u blatu."
04:57
But we are learning more and more about the human brain.
112
297160
2000
Ali učimo sve više o ljudskom mozgu.
04:59
Spatial resolution of brain scanning is doubling every year.
113
299160
3000
Prostorna razlučivost skeniranja mozga udvostručuje se svake godine.
05:02
The amount of data we're getting about the brain is doubling every year.
114
302160
3000
Količina podataka koje dobivamo o mozgu udvostručuje se svake godine.
05:05
And we're showing that we can actually turn this data
115
305160
3000
I pokazujemo da zapravo možemo pretvoriti te podatke
05:08
into working models and simulations of brain regions.
116
308160
3000
u radne modele i simulacije moždanih područja.
05:11
There is about 20 regions of the brain that have been modeled,
117
311160
2000
Postoji oko 20 područja u mozgu koja su bila modelirana,
05:13
simulated and tested:
118
313160
2000
simulirane i testirane:
05:15
the auditory cortex, regions of the visual cortex;
119
315160
3000
auditorni korteks, područja vizualnog korteksa,
05:18
cerebellum, where we do our skill formation;
120
318160
2000
mali mozak, gdje formiramo vještine,
05:20
slices of the cerebral cortex, where we do our rational thinking.
121
320160
4000
dijelovi moždane kore, kojeg koristimo za racionalno razmišljanje.
05:24
And all of this has fueled
122
324160
2000
I sve je ovo potaknulo
05:26
an increase, very smooth and predictable, of productivity.
123
326160
3000
povećanje produktivnosti, vrlo glatko i predvidljivo.
05:29
We've gone from 30 dollars to 130 dollars
124
329160
2000
Otišli smo sa 30 dolara na 130 dolara
05:31
in constant dollars in the value of an average hour of human labor,
125
331160
4000
u nepromijenjenim dolarima u vrijednosti prosječnog sata ljudskog rada,
05:35
fueled by this information technology.
126
335160
3000
pogonjenu ovom informacijskom tehnologijom.
05:38
And we're all concerned about energy and the environment.
127
338160
3000
I svi smo zabrinuti za energiju i okoliš.
05:41
Well this is a logarithmic graph.
128
341160
2000
Ovo je logaritamski graf.
05:43
This represents a smooth doubling,
129
343160
2000
Ovo predstavlja glatko udvostručenje,
05:45
every two years, of the amount of solar energy we're creating,
130
345160
4000
svake dvije godine, u količini solarne energije koju proizvodimo.
05:49
particularly as we're now applying nanotechnology,
131
349160
2000
Posebno zato što danas primjenjujemo nanotehnologiju,
05:51
a form of information technology, to solar panels.
132
351160
3000
oblik informacijske tehnologije, za solarne panele.
05:54
And we're only eight doublings away
133
354160
2000
I samo smo osam udvostručenja udaljeni
05:56
from it meeting 100 percent of our energy needs.
134
356160
2000
od pokrivanja 100 posto naših energetskih potreba.
05:58
And there is 10 thousand times more sunlight than we need.
135
358160
4000
A postoji 10 tisuća puta više sunčeve svjetlosti nego što nam je potrebno.
06:02
We ultimately will merge with this technology. It's already very close to us.
136
362160
5000
Na kraju ćemo se spojiti s ovom tehnologijom. Već nam je jako bliska.
06:07
When I was a student it was across campus, now it's in our pockets.
137
367160
3000
Kad sam ja bio student prostirala se preko kampusa. Sada stane u naše džepove.
06:10
What used to take up a building now fits in our pockets.
138
370160
3000
Ono što je nekad zauzimalo zgradu sada stane u džep.
06:13
What now fits in our pockets would fit in a blood cell in 25 years.
139
373160
3000
Što sada stane u džep, moći će stati u krvnu stanicu za 25 godina.
06:16
And we will begin to actually deeply influence
140
376160
4000
Početi ćemo zapravo duboko utjecati
06:20
our health and our intelligence,
141
380160
2000
na naše zdravlje i inteligenciju,
06:22
as we get closer and closer to this technology.
142
382160
4000
kako se budemo zbližavali sa ovom tehnologijom.
06:26
Based on that we are announcing, here at TED,
143
386160
3000
Na osnovu toga najavljujemo, ovdje na TEDu,
06:29
in true TED tradition, Singularity University.
144
389160
3000
u istinskoj TED tradiciji, Sveučilište Singularnosti.
06:32
It's a new university
145
392160
2000
To je novo sveučilište
06:34
that's founded by Peter Diamandis, who is here in the audience,
146
394160
2000
koje smo osnovali Peter Diamandis, koji je ovdje u publici,
06:36
and myself.
147
396160
2000
i ja.
06:38
It's backed by NASA and Google,
148
398160
2000
Podržavaju ga NASA i Google,
06:40
and other leaders in the high-tech and science community.
149
400160
4000
i drugi vođe visoko-tehnološke i znanstvene zajednice.
06:44
And our goal was to assemble the leaders,
150
404160
3000
Naš cilj je spojiti vođe,
06:47
both teachers and students,
151
407160
2000
učitelje i učenike,
06:49
in these exponentially growing information technologies,
152
409160
2000
s ovim rastućim informacijskim tehnologijama
06:51
and their application.
153
411160
2000
i njihovom primjenom.
06:53
But Larry Page made an impassioned speech
154
413160
2000
Larry Page održao je strastveni govor
06:55
at our organizing meeting,
155
415160
2000
na našem organizacijskom sastanku,
06:57
saying we should devote this study
156
417160
5000
govoreći da trebamo posvetiti ovaj studij
07:02
to actually addressing some of the major challenges facing humanity.
157
422160
4000
glavnim izazovima za čovječanstvo.
07:06
And if we did that, then Google would back this.
158
426160
2000
I ako bismo to učinili, Google bi to podržao.
07:08
And so that's what we've done.
159
428160
2000
Stoga, to je ono što smo učinili.
07:10
The last third of the nine-week intensive summer session
160
430160
4000
Posljednja trećina intenzinve ljetne sesije od devet tjedana
07:14
will be devoted to a group project to address
161
434160
2000
biti će posvećena grupnom projektu usmjerenom
07:16
some major challenge of humanity.
162
436160
2000
ka jednom glavnom izazovu čovječanstva.
07:18
Like for example, applying the Internet,
163
438160
2000
Kao naprimjer, primjena Interneta,
07:20
which is now ubiquitous, in the rural areas of China or in Africa,
164
440160
5000
koji je sad sveprisutan, u ruralnim područjima Kine ili Afrike,
07:25
to bringing health information
165
445160
2000
za prijenos informacija o zdravstvu
07:27
to developing areas of the world.
166
447160
3000
područjima u ravoju.
07:30
And these projects will continue past these sessions,
167
450160
3000
Ti projekti će se nastaviti i nakon ovih sjednica,
07:33
using collaborative interactive communication.
168
453160
3000
korištenjem suradničkih interaktivnih komunikacija.
07:36
All the intellectual property that is created and taught
169
456160
4000
Svo intelektualno vlasništvo koje se stvara i podučava,
07:40
will be online and available,
170
460160
2000
bit će online i dostupno,
07:42
and developed online in a collaborative fashion.
171
462160
3000
i razvijano online kroz međusobnu suradnju.
07:45
Here is our founding meeting.
172
465160
2000
Ovo je naš osnivački sastanak.
07:47
But this is being announced today.
173
467160
2000
Ali ovo je najavljeno danas.
07:49
It will be permanently headquartered in Silicon Valley,
174
469160
3000
Bit će trajno smješteno u Silicijskoj dolini,
07:52
at the NASA Ames research center.
175
472160
2000
u NASA Ames istraživačkom centru.
07:54
There are different programs for graduate students,
176
474160
2000
Postoje različiti programi za dodiplomske studente
07:56
for executives at different companies.
177
476160
3000
i za menadžere različitih kompanija.
07:59
The first six tracks here -- artificial intelligence,
178
479160
2000
Prvih šest smjerova, umjetna inteligencija,
08:01
advanced computing technologies, biotechnology, nanotechnology --
179
481160
3000
napredne računalne tehnologije, biotehnologija, nanotehnologija
08:04
are the different core areas of information technology.
180
484160
4000
različita su sržna područja informacijskih tehnologija.
08:08
Then we are going to apply them to the other areas,
181
488160
2000
Kasnije ćemo ih primjeniti na druga područja,
08:10
like energy, ecology,
182
490160
3000
poput energije, ekologije,
08:13
policy law and ethics, entrepreneurship,
183
493160
2000
zkonodavstva i etike, poduzetništva,
08:15
so that people can bring these new technologies to the world.
184
495160
4000
tako da ljudi mogu donijeti te nove tehnologije u svijet.
08:19
So we're very appreciative of the support we've gotten
185
499160
5000
Vrlo smo zahvalni na podršci koju smo primili
08:24
from both the intellectual leaders, the high-tech leaders,
186
504160
2000
od intelektualnih vođa, visoko-tehnoloških vođa,
08:26
particularly Google and NASA.
187
506160
2000
a posebno od Google-a i NASA-e.
08:28
This is an exciting new venture.
188
508160
2000
Ovo je uzbudljiv novi pothvat.
08:30
And we invite you to participate. Thank you very much.
189
510160
3000
I pozivamo vas da sudjelujete. Najljepša vam hvala.
08:33
(Applause)
190
513160
3000
(Pljesak)
O ovoj web stranici

Ova stranica će vas upoznati s YouTube videozapisima koji su korisni za učenje engleskog jezika. Vidjet ćete lekcije engleskog koje vode vrhunski profesori iz cijelog svijeta. Dvaput kliknite na engleske titlove prikazane na svakoj video stranici da biste reproducirali video s tog mjesta. Titlovi se pomiču sinkronizirano s reprodukcijom videozapisa. Ako imate bilo kakvih komentara ili zahtjeva, obratite nam se putem ovog obrasca za kontakt.

https://forms.gle/WvT1wiN1qDtmnspy7