The call to learn | Clifford Stoll

1,289,432 views ใƒป 2008-03-27

TED


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

ืžืชืจื’ื: Moshe Gabay ืžื‘ืงืจ: Moshe Sayag
00:12
I'm delighted to be here.
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ืื ื™ ืฉืžื— ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื›ืืŸ.
00:14
I'm honored by the invitation, and thanks.
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ื•ืœื›ื‘ื•ื“ ืœื™ ืฉื”ื•ื–ืžื ืชื™. ืชื•ื“ื”.
00:17
I would love to talk about stuff that I'm interested in,
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ื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ืฉืžื— ืœื“ื‘ืจ ืขืœ ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉืžืขื ื™ื™ื™ื ื™ื ืื•ืชื™,
00:20
but unfortunately, I suspect that what I'm interested in
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ืืš ืœืจื•ืข ื”ืžื–ืœ ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉืฉ ืฉืžื” ืฉืžืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ืื•ืชื™
00:22
won't interest many other people.
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ืœื ื™ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ืจื‘ื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื.
00:25
First off, my badge says I'm an astronomer.
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ืจืืฉื™ืช, ื”ืชื’ ืฉืœื™ ื˜ื•ืขืŸ ืฉืื ื™ ืืกื˜ืจื•ื ื•ื.
00:27
I would love to talk about my astronomy,
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ื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ืฉืžื— ืœื“ื‘ืจ ืขืœ ื”ืืกื˜ืจื•ื ื•ืžื™ื” ืฉืœื™,
00:29
but I suspect that the number of people who are interested in radiative transfer
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ืื‘ืœ ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉืฉ ืฉืžืกืคืจ ื”ืื ืฉื™ื ืฉืžืชืขื ื™ื™ื ื™ื ื‘ืžืขื‘ืจ ืงืจื™ื ื”
00:32
in non-gray atmospheres
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ื‘ืื˜ืžื•ืกืคื™ืจื•ืช ืœื-ืืคื•ืจื•ืช
00:34
and polarization of light in Jupiter's upper atmosphere
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ื•ื‘ืคื•ืœืจื™ื–ืฆื™ื” ืฉืœ ืื•ืจ ื‘ืื˜ืžื•ืกืคื™ืจื” ื”ืขืœื™ื•ื ื” ืฉืœ ื™ื•ืคื™ื˜ืจ (ืฆื“ืง)
00:36
are the number of people who'd fit in a bus shelter.
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ื“ื•ืžื” ืœืžืกืคืจ ืื ืฉื™ื ืฉื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ื™ื›ื ืก ื‘ืชื•ืš ืชื—ื ืช ืื•ื˜ื•ื‘ื•ืก.
00:38
So I'm not going to talk about that.
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ืœื›ืŸ ืื ื™ ืœื ื”ื•ืœืš ืœื“ื‘ืจ ืขืœ ื–ื”.
00:40
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
00:42
It would be just as much fun
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ื™ื”ื™ื” ื›ื™ืฃ ื‘ืื•ืชื” ืžื™ื“ื”
00:44
to talk about some stuff that happened in 1986 and 1987,
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ืœื“ื‘ืจ ืขืœ ื›ืœ ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉืงืจื• ื‘ 1986 ื• 1987,
00:47
when a computer hacker is breaking into our systems
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ื›ืฉื”ืืงืจื™ื ืคืจืฆื• ืœืžืขืจื›ื•ืช ืฉืœื ื•
00:50
over at Lawrence Berkeley Labs.
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ื‘ืžืขื‘ื“ื•ืช ืœื•ืจื ืก ื‘ืจืงืœื™.
00:52
And I caught the guys,
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ื•ื›ืฉืชืคืกืชื™ ืื•ืชื
00:54
and they turned out to be working for what was then the Soviet KGB,
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ื”ืชื‘ืจืจ ื›ื™ ื”ื ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืžื” ืฉืื– ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ื”ื™ื” ื”ืง.ื’.ื‘ ื”ืกื•ื‘ื™ื™ื˜ื™,
00:58
and stealing information and selling it.
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ื•ืฉื”ื ื’ื•ื ื‘ื™ื ืžื™ื“ืข ื•ืžื•ื›ืจื™ื ืื•ืชื•.
01:00
And I'd love to talk about that -- and it'd be fun --
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ืื– ื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ืฉืžื— ืœื“ื‘ืจ ืขืœ ื–ื” , ื•ื–ื” ื’ื ื™ื”ื™ื” ื›ื™ืฃ,
01:04
but, 20 years later ...
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ืื‘ืœ, ืื—ืจื™ 20 ืฉื ื”...
01:07
I find computer security, frankly, to be kind of boring.
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ืื ื™ ืžื•ืฆื ืฉืื‘ื˜ื—ืช ืžื—ืฉื‘ื™ื, ืœืžืขืŸ ื”ืืžืช, ื“ื™ ืžืฉืขืžืžืช.
01:09
It's tedious.
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ื–ื” ืžื™ื™ื’ืข.
01:11
I'm --
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ืื ื™...
01:12
The first time you do something, it's science.
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ื‘ืคืขื ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืฉืขื•ืฉื™ื ืžืฉื”ื•, ื–ื”ื• ืžื“ืข.
01:16
The second time, it's engineering.
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ื‘ืคืขื ื”ืฉื ื™ื”, ื–ื•ื”ื™ ื”ื ื“ืกื”.
01:19
A third time, it's just being a technician.
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ื‘ืคืขื ื”ืฉืœื™ืฉื™ืช, ื–ื” ืคืฉื•ื˜ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื˜ื›ื ืื™.
01:22
I'm a scientist. Once I do something, I do something else.
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ืื ื™ ืžื“ืขืŸ. ืื—ืจื™ ืฉืขืฉื™ืชื™ ืžืฉื”ื•, ืื ื™ ืขื•ืฉื” ืžืฉื”ื• ืื—ืจ
01:25
So, I'm not going to talk about that.
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ืื– ืื ื™ ื’ื ืœื ืขื•ืžื“ ืœื“ื‘ืจ ืขืœ ื–ื”.
01:27
Nor am I going to talk about what I think are obvious statements from my first book,
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ื•ื’ื ืœื ืขืœ ืžื” ืฉืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ ื”ืŸ ื”ืฆื”ืจื•ืช ืžื•ื‘ื ื•ืช ืžืืœื™ื”ืŸ ืžืกืคืจื™ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ
01:34
"Silicon Snake Oil," or my second book,
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ื ื—ืฉ ื ืคื˜ ืกื™ืœื™ืงื•ืŸ, ืื• ืกืคืจื™ ื”ืฉื ื™,
01:38
nor am I going to talk about
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ื•ื’ื ืื™ื ื™ ื”ื•ืœืš ืœื“ื‘ืจ
01:40
why I believe computers don't belong in schools.
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ืœืžื” ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ ืฉื‘ื‘ืชื™ ืกืคืจ ืœื ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžื—ืฉื‘ื™ื.
01:43
I feel that there's a massive and bizarre idea going around
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ืื ื™ ื—ืฉ ืฉื™ืฉ ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ื‘ื™ื–ืืจื™ ื•ืขืฆื•ื ืฉืžืกืชื•ื‘ื‘
01:47
that we have to bring more computers into schools.
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ืœืคื™ื• ืื ื—ื ื• ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœื”ื›ื ื™ืก ืขื•ื“ ืžื—ืฉื‘ื™ื ืœื‘ืชื™ ื”ืกืคืจ.
01:51
My idea is: no! No!
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ื”ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ืฉืœื™ ื”ื•ื: ืœื ! ืœื !
01:53
Get them out of schools, and keep them out of schools.
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ืชื•ืฆื™ืื• ืื•ืชื ืžื‘ืชื™ ื”ืกืคืจ, ื•ืชืฉืื™ืจื• ืื•ืชื ื”ืจื—ืง ืžื‘ืชื™ ื”ืกืคืจ
01:57
And I'd love to talk about this,
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ื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ืฉืžื— ืœื“ื‘ืจ ืขืœ ื›ืš,
01:59
but I think the argument is so obvious to anyone who's hung around a fourth grade classroom
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ืื‘ืœ ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ ืฉื”ื˜ื™ืขื•ืŸ ื›ืœ ื›ืš ื‘ืจื•ืจ ืœื›ืœ ืžื™ ืฉื”ืกืชื•ื‘ื‘ ื‘ื—ื“ืจ ืฉืœ ื›ื™ืชื” ื“'
02:04
that it doesn't need much talking about --
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ื›ืš ืฉืœื ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื“ื‘ืจ ืขืœื™ื• ื”ืจื‘ื”
02:08
but I guess I may be very wrong about that,
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ืœืžืจื•ืช ืฉืื ื™ ืžื ื—ืฉ ืฉืื•ืœื™ ืื ื™ ื˜ื•ืขื” ืžืื“ ื‘ืงืฉืจ ืœื›ืš,
02:10
and everything else that I've said.
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ื•ื›ืœ ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื”ืื—ืจื™ื ืฉืืžืจืชื™.
02:11
So don't go back and read my dissertation.
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ืื– ืืœ ืชื—ื–ืจื• ื•ืชืงืจืื• ืืช ื”ืชื–ื” ืฉืœื™.
02:13
It probably has lies in it as well.
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ื›ื ืจืื” ืฉื’ื ืฉื ื™ืฉ ื›ืœ ืžื™ื ื™ ืฉืงืจื™ื.
02:15
Having said that, I outlined my talk about five minutes ago.
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ืื– ืื—ืจื™ ืฉืืžืจืชื™ ืืช ื–ื”, ื‘ื ื™ืชื™ ืืช ืขื™ืงืจื™ ื”ื”ืจืฆืื” ืฉืœื™ ืœืคื ื™ ื—ืžืฉ ื“ืงื•ืช ื‘ืขืจืš
02:19
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
02:22
And if you look at it over here,
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ืื ืชืกืชื›ืœื• ื‘ื” ื›ืืŸ,
02:24
the main thing I wrote on my thumb was the future.
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ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ืขื™ืงืจื™ ืฉื›ืชื‘ืชื™ ืขืœ ื”ื‘ื•ื”ืŸ ืฉืœื™ ื”ื•ื "ื”ืขืชื™ื“".
02:27
I'm supposed to talk about the future, yes?
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ืื ื™ ืืžื•ืจ ืœื“ื‘ืจ ืขืœ ื”ืขืชื™ื“, ื ื›ื•ืŸ?
02:30
Oh, right. And my feeling is, asking me to talk about the future is bizarre,
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ืื”, ื ื›ื•ืŸ. ื”ื”ืจื’ืฉื” ืฉืœื™ ื”ื™ื ืฉืœื‘ืงืฉ ืžืžื ื™ ืœื“ื‘ืจ ืขืœ ื”ืขืชื™ื“ ื–ื” ืžืฉื•ื ื”,
02:37
because I've got gray hair,
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ื›ื™ ื™ืฉ ืœื™ ืฉืขืจ ืฉื™ื‘ื”,
02:39
and so, it's kind of silly for me to talk about the future.
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ื›ืš ืฉื–ื” ืงืฆืช ื˜ื™ืคืฉื™ ืฉืื ื™ ืื“ื‘ืจ ืขืœ ื”ืขืชื™ื“.
02:45
In fact, I think that if you really want to know what the future's going to be,
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ืœืžืขืฉื”, ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ ืฉืื ืืชื ื‘ืืžืช ืจื•ืฆื™ื ืœื“ืขืช ืžื” ื™ื”ื™ื” ื‘ืขืชื™ื“,
02:49
if you really want to know about the future,
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ืื ืืชื ื‘ืืžืช ืจื•ืฆื™ื ืœื“ืขืช ืขืœ ื”ืขืชื™ื“,
02:51
don't ask a technologist, a scientist, a physicist.
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ืืœ ืชืฉืืœื• ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’, ืžื“ืขืŸ ืื• ืคื™ื–ื™ืงืื™.
02:55
No! Don't ask somebody who's writing code.
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ืœื ! ืืœ ืชืฉืืœื• ืžื™ืฉื”ื• ืฉื›ื•ืชื‘ ืงื•ื“
03:02
No, if you want to know what society's going to be like in 20 years,
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ืœื, ืื ื‘ืจืฆื•ื ื›ื ืœื“ืขืช ื›ื™ืฆื“ ืชื™ืจืื” ื”ื—ื‘ืจื” ื‘ืขื•ื“ ืขืฉืจื™ื ืฉื ื”,
03:07
ask a kindergarten teacher.
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ืฉืืœื• ื’ื ื ืช.
03:09
They know.
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ื”ืŸ ื™ื•ื“ืขื•ืช.
03:12
In fact, don't ask just any kindergarten teacher,
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ืœืžืขืฉื”, ืืœ ืชืฉืืœื• ืกืชื ื’ื ื ืช,
03:15
ask an experienced one.
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ืฉืืœื• ื’ื ื ืช ื‘ืขืœืช ื ืกื™ื•ืŸ.
03:17
They're the ones who know what society is going to be like in another generation.
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ื”ืŸ ืืœื” ืฉื™ื•ื“ืขื•ืช ื›ื™ืฆื“ ืชื™ืจืื” ื”ื—ื‘ืจื” ื‘ื“ื•ืจ ืื—ืจ.
03:21
I don't. Nor, I suspect,
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ืื ื™ - ืœื. ื•ื’ื ืœื, ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉืฉ,
03:23
do many other people who are talking about what the future will bring.
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ืื ืฉื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื ืืฉืจ ืžื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ืžื” ื™ื‘ื™ื ื”ืขืชื™ื“.
03:26
Certainly, all of us can imagine these cool new things
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ื‘ื•ื“ืื™, ื›ื•ืœื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื“ืžื™ื™ืŸ ืืช ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื”ื—ื“ืฉื™ื ื•ื”ืžื’ื ื™ื‘ื™ื
03:30
that are going to be there.
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ืฉื™ื”ื™ื• ื›ืืŸ
03:31
But to me, things aren't the future.
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ืื‘ืœ ืขื‘ื•ืจื™, ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืื™ื ื ื”ืขืชื™ื“
03:35
What I ask myself is, what's society is going to be like,
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ื›ืฉืื ื™ ืฉื•ืืœ ืืช ืขืฆืžื™, ืื™ืš ืชื™ืจืื” ื”ื—ื‘ืจื”,
03:38
when the kids today are phenomenally good at text messaging
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ื›ืฉื”ื™ืœื“ื™ื ื”ื™ื•ื ื˜ื•ื‘ื™ื ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืžื“ื”ื™ื ื‘ืฉืœื™ื—ืช ื”ื•ื“ืขื•ืช ื˜ืงืกื˜
03:44
and spend a huge amount of on-screen time,
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ื•ืžื‘ืœื™ื ื”ืžื•ืŸ ื–ืžืŸ ืžื•ืœ ืžืกืš,
03:47
but have never gone bowling together?
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ืื‘ืœ ืžืขื•ืœื ืœื ื”ืœื›ื• ืœื‘ืื•ืœื™ื ื’ ื‘ื™ื—ื“.
03:53
Change is happening, and the change that is happening
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ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ืžืชืจื—ืฉ, ื•ื”ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ืฉืงื•ืจื”
03:56
is not one that is in software.
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ืื™ื ื• ืฉืœ ืชื•ื›ื ื”.
03:59
But that's not what I'm going to talk about.
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ืื‘ืœ ืœื ืขืœ ื›ืš ืื ื™ ืขื•ืžื“ ืœื“ื‘ืจ.
04:00
I'd love to talk about it, it'd be fun,
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ื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ืฉืžื— ืœื“ื‘ืจ ืขืœ ื›ืš, ื•ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ื›ื™ืฃ,
04:03
but I want to talk about what I'm doing now. What am I doing now?
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ืื‘ืœ ืื ื™ ืจื•ืฆื” ืœื“ื‘ืจ ืขืœ ืžื” ืื ื™ ืขื•ืฉื” ื”ื™ื•ื. ืžื” ืื ื™ ืขื•ืฉื” ื”ื™ื•ื?
04:06
Oh -- the other thing that I think I'd like to talk about
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ืื”, ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ืฉื ื™ ืฉืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ ืฉื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ืจื•ืฆื” ืœื“ื‘ืจ ืื•ื“ื•ืชื™ื•
04:08
is right over here. Right over here.
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ื”ื•ื ืžืžืฉ ื›ืืŸ. ืžืžืฉ ื›ืืŸ.
04:12
Is that visible? What I'd like to talk about is one-sided things.
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ืืคืฉืจ ืœืจืื•ืช? ืื ื™ ืจื•ืฆื” ืœื“ื‘ืจ ืขืœ ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื—ื“ ืฆื“ื“ื™ื™ื.
04:18
I would dearly love to talk about
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ืžื” ืฉื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ืžืžืฉ ืจื•ืฆื” ืœื“ื‘ืจ ืขืœื™ื•
04:20
things that have one side.
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ื”ื•ื ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื”ื ืฆื“ ืื—ื“.
04:23
Because I love Mobius loops. I not only love Mobius loops,
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ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืฉืื ื™ ืžืช ืขืœ ืœื•ืœืื•ืช ืžื•ื‘ื™ื•ืก. ืœื ืจืง ืฉืื ื™ ืื•ื”ื‘ ืœื•ืœืื•ืช ืžื•ื‘ื™ื•ืก,
04:27
but I'm one of the very few people,
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ืื ื™ ื’ื ืื—ื“ ืžืื ืฉื™ื ื”ืžืขื˜ื™ื ืžืื•ื“,
04:30
if not the only person in the world, that makes Klein bottles.
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ืื ืœื ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ ื‘ืขื•ืœื, ืฉืžื™ื™ืฆืจ ื‘ืงื‘ื•ืงื™ ืงืœื™ื™ืŸ.
04:33
Right away, I hope that all of your eyes glaze over.
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ืžืžืฉ ืžื™ื“, ืื ื™ ืžืงื•ื” ื›ื™ ื”ืขื™ื ื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ื›ื•ืœื›ื ื™ื–ื“ื’ื’ื•.
04:36
This is a Klein bottle.
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ื–ื”ื• ื‘ืงื‘ื•ืง ืงืœื™ื™ืŸ.
04:39
For those of you in the audience who know,
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ืืœื” ืžื›ื ื‘ืงื”ืœ ืฉื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ื–ืืช,
04:42
you roll your eyes and say, yup, I know all about it.
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ืืชื ืžื’ืœื’ืœื™ื ืืช ื”ืขื™ื ื™ื™ื ื•ืื•ืžืจื™ื, ื›ืŸ, ืื ื™ ื™ื•ื“ืข ื”ื›ืœ ืขืœ ื–ื”.
04:44
It's one sided. It's a bottle whose inside is its outside.
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ื™ืฉ ืœื• ืฆื“ ืื—ื“ ื‘ืœื‘ื“. ื–ื” ื‘ืงื‘ื•ืง ืฉื”ืคื ื™ื ืฉืœื• ื”ื•ื ื’ื ื”ื—ื•ืฅ ืฉืœื•.
04:46
It has zero volume. And it's non-orientable.
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ื™ืฉ ืœื• ื ืคื— ืืคืก. ื•ื”ื•ื ืื™ื ื• ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ.
04:49
It has wonderful properties.
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ื™ืฉ ืœื• ืชื›ื•ื ื•ืช ื ืคืœืื•ืช.
04:51
If you take two Mobius loops and sew their common edge together,
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ืื ืชื™ืงื—ื• ืฉืชื™ ืœื•ืœืื•ืช ืžื•ื‘ื™ื•ืก ื•ืชืชืคืจื• ืืช ื”ืงืฆื” ื”ืžืฉื•ืชืฃ ืฉืœื”ืŸ ื™ื—ื“,
04:53
you get one of these, and I make them out of glass.
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ืชืงื‘ืœื• ืื—ื“ ืžืืœื”. ืื ื™ ืขื•ืฉื” ืื•ืชื ืžื–ื›ื•ื›ื™ืช.
04:56
And I'd love to talk to you about this,
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ื•ืืฉืžื— ืœื“ื‘ืจ ืื™ืชื›ื ืขืœ ื–ื”,
04:58
but I don't have much in the way of ... things to say because --
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ืจืง ืฉืื™ืŸ ืœื™ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื“ื™...ืžื” ืœื•ืžืจ ื›ื™...
05:04
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
05:06
(Chris Anderson: I've got a cold.)
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(ื›ืจื™ืก ืื ื“ืจืกืŸ: ื”ืฆื˜ื ื ืชื™)
05:07
However, the "D" in TED of course stands for design.
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ื‘ื›ืœ ืžืงืจื”, ื”ืื•ืช D ื‘ TED ืžื™ืฆื’ืช ืขื™ืฆื•ื‘,ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ (Design).
05:14
Just two weeks ago I made --
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ืจืง ืœืคื ื™ ืฉื‘ื•ืขื™ื™ื ื”ื›ื ืชื™...
05:16
you know, I've been making small, medium and big Klein bottles for the trade.
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ืืชื ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื, ื”ื›ื ืชื™ ื‘ืงื‘ื•ืงื™ ืงืœื™ื™ืŸ ืงื˜ื ื™ื, ื‘ื™ื ื•ื ื™ื™ื ื•ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื ืœืงืจืืช ื”ื•ืขื™ื“ื”.
05:22
But what I've just made --
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ืื‘ืœ ืžื” ืฉื–ื” ืขืชื” ื”ื›ื™ื ื•ืชื™...
05:26
and I'm delighted to show you, first time in public here.
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ื•ืื ื™ ืฉืžื— ืœื”ืฆื™ื’ ืœื›ื, ื‘ืคืขื ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ื‘ืคื•ืžื‘ื™.
05:35
This is a Klein bottle wine bottle,
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ื–ื”ื• ื‘ืงื‘ื•ืง ืงืœื™ื™ืŸ ืฉื”ื•ื ื’ื ื‘ืงื‘ื•ืง ื™ื™ืŸ,
05:40
which, although in four dimensions
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ืฉืœืžืจื•ืช ืฉื‘ืืจื‘ืขื” ืžื™ืžื“ื™ื
05:43
it shouldn't be able to hold any fluid at all,
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ื”ื•ื ืœื ืืžื•ืจ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžืกื•ื’ืœ ืœื”ื›ื™ืœ ื ื•ื–ืœื™ื ื‘ื›ืœืœ,
05:46
it's perfectly capable of doing so
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ื”ื•ื ื‘ื”ื—ืœื˜ ืžืกื•ื’ืœ ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื–ืืช
05:48
because our universe has only three spatial dimensions.
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ืžื›ื™ื•ืŸ ืฉืœื™ืงื•ื ืฉืœื ื• ื™ืฉ ืจืง ืฉืœื•ืฉื” ืžื™ืžื“ื™ื ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ื™ื.
05:50
And because our universe is only three spatial dimensions,
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ื•ืžื›ื™ื•ืŸ ืฉืœื™ืงื•ื ืฉืœื ื• ื™ืฉ ืจืง ืฉืœื•ืฉื” ืžื™ืžื“ื™ื ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ื™ื,
05:53
it can hold fluids.
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ื”ื•ื ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื›ื™ืœ ื ื•ื–ืœื™ื.
05:56
So it's highly -- that one's the cool one.
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ื•ืœื›ืŸ, ื–ื” ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ืžื’ื ื™ื‘.
06:01
That was a month of my life.
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ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ื—ื•ื“ืฉ ืžื”ื—ื™ื™ื ืฉืœื™.
06:06
But although I would love to talk about topology with you, I'm not going to.
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ืื‘ืœ ืœืžืจื•ืช ืฉื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ืฉืžื— ืœื“ื‘ืจ ืื™ืชื›ื ืขืœ ื˜ื•ืคื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” (ื—ืงืจ ืชื›ื•ื ื•ืช ืžื‘ื ื™ื ื’ื™ืื•ืžื˜ืจื™ื), ืื ื™ ืœื ื”ื•ืœืš ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื–ืืช
06:11
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
06:17
Instead, I'm going to mention my mom,
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ื‘ืžืงื•ื ื–ืืช, ืื ื™ ื”ื•ืœืš ืœื”ื–ื›ื™ืจ ืืช ืืžื™,
06:22
who passed away last summer.
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ืฉื ืคื˜ืจื” ื‘ืงื™ืฅ ื”ืื—ืจื•ืŸ.
06:25
Had collected photographs of me, as mothers will do.
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ื”ื™ื ืืกืคื” ืชืžื•ื ื•ืช ืฉืœื™, ื›ืžื• ืฉืืžื”ื•ืช ืขื•ืฉื•ืช.
06:28
Could somebody put this guy up?
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ืžื™ืฉื”ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ืงืจื™ืŸ ืืช ื”ื‘ื—ื•ืจ ื”ื–ื”?
06:30
And I looked over her album
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ื•ื”ืกืชื›ืœืชื™ ื‘ืืœื‘ื•ื ืฉืœื”
06:34
and she had collected a picture of me, standing --
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ื•ื”ื™ื ืฉืžืจื” ืฉื ืชืžื•ื ื” ืฉืœื™ ืขื•ืžื“,
06:37
well, sitting -- in 1969, in front of a bunch of dials.
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ื™ื•ืชืจ ื ื›ื•ืŸ ื™ื•ืฉื‘ ืœืคื ื™ ืขืจื™ืžื” ืฉืœ ื—ื•ื’ื•ืช.
06:42
And I looked at it, and said, oh my god,
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ื•ื”ืกืชื›ืœืชื™ ืขืœ ื–ื” ื•ืืžืจืชื™ ืœืขืฆืžื™, ืืœื”ื™ื,
06:45
that was me, when I was working at the electronic music studio!
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ื–ื” ืฆื•ืœื ื›ืฉืขื‘ื“ืชื™ ื‘ืื•ืœืคืŸ ื”ืžื•ื–ื™ืงื” ื”ืืœืงื˜ืจื•ื ื™!
06:47
As a technician, repairing and maintaining
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ื‘ืชื•ืจ ื˜ื›ื ืื™, ืžืชื—ื–ืง ื•ืžืชืงืŸ
06:51
the electronic music studio at SUNY Buffalo. And wow!
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ืืช ืื•ืœืคืŸ ื”ืžื•ื–ื™ืงื” ื”ืืœืงื˜ืจื•ื ื™ ื‘ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ืช ื ื™ื• ื™ื•ืจืง ื‘ื‘ื•ืคืืœื•. ื•ื•ืื•!
06:55
Way back machine. And I said to myself, oh yeah!
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ืžื›ื•ื ืช ื”"ืžืœื-ื–ืžืŸ".. ื•ืืžืจืชื™ ืœืขืฆืžื™ - ื”ื• ื›ืŸ!
07:01
And it sent me back.
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ื•ื–ื” ืฉืœื— ืื•ืชื™ ืื—ื•ืจื”....
07:05
Soon after that, I found in another picture that she had, a picture of me.
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ืžื™ื“ ืื—ืจ ื›ืš, ืžืฆืืชื™ ืขื•ื“ ืชืžื•ื ื” ืฉืœื™ ืฉื”ื™ื ืฉืžืจื”.
07:13
This guy over here of course is me.
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ื”ื‘ื—ื•ืจ ื”ื–ื” ื”ื•ื ืื ื™ ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ.
07:17
This man is Robert Moog,
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ื•ื”ืื™ืฉ ื”ื–ื” ื”ื•ื ืจื•ื‘ืจื˜ ืžื•ื’,
07:19
the inventor of the Moog synthesizer,
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ืžืžืฆื™ื ื”ืกื™ื ื˜ื™ืกื™ื™ื–ืจ ืฉืœ ืžื•ื’,
07:21
who passed away this past August.
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ืฉื ืคื˜ืจ ื‘ืื•ื’ื•ืกื˜ ื”ืื—ืจื•ืŸ.
07:26
Robert Moog was a generous, kind person, extraordinarily competent engineer.
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ืจื•ื‘ืจื˜ ืžื•ื’ ื”ื™ื” ืื“ื ื˜ื•ื‘ ื•ื ื“ื™ื‘ ื•ืžื”ื ื“ืก ืžื•ื›ืฉืจ ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ื™ื•ืฆืืช ืžื”ื›ืœืœ.
07:31
A musician who took time from his life to teach me,
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ืžื•ื–ื™ืงืื™ ืฉื”ืงื“ื™ืฉ ื–ืžืŸ ืžื—ื™ื™ื• ืœืœืžื“ ืื•ืชื™,
07:37
a sophomore, a freshman at SUNY Buffalo.
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ืชืœืžื™ื“ ืฉื ื” ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ื‘ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ืช ื ื™ื• ื™ื•ืจืง ื‘ื‘ื•ืคืืœื•.
07:40
He'd come up from Trumansburg to teach me
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ื”ื•ื ื”ื™ื” ืžื’ื™ืข ืžื˜ืจื•ืžื ืกื‘ื•ืจื’ ื›ื“ื™ ืœืœืžื“ ืื•ืชื™
07:45
not just about the Moog synthesizer, but we'd be sitting there --
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ืœื ืจืง ืขืœ ื”ืกื™ื ื˜ื™ืกื™ื™ื–ืจ ืฉืœ ืžื•ื’, ืืœื ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ื™ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ืฉื...
07:49
I'm studying physics at the time. This is 1969, 70, 71.
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ืœืžื“ืชื™ ืคื™ืกื™ืงื” ื‘ืื•ืชื• ื–ืžืŸ. 1969, 70, 71.
07:52
We're studying physics, I'm studying physics,
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืœื•ืžื“ื™ื ืคื™ื–ื™ืงื”, ืื ื™ ืœื•ืžื“ ืคื™ื–ื™ืงื”,
07:54
and he's saying, "That's a good thing to do.
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ื•ืื– ื”ื•ื ืื•ืžืจ "ื–ื” ื“ื‘ืจ ื˜ื•ื‘ ืœืขืฉื•ืช".
07:56
Don't get caught up in electronic music if you're doing physics."
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"ืืœ ืชื™ืชืงืข ื‘ืžื•ื–ื™ืงื” ืืœืงื˜ืจื•ื ื™ืช ืื ืืชื” ืœื•ืžื“ ืคื™ื–ื™ืงื”".
07:58
Mentoring me. He'd come up and
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ื”ื ื ื”ื’ ืœื—ื ื•ืš ืื•ืชื™. ื”ื•ื ื”ื™ื” ืžื’ื™ืข
08:01
spend hours and hours with me.
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ื•ืžื‘ืœื” ืื™ืชื™ ืฉืขื•ืช ืขืœ ืฉืขื•ืช.
08:05
He wrote a letter of recommendation for me to get into graduate school.
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ื”ื•ื ื›ืชื‘ ืœื™ ืžื›ืชื‘ ื”ืžืœืฆื” ืœืงื‘ืœื” ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ื™ ื”ืžืฉืš.
08:08
In the background, my bicycle.
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ื‘ืจืงืข - ื”ืื•ืคื ื™ื™ื ืฉืœื™.
08:10
I realize that this picture was taken at a friend's living room.
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ืื ื™ ืงื•ืœื˜ ืฉื”ืชืžื•ื ื” ืฆื•ืœืžื” ื‘ืกืœื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ื—ื‘ืจ.
08:13
Bob Moog came by and hauled a whole pile of equipment
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ื‘ื•ื‘ ืžื•ื’ ื”ื’ื™ืข ื•ื”ืขืžื™ืก ืขืจื™ืžืช ืฆื™ื•ื“ ืฉืœืžื”
08:16
to show Greg Flint and I things about this.
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืจืื•ืช ืœื’ืจื’ ืคืœื™ื ื˜ ื•ืœื™ ื›ืœ ืžื™ื ื™ ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื–ื”.
08:18
We sat around talking about Fourier transforms,
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ื™ืฉื‘ื ื• ื•ื“ื™ื‘ืจื• ืขืœ ืžืžื™ืจื™ ืคื•ืจื™ื™ื”.
08:20
Bessel functions, modulation transfer functions,
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ืคื•ื ืงืฆื™ื•ืช ื‘ืกืœ, ืคื•ื ืงืฆื™ื•ืช ื”ืžืจื”,
08:23
stuff like this.
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ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื›ืืœื”.
08:28
Bob's passing this past summer has been a loss to all of us.
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ืคื˜ื™ืจืชื• ืฉืœ ื‘ื•ื‘ ื”ืงื™ืฅ ื”ื™ืชื” ืื‘ื™ื“ื” ืœื›ื•ืœื ื•.
08:31
Anyone who's a musician has been profoundly influenced by Robert Moog.
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ื›ืœ ืžื™ ืฉื”ื•ื ืžื•ืกื™ืงืื™ ื”ื•ืฉืคืข ืขืžื•ืงื•ืช ืžืจื•ื‘ืจื˜ ืžื•ื’.
08:36
(Applause)
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(ืžื—ื™ืื•ืช ื›ืคื™ื™ื)
08:38
And I'll just say what I'm about to do. What I'm about to do --
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ืจืง ืื•ืžืจ ืžื” ืฉืื ื™ ืขื•ืžื“ ืœืขืฉื•ืช. ืžื” ืฉืื ื™ ืขื•ืžื“ ืœืขืฉื•ืช...
08:43
I hope you can recognize that there's a distorted sine wave,
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ืื ื™ ืžืงื•ื•ื” ืฉื–ื™ื”ื™ืชื ืฉื™ืฉ ื’ืœ ืกื™ื ื•ืก ืžืขื•ื•ืช,
08:47
almost a triangular wave upon this Hewlett-Packard oscilloscope.
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ื’ืœ ื›ืžืขื˜ ืžืฉื•ืœืฉ ื‘ืื•ืกื™ืœื•ืกืงื•ืค ื”ื–ื” ืฉืœ HP.
08:53
Oh, cool. I can get to this place over here, right?
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ืžื’ื ื™ื‘. ืื ื™ ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื’ื™ืข ืœืžืงื•ื ื”ื–ื” ืฉื›ืืŸ, ื ื›ื•ืŸ?
08:58
Kids. Kids is what I'm going to talk about -- is that okay?
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ื™ืœื“ื™ื. ื™ืœื“ื™ื ื–ื” ืžื” ืฉืื ื™ ืจื•ืฆื” ืœื“ื‘ืจ ืขืœื™ื• - ื–ื” ื‘ืกื“ืจ?
09:00
It says kids over here, that's what I'd like to talk about.
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ื›ืชื•ื‘ ืคื” ื™ืœื“ื™ื, ืขืœ ื–ื” ืื ื™ ืจื•ืฆื” ืœื“ื‘ืจ.
09:04
I've decided that, for me at least,
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ื”ื—ืœื˜ืชื™, ืฉืœืคื—ื•ืช ืขื‘ื•ืจื™,
09:08
I don't have a big enough head.
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ืื™ืŸ ืœื™ ืจืืฉ ืžืกืคื™ืง ื’ื“ื•ืœ.
09:13
So I think locally and I act locally.
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ืื– ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ ืžืงื•ืžื™ืช ื•ืคื•ืขืœ ืžืงื•ืžื™ืช.
09:16
I feel that the best way I can help out anything is to help out very, very locally.
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ืื ื™ ืžืจื’ื™ืฉ ืฉื”ื“ืจืš ื”ื›ื™ ื˜ื•ื‘ื” ืœืขื–ื•ืจ ื‘ืžืฉื”ื• ื”ื™ื ืœืขื–ื•ืจ ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืžืงื•ืžื™, ืžืื“ ืžืงื•ืžื™.
09:20
So Ph.D. this, and degree there, and the yadda yadda.
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ืื– ื“ื•ืงื˜ื•ืจื˜ ืคื”, ื•ืชื•ืืจ ืฉื ื•ื™ื“ื” ื™ื“ื” ื™ื“ื”
09:25
I was talking about this stuff to
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ื“ื™ื‘ืจืชื™ ืขืœ ื”ืขื ื™ื ื™ื ื”ืืœื”
09:29
some schoolteachers about a year ago.
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ืขื ื›ืžื” ืžื•ืจื™ื ืœืคื ื™ ื›ืฉื ื”.
09:31
And one of them, several of them would come up to me and say,
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ื•ืื—ื“ ืžื”ื, ืœืžืขืฉื” ื›ืžื” ืžื”ื ื‘ืื• ืืœื™ ื•ืืžืจื•,
09:33
"Well, how come you ain't teaching?"
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"ืื™ืš ื–ื” ืฉืืชื” ืœื ืžืœืžื“?"
09:35
And I said, "Well, I've taught graduate --
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ื•ืืžืจืชื™ "ืœื™ืžื“ืชื™ ืœืชื•ืืจ ืฉื ื™...
09:36
I've had graduate students, I've taught undergraduate classes."
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ืœื™ืžื“ืชื™ ืœืชื•ืืจ ืจืืฉื•ืŸ."
09:39
No, they said, "If you're so into kids and all this stuff,
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ื•ื”ื ืืžืจื• "ืœื, ืื ืืชื” ื›ืœ ื›ืš ืื•ื”ื‘ ื™ืœื“ื™ื ื•ื›ืœ ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื”ืืœื”
09:41
how come you ain't over here on the front lines?
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ืื™ืš ื–ื” ืฉืืชื” ืœื ืฉื ื‘ื—ื–ื™ืช?
09:44
Put your money where you mouth is."
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ืฉื”ืžืขืฉื™ื ืฉืœืš ื™ืชืื™ืžื• ืœื“ื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ื ืฉืœืš"
09:48
Is true. Is true. I teach eighth-grade science four days a week.
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ื–ื” ื ื›ื•ืŸ. ื ื›ื•ืŸ. ืื ื™ ืžืœืžื“ ืžื“ืข ืœื›ืชื•ืช ื—' ืืจื‘ืขื” ื™ืžื™ื ื‘ืฉื‘ื•ืข.
09:54
Not just showing up every now and then.
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ืœื ืจืง ืžื•ืคื™ืข ืคื” ื•ืฉื.
09:56
No, no, no, no, no. I take attendance.
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ืœื, ืœื, ืœื. ืื ื™ ืžืคื’ื™ืŸ ื ื•ื›ื—ื•ืช.
10:00
I take lunch hour. (Applause)
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ืื ื™ ื‘ื ืœื”ืคืกืงื•ืช ืฆื”ืจื™ื. (ืžื—ื™ืื•ืช ื›ืคื™ื™ื)
10:03
This is not -- no, no, no, this is not claps.
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ื–ื” ืœื, ืœื ืœื ืœื, ื–ื” ืœื ืขื ื™ืŸ ืฉืœ ืžื—ื™ืื•ืช ื›ืคื™ื.
10:06
I strongly suggest that this is a good thing for each of you to do.
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ืื ื™ ืžืžืœื™ืฅ ื‘ื—ื•ื ืœื›ืœ ืื—ื“ ืžื›ื ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืžืฉื”ื• ื›ื–ื”.
10:10
Not just show up to class every now and then.
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ืœื ืจืง ืœื‘ื•ื ืžื“ื™ ืคืขื ืœื›ืชื” ื–ื• ืื• ืื—ืจืช.
10:12
Teach a solid week. Okay, I'm teaching three-quarters time, but good enough.
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ืœืœืžื“, ืฉื‘ื•ืข ืฉืœื. ื˜ื•ื‘, ืื ื™ ื‘ืฉืœื•ืฉืช ืจื‘ืขื™ ืžืฉืจื”, ืื‘ืœ ื–ื” ืžืกืคื™ืง ื˜ื•ื‘.
10:16
One of the things that I've done for my science students
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ืื—ื“ ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉืขืฉื™ืชื™ ืขื ืชืœืžื™ื“ื™ ื”ืžื“ืขื™ื ืฉืœื™
10:18
is to tell them, "Look, I'm going to teach you college-level physics.
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ื–ื” ืœื•ืžืจ ืœื”ื "ืื ื™ ื”ื•ืœืš ืœืœืžื“ ืื•ืชื›ื ืคื™ื–ื™ืงื” ื‘ืจืžืช ืงื•ืœื’'".
10:21
No calculus, I'll cut out that.
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ื‘ืœื™ ื—ื“ื•"ื, ืืช ื–ื” ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืชืš.
10:23
You won't need to know trig.
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ืืชื ืœื ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœื“ืขืช ื˜ืจื™ื’ื•'.
10:25
But you will need to know eighth-grade algebra,
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ืื‘ืœ ืืชื ื—ื™ื™ื‘ื™ื ืœื“ืขืช ืืœื’ื‘ืจื” ืฉืœ ื›ืชื” ื—',
10:28
and we're going to do serious experiments.
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ื•ืื ื—ื ื• ื ืขืฉื” ื ื™ืกื•ื™ื™ื ืจืฆื™ื ื™ื™ื.
10:30
None of this open-to-chapter-seven-and-do-all-the-odd-problem-sets.
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ื‘ืœื™ ื›ืœ ื”"ืœืคืชื•ื— ื‘ืคืจืง ืฉื‘ืข ื•ืœืคืชื•ืจ ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ื‘ืขื™ื•ืช ื”ืื™ ื–ื•ื’ื™ื•ืช"
10:33
We're going to be doing genuine physics."
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ื”ื•ืœื›ื™ื ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืคื™ื–ื™ืงื” ืืžื™ืชื™ืช.
10:36
And that's one of the things I thought I'd do right now.
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ื•ื–ื” ืื—ื“ ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉื—ืฉื‘ืชื™ ืฉื ืขืฉื” ืขื›ืฉื™ื•.
10:38
(High-pitched tone)
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(ืฆืœื™ืœ ื’ื‘ื•ื”)
10:41
Oh, before I even turn that on,
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ืื”, ืœืคื ื™ ืฉืื ื™ ืžื“ืœื™ืง ืืช ื–ื”,
10:43
one of the things that we did about three weeks ago in my class --
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ืื—ื“ ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉืขืฉื™ื ื• ืœืคื ื™ ืฉืœื•ืฉื” ืฉื‘ื•ืขื•ืช ื‘ื›ืชื”...
10:47
this is through the lens, and one of the things we used a lens for
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ื–ื” ื“ืจืš ื”ืขื“ืฉื”, ื•ืื—ื“ ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉืœืฉืžื ื”ืฉืชืžืฉื ื• ื‘ืขื“ืฉื”
10:49
was to measure the speed of light.
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ื–ื” ืœืžื“ื•ื“ ืืช ืžื”ื™ืจื•ืช ื”ืื•ืจ.
10:51
My students in El Cerrito -- with my help, of course,
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ื”ืชืœืžื™ื“ื™ื ืฉืœื™ ื‘ืืœ ืกืจื™ื˜ื•, ื‘ืขื–ืจืชื™ ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ,
10:54
and with the help of a very beat up oscilloscope --
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ื•ื‘ืขื–ืจืช ืื•ืกื™ืœื•ืกืงื•ืค ื—ื‘ื•ื˜ ื•ื™ืฉืŸ ืžืื“,
10:57
measured the speed of light.
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ืžื“ื“ื• ืืช ืžื”ื™ืจื•ืช ื”ืื•ืจ.
10:58
We were off by 25 percent. How many eighth graders do you know of
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ืคื™ืกืคืกื ื• ื‘ืขืฉืจื™ื ื•ื—ืžื™ืฉื” ืื—ื•ื–. ื›ืžื” ืชืœืžื™ื“ื™ ื›ืชื” ื—ื™ืช ืืชื ืžื›ื™ืจื™ื
11:03
who have measured the speed of light?
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ืฉืžื“ื“ื• ืืช ืžื”ื™ืจื•ืช ื”ืื•ืจ?
11:05
In addition to that, we've measured the speed of sound.
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ื‘ื ื•ืกืฃ, ืžื“ื“ื ื• ืืช ืžื”ื™ืจื•ืช ื”ืงื•ืœ.
11:08
I'd love to measure the speed of light here.
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ื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ืฉืžื— ืœืžื“ื•ื“ ื›ืืŸ ืืช ืžื”ื™ืจื•ืช ื”ืื•ืจ.
11:10
I was all set to do it and I was thinking, "Aw man,"
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ื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ื›ื‘ืจ ืžื•ื›ืŸ ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื–ืืช ื•ื›ื‘ืจ ื—ืฉื‘ืชื™ "ืื• ื‘ื ืื“ื",
11:12
I was just going to impose upon the powers that be,
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ืื ื™ ืขื•ืžื“ ืœืืชื’ืจ ืืช ื›ื•ื—ื•ืช ื”ืฉืœื˜ื•ืŸ,
11:15
and measure the speed of light.
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ื•ืœืžื“ื•ื“ ืืช ืžื”ื™ืจื•ืช ื”ืื•ืจ
11:16
And I'm all set to do it. I'm all set to do it,
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ื•ืื ื™ ื›ื‘ืจ ืžืื•ืจื’ืŸ ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื–ืืช, ืžืื•ืจื’ืŸ ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื–ืืช,
11:20
but then it turns out that to set up here, you have like 10 minutes to set up!
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ืื‘ืœ ืื– ืžืชื‘ืจืจ ืฉื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืชืืจื’ืŸ ื›ืืŸ, ื™ืฉ ืœืš ืจืง ืขืฉืจ ื“ืงื•ืช ืœื”ืชื›ื•ื ืŸ!
11:24
And there's no time to do it.
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ื•ืื™ืŸ ืžืกืคื™ืง ื–ืžืŸ ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื–ืืช.
11:26
So, next time, maybe, I'll measure the speed of light!
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ืื– ื‘ืคืขื ื”ื‘ืื”, ืื•ืœื™, ืืžื“ื•ื“ ืืช ืžื”ื™ืจื•ืช ื”ืื•ืจ!
11:28
But meanwhile, let's measure the speed of sound!
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ืื‘ืœ ื‘ื™ื ืชื™ื™ื, ื‘ื•ืื• ื ืžื“ื•ื“ ืืช ืžื”ื™ืจื•ืช ื”ืงื•ืœ!
11:30
Well, the obvious way to measure the speed of sound
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ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ ื”ื“ืจืš ื”ืžื•ื‘ื ืช ืžืืœื™ื” ืœืžื“ื•ื“ ืืช ืžื”ื™ืจื•ืช ื”ืงื•ืœ
11:32
is to bounce sound off something and look at the echo.
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ื”ื™ื ืœื”ื—ื–ื™ืจ ืืช ื”ืงื•ืœ ืžืขืœ ืžืฉื”ื• ื•ืœื‘ื—ื•ืŸ ืืช ื”ื”ื“.
11:35
But, probably -- one of my students, Ariel [unclear], said,
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ืื‘ืœ, ื›ื ืจืื” - ืื—ืจ ื”ืกื˜ื•ื“ื ื˜ื™ื ืฉืœื™, ืืจื™ืืœ, ืืžืจ,
11:40
"Could we measure the speed of light using the wave equation?"
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"ืืคืฉืจ ืœืžื“ื•ื“ ืืช ืžื”ื™ืจื•ืช ื”ืื•ืจ ืชื•ืš ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ืžืฉื•ื•ืืช ื”ื’ืœ?"
11:43
And all of you know the wave equation is
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ื›ื•ืœื›ื ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ืžื”ื™ ืžืฉื•ื•ืืช ื”ื’ืœ:
11:45
the frequency times the wavelength of any wave ...
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ื”ืชื“ืจ ื›ืคื•ืœ ืื•ืจืš ื”ื’ืœ ืฉืœ ื›ืœ ื’ืœ ืฉื”ื•ื...
11:51
is a constant. When the frequency goes up,
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ื”ื•ื ืงื‘ื•ืข. ื›ืฉื”ืชื“ืจ ืขื•ืœื”,
11:54
the wavelength comes down. Wavelength goes up,
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ืื•ืจืš ื”ื’ืœ ื™ื•ืจื“. ื›ืฉืื•ืจืš ื”ื’ืœ ืขื•ืœื”,
11:57
frequency goes down. So, if we have a wave here --
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ื”ืชื“ืจ ื™ื•ืจื“. ืื– ืื ื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ื’ืœ ื›ืืŸ...
12:02
over here, that's what's interesting --
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ื›ืืŸ, ื–ื” ืžื” ืฉืžืขื ื™ื™ืŸ...
12:06
as the pitch goes up, things get closer,
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ื›ืฉื”ืฉื™ื ื’ื‘ื•ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ, ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืงืจื•ื‘ื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ,
12:09
pitch goes down, things stretch out.
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ื›ืฉื”ืฉื™ื ื ืžื•ืš ื™ื•ืชืจ, ื”ื›ืœ ื ืžืชื—.
12:13
Right? This is simple physics.
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ื ื›ื•ืŸ? ื–ื•ื”ื™ ืคื™ื–ื™ืงื” ืคืฉื•ื˜ื”.
12:15
All of you know this from eighth grade, remember?
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ื›ื•ืœื›ื ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ ืืช ื–ื” ืžื›ื™ืชื” ื—', ื–ื•ื›ืจื™ื?
12:18
What they didn't tell you in physics -- in eighth-grade physics --
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ืžื” ืฉืœื ืกื™ืคืจื• ืœื›ื ื‘ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืคื™ื–ื™ืงื”,ื‘ืคื™ื–ื™ืงื” ื‘ื›ืชื” ื—',
12:22
but they should have, and I wish they had,
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ื ื”ื™ื• ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื, ื•ื”ืœื•ื•ืื™ ืฉื”ื ื”ื™ื• ืขื•ืฉื™ื ื–ืืช,
12:25
was that if you multiply the frequency times the wavelength of sound
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ื–ื” ืฉืื ืืชื” ืžื›ืคื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืชื“ืจ ื›ืคื•ืœ ืื•ืจืš ื”ื’ืœ ืฉืœ ื”ืงื•ืœ
12:29
or light, you get a constant.
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ืื• ืฉืœ ืื•ืจ, ืืชื” ืžืงื‘ืœ ืงื‘ื•ืข.
12:33
And that constant is the speed of sound.
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ื•ื”ืงื‘ื•ืข ื”ื–ื” ื™ื”ื™ื” ืžื”ื™ืจื•ืช ื”ืงื•ืœ.
12:36
So, in order to measure the speed of sound,
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ืื– ื›ื“ื™ ืœืžื“ื•ื“ ืืช ืžื”ื™ืจื•ืช ื”ืงื•ืœ,
12:39
all I've got to do is know its frequency. Well, that's easy.
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ื›ืœ ืžื” ืฉืื ื™ ืฆืจื™ืš ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื–ื” ืœื“ืขืช ืืช ื”ืชื“ืจ. ื˜ื•ื‘, ื–ื” ืงืœ.
12:43
I've got a frequency counter right here.
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ื™ืฉ ืœื™ ืžื“ ืชื“ืจ ื›ืืŸ.
12:45
Set it up to around A, above A, above A. There's an A, more or less.
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ื ื›ื™ื™ืœ ืื•ืชื• ืœ A ืคื—ื•ืช ืื• ื™ื•ืชืจ.
12:50
Now, so I know the frequency.
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื•, ืื– ืื ื™ ื™ื•ื“ืข ืืช ื”ืชื“ืจ.
12:55
It's 1.76 kilohertz. I measure its wavelength.
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ื–ื” 1.76 ืงื™ืœื•ื”ืจืฅ. ืื ื™ ืžื•ื“ื“ ืืช ืื•ืจืš ื”ื’ืœ.
13:00
All I need now is to flip on another beam,
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ื›ืœ ืžื” ืฉืื ื™ ืฆืจื™ืš ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื–ื” ืœื”ื“ืœื™ืง ืงืจืŸ ื ื•ืกืคืช,
13:03
and the bottom beam is me talking, right?
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ื”ืชื—ืชื•ื ื” ื”ื™ื ืื ื™ ืžื“ื‘ืจ, ื›ืŸ?
13:06
So anytime I talk, you'd see it on the screen.
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ืื– ื‘ื›ืœ ืคืขื ืฉืื ื™ ืžื“ื‘ืจ ืชืจืื• ื–ืืช ืขืœ ื”ืžืกืš.
13:11
I'll put it over here, and as I move this away from the source,
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ืื ื™ ืืฉื™ื ืืช ื–ื” ื›ืืŸ, ื•ื›ืฉืื ื™ ืžื–ื™ื– ืืช ื–ื” ืžื”ืžืงื•ืจ,
13:15
you'll notice the spiral.
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ืืชื ืชื‘ื—ื™ื ื• ื‘ืกืคื™ืจืœื”.
13:20
The slinky moves. We're going through different nodes of the wave,
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ื”ืชื ื•ืขื•ืช ื›ืžื• ืฉืœ ืกืœื™ื ืงื™. ืื ื—ื ื• ืขื•ื‘ืจื™ื ื“ืจืš ืฆืžืชื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ื’ืœ,
13:25
coming out this way.
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ื™ื•ืฆื ืžื›ืืŸ.
13:27
Those of you who are physicists, I hear you rolling your eyes,
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ืื ื™ ืฉื•ืžืข ืืช ื”ืคื™ื–ื™ืงืื™ื ืฉื‘ื™ื ื™ื›ื ืžื’ืœื’ืœื™ื ืืช ืขื™ื ื™ื”ื,
13:29
but bear with me. (Laughter)
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ืื‘ืœ ืชื ื• ืœื™ ืจื’ืข. (ืฆื—ื•ืง)
13:31
To measure the wavelength,
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœืžื“ื•ื“ ืืช ืื•ืจืš ื”ื’ืœ,
13:34
all I need to do is measure the distance from here --
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ื›ืœ ืžื” ืฉืื ื™ ืฆืจื™ืš ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื–ื” ืœืžื“ื•ื“ ืืช ื”ืžืจื—ืง ืžื›ืืŸ,
13:40
one full wave -- over to here.
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ืืจื•ืš ื’ืœ ืžืœื, ื•ืขื“ ืœื›ืืŸ.
13:42
From here to here is the wavelength of sound.
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ืžื›ืืŸ ื•ืขื“ ืœื›ืืŸ ื–ื”ื• ืื•ืจืš ื”ื’ืœ ืฉืœ ื”ืงื•ืœ.
13:45
So, I'll put a measuring tape here, measuring tape here, move it back over to here.
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ืื– ื ืฉื™ื ืกืจื˜ ืžื™ื“ื” ื›ืืŸ ื•ื›ืืŸ, ื•ืื– ื ื–ื™ื– ื—ื–ืจื” ืœื›ืืŸ.
13:53
I've moved the microphone 20 centimeters.
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ื”ื–ื–ืชื™ ืืช ื”ืžื™ืงืจื•ืคื•ืŸ ืขืฉืจื™ื ืกื ื˜ื™ืžื˜ืจ.
13:57
0.2 meters from here, back to here, 20 centimeters.
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0.2 ืžื˜ืจ ืžื›ืืŸ, ื—ื–ืจื” ืœื›ืืŸ 20 ืกืžื˜ื™ืžื˜ืจ.
14:04
OK, let's go back to Mr. Elmo.
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ืื•ืงื™ื™, ื‘ื•ืื• ื ื—ื–ื•ืจ ืฉื•ื‘ ืœืžืจ ืืœืžื•.
14:10
And we'll say the frequency is 1.76 kilohertz, or 1760.
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ื•ื‘ื•ื ื ื’ื™ื“ ืฉื”ืชื“ื™ืจื•ืช ื”ื™ื 1.76 ืงื™ืœื•ื”ืจืฅ, ืื• 1760 ื”ืจืฅ.
14:17
The wavelength was 0.2 meters.
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ืื•ืจืš ื”ื’ืœ ื”ื•ื 0.2 ืžื˜ืจ.
14:21
Let's figure out what this is.
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ื‘ื•ื ื ื—ืฉื‘ ืžื” ื™ื•ืฆื.
14:25
(Laughter) (Applause)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง) (ืžื—ื™ืื•ืช ื›ืคื™ื)
14:33
1.76 times 0.2 over here is 352 meters per second.
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1.76 ื›ืคื•ืœ 0.2 ืžื˜ืจ ื–ื” 352 ืžื˜ืจ ืœืฉื ื™ื”.
14:40
If you look it up in the book, it's really 343.
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ื•ืื ืชื‘ื“ืงื• ื‘ืกืคืจื™ื, ื–ื” ืœืžืขืฉื” 343.
14:46
But, here with kludgy material, and lousy drink --
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ืื‘ืœ ื›ืืŸ ืขื ืฆื™ื•ื“ ืžื’ื•ืฉื, ื•ืžืฉืงื” ืžื—ื•ืจื‘ืŸ,
14:48
we've been able to measure the speed of sound to --
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ื”ืฆืœื—ื ื• ืœืžื“ื•ื“ ืืช ืžื”ื™ืจื•ืช ื”ืงื•ืœ ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ืฉืœ..
14:53
not bad. Pretty good.
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ืœื ืจืข. ื“ื™ ื˜ื•ื‘.
14:55
All of which comes to what I wanted to say.
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ื›ืœ ื–ื” ืžืฆื˜ืจืฃ ืœืžื” ืฉืจืฆื™ืชื™ ืœื•ืžืจ.
15:00
Go back to this picture of me a million years ago.
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ื—ื–ืจื• ืœืชืžื•ื ื” ืฉืœื™ ืžืœืคื ื™ ื›ืžืœื™ื•ืŸ ืฉื ื™ื.
15:05
It was 1971, the Vietnam War was going on,
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ื”ืฉื ื” ื”ื™ื 1971, ืžืœื—ืžืช ื•ื™ื˜ื ืื ื ืžืฉื›ืช,
15:10
and I'm like, "Oh my God!"
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ื•ืื ื™ ื›ืื™ืœื•, "ืืœื•ื”ื™ื!"
15:13
I'm studying physics: Landau, Lipschitz, Resnick and Halliday.
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ืื ื™ ืœื•ืžื“ ืคื™ื–ื™ืงื” - ืœื ื“ืื•, ืœื™ืคืฉื™ืฅ ืจื–ื ื™ืง ื•ื”ื•ืœื™ื“ื™ื™
15:16
I'm going home for a midterm. A riot's going on on campus.
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ืื ื™ ื ื•ืกืข ื”ื‘ื™ืชื” ืœื—ื•ืคืฉืช ืืžืฆืข ืกืžืกืžื˜ืจ, ื™ืฉ ืžื”ื•ืžื•ืช ื‘ืงืžืคื•ืก.
15:18
There's a riot! Hey, Elmo's done: off.
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ื™ืฉ ื”ืชืคืจืขื•ืช! ื”ื™ื™, ืืœืžื• ื’ืžื•ืจ.
15:27
There's a riot going on on campus,
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ื™ืฉ ื”ืชืคืจืขื•ืช ื‘ืงืžืคื•ืก,
15:29
and the police are chasing me, right?
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ื•ื”ืžืฉื˜ืจื” ืจื•ื“ืคืช ืื—ืจื™, ื›ืŸ?
15:32
I'm walking across campus. Cop comes and looks at me and says,
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ืื ื™ ื”ื•ืœืš ื‘ืงืžืคื•ืก, ืฉื•ื˜ืจ ื‘ื ืืœื™, ืžืกืชื›ืœ ืขืœื™ ื•ืื•ืžืจ,
15:35
"You! You're a student."
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"ืืชื”! ืืชื” ืกื˜ื•ื“ื ื˜."
15:37
Pulls out a gun. Goes boom!
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ืžื•ืฆื™ื ืืงื“ื—. ื‘ื•ื!
15:39
And a tear gas canister the size of a Pepsi can goes by my head. Whoosh!
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ื•ืจื™ืžื•ืŸ ื’ื– ื‘ื’ื•ื“ืœ ืฉืœ ืคื—ื™ืช ืคืคืกื™ ืขืฃ ืœื™ ืœื™ื“ ื”ืจืืฉ. ื•ื•ื•ืฉืฉ!
15:43
I get a breath of tear gas and I can't breathe.
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ืื ื™ ื ื•ืฉื ืžืขื˜ ื’ื– ืžื“ืžื™ืข ื•ืื ื™ ืœื ืžืกื•ื’ืœ ืœื ืฉื•ื.
15:46
This cop comes after me with a rifle.
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ื”ืฉื•ื˜ืจ ืจื•ื“ืฃ ืื—ืจื™ ืขื ืจื•ื‘ื”.
15:48
He wants to clunk me over the head!
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ื”ื•ื ืจื•ืฆื” ืœื—ื‘ื•ื˜ ื‘ื™ ื‘ืจืืฉ!
15:50
I'm saying, "I got to clear out of here!"
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ืื ื™ ืื•ืžืจ "ืื ื™ ื—ื™ื™ื‘ ืœืขื•ืฃ ืžืคื”!"
15:53
I go running across campus quick as I can. I duck into Hayes Hall.
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ืื ื™ ืจืฅ ื•ื—ื•ืฆื” ืืช ื”ืงืžืคื•ืก ืžื”ืจ ื›ื›ืœ ื™ื›ื•ืœืชื™. ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืžืง ืœืชื•ืš ืื•ืœื ื”ื™ื™ื–.
15:59
It's one of these bell-tower buildings.
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ื–ื” ืื—ื“ ืžืื•ืชื ื‘ื ื™ื™ื ืขื ืžื’ื“ืœ ืคืขืžื•ื ื™ื.
16:01
The cop's chasing me.
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ื•ื”ืฉื•ื˜ืจ ืจื•ื“ืฃ ืื—ืจื™.
16:03
Chasing me up the first floor, second floor, third floor.
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ืจื•ื“ืฃ ืื—ืจื™ ืœืงื•ืžื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื”, ืงื•ืžื” ืฉื ื™ื”, ืฉืœื™ืฉื™ืช.
16:05
Chases me into this room.
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ืœืชื•ืš ืื™ื–ื” ื—ื“ืจ.
16:06
The entranceway to the bell tower.
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ื—ื“ืจ ื”ื›ื ื™ืกื” ืœืžื’ื“ืœ ื”ืคืขืžื•ื ื™ื.
16:08
I slam the door behind me, climb up,
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ืื ื™ ื˜ื•ืจืง ืืช ื”ื“ืœืช ืžืื—ื•ืจื™, ืžื˜ืคืก ืœืžืขืœื”,
16:10
go past this place where I see a pendulum ticking.
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ืื ื™ ืขื•ื‘ืจ ืืช ื”ืžืงื•ื ื‘ื• ืื ื™ ืจื•ืื” ืืช ื”ืžื˜ื•ื˜ืœืช ืžืชื ื“ื ื“ืช.
16:12
And I'm thinking, "Oh yeah,
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ื•ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ ืœืขืฆืžื™, ืื• ื›ืŸ,
16:14
the square root of the length is proportional to its period." (Laughter)
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ื”ืฉื•ืจืฉ ื”ืจื‘ื•ืขื™ ืฉืœ ื”ืื•ืจืš ืคืจื•ืคื•ืจืฆื™ื•ื ืœื™ ืœืžืฉืš ื”ืชื ื•ื“ื”. (ืฆื—ื•ืง)
16:17
I keep climbing up, go back.
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ืื ื™ ืžืžืฉื™ืš ืœื˜ืคืก, ื—ื•ื–ืจ ื—ื–ืจื”.
16:19
I go to a place where a dowel splits off.
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ื”ื•ืœืš ืœืžืงื•ื ื‘ื• ืื™ื–ื” ื–ื™ื– ืžืชืคืฆืœ.
16:21
There's a clock, clock, clock, clock.
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ื™ืฉ ืจืขืฉ ืฉืœ ืงืœื•ืง, ืงืœื•ืง, ืงืœื•ืง ืงืœื•ืง.
16:22
The time's going backwards because I'm inside of it.
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ื”ื–ืžืŸ ื—ื•ื–ืจ ืื—ื•ืจื” ื›ื™ ืื ื™ ื‘ืชื•ื›ื•.
16:24
I'm thinking of Lorenz contractions and Einsteinian relativity.
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ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ ืขืœ ื”ื”ืชื›ื•ื•ืฆื•ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืœื•ืจื ืฅ ื•ื”ื™ื—ืกื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืื™ื™ื ืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ.
16:28
I climb up, and there's this place, way in the back,
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ืื ื™ ืžื˜ืคืก ืœืžืขืœื”, ื•ืื– ื™ืฉ ืžืงื•ื, ืžืžืฉ ืžืื—ื•ืจื”,
16:31
that you climb up this wooden ladder.
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ืฉื‘ื• ืืชื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื˜ืคืก ืขืœ ืกื•ืœื ืขืฅ.
16:33
I pop up the top, and there's a cupola.
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ืœื”ืจื™ื ืืช ื”ืžื›ืกื”, ื•ืฉื ื™ืฉ ื›ื™ืคื”.
16:35
A dome, one of these ten-foot domes.
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ืื—ืช ืžื”ื›ื™ืคื•ืช ื”ืœืœื• ื‘ื ื•ืช ืฉืœื•ืฉื” ืžื˜ืจื™ื.
16:37
I'm looking out and I'm seeing the cops bashing students' heads,
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ืื ื™ ืžืชื‘ื•ื ืŸ ื”ื—ื•ืฆื” ื•ืจื•ืื” ืืช ื”ืฉื•ื˜ืจื™ื ืžื›ืกื—ื™ื ืจืืฉื™ ืกื˜ื•ื“ื ื˜ื™ื,
16:40
shooting tear gas, and watching students throwing bricks.
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ื™ื•ืจื™ื ื’ื– ืžื“ืžื™ืข, ื•ืกื˜ื•ื“ื ื˜ื™ื ื–ื•ืจืงื™ื ืœื‘ื ื™ื.
16:42
And I'm asking, "What am I doing here? Why am I here?"
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ื•ืื ื™ ืฉื•ืืœ ืืช ืขืฆืžื™, ืžื” ืื ื™ ืขื•ืฉื” ืคื”? ืœืžื” ืื ื™ ืคื”?
16:45
Then I remember what my English teacher in high school said.
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ื•ืื– ื ื–ื›ืจืชื™ ื‘ืžืฉื”ื• ืฉื”ืžื•ืจื” ืฉืœื™ ืœืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื‘ืชื™ื›ื•ืŸ ืืžืจื”.
16:48
Namely, that when they cast bells,
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ืฉื›ืฉื™ื•ืฆืงื™ื ืคืขืžื•ื ื™ื,
16:52
they write inscriptions on them.
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ื—ื•ืจื˜ื™ื ืขืœื™ื”ื ืื™ื–ื” ื›ื™ืชื•ื‘.
16:55
So, I wipe the pigeon manure off one of the bells, and I look at it.
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ืื– ืื ื™ ืžื ื’ื‘ ืืช ืœืฉืœืฉืช ื”ื™ื•ื ื™ื ืžืขืœ ืื—ื“ ื”ืคืขืžื•ื ื™ื, ื•ืžืกืชื›ืœ ืขืœื™ื•.
16:59
I'm asking myself, "Why am I here?"
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ื•ืฉื•ืืœ ืืช ืขืฆืžื™ "ืœืžื” ืื ื™ ืคื”?"
17:02
So, at this time, I'd like to tell you the words inscribed
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ืื–, ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ื”ื–ืžืŸ ืฉืืกืคืจ ืœื›ื ืžื” ื”ื™ื” ื—ืจื•ื˜ ืฉื
17:06
upon the Hayes Hall tower bells:
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ืขืœ ื”ืคืขืžื•ืŸ ื‘ืžื’ื“ืœ ื”ืคืขืžื•ื ื™ื ืขืœ ืฉื ื”ื™ื™ื–.
17:10
"All truth is one.
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"ื›ืœ ื”ืืžื™ืชื•ืช ื”ืŸ ืื—ืช.
17:15
In this light, may science and religion endeavor here
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ื‘ืื•ืจ ื”ื–ื”, ืœื• ื”ืžื“ืข ื•ื”ื“ืช ื™ืขืžืœื• ื›ืืŸ
17:21
for the steady evolution of mankind, from darkness to light,
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ืขืœ ื”ื”ืชืคืชื—ื•ืช ื”ื™ืฆื™ื‘ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืื ื•ืฉื•ืช, ืžื—ื•ืฉืš ืœืื•ืจ,
17:25
from narrowness to broad-mindedness, from prejudice to tolerance.
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ืžืฆืจื•ืช ืžื•ื—ื™ืŸ ืœืจื•ื—ื‘ ืื•ืคืงื™ื, ืžื“ืขื•ืช ืงื“ื•ืžื•ืช ืœืกื•ื‘ืœื ื•ืช.
17:33
It is the voice of life, which calls us to come and learn."
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ืœืงื•ืœ ื”ื—ื™ื™ื, ื”ืงื•ืจื ืœื ื• ืœื‘ื•ื ื•ืœืœืžื•ื“."
17:41
Thank you very much.
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ืชื•ื“ื” ืจื‘ื” ืœื›ื.
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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