Alan Kay: A powerful idea about teaching ideas

49,559 views ใƒป 2008-03-10

TED


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

ืžืชืจื’ื: Gilad Tauber ืžื‘ืงืจ: Gad Amit
00:18
A great way to start, I think, with my view of simplicity
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ื“ืจืš ืžืฆื•ื™ื™ื ืช ืœื”ืชื—ื™ืœ, ืœื“ืขืชื™, ืขื ื”ืชืคื™ืกื” ืฉืœื™ ืœื’ื‘ื™ ืคืฉื˜ื•ืช
00:22
is to take a look at TED. Here you are, understanding why we're here,
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ืชื”ื™ื” ืœื”ืกืชื›ืœ ืขืœ ืžื” ืฉืงื•ืจื” ื›ืืŸ ื‘TED. ื”ื ื” ืืชื, ืžื‘ื™ื ื™ื ืžื” ืื ื• ืขื•ืฉื™ื ื›ืืŸ,
00:29
what's going on with no difficulty at all.
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ื•ืžื” ืžืชืจื—ืฉ ื›ืืŸ, ื‘ืœื ื›ืœ ืงื•ืฉื™.
00:34
The best A.I. in the planet would find it complex and confusing,
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ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ื‘ื™ื ื” ืžืœืื›ื•ืชื™ืช ื”ื˜ื•ื‘ื” ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืขืœ ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ ืชืžืฆื ืืช ื–ื” ื›ืžืกื•ื‘ืš ื•ืžื‘ืœื‘ืœ ืžืื•ื“,
00:38
and my little dog Watson would find it simple and understandable
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ื•ื”ื›ืœื‘ ืฉืœื™ ื•ื•ื˜ืกื•ืŸ ื™ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืฉืžื” ืฉืงื•ืจื” ื›ืืŸ ื–ื” ืคืฉื•ื˜ ื•ืžื•ื‘ืŸ ืžืื•ื“,
00:43
but would miss the point.
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ืื‘ืœ ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ ื™ืคืกืคืก ืืช ืืช ื”ืžื˜ืจื”.
00:45
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
00:48
He would have a great time.
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ื”ื•ื ื™ื”ื ื” ืžืื•ื“.
00:51
And of course, if you're a speaker here, like Hans Rosling,
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ื•ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ, ืื ืืชื ืื—ื“ ื”ื“ื•ื‘ืจื™ื ืคื”, ื›ืžื• ื”ื ืก ืจื•ืกืœื™ื ื’,
00:56
a speaker finds this complex, tricky. But in Hans Rosling's case,
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ืžืจืฆื” ื›ืืŸ ื™ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืฉื”ื ื•ืฉื ืžืกื•ื‘ืš ื•ืžื‘ืœื‘ืœ. ืื‘ืœ ื‘ืžืงืจื” ืฉืœ ื”ื ืก ืจื•ืกืœื™ื ื’,
01:01
he had a secret weapon yesterday,
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ื”ื™ื” ืœื• ืืชืžื•ืœ ื ืฉืง ืกื•ื“ื™,
01:03
literally, in his sword swallowing act.
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ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืžื™ืœื•ืœื™ ืœื—ืœื•ื˜ื™ืŸ, ื‘ืžื•ืคืข ื‘ืœื™ืขืช ื”ื—ืจื‘ื•ืช ืฉืœื•.
01:07
And I must say, I thought of quite a few objects
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ืื ื™ ื—ื™ื™ื‘ ืœื”ื•ื“ื•ืช ืฉื’ื ืื ื™ ื—ืฉื‘ืชื™ ืขืœ ื›ืžื” ื•ื›ืžื” ื“ื‘ืจื™ื
01:09
that I might try to swallow today and finally gave up on,
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ืฉืื ื™ ืขืฉื•ื™ ืœื ืกื•ืช ืœื‘ืœื•ืข ื›ืืŸ ื”ื™ื•ื, ืื‘ืœ ื‘ืกื•ืฃ ื•ื•ื™ืชืจืชื™ ืขืœ ื–ื”
01:14
but he just did it and that was a wonderful thing.
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ื•ื ืขืฉื” ืืช ื–ื” ื•ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ืžื“ื”ื™ื.
01:18
So Puck meant not only are we fools in the pejorative sense,
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ืคื•ืง ื”ืชื›ื•ื•ืŸ ืœื•ืžืจ ืฉืื ื• ืœื ืจืง ืฉื•ื˜ื™ื ื‘ืžื•ื‘ืŸ ื”ืžื–ืœื–ืœ
01:23
but that we're easily fooled. In fact, what Shakespeare
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ืืœื ืฉืงืœ ืžืื•ื“ ืœื”ื•ืœื™ืš ืื•ืชื ื• ืฉื•ืœืœ. ืœืžืขืฉื” ื”ื›ื•ื•ื ื” ืฉืœ ืฉื™ื™ืงืกืคื™ืจ
01:27
was pointing out is we go to the theater in order to be fooled,
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ื”ื™ืชื” ืœื”ื“ื’ื™ืฉ ืฉืื ื• ื‘ืื™ื ืœืชื™ืื˜ืจื•ืŸ ื‘ื›ื“ื™ ืœืœื›ืช ืฉื•ืœืœ,
01:30
so we're actually looking forward to it.
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ื›ืš ืฉืื ื• ืœืžืขืฉื” ืžืฆืคื™ื ืœื–ื”.
01:34
We go to magic shows in order to be fooled.
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ืื ื—ื ื• ื”ื•ืœื›ื™ื ืœืžื•ืคืขื™ ืงืกืžื™ื ื‘ื›ื“ื™ ืœืœื›ืช ืฉื•ืœืœ.
01:36
And this makes many things fun, but it makes it difficult to actually
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ื•ื–ื” ื’ื•ืจื ืœื”ืจื‘ื” ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื”ื ื™ื, ืื‘ืœ ื–ื” ื’ื ืžืงืฉื”
01:44
get any kind of picture on the world we live in or on ourselves.
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ืขืœื™ื ื• ืœืงื‘ืœ ืชืžื•ื ื” ื˜ื•ื‘ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืขื•ืœื ืฉืื ื• ื—ื™ื™ื ื‘ื•, ืื• ืขืœ ืขืฆืžื ื•.
01:48
And our friend, Betty Edwards,
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ื•ื—ื‘ืจื” ืฉืœื ื•, ื‘ื˜ื™ ืื“ื•ืืจื“ืก,
01:50
the "Drawing on the Right Side of the Brain" lady, shows these two tables
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ื”ืฆื™ื•ืจ ืžื™ืžื™ืŸ ืœืืฉืช ื”ืžื•ื— (ื‘ื˜ื™), ืžืฆื™ื’ื” ืืช ืฉื ื™ ื”ืฉื•ืœื—ื ื•ืช ื”ืœืœื•
01:53
to her drawing class and says,
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ืœื›ื™ืชืช ื”ืฆื™ื•ืจ ืฉืœื” ื•ืื•ืžืจืช,
01:58
"The problem you have with learning to draw
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ื”ื‘ืขื™ื” ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื›ื ืขื ืœืœืžื•ื“ ืœืฆื™ื™ืจ
02:02
is not that you can't move your hand,
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ื”ื™ื ืœื ืฉืืชื ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ื–ื™ื– ืืช ื”ื™ื“,
02:04
but that the way your brain perceives images is faulty.
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ืืœื ืฉื”ืžื•ื— ืฉืœื›ื ืชื•ืคืก ืชืžื•ื ื•ืช ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืžื•ื˜ืขื”.
02:10
It's trying to perceive images into objects
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ื”ืžื•ื— ืžื ืกื” ืœื”ืžื™ืจ ื“ืžื•ื™ื•ืช ืœืขืฆืžื™ื
02:12
rather than seeing what's there."
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ื‘ืžืงื•ื ืคืฉื•ื˜ ืœืจืื•ืช ืืช ืžื” ืฉืžื•ืฆื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื•.
02:14
And to prove it, she says, "The exact size and shape of these tabletops
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ื”ื”ื•ื›ื—ื” ืœื›ืš, ื”ื™ื ืื•ืžืจืช, ื”ื™ื ื‘ื›ืš ืฉื”ื’ื•ื“ืœ ื•ื”ืฆื•ืจื” ืฉืœ ืฉื ื™ ื”ืžืฉื˜ื—ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืฉื•ืœื—ื ื•ืช
02:19
is the same, and I'm going to prove it to you."
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ื–ื”ื™ื ื‘ืžื“ื•ื™ืง, ื•ืื ื™ ื”ื•ืœืš ืœื”ื•ื›ื™ื— ืœื›ื ืืช ื–ื”.
02:22
She does this with cardboard, but since I have
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ื”ื™ื ืขื•ืฉื” ืืช ื–ื” ืขื ื’ื–ื™ืจื™ ืงืจื˜ื•ืŸ, ืื‘ืœ ืžืื—ืจ ื•ืœื™ ื™ืฉ
02:25
an expensive computer here
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ื›ืืŸ ืžื—ืฉื‘ ื™ืงืจ,
02:28
I'll just rotate this little guy around and ...
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ืื ื™ ืคืฉื•ื˜ ืืกื•ื‘ื‘ ืงืฆืช ืืช ื”ืžืจื•ื‘ืข ื”ื–ื” ื›ืืŸ ื•...
02:34
Now having seen that -- and I've seen it hundreds of times,
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ืื—ืจื™ ืฉืจืื™ื ื• ,ื•ืื ื™ ืจืื™ืชื™ ืืช ื–ื” ื›ื‘ืจ ืžืื•ืช ืคืขืžื™ื,
02:37
because I use this in every talk I give -- I still can't see
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ืžืื—ืจ ื•ืื ื™ ืžืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ื–ื” ื‘ื›ืœ ื”ืจืฆืื” ืฉืื ื™ ื ื•ืชืŸ, ื•ืื ื™ ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืœื ืจื•ืื”
02:41
that they're the same size and shape, and I doubt that you can either.
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ืฉืฉื ื™ ื”ืฉื•ืœื—ื ื•ืช ื‘ืื•ืชื• ื’ื•ื“ืœ ื•ืฆื•ืจื”, ื•ืื ื™ ื‘ืกืคืง ืื ืืชื ืžื–ื”ื™ื ืืช ื–ื”.
02:46
So what do artists do? Well, what artists do is to measure.
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ืื– ืžื” ืืžื ื™ื ืขื•ืฉื™ื? ื˜ื•ื‘, ืžื” ืฉื”ื ืขื•ืฉื™ื ื–ื” ืžื•ื“ื“ื™ื.
02:51
They measure very, very carefully.
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ื”ื ืžื•ื“ื“ื™ื ื‘ื–ื”ื™ืจื•ืช ื•ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง.
02:53
And if you measure very, very carefully with a stiff arm and a straight edge,
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ื•ืื ืืชื ืชืžื“ื“ื• ื‘ื–ื”ื™ืจื•ืช ืขื ื™ื“ ืงืฉื™ื—ื” ื•ื–ื•ื•ื™ืช ื™ืฉืจื”,
02:57
you'll see that those two shapes are
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ื’ื ืืชื ืชืจืื• ืฉืฉืชื™ ื”ืฆื•ืจื•ืช ื”ืืœื•
02:59
exactly the same size.
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ื”ืŸ ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ื‘ืื•ืชื• ื’ื•ื“ืœ ื•ืฆื•ืจื”.
03:02
And the Talmud saw this a long time ago, saying,
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ื‘ืชืœืžื•ื“ ื”ื‘ื™ื ื• ืืช ื–ื” ืœืคื ื™ ื”ืจื‘ื” ื–ืžืŸ, ื›ืฉืืžืจื•,
03:07
"We see things not as they are, but as we are."
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ืื ื• ืจื•ืื™ื ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืœื ื›ืžื• ืฉื”ื, ืืœื ื›ืžื• ืฉืื ื—ื ื•.
03:10
I certainly would like to know what happened to the person
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ืื ื™ ื‘ื”ื—ืœื˜ ืจื•ืฆื” ืœื“ืขืช ืžื” ืงืจื” ืœืื“ื
03:12
who had that insight back then,
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ืฉื”ื™ืชื” ืœื• ืืช ื”ื”ื‘ืจืงื” ื”ื–ื• ื›ื‘ืจ ืื–,
03:15
if they actually followed it to its ultimate conclusion.
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ืื ื”ื•ื ื”ืœืš ืขื ื”ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ืœืžืกืงื ื•ืช ื”ืžืœืื•ืช ืฉืœื•.
03:21
So if the world is not as it seems and we see things as we are,
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ืื– ืื ื”ืขื•ืœื ืื™ื ื• ื›ืžื• ืฉื”ื•ื ื ืจืื”. ื•ืื ื• ืจื•ืื™ื ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืžื ืงื•ื“ืช ืžื‘ื˜ื™ื ื•,
03:23
then what we call reality is a kind of hallucination
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ืื– ืžื” ืฉืื ื• ืงื•ืจืื™ื ืœื• ืžืฆื™ืื•ืช ื”ื•ื ื‘ืกืš ื”ื›ืœ ืกื•ื’ ืฉืœ ื”ื–ื™ื”
03:29
happening inside here. It's a waking dream,
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ืฉืžืชืจื—ืฉืช ื›ืืŸ ื‘ืคื ื™ื. ื–ื” ื—ืœื•ื ื‘ื”ืงื™ืฅ.
03:32
and understanding that that is what we actually exist in
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ื•ื”ื”ื‘ื ื” ืฉื–ื” ื”ืขื•ืœื ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ื‘ืขืฆื ื—ื™ื™ื ื‘ืชื•ื›ื•
03:37
is one of the biggest epistemological barriers in human history.
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ื”ื™ื ืื—ื“ ืžื”ืžื—ืกื•ืžื™ื ื”ื”ื›ืจืชื™ื™ื ื‘ื”ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ื”ืื ื•ืฉื™ืช.
03:42
And what that means: "simple and understandable"
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ื›ืš ืฉ"ืžื•ื‘ืŸ ื•ืคืฉื•ื˜"
03:44
might not be actually simple or understandable,
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ืขืฉื•ื™ ืœื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžื•ื‘ืŸ ื•ืคืฉื•ื˜ ื›ืœืœ ื•ื›ืœืœ,
03:47
and things we think are "complex" might be made simple and understandable.
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ื•ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉืื ื• ื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ืฉื”ื ืžืกื•ื‘ื›ื™ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ืคื•ืš ืœืคืฉื•ื˜ื™ื ื•ืžื•ื‘ื ื™ื.
03:53
Somehow we have to understand ourselves to get around our flaws.
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ืื ื—ื ื• ื—ื™ื™ื‘ื™ื ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืืช ืขืฆืžื ื• ื•ืœืขืงื•ืฃ ืืช ื”ื›ืฉืœื™ื ืฉืœื ื•.
03:57
We can think of ourselves as kind of a noisy channel.
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ืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืขืœ ืขืฆืžื ื• ื›ืขืœ ืขืจื•ืฅ ืจื•ืขืฉ.
03:59
The way I think of it is, we can't learn to see
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ื”ื“ืจืš ื‘ื” ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ ืขืœ ื–ื”, ืื ื—ื ื• ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืœืžื•ื“ ืœืจืื•ืช
04:04
until we admit we're blind.
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ืขื“ ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืžื•ื“ื™ื ืฉืื ื• ืขื•ื•ืจื™ื.
04:06
Once you start down at this very humble level,
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ื‘ืจื’ืข ืฉืืชื ืžืชื—ื™ืœื™ื ืžื”ืจืžื” ื”ืฆื ื•ืขื” ื•ื”ืชื—ืชื•ื ื” ื”ื–ื•,
04:10
then you can start finding ways to see things.
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ืืชื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ืชื—ื™ืœ ืœืžืฆื•ื ื“ืจื›ื™ื ืœืจืื•ืช ื“ื‘ืจื™ื.
04:13
And what's happened, over the last 400 years in particular,
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ื•ืžื” ืฉืงืจื” ื‘400 ื”ืฉื ื™ื ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื•ืช ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“
04:18
is that human beings have invented "brainlets" --
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ื–ื” ืฉื”ื’ื–ืข ื”ืื ื•ืฉื™ ื”ืชื—ื™ืœ ืœื”ืžืฆื™ื ืขื–ืจื™ ื—ืฉื™ื‘ื”:
04:21
little additional parts for our brain --
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ืžืงื˜ืขื™ื ืงื˜ื ื™ื ื ื•ืกืคื™ื ืœืžื•ื— ืฉืœื ื•,
04:25
made out of powerful ideas that help us
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ืฉืขืฉื•ื™ื™ื ืžืจืขื™ื•ื ื•ืช ื—ื–ืงื™ื ืฉืขื•ื–ืจื™ื ืœื ื•
04:27
see the world in different ways.
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ืœืจืื•ืช ืืช ื”ืขื•ืœื ื‘ื“ืจื›ื™ื ืฉื•ื ื•ืช.
04:29
And these are in the form of sensory apparatus --
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ื•ืืœื• ื”ืฆื•ืจื•ืช ื”ืฉื•ื ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืžื›ืฉื™ืจื™ ืžื“ื™ื“ื”
04:32
telescopes, microscopes -- reasoning apparatus --
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ื˜ืœืกืงื•ืคื™ื, ืžื™ืงืจื•ืกืงื•ืคื™ื. ืืžืฆืขื™ ื”ื‘ื ื”
04:37
various ways of thinking -- and, most importantly,
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ื“ืจื›ื™ื ืฉื•ื ื•ืช ืœื—ืฉื•ื‘, ื•ื”ื—ืœืง ื”ื›ื™ ื—ืฉื•ื‘,
04:41
in the ability to change perspective on things.
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ื”ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ืœืฉื ื•ืช ืืช ื”ืชืคื™ืกื” ืฉืœ ื“ื‘ืจื™ื.
04:45
I'll talk about that a little bit.
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ืื ื™ ืื“ื‘ืจ ืขืœ ื–ื” ืงืฆืช.
04:46
It's this change in perspective
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ื”ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ื”ื–ื” ื‘ืชืคื™ืกืช ื”ืžืฆื™ืื•ืช,
04:48
on what it is we think we're perceiving
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ื•ื‘ืžื” ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืชื•ืคืกื™ื,
04:51
that has helped us make more progress in the last 400 years
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ืฉืขื–ืจ ืœื ื• ืœื”ืชืงื“ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ืืจื‘ืข ืžืื•ืช ื”ืฉื ื™ื ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื•ืช
04:56
than we have in the rest of human history.
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ืžืืฉืจ ืœืื•ืจืš ื›ืœ ื”ื”ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ื”ืื ื•ืฉื™ืช.
04:58
And yet, it is not taught in any K through 12 curriculum in America that I'm aware of.
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ื•ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืœื ืžืœืžื“ื™ื ืืช ื–ื” ื‘ืืฃ ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช ืœื™ืžื•ื“ื™ื ื‘ืืžืจื™ืงื” ืฉืื ื™ ืžื•ื“ืข ืืœื™ื”.
05:11
So one of the things that goes from simple to complex
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ืื– ืื—ื“ ื”ื”ืžืฆื‘ื™ื ื‘ื”ื ืคืฉื•ื˜ ืขื•ื‘ืจ ืœืžืกื•ื‘ืš
05:13
is when we do more. We like more.
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ืงื•ืจื” ื›ืืฉืจ ื™ืฉ ื›ืžื•ืช ื’ื“ื•ืœื”. ืื ื—ื ื• ืื•ื”ื‘ื™ื ื”ืจื‘ื”.
05:16
If we do more in a kind of a stupid way,
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ืื ื ื’ื“ื™ืœ ืืช ื”ื›ืžื•ืช ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื˜ืคืฉื™ ื‘ืœื™ ืžื—ืฉื‘ื”,
05:19
the simplicity gets complex
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ื”ืคืฉื˜ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืคืจื˜ ืชืขื‘ื•ืจ ืœืจืžืช ืกื™ื‘ื•ื›ื™ื•ืช ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ื™ื•ืชืจ.
05:22
and, in fact, we can keep on doing it for a very long time.
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ื•ืœืžืขืฉื”, ืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ืžืฉื™ืš ืœื”ื’ื“ื™ืœ ืืช ื”ื›ืžื•ืช ืขื•ื“ ื•ืขื•ื“.
05:27
But Murray Gell-Mann yesterday talked about emergent properties;
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ืžืฆื“ ืฉื ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ ื’ืœ-ืžืŸ ื“ื™ื‘ืจ ืืชืžื•ืœ ืขืœ ื ื›ืกื™ื ืžืชื”ื•ื•ื™ื.
05:30
another name for them could be "architecture"
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ืฉื ื ื•ืกืฃ ืœื›ืš ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช "ืืจื›ื™ื˜ืงื˜ื•ืจื”"
05:34
as a metaphor for taking the same old material
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ื›ืžื˜ืืคื•ืจื” ืœื›ืš ืฉื›ืžื•ืช ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ืžืื•ืชื• ื—ื•ืžืจ ื’ืœื ืคืฉื•ื˜
05:38
and thinking about non-obvious, non-simple ways of combining it.
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ื•ื—ืฉื™ื‘ื” ืขืœ ืขืฆืžื™ื ืฉืื™ื ื ืžื•ื‘ื ื™ื ืžืืœื™ื”ืŸ, ื“ืจืš ืžืงื•ืจื™ืช ืœื—ื‘ืจ ืืช ื—ื•ืžืจ ื”ื’ืœื.
05:45
And in fact, what Murray was talking about yesterday in the fractal beauty of nature --
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ืœืžืขืฉื”, ืžื” ืฉืžื•ืจื™ ื“ื™ื‘ืจ ืขืœื™ื• ืืชืžื•ืœ ื”ื™ื” ื”ื™ื•ืคื™ ื”ืคืจืงื˜ืœื™ ืฉืœ ื”ื˜ื‘ืข,
05:53
of having the descriptions
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ื›ืš ืฉื”ืชืื•ืจ
05:55
at various levels be rather similar --
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ื‘ืจืžื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืื•ื‘ื™ื™ืงื˜ ื”ื•ื ื–ื”ื”,
05:59
all goes down to the idea that the elementary particles
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ื›ืœ ื–ื” ื™ื•ืจื“ ืขื“ ืœืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ืœืคื™ื• ื”ื—ืœืงื™ืงื™ื ื”ืืœืžื ื˜ืจื™ื™ื
06:04
are both sticky and standoffish,
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ื”ื ื‘ื• ื–ืžื ื™ืช ื“ื‘ื™ืงื™ื ื•ืžื•ื’ื“ืจื™ื ื‘ืคื™ ืขืฆืžื,
06:07
and they're in violent motion.
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ื•ืฉื”ื ื‘ืชื ื•ืขื” ืžื”ื™ืจื”.
06:11
Those three things give rise to all the different levels
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ืฉืœื•ืฉืช ื”ืชื›ื•ื ื•ืช ื”ืœืœื• ื’ื•ืจืžื•ืช ืœืจืžื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื•ืช
06:14
of what seem to be complexity in our world.
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ืฉืœ ืžื” ืฉื ืจืื” ื›ืžื• ื”ื’ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ื•ื™ื™ื—ื•ื“ ืฉืœ ื”ืขื•ืœื.
06:20
But how simple?
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ืื‘ืœ ืขื“ ื›ืžื” ืคืฉื•ื˜?
06:22
So, when I saw Roslings' Gapminder stuff a few years ago,
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ืื– ื›ืฉืจืื™ืชื™ ืืช ื”ืจืขื™ื•ื ื•ืช ืคื•ืจืฆื™ ื”ื—ืฉื™ื‘ื” ืฉืœ ืจื•ืกืœื™ื ื’ ืœืคื ื™ ื›ืžื” ืฉื ื™ื,
06:27
I just thought it was the greatest thing I'd seen
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ื—ืฉื‘ืชื™ ืฉื–ื• ื”ื“ืจืš ื”ื›ื™ ื˜ื•ื‘ื” ืฉืจืื™ืชื™
06:29
in conveying complex ideas simply.
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ืœื”ืคื•ืš ืจืขื™ื•ื ื•ืช ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ื™ื ืœืคืฉื•ื˜ื™ื.
06:34
But then I had a thought of, "Boy, maybe it's too simple."
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ืื‘ืœ ืื– ืขืœืชื” ืœื™ ืžื—ืฉื‘ื”, ืจื’ืข, ืื•ืœื™ ื–ื” ืคืฉื•ื˜ ืžื“ื™.
06:37
And I put some effort in to try and check
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ื•ื—ืฉื‘ืชื™ ืงืฆืช ืขืœ ื“ืจืš ืœื‘ื“ื•ืง
06:42
to see how well these simple portrayals of trends over time
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ื•ืœืจืื•ืช ืขื“ ื›ืžื” ื”ืชืื•ืจื™ื ื”ืคืฉื•ื˜ื™ื ื”ืœืœื• ืฉืœ ืžื’ืžื•ืช
06:46
actually matched up with some ideas and investigations from the side,
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ื‘ืืžืช ืชื•ืืžื™ื ืœืื•ืจืš ื–ืžืŸ ืœื—ืœืง ืžื”ืจืขื™ื•ื ื•ืช ืฉืžื•ืคื™ืขื™ื ื‘ื“ืจืš,
06:51
and I found that they matched up very well.
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ืื‘ืœ ื’ื™ืœื™ืชื™ ืฉื”ื ืžืชืื™ืžื™ื ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ื™ืคื” ืžืื•ื“.
06:53
So the Roslings have been able to do simplicity
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ื›ืš ืฉื”ืฆื•ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืจื•ืกืœื™ื ื’ ื”ืฆืœื™ื— ืœืคืฉื˜ ืจืขื™ื•ื ื•ืช
06:58
without removing what's important about the data.
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ืื‘ืœ ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืœืฉืžื•ืจ ืืช ื”ื—ืœืง ื”ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ื‘ืžื™ื“ืข ืฉื‘ื”ืŸ.
07:02
Whereas the film yesterday that we saw
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ืžืฆื“ ืฉื ื™ ื”ืกืจื˜ ืฉืจืื™ื ื• ืืชืžื•ืœ
07:06
of the simulation of the inside of a cell,
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ืฉื”ืฆื™ื’ ืกื™ืžื•ืœืฆื™ื” ืขืœ ืžื” ืฉืžืชืจื—ืฉ ื‘ืชื•ืš ื”ืชื,
07:08
as a former molecular biologist, I didn't like that at all.
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ื‘ืชื•ืจ ืžื™ ืฉืขืกืง ื‘ื‘ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ืžื•ืœืงื•ืœืจื™ืช, ืื ื™ ืžืžืฉ ืœื ืื”ื‘ืชื™ ืืช ื–ื”.
07:14
Not because it wasn't beautiful or anything,
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ืœื ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืฉื”ืกืจื˜ ืœื ื”ื™ื” ื™ืคื” ืื• ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื›ืืœื”,
07:16
but because it misses the thing that most students fail to understand
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ืืœื ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืฉื”ื•ื ืคื™ืกืคืก ืืช ื”ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ืฉืจื•ื‘ ื”ืกื˜ื•ื“ื ื˜ื™ื ืžืชืงืฉื™ื ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ
07:21
about molecular biology, and that is:
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ื‘ื‘ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ืžื•ืœืงื•ืœืจื™ืช, ื•ื”ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ื”ื–ื” ื”ื•ื,
07:24
why is there any probability at all of two complex shapes
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ื”ืฉืืœื” ืœืžื” ื™ืฉ ื‘ื›ืœืœ ื”ืกืชื‘ืจื•ืช ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืฉืชื™ ืฆื•ืจื•ืช ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ื•ืช
07:29
finding each other just the right way
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ืœืžืฆื•ื ืื—ืช ืืช ื”ืฉื ื™ื” ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ื‘ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ื”ื ื›ื•ืŸ
07:31
so they combine together and be catalyzed?
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ื›ืš ืฉื”ืŸ ื™ื•ื›ืœื• ืœื”ืชื—ื‘ืจ ื™ื—ื“ ื•ื•ืœืงื™ื™ื ืืช ื”ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื”ื›ื™ืžื™?
07:34
And what we saw yesterday was
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ื•ืžื” ืฉืจืื™ื ื• ืืชืžื•ืœ ื”ืฆื™ื’ ื›ืื™ืœื•
07:36
every reaction was fortuitous;
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ื›ืœ ืžืคื’ืฉ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืžื•ืœืงื•ืœื•ืช ื”ื™ื” ื‘ืจ ืžื–ืœ, ื•ื™ืฆืจ ืชื’ื•ื‘ื”.
07:39
they just swooped in the air and bound, and something happened.
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ื”ืžื•ืœืงื•ืœื•ืช ืคืฉื•ื˜ ื”ืชืขื•ืคืคื• ืœื”ืŸ ื‘ืื•ื•ื™ืจ ื•ื ืงืฉืจื•, ื•ื”ืชื’ื•ื‘ื” ื”ืชืจื—ืฉื”.
07:43
But in fact, those molecules are spinning at the rate of
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ืžื•ืœืงื•ืœื•ืช ื”ืืœื• ืœืžืขืฉื” ืžืกืชื•ื‘ื‘ื•ืช ื‘ืงืฆื‘ ืฉืœ
07:47
about a million revolutions per second;
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ื›ืžืœื™ื•ืŸ ืกื™ื‘ื•ื‘ื™ื ื‘ืฉื ื™ื”.
07:50
they're agitating back and forth their size every two nanoseconds;
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ื”ืŸ ืงื•ืคืฆื•ืช ืืช ืœื›ืœ ื”ื›ื™ื•ื•ื ื™ื ืืช ื”ื’ื•ื“ืœ ืฉืœื”ืŸ ื‘ื›ืœ ื ื ื•-ืฉื ื™ื”.
07:56
they're completely crowded together, they're jammed,
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ื•ื”ืŸ ืžืžืฉ ืฆืคื•ืคื•ืช ื‘ื™ื ื™ื”ืŸ, ื”ืŸ ื“ื—ื•ืกื•ืช,
07:59
they're bashing up against each other.
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ื•ื”ืŸ ืžืชื ื’ืฉื•ืช ืื—ืช ื‘ืฉื ื™ื”.
08:02
And if you don't understand that in your mental model of this stuff,
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ื•ืื ืืชื ืœื ืžื‘ื™ื ื™ื ืืช ื–ื” ื‘ืžื•ื“ืœ ืฉืืชื ื‘ื•ื ื™ื ืœืขืฆืžื›ื ื‘ืžื—ืฉื‘ื”,
08:05
what happens inside of a cell seems completely mysterious and fortuitous,
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ืื– ืžื” ืฉืงื•ืจื” ื‘ืชื•ืš ื”ืชื ื™ืจืื” ืœื›ื ืžืกืชื•ืจื™ ื•ืืงืจืื™ ืœื—ืœื•ื˜ื™ืŸ.
08:10
and I think that's exactly the wrong image
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ื•ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ ืฉื–ื• ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ื”ืชืžื•ื ื” ื”ืœื ื ื›ื•ื ื”
08:12
for when you're trying to teach science.
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ืฉืืชื ืจื•ืฆื™ื ืœื”ืฆื™ื’ ื›ื“ื™ ืœืœืžื“ ืžื“ืข.
08:18
So, another thing that we do is to confuse adult sophistication
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ืขื•ื“ ืฉื’ื™ืื” ืฉืื ื• ื ื•ื˜ื™ื ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื–ื” ืœื”ืชื‘ืœื‘ืœ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืชื—ื›ื•ื ื‘ื•ื’ืจ
08:23
with the actual understanding of some principle.
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ืขื ื”ื”ื‘ื ื” ื”ืžืžืฉื™ืช ืฉืœ ืขื™ืงืจื•ืŸ ื›ืœืฉื”ื•.
08:28
So a kid who's 14 in high school
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ื›ืš ืฉื™ืœื“ ื‘ืŸ 14 ื‘ืชื™ื›ื•ืŸ
08:30
gets this version of the Pythagorean theorem,
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ืžืงื‘ืœ ื’ืจืกืช ื”ื•ื›ื—ื” ืœืžืฉืคื˜ ืคื™ืชื’ื•ืจืก,
08:36
which is a truly subtle and interesting proof,
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ื”ื•ื›ื—ื” ืฉื”ื™ื ืžืžืฉ ืžืขื ื™ื™ื ืช ื•ืžืชื•ื—ื›ืžืช,
08:39
but in fact it's not a good way to start learning about mathematics.
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ืื‘ืœ ืœืžืขืฉื” ืœื ืžืชืื™ืžื” ื›ื ืงื•ื“ืช ื”ืชื—ืœื” ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ื™ ืžืชืžื˜ื™ืงื”.
08:46
So a more direct one, one that gives you more of the feeling of math,
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ื•ื”ื•ื›ื—ื” ื™ืฉื™ืจื” ื™ื•ืชืจ, ืื—ืช ืฉืžืžืฉ ื ื•ืชื ืช ืืช ื”ืชื—ื•ืฉื” ืฉืœ ื”ืžืชืžื˜ื™ืงื”,
08:51
is something closer to Pythagoras' own proof, which goes like this:
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ื”ื™ื ืžืฉื”ื• ื”ืจื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืงืจื•ื‘ ืœื’ื™ืจืกื” ืฉืœ ืคื™ืชื’ื•ืจืก ืขืฆืžื• ื•ื”ื•ืœื›ืช ื›ืš.
08:55
so here we have this triangle, and if we surround that C square with
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ืื– ื›ืืŸ ื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ืืช ื”ืžืฉื•ืœืฉ, ืื ื ืงื™ืฃ ืืช ื”ืจื™ื‘ื•ืข ืฉืœ ื”ื™ืชืจ
09:01
three more triangles and we copy that,
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ื‘ืืจื‘ืขื” ืžืฉื•ืœืฉื™ื ื–ื”ื™ื, ื•ื ืขืชื™ืง ืืช ื–ื” ืœืฆื“,
09:04
notice that we can move those triangles down like this.
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ื ืจืื” ืฉืืคืฉืจ ืœื”ื–ื™ื– ืืช ื”ืžืฉื•ืœืฉื™ื ื”ืœื ืœืžื˜ื” ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื”ื–ื”,
09:09
And that leaves two open areas that are kind of suspicious ...
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ื•ื›ืš ื™ืฉืืจื• ืœื ื• ืฉื ื™ ื—ืœืœื™ื ืคื ื•ื™ื™ื ืฉื ืจืื™ื ืงืฆืช ื—ืฉื•ื“ื™ื,
09:12
and bingo. That is all you have to do.
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ื•ื‘ื™ื ื’ื•. ื–ื” ื›ืœ ืžื” ืฉืฆืจื™ืš ืœืขืฉื•ืช.
09:19
And this kind of proof is the kind of proof
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ื•ืกื•ื’ ื›ื–ื” ืฉืœ ื”ื•ื›ื—ื” ื–ื” ืกื•ื’ ื”ื”ื•ื›ื—ื”
09:21
that you need to learn when you're learning mathematics
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ืฉืฆืจื™ืš ืœืœืžื•ื“ ื›ืืฉืจ ืœื•ืžื“ื™ื ืžืชืžื˜ื™ืงื”
09:24
in order to get an idea of what it means
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืืช ื”ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืžืฉืคื˜
09:27
before you look into the, literally, 1,200 or 1,500 proofs
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ืœืคื ื™ ืฉืชืกืชื›ืœ ืœืชื•ืš 12 ืื• 1500 ื”ื•ื›ื—ื•ืช
09:31
of Pythagoras' theorem that have been discovered.
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ืฉืœ ืžืฉืคื˜ ืคื™ืชื’ื•ืจืก ืฉื”ืชื’ืœื• ืขื ื”ื–ืžืŸ.
09:37
Now let's go to young children.
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ื‘ื•ืื• ื ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ืœื™ืœื“ื™ื ืงื˜ื ื™ื.
09:40
This is a very unusual teacher
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ื–ื•ื”ื™ ืžื•ืจื” ืžืื•ื“ ืœื ืจื’ื™ืœื”
09:42
who was a kindergarten and first-grade teacher,
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ื”ื™ื ื”ื™ืชื” ืžื•ืจื” ื‘ื’ืŸ ื™ืœื“ื™ื ื•ื‘ื›ื™ืชื” ื,
09:46
but was a natural mathematician.
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ืื‘ืœ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืฉืืจ ื’ื ืžืชืžื˜ื™ืงืื™ืช ืžืœื™ื“ื”.
09:48
So she was like that jazz musician friend you have who never studied music
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ื”ื™ื ื›ืžื• ื”ื—ื‘ืจ ื”ื–ื” ืฉืžื ื’ืŸ ื’'ืื– ืื‘ืœ ืžืขื•ืœื ืœื ืœืžื“ ืžื•ื–ื™ืงื”,
09:53
but is a terrific musician;
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ื•ื ืžื•ื–ื™ืงืื™ ืžืฆื•ื™ื™ืŸ.
09:55
she just had a feeling for math.
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ืœื” ื™ืฉ ืคืฉื•ื˜ ืชื—ื•ืฉื” ืœืžืชืžื˜ื™ืงื”,
09:57
And here are her six-year-olds,
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ื•ื”ื ื” ื”ืชืœืžื™ื“ื™ื ื‘ื ื™ ื”ืฉืฉ ืฉืœื”,
10:00
and she's got them making shapes out of a shape.
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ื•ื”ื™ื ืืžืจื” ืœื”ื ืœื”ืจื›ื™ื‘ ืฆื•ืจื•ืช ื’ื“ื•ืœื•ืช ืžืฆื•ืจื” ื‘ืกื™ืกื™ืช ืงื˜ื ื”.
10:05
So they pick a shape they like -- like a diamond, or a square,
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ืื– ื”ื ื‘ื—ืจื• ื›ืœ ืื—ื“ ืฆื•ืจื” ื‘ืกื™ืกื™ืช ื›ืžื• ื™ื”ืœื•ื ืื• ืจื™ื‘ื•ืข,
10:07
or a triangle, or a trapezoid -- and then they try and make
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ืžืฉื•ืœืฉ, ืื• ื˜ืจืคื–, ื•ื”ื ืžื ืกื™ื ืœื”ืจื›ื™ื‘
10:10
the next larger shape of that same shape, and the next larger shape.
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ืืช ื”ืฆื•ืจื” ื‘ื’ื•ื“ืœ ื”ื‘ื ืžืื•ืชื” ืฆื•ืจื” ื‘ืกื™ืกื™ืช, ื•ืฆื•ืจื” ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ื™ื•ืชืจ.
10:14
You can see the trapezoids are a little challenging there.
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ื•ืืชื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉืขื•ื‘ื“ื” ืขื ื˜ืจืคื– ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืงืฆืช ืžืืชื’ืจืช.
10:18
And what this teacher did on every project
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ื•ืžื” ืฉื”ืžื•ืจื” ื”ื–ื• ืขืฉืชื” ื‘ื›ืœ ืคืจื•ื™ื™ืงื˜ ื›ื–ื”
10:21
was to have the children act like first it was a creative arts project,
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ื”ื™ื” ืœื”ืชื ื”ื’ ืขื ื”ื™ืœื“ื™ื ื›ืื™ืœื• ื”ื™ื” ื–ื” ืคืจื•ื™ื™ืงื˜ ืืžื ื•ืช ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืฉืœื”ื
10:26
and then something like science.
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ื•ืื– ื’ื ืžืฉื”ื• ื›ืžื• ืžื—ืงืจ ืžื“ืขื™.
10:28
So they had created these artifacts.
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ืื– ื”ื ื”ืจื›ื™ื‘ื• ืืช ื”ื—ืคืฆื™ื.
10:30
Now she had them look at them and do this ... laborious,
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ื•ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ื”ื™ื ืืžืจื” ืœื”ื ืœื”ืกืชื›ืœ ืขืœ ืžื” ืฉื”ื ืขืฉื• ื•ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื“ื™ ืžืคืจื›ืช
10:34
which I thought for a long time, until she explained to me was
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ืžืฉื”ื• ืฉืื ื™ ื—ืฉื‘ืชื™ ืœื”ืจื‘ื” ื–ืžืŸ, ืขื“ ืฉื”ื™ื ื”ืกื‘ื™ืจื” ืœื™, ื”ื™ื”
10:38
to slow them down so they'll think.
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ื‘ืžื˜ืจื” ืœื”ืื˜ ืื•ืชื ื›ื“ื™ ืฉื”ื ื™ื—ืฉื‘ื•.
10:41
So they're cutting out the little pieces of cardboard here
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ืื– ื”ื ื—ืชื›ื• ืืช ื—ืชื™ื›ื•ืช ื”ืงืจื˜ื•ืŸ ื”ืืœื” ื›ืืŸ,
10:44
and pasting them up.
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ื•ื”ื“ื‘ื™ืงื• ืื•ืชื ื™ื—ื“.
10:46
But the whole point of this thing is
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ืื‘ืœ ื›ืœ ื”ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ื”ืชืจื’ื™ืœ ื”ื–ื” ื”ื™ื”
10:50
for them to look at this chart and fill it out.
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ืœื’ืจื•ื ืœื”ื ืœื”ืกืชื›ืœ ืขืœ ื”ื˜ื‘ืœื” ื”ื–ื• ื•ืœืžืœื ืื•ืชื”.
10:53
"What have you noticed about what you did?"
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ืœืืœื• ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉืžืชื ืœื‘ ืœื’ื‘ื™ ืžื” ืฉืขืฉื™ืชืŸ?
10:57
And so six-year-old Lauren there noticed that the first one took one,
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ื•ืœื•ืจืŸ ื‘ืช ื”-6 ืจืืชื” ืฉื”ืžื‘ื ื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ื“ืจืฉ ืื—ื“,
11:01
and the second one took three more
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ื•ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื”ืฉื ื™ ื”ื™ื” ืฆื•ืจืš ื‘ืขื•ื“ ืฉืœื•ืฉื”,
11:06
and the total was four on that one,
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ื•ืกืš ื›ืœ ืื‘ื ื™ ื”ื‘ื ื™ื™ืŸ ื”ื™ื” ืืจื‘ืขื” ื‘ืžืงืจื” ื”ื–ื”.
11:08
the third one took five more and the total was nine on that one,
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ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื”ืฉืœื™ืฉื™ ื”ื™ื” ืฆื•ืจืš ื‘ืขื•ื“ ื—ืžื™ืฉื”, ื•ืกืš ื”ื›ืœ ื”ื™ื” ืชืฉืขื” ืื‘ื ื™ ื‘ื ื™ื™ืŸ,
11:12
and then the next one.
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ื•ืื– ื”ื‘ื ื‘ืชื•ืจ.
11:13
She saw right away that the additional tiles that you had to add
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ืื– ื”ื™ื ืžื™ื“ ืจืืชื” ืฉื”ืžืกืคืจ ืฉืœ ืื‘ื ื™ ื”ื‘ื ื™ื™ืŸ ืฉืฆืจื™ืš ืœื”ื•ืกื™ืฃ
11:18
around the edges was always going to grow by two,
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ืกื‘ื™ื‘ ื”ืฉื•ืœื™ื™ื ืชืžื™ื“ ื™ื’ื“ืœ ื‘ืฉืชื™ื™ื.
11:22
so she was very confident about how she made those numbers there.
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ืื– ื”ื™ื ื”ื™ืชื” ื“ื™ ื‘ื˜ื•ื—ื” ืœื’ื‘ื™ ื”ื“ืจืš ืฉื”ื™ื ืžืฆืื” ืืช ื”ืžืกืคืจื™ื ื”ืืœื”.
11:25
And she could see that these were the square numbers up until about six,
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ื•ื”ื™ื ื™ื›ืœื” ื’ื ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉืืœื• ืžืกืคืจื™ื ืจื™ื‘ื•ืขื™ื™ื ืขื“ ืœืคื—ื•ืช ืฉืฉ.
11:30
where she wasn't sure what six times six was
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ื•ื”ื™ื ืœื ื”ื™ืชื” ื‘ื˜ื•ื—ื” ื›ืžื” ื–ื” ืฉืฉ ื›ืคื•ืœ ืฉืฉ,
11:33
and what seven times seven was,
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ื•ื›ืžื” ื–ื” ืฉื‘ืข ื›ืคื•ืœ ืฉื‘ืข.
11:35
but then she was confident again.
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ืื‘ืœ ืื– ื”ื™ื ื”ื™ืชื” ื‘ื˜ื•ื—ื” ื‘ื–ื” ืฉื•ื‘.
11:38
So that's what Lauren did.
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ืื– ื–ื” ืžื” ืฉืœื•ืจืŸ ืขืฉืชื”.
11:40
And then the teacher, Gillian Ishijima, had the kids
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ื•ืžื” ืฉื”ืžื•ืจื”, ื’ื™ืœื™ืืŸ ืื™ื–ื”ื™ื’'ื™ืžื”, ืืžืจื” ืœื™ืœื“ื™ื ืœืขืฉื•ืช
11:44
bring all of their projects up to the front of the room and put them on the floor,
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ื”ื™ื” ืœื”ื‘ื™ื ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ืคืจื•ื™ื™ืงื˜ื™ื ืฉืœื”ื ืœืžืจื›ื– ื”ื—ื“ืจ ื•ืœื”ื ื™ื— ืื•ืชื ืขืœ ื”ืจืฆืคื”.
11:47
and everybody went batshit: "Holy shit! They're the same!"
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ื•ื›ื•ืœื ื ื“ื”ืžื• ืžื”ืชื•ืฆืื”, ื›ื•ืœื ืื•ืชื• ื“ื‘ืจ!
11:55
No matter what the shapes were, the growth law is the same.
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ื‘ืœื™ ืงืฉืจ ืœืžื” ื”ื™ืชื” ื”ืฆื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ืช, ื”ื’ื“ื™ืœื” ืฉืœ ื›ืœ ื”ืฆื•ืจื•ืช ื”ื™ืชื” ื–ื”ื”.
11:59
And the mathematicians and scientists in the crowd
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ื•ื”ืžืชืžื˜ื™ืงืื™ื ื•ื”ืžื“ืขื ื™ื ืคื” ื‘ืงื”ืœ
12:02
will recognize these two progressions
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ื™ื‘ื—ื™ื ื• ืžื™ื™ื“ ื‘ืฉืชื™ ืขืงื•ืžื•ืช ื”ื’ื“ื™ืœื” ื”ืืœื•
12:04
as a first-order discrete differential equation
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ื‘ืชื•ืจ ืžืฉื•ื•ืื” ื“ื™ืคืจื ืฆื™ืืœื™ืช ื“ื™ืกืงืจื˜ื™ืช ืžืžืขืœื” ืจืืฉื•ื ื”,
12:07
and a second-order discrete differential equation,
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ื•ืžืฉื•ื•ืื” ื“ื™ืคืจื ืฆืฆื™ืืœื™ืช ื“ื™ืกืงืจื˜ื™ืช ืžืžืขืœื” ืฉื ื™ื”.
12:12
derived by six-year-olds.
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ื›ืœ ืืœื” ื—ื•ืฉื‘ื• ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื™ืœื“ื™ื ื‘ื ื™ ืฉืฉ.
12:16
Well, that's pretty amazing.
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ื–ื” ื‘ื”ื—ืœื˜ ื“ื™ ืžื“ื”ื™ื.
12:17
That isn't what we usually try to teach six-year-olds.
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ื•ื–ื” ืœื ืžื” ืฉื‘ื“ืจืš ื›ืœืœ ืžืœืžื“ื™ื ื™ืœื“ื™ื ื‘ื ื™ ืฉืฉ.
12:20
So, let's take a look now at how we might use the computer for some of this.
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ื‘ื•ืื• ื ืกืชื›ืœ ื’ื ืขืœ ืื™ืš ืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ืžื—ืฉื‘ ืœืฆืจื›ื™ื ื›ืืœื•.
12:27
And so the first idea here is
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ืื– ื”ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ ื›ืืŸ ื”ื•ื
12:31
just to show you the kind of things that children do.
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ืคืฉื•ื˜ ืœื”ืจืื•ืช ืืช ืกื•ื’ ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉื™ืœื“ื™ื ืขื•ืฉื™ื.
12:35
I'm using the software that we're putting on the $100 laptop.
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ืื ื™ ืžืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ืชื•ื›ื ื” ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืžืชืงื™ื ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ืžื—ืฉื‘ื™ื ื”ื ื™ื™ื“ื™ื ื‘-100 ื“ื•ืœืจ.
12:40
So I'd like to draw a little car here --
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ื•ืื ื™ ืจื•ืฆื” ืœืฆื™ื™ืจ ื›ืืŸ ืžื›ื•ื ื™ืช ืงื˜ื ื”.
12:46
I'll just do this very quickly -- and put a big tire on him.
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ืื ื™ ืืฆื™ื™ืจ ืื•ืชื” ืžื”ืจ ืžืื•ื“. ื•ื ืจื›ื™ื‘ ืขืœื™ื” ืฆืžื™ื’ ื’ื“ื•ืœ.
12:59
And I get a little object here and I can look inside this object,
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ื•ื”ื ื” ื™ืฉ ืœื™ ื›ืืŸ ืื•ื‘ื™ื™ืงื˜, ืื ื™ ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื™ื›ื ืก ืœื”ื’ื“ืจื•ืช ื‘ืชื•ืš ื”ืื•ื‘ื™ื™ืงื˜ ื”ื–ื”.
13:03
I'll call it a car. And here's a little behavior: car forward.
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ืื ื™ ืืงืจื ืœื–ื” ืžื›ื•ื ื™ืช. ื•ื ื’ื“ื™ืจ ื”ืชื ื”ื’ื•ืช ืœืžื›ื•ื ื™ืช ืžืกื•ื’ ื”ืชืงื“ืžื•ืช ืงื“ื™ืžื”
13:08
Each time I click it, car turn.
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ื‘ื›ืœ ืคืขื ืฉืื ื™ ืœื•ื—ืฅ ืขืœื™ื”, ื’ื ืคื ื™ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืžื›ื•ื ื™ืช.
13:11
If I want to make a little script to do this over and over again,
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ื•ืื ื™ ืจื•ืฆื” ืœื™ื™ืฆื•ืจ ืกืงืจื™ืคื˜ ืงื˜ืŸ ื›ื“ื™ ืœื‘ืฆืข ืืช ื–ื” ืฉื•ื‘ ื•ืฉื•ื‘,
13:13
I just drag these guys out and set them going.
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ืื ื™ ืคืฉื•ื˜ ื’ื•ืจืจ ืืช ื”ืคืงื•ื“ื•ืช ื”ืืœื• ื”ื—ื•ืฆื” ื•ืžืชื—ื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช.
13:20
And I can try steering the car here by ...
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ื•ืื ื™ ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื ืกื•ืช ืœื›ื•ื•ืŸ ืืช ื”ืžื›ื•ื ื™ืช ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™
13:23
See the car turn by five here?
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ืจื•ืื™ื ืืช ื”ืžื›ื•ื ื™ืช ืคื•ื ื” ื‘ื—ืžืฉ ืžืขืœื•ืช ื›ืืŸ?
13:25
So what if I click this down to zero?
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ืื– ืžื” ืื ืื ื™ ืœื•ื—ืฅ ื•ืžื•ืจื™ื“ ืืช ื”ืžืกืคืจ ืœืืคืก?
13:28
It goes straight. That's a big revelation for nine-year-olds.
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ื”ืžื›ื•ื ื™ืช ื ื•ืกืขืช ื™ืฉืจ. ื–ื• ืกื•ื’ ืฉืœ ื”ืชื’ืœื•ืช ืœื™ืœื“ ื‘ืŸ ืชืฉืข.
13:33
Make it go in the other direction.
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ืœื’ืจื•ื ืœืžื›ื•ื ื™ืช ืœื ืกื•ืข ืœื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืื—ืจ.
13:35
But of course, that's a little bit like kissing your sister
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ืื‘ืœ ื–ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืงืจื•ื‘ ืœืกื•ื’ ืฉืœ ืžืฉื—ืง ื™ืœื“ื™ื
13:37
as far as driving a car,
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ืžืืฉืจ ืœื ื”ื™ื’ื” ื‘ืžื›ื•ื ื™ืช
13:40
so the kids want to do a steering wheel;
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ืื– ื”ื™ืœื“ื™ื ืจืฆื• ืœื”ื›ื™ืŸ ื’ื ื’ืœื’ืœ ื”ื’ื”.
13:43
so they draw a steering wheel.
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ื•ืฆื™ื™ืจื• ืืช ื”ื”ื’ื”.
13:46
And we'll call this a wheel.
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ื•ื‘ื•ืื• ื ืงืจื ืœื• "ื”ื’ื”".
13:51
See this wheel's heading here?
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ืืชื ืจื•ืื™ื ืืช ื”ื›ื•ืชืจืช "ื”ื’ื”" ื›ืืŸ?
13:55
If I turn this wheel, you can see that number over there going minus and positive.
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ื•ืื ื ืกื•ื‘ื‘ ืืช ื”ื”ื’ื” ื”ื–ื”, ืืชื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืจืื•ืช ืืช ื”ืžืกืคืจื™ื ื›ืืŸ ืžืฉืชื ื™ื ื‘ื™ืŸ ื—ื™ื•ื‘ื™ื™ื ื•ืฉืœื™ืœื™ื™ื.
14:00
That's kind of an invitation to pick up this name of
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ื–ื• ื›ื‘ืจ ืžืžืฉ ื”ื–ืžื ื” ืœืงื—ืช ืืช ื”ืžืฉืชื ื” ืฉืžื—ื–ื™ืง ืืช
14:02
those numbers coming out there
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ื”ืžืกืคืจื™ื ื”ืืœื• ื•ืžื‘ื˜ื ืืช ืกื™ื‘ื•ื‘ ื”ื”ื’ื”
14:05
and to just drop it into the script here,
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ื•ืคืฉื•ื˜ ืœื”ื›ื ื™ืก ืื•ืชื• ืœืชื•ืš ื”ืกืงืจื™ืคื˜ ืฉื”ื›ื ื• ืงื•ื“ื.
14:07
and now I can steer the car with the steering wheel.
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ื•ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ืื ื™ ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื›ื•ื•ืŸ ืืช ื”ืžื›ื•ื ื™ืช ื‘ืขื–ืจืช ื”ื”ื’ื”.
14:12
And it's interesting.
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ื•ื–ื” ื›ื‘ืจ ืžืขื ื™ื™ืŸ.
14:14
You know how much trouble the children have with variables,
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ืืชื ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ื›ืžื” ื‘ืขื™ื•ืช ื™ืฉ ืœื™ืœื“ื™ื ืขื ื”ื”ื‘ื ื” ืฉืœ ืžืฉืชื ื™ื,
14:17
but by learning it this way, in a situated fashion,
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ืื‘ืœ ืื ื”ื ื™ืœืžื“ื• ืืช ื–ื” ื›ื›ื” ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืžื•ื‘ื ื”,
14:19
they never forget from this single trial
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ื”ื ืœื ื™ืฉื›ื—ื• ืืช ื”ื ื™ืกื™ื•ืŸ ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ ื”ื–ื” ืœืขื•ืœื
14:22
what a variable is and how to use it.
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ืืช ื”ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช ืฉืœ ืžืฉืชื ื” ื•ืื™ืš ืžืฉืชืžืฉื™ื ื‘ื•.
14:25
And we can reflect here the way Gillian Ishijima did.
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ื•ืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืฉืงืฃ ื–ืืช ืขื ืžื” ืฉื’ื™ืœื™ืืŸ ืื™ื–ื”ื™ื’'ื™ืžื” ืขืฉืชื”.
14:27
So if you look at the little script here,
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ืื– ืื ืืชื ืžืกืชื›ืœื™ื ืขืœ ื”ืกืงืจื™ืคื˜ ื”ื–ื” ื›ืืŸ,
14:29
the speed is always going to be 30.
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ื”ืžื”ื™ืจื•ืช ืงื‘ื•ืขื” ืขืœ 30.
14:31
We're going to move the car according to that over and over again.
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ืื ื—ื ื• ื ืกื™ืข ืืช ื”ืžื›ื•ื ื™ืช, ืœืคื™ ื”ื ืชื•ื ื™ื ื”ืืœื”, ืฉื•ื‘ ื•ืฉื•ื‘.
14:36
And I'm dropping a little dot for each one of these things;
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ื•ืื ื™ ืกื™ื“ืจืชื™ ื›ืš ืฉื”ื™ื ืชืฆื™ื™ืจ ื ืงื•ื“ื” ืงื˜ื ื” ืขื ื›ืœ ืฆืขื“ ืฉืœ ื”ืกืงืจื™ืคื˜.
14:40
they're evenly spaced because they're 30 apart.
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ื”ื ืงื•ื“ื•ืช ืžืžื•ืงืžื•ืช ื‘ืžืจื—ืงื™ื ืฉื•ื•ื™ื ืžืื—ืจ ื•ื”ืŸ ืžืจื•ื—ืงื•ืช 30 ืฆืขื“ื™ื ื–ื• ืžื–ื•.
14:43
And what if I do this progression that the six-year-olds did
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ื•ืžื” ืื ืื ื™ ืื›ืชื•ื‘ ืืช ื”ื”ืชืงื“ืžื•ืช ื”ื–ื• ืฉืื•ืชื• ื™ืœื“ ื‘ืŸ ืฉืฉ ืขืฉื”
14:46
of saying, "OK, I'm going to increase the speed by two each time,
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ื•ืื•ืžืจ, ื˜ื•ื‘, ืื ื™ ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ื”ื•ืœืš ืœื”ื’ื“ื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืžื”ื™ืจื•ืช ื‘ืฉื ื™ ืฆืขื“ื™ื ื›ืœ ืคืขื,
14:51
and then I'm going to increase the distance by the speed each time?
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ื•ืื– ื”ืžืจื—ืง ื™ื’ื“ืœ ืœืคื™ ื”ืžื”ื™ืจื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ืคืขื?
14:54
What do I get there?"
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ืžื” ืื ื™ ืืงื‘ืœ ืขื›ืฉื™ื•?
14:58
We get a visual pattern of what these nine-year-olds called acceleration.
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ืื ื—ื ื• ื ืงื‘ืœ ืชืžื•ื ื” ื—ื–ื•ืชื™ืช ืฉืœ ืžื” ืฉื™ืœื“ื™ื ื‘ื ื™ ืชืฉืข ืงื•ืจืื™ื ืชืื•ืฆื”.
15:05
So how do the children do science?
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ืื– ืื™ืš ื™ืœื“ื™ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื—ืงื•ืจ ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืžื“ืขื™?
15:08
(Video) Teacher: [Choose] objects that you think will fall to the Earth at the same time.
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(ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ) ืžื•ืจื”: ื—ืคืฆื™ื ืฉืืชื ื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ืฉื™ืคืœื• ืœืงืจืงืข ื‘ืื•ืชื• ื–ืžืŸ
15:11
Student 1: Ooh, this is nice.
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ื™ืœื“: ื–ื” ื ื—ืžื“.
15:18
Teacher: Do not pay any attention
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ืžื•ืจื”: ืืœ ืชืชื™ื™ื—ืกื•
15:20
to what anybody else is doing.
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ืœืžื” ืฉืื—ืจื™ื ืขื•ืฉื™ื.
15:35
Who's got the apple?
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ืœืžื™ ื™ืฉ ืืช ื”ืชืคื•ื—?
15:37
Alan Kay: They've got little stopwatches.
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ืืœืŸ ืงื™ื™: ื™ืฉ ืœื”ื ืฉืขื•ื ื™ ืขืฆืจ ืงื˜ื ื™ื.
15:44
Student 2: What did you get? What did you get?
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ืžื•ืจื”: ืžื” ืืชื ืžืงื‘ืœื™ื? ืžื” ืงื™ื‘ืœืชื?
15:46
AK: Stopwatches aren't accurate enough.
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ืืœืŸ ืงื™ื™: ืฉืขื•ื ื™ ืขืฆืจ ื”ื ืœื ืžืกืคื™ืง ืžื“ื•ื™ื™ืงื™ื.
15:49
Student 3: 0.99 seconds.
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ื™ืœื“ื”: 0.99 ืฉื ื™ื•ืช.
15:52
Teacher: So put "sponge ball" ...
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ืžื•ืจื”: ืื– ืชื›ืชื‘ื™ "ื›ื“ื•ืจ ืกืคื•ื’"
15:56
Student 4l: [I decided to] do the shot put and the sponge ball
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ื™ืœื“ื”: ื”ื™ื” ืœื™ ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื‘ืจื–ืœ ื•ื›ื“ื•ืจ ืกืคื•ื’,
15:59
because they're two totally different weights,
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ืžืื—ืจ ื•ื”ื ื‘ืžืฉืงืœ ืžืื•ื“ ืฉื•ื ื” ื–ื” ืžื–ื”.
16:02
and if you drop them at the same time,
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ื•ืื ืชืคื™ืœ ืื•ืชื ื‘ืื•ืชื• ื–ืžืŸ,
16:04
maybe they'll drop at the same speed.
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ืื•ืœื™ ื”ื ื™ืคืœื• ื‘ืื•ืชื” ืžื”ื™ืจื•ืช.
16:06
Teacher: Drop. Class: Whoa!
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ืžื•ืจื”: ืชืคื™ืœื• ืื•ืชื.
16:10
AK: So obviously, Aristotle never asked a child
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ืื– ืกื‘ื™ืจ ืœื”ื ื™ื— ืฉืืจื™ืกื˜ื• ืœื ืฉืืœ ื™ืœื“ื™ื
16:13
about this particular point
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ืขืœ ืืฃ ื ืงื•ื“ื” ืขืงืจื•ื ื™ืช,
16:16
because, of course, he didn't bother doing the experiment,
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ืžืื—ืจ ืฉื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืฉืืจ ื”ื•ื ืœื ื˜ืจื— ืœื‘ืฆืข ืืช ื”ื ื™ืกื•ื™,
16:18
and neither did St. Thomas Aquinas.
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ื•ื’ื ืชื•ืžืืก ืืงื•ื•ื™ื ืก ืœื ื ื”ื’ ื›ืš.
16:20
And it was not until Galileo actually did it
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ื•ื—ื™ื›ื™ื ื• ืขื“ ืฉื‘ื ื’ืœื™ืœืื• ื•ืžืžืฉ ื‘ื™ืฆืข ืืช ื”ื ื™ืกื•ื™
16:22
that an adult thought like a child,
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ื›ื“ื™ ืฉืžื‘ื•ื’ืจื™ื ื™ื—ืฉื‘ื• ืงืฆืช ื›ืžื• ื™ืœื“ื™ื.
16:25
only 400 years ago.
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ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ืจืง ืœืคื ื™ 400 ืฉื ื”.
16:28
We get one child like that about every classroom of 30 kids
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ื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ื‘ืขืจืš ื™ืœื“ ืื—ื“ ืขืœ ื›ืœ ื›ื™ืชื” ืฉืœ ืฉืœื•ืฉื™ื ื™ืœื“ื™ื
16:32
who will actually cut straight to the chase.
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ืื—ื“ ืฉื™ื’ืฉ ื™ืฉืจ ืœืขื ื™ื™ืŸ.
16:35
Now, what if we want to look at this more closely?
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ื•ืขื›ืฉื™ื•, ืžื” ืื ื ืจืฆื” ืœื”ื‘ื™ื˜ ืขืœ ื–ื” ืžืงืจื•ื‘ ื™ื•ืชืจ?
16:38
We can take a movie of what's going on,
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ืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืฆืœื ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ืžื” ืฉืงื•ืจื”,
16:41
but even if we single stepped this movie,
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ืื‘ืœ ืืคื™ืœื• ืื ื ืฆื™ื’ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืชืžื•ื ื” ืื—ืจื™ ืชืžื•ื ื”,
16:43
it's tricky to see what's going on.
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ื–ื” ืงืฆืช ืžืชื•ื—ื›ื ืœื”ื‘ื—ื™ืŸ ื‘ืคืจื˜ื™ื.
16:45
And so what we can do is we can lay out the frames side by side
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ืื– ืžื” ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืขืฉื•ืช, ืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ืฆื™ื’ ืืช ื”ืชืžื•ื ื•ืช ืื—ืช ืœื™ื“ ื”ืฉื ื™ื”,
16:48
or stack them up.
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ืื• ืื—ืช ืขืœ ื”ืฉื ื™ื”.
16:50
So when the children see this, they say, "Ah! Acceleration,"
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ื•ืขื›ืฉื™ื•, ื›ืฉื”ื™ืœื“ื™ื ื™ืจืื• ืืช ื–ื”, ื”ื ื™ื’ื™ื“ื• "ื‘ืจื•ืจ, ื–ื• ืชืื•ืฆื”."
16:55
remembering back four months when they did their cars sideways,
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ื•ื™ื–ื›ืจื• ืฉืืจื‘ืขื” ื—ื•ื“ืฉื™ื ืœืคื ื™ ื›ืŸ ื”ื ืขื‘ื“ื• ืขื ื”ืžื›ื•ื ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœื”ื,
16:58
and they start measuring to find out what kind of acceleration it is.
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ื•ืžื“ื“ื• ืืช ื”ืžืจื—ืงื™ื ื›ื“ื™ ืœื’ืœื•ืช ืื™ื–ื” ืกื•ื’ ืฉืœ ืชืื•ืฆื” ื”ื ืžืงื‘ืœื™ื.
17:04
So what I'm doing is measuring from the bottom of one image
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ื•ื›ืš, ืžื” ืฉืื ื™ ืขื•ืฉื” ื–ื” ืœืžื“ื•ื“ ืžืชื—ืชื™ืช ื”ืชืžื•ื ื”
17:10
to the bottom of the next image, about a fifth of a second later,
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ืืœ ืชื—ืชื™ืช ื”ืชืžื•ื ื” ื”ื‘ืื”, ื›ื—ืžื™ืฉื™ืช ืฉื ื™ื” ืœืื—ืจ ืžื›ืŸ,
17:15
like that. And they're getting faster and faster each time,
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ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ื›ืš, ื•ื”ื›ื“ื•ืจ ืžืงื‘ืœ ืžื”ื™ืจื•ืช ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ื›ืœ ืคืขื.
17:17
and if I stack these guys up, then we see the differences; the increase
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ื•ืื ืื ื™ ืžืฆื™ื’ ืืช ื”ืชืžื•ื ื•ืช ืื—ืช ืขืœ ื’ื‘ื™ ื”ืฉื ื™ื”, ืืชื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืจืื•ืช ืืช ื”ื”ื‘ื“ืœื™ื,
17:27
in the speed is constant.
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ื”ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ื‘ืžื”ื™ืจื•ืช ื”ื•ื ืงื‘ื•ืข ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืชืžื•ื ื•ืช.
17:30
And they say, "Oh, yeah. Constant acceleration.
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ื•ื”ื™ืœื“ื™ื ื™ืืžืจื•, ื›ืŸ, ื‘ืจื•ืจ, ื–ื• ืชืื•ืฆื” ืงื‘ื•ืขื”.
17:32
We've done that already."
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืœืžื“ื ื• ืืช ื–ื” ื›ื‘ืจ.
17:34
And how shall we look and verify that we actually have it?
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ื•ืื™ืš ื ืจืื” ื•ื ื•ื•ื“ื ืฉื–ื” ื‘ืืžืช ื”ืžืฆื‘?
17:42
So you can't tell much from just making the ball drop there,
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืจื‘ื” ืžืคืฉื•ื˜ ืœื”ืคื™ืœ ืืช ื”ื›ื“ื•ืจ,
17:47
but if we drop the ball and run the movie at the same time,
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ืื‘ืœ ืื ื ืคื™ืœ ืืช ื”ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื•ื ืจื™ืฅ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ื‘ืื•ืชื• ื–ืžืŸ,
17:53
we can see that we have come up with an accurate physical model.
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ื ื•ื›ืœ ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ื›ืืŸ ืžื•ื“ืœ ืคื™ื–ื™ืงืœื™ ืžื“ื•ื™ื™ืง.
18:00
Galileo, by the way, did this very cleverly
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ื’ืœื™ืœืื•, ื“ืจืš ืื’ื‘, ืขืฉื” ืืช ื–ื” ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืžืื•ื“ ืžื—ื•ื›ื
18:04
by running a ball backwards down the strings of his lute.
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ื”ื•ื ื’ื™ืœื’ืœ ืืช ื”ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื‘ื ื™ื’ื•ื“ ืœื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ื”ืคืกื™ื ื‘ืงืชืจื•ืก (ื›ืœื™ ื ื’ื™ื ื” ื“ื•ืžื” ืœื’ื™ื˜ืจื”) ืฉืœื•.
18:07
I pulled out those apples to remind myself to tell you that
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ืžืฉื›ืชื™ ืืช ื”ืชืคื•ื—ื™ื ื”ืืœื• ืœื›ืืŸ ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื–ื›ื™ืจ ืœืขืฆืžื™ ืœื•ืžืจ ืœื›ื
18:12
this is actually probably a Newton and the apple type story,
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ืฉื–ื” ื›ื ืจืื” ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ื›ืžื• ืขืœ ื ื™ื•ื˜ื•ืŸ ื•ื”ืชืคื•ื—,
18:17
but it's a great story.
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ืื‘ืœ ื–ื” ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ืžืฆื•ื™ื™ืŸ.
18:19
And I thought I would do just one thing
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ื•ื—ืฉื‘ืชื™ ืฉืื ื™ ืืขืฉื” ื’ื ืžืฉื”ื•
18:21
on the $100 laptop here just to prove that this stuff works here.
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ืขืœ ื”ืžื—ืฉื‘ ื”ื ื™ื™ื“ ื‘100 ื“ื•ืœืจ ืจืง ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื•ื›ื—ื™ ืœื›ื ืฉื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื”ืืœื” ืคื•ืขืœื™ื ืขืœื™ื•.
18:31
So once you have gravity, here's this --
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ืื– ื‘ืจื’ืข ืฉื”ื‘ื ื• ืืช ื”ื›ื‘ื™ื“ื”, ื”ื ื” ื–ื”
18:34
increase the speed by something,
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ืžืขืœื” ืืช ื”ืžื”ื™ืจื•ืช ืฉืœ ืžืฉื”ื•,
18:36
increase the ship's speed.
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ืžืขืœื” ืืช ื”ืžื”ื™ืจื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ื—ืœืœื™ืช.
18:39
If I start the little game here that the kids have done,
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ืื ืื ื™ ืืชื—ื™ืœ ื›ืืŸ ื‘ืžืฉื—ืง ืงื˜ืŸ ืฉื”ื™ืœื“ื™ื ืขืฉื•,
18:42
it'll crash the space ship.
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ื”ื—ืœืœื™ืช ืชืชืจืกืง.
18:44
But if I oppose gravity, here we go ... Oops!
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ืื‘ืœ ืื ืื ื™ ืืชื ื’ื“ ืœื›ื‘ื™ื“ื”, ื”ื ื” ื–ื” ืขื•ื‘ื“, ืื•ืคืก!
18:48
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง ื‘ืงื”ืœ)
18:50
One more.
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ืขื•ื“ ืคืขื.
18:54
Yeah, there we go. Yeah, OK?
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ื›ืŸ, ื”ื ื” ื–ื” ืขื•ื‘ื“. ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง, ื™ื•ืคื™?
18:59
I guess the best way to end this is with two quotes:
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ืื ื™ ืžื ื™ื— ืฉื”ื“ืจืš ื”ื›ื™ ื˜ื•ื‘ื” ืœืกื™ื™ื ืคื” ืชื”ื™ื” ืขื ืฉื ื™ ืฆื™ื˜ื•ื˜ื™ื.
19:06
Marshall McLuhan said,
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ืžืจืฉืœ ืžืงืœื•ื”ืืŸ ืืžืจ,
19:08
"Children are the messages that we send to the future,"
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"ื™ืœื“ื™ื ื”ื ื”ืžืกืจื™ื ืฉืื ื• ืฉื•ืœื—ื™ื ืœืขืชื™ื“."
19:12
but in fact, if you think of it,
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ืื‘ืœ ืœืžืขืฉื”, ืื ืืชื ื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ืขืœ ื–ื”,
19:14
children are the future we send to the future.
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ื™ืœื“ื™ื ื”ื ื”ืขืชื™ื“ ืฉืื ื• ืฉื•ืœื—ื™ื ืœืขืชื™ื“.
19:16
Forget about messages;
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ืชืฉื›ื—ื• ืžื”ืžืกืจื™ื.
19:19
children are the future,
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ื™ืœื“ื™ื ื”ื ื”ืขืชื™ื“.
19:22
and children in the first and second world
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ื•ื™ืœื“ื™ื ื‘ืขื•ืœื ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ื•ื”ืฉื ื™,
19:24
and, most especially, in the third world
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ื•ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ื‘ืขื•ืœื ื”ืฉืœื™ืฉื™,
19:27
need mentors.
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ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืžื•ืจื™ื.
19:29
And this summer, we're going to build five million of these $100 laptops,
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ื•ื‘ืงื™ืฅ ื”ืงืจื•ื‘ ืื ื—ื ื• ื”ื•ืœื›ื™ื ืœื”ืจื›ื™ื‘ 5 ืžื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ืžื”ืžื—ืฉื‘ื™ื ื”ื ื™ื™ื“ื™ื ื”ืืœื•
19:34
and maybe 50 million next year.
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ื•ืื•ืœื™ 50 ืžื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ื‘ืฉื ื” ื”ื‘ืื”.
19:36
But we couldn't create 1,000 new teachers this summer to save our life.
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ืื‘ืœ ืœื ื ื•ื›ืœ ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ืืœืฃ ืžื•ืจื™ื ื—ื“ืฉื™ื ื‘ืงื™ืฅ ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืฆื™ืœ ืืช ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ืฉืœื ื•.
19:43
That means that we, once again, have a thing where we can put technology out,
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ื•ื–ื” ืื•ืžืจ ืฉืฉื•ื‘ ื™ืฉ ื›ืืŸ ืžืฉื”ื• ืฉื”ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœืขืฉื•ืช
19:49
but the mentoring that is required to go
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ื”ื•ืจืื” ืฉื“ืจื•ืฉื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœืขื‘ื•ืจ
19:52
from a simple new iChat instant messaging system
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ืžืžืขืจื›ืช ืžืกืจื™ื ืžื™ื™ื“ื™ื™ื ืคืฉื•ื˜ื”
19:57
to something with depth is missing.
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ืœืžืฉื”ื• ืขื ืขื•ืžืง ื•ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช ื—ืกืจื”.
19:59
I believe this has to be done with a new kind of user interface,
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ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ ืฉืฆืจื™ืš ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืืช ื–ื” ืขื ืžื ืฉืง ืžืฉืชืžืฉ ืžืกื•ื’ ืื—ืจ.
20:02
and this new kind of user interface could be done
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ื•ื”ืžื ืฉืง ื”ื—ื“ืฉ ื”ื–ื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ืชื‘ืฆืข
20:06
with an expenditure of about 100 million dollars.
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ื‘ื”ื•ืฆืื” ืฉืœ ืžืฉื”ื• ื›ืžื• 100 ืžื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ื“ื•ืœืจ.
20:11
It sounds like a lot, but it is literally 18 minutes of what we're spending in Iraq --
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ื–ื” ื ืฉืžืข ื›ืžื• ื”ืจื‘ื” ื›ืกืฃ, ืื‘ืœ ื–ื” ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง 18 ื“ืงื•ืช ืžืชื•ืš ืžื” ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืžื•ืฆื™ืื™ื ื‘ืขื™ืจืง.
20:18
we're spending 8 billion dollars a month; 18 minutes is 100 million dollars --
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืžื•ืฆื™ืื™ื 8 ืžื™ืœื™ืืจื“ ื“ื•ืœืจ ื‘ื—ื•ื“ืฉ. 18 ื“ืงื•ืช ืฉื•ื•ืช 100 ืžื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ื“ื•ืœืจ.
20:23
so this is actually cheap.
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ืื– ื–ื” ื‘ืขืฆื ื“ื™ ื–ื•ืœ.
20:25
And Einstein said,
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ื•ืื™ื ืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ ืืžืจ ืคืขื,
20:29
"Things should be as simple as possible, but not simpler."
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"ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืคืฉื•ื˜ื™ื ื›ื›ืœ ื”ืืคืฉืจ, ืื‘ืœ ืœื ื™ื•ืชืจ ืคืฉื•ื˜ื™ื."
20:32
Thank you.
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ืชื•ื“ื” ืจื‘ื”.
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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