Alan Kay: A powerful idea about teaching ideas

48,836 views ใƒป 2008-03-10

TED


์•„๋ž˜ ์˜๋ฌธ์ž๋ง‰์„ ๋”๋ธ”ํด๋ฆญํ•˜์‹œ๋ฉด ์˜์ƒ์ด ์žฌ์ƒ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

๋ฒˆ์—ญ: Alf Bae ๊ฒ€ํ† : JaeHo Choi
00:18
A great way to start, I think, with my view of simplicity
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์šฐ์„  ์ œ๊ฐ€ ์ƒ๊ฐํ•˜๋Š” ๋‹จ์ˆœํ•จ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐ๋กœ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ์ข‹๊ฒ ๊ตฐ์š”
00:22
is to take a look at TED. Here you are, understanding why we're here,
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์—ฌ๊ธฐ TED์— ์žˆ๋Š” ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„๋“ค์„ ๋ณด์„ธ์š”. ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์™œ ์—ฌ๊ธฐ์— ์žˆ๋Š”์ง€ ์ดํ•ดํ•˜๊ณ 
00:29
what's going on with no difficulty at all.
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์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ๋Œ์•„๊ฐ€๋Š” ์ง€๋ฅผ ์ดํ•ดํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€ ์ „ํ˜€ ์–ด๋ ค์šด ์ผ์ด ์•„๋‹™๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:34
The best A.I. in the planet would find it complex and confusing,
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ์„ธ๊ณ„์—์„œ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ๋˜‘๋˜‘ํ•œ ์ธ๊ณต์ง€๋Šฅ์—๊ฒŒ๋Š” ์•„์ง ๋ณต์žกํ•˜๊ณ  ์–ด๋ ค์šด์ผ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
00:38
and my little dog Watson would find it simple and understandable
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์ฐจ๋ผ๋ฆฌ ์ €์˜ ๊ท€์—ฌ์šด ๊ฐ•์•„์ง€ ์™“์Šจํ•œํ…Œ ์‹œํ‚ค๋Š” ๊ฒŒ ๋” ๊ฐ„๋‹จํ•˜๊ณ  ์ž˜ํ•ด๋‚˜๊ฐˆ๊ฒƒ์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ๋ด…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค๋งŒ..
00:43
but would miss the point.
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ๊ทธ๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ๋˜๋ฉด ๋ณธ๋ก ์„ ๋ฒ—์–ด๋‚˜๊ฒ ๊ตฐ์š”.
00:45
(Laughter)
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(์›ƒ์Œ)
00:48
He would have a great time.
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์™“์Šจ์€ ๋ฌด์ฒ™ ์ฆ๊ฑฐ์›Œ ํ• ํ…๋ฐ ๋ง์ด์ฃ .
00:51
And of course, if you're a speaker here, like Hans Rosling,
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๋ฌผ๋ก  ํ•œ์Šค ๋กœ์Šฌ๋ง ๊ฐ™์€ ๋ฐœํ‘œ์ž๋ผ๋ฉด
00:56
a speaker finds this complex, tricky. But in Hans Rosling's case,
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๋ณดํ†ต ๋ฐœํ‘œ์ž๋“ค์ด ๋ณต์žกํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์„ ๊ต๋ฌ˜ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์ด์šฉํ•˜๊ณค ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ํ•œ์Šค ๋กœ์Šฌ๋ง์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ์—๋Š”
01:01
he had a secret weapon yesterday,
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๊ทธ๋Š” ์–ด์ œ ๋น„๋ฐ€๋ณ‘๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ์„ ๋ณด์˜€์—ˆ์ฃ .
01:03
literally, in his sword swallowing act.
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๋ง๊ทธ๋Œ€๋กœ ๊ทธ๋Š” ์นผ์„ ๋นผ๋“ค์–ด ์‚ผํ‚ค๋Š” ๋ฌ˜๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๋ณด์—ฌ์คฌ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:07
And I must say, I thought of quite a few objects
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์‚ฌ์‹ค ์ €๋„ ๋ช‡๊ฐ€์ง€ ์ƒ๊ฐ์„ ํ•ด๋‘๊ณ 
01:09
that I might try to swallow today and finally gave up on,
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์˜ค๋Š˜ ๋ฐœํ‘œ์ค‘์— ์‚ผ์ผœ๋ณผ๊นŒ ํ–ˆ์ง€๋งŒ ๊ฒฐ๊ตญ ํฌ๊ธฐํ•ด์•ผ ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:14
but he just did it and that was a wonderful thing.
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ๊ทธ๋Š” ํ•ด๋ƒˆ๊ตฌ ์ •๋ง ๋Œ€๋‹จํ•œ ๋ณผ๊ฑฐ๋ฆฌ์˜€์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:18
So Puck meant not only are we fools in the pejorative sense,
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์žฅ๋‚œ๊พธ๋Ÿฌ๊ธฐ๋ž€ ๋ง์†์—๋Š” ์ •๋ง ๋‚˜์œ๋œป์œผ๋กœ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ์†์—ฌ ๋จน์œผ๋ ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ ๋ฟ๋งŒ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ
01:23
but that we're easily fooled. In fact, what Shakespeare
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์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ด ์‰ฝ๊ฒŒ ์†์•„ ๋„˜์–ด๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ€๋Š” ๊ฑธ ์˜๋ฏธํ•˜์ฃ . ์‚ฌ์‹ค ์„ธ์ต์Šคํ”ผ์–ด๋Š”
01:27
was pointing out is we go to the theater in order to be fooled,
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์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ด ์†์•„ ๋„˜์–ด๊ฐ€๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ๊ทน์žฅ์— ๊ฐ„๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋งํ•˜๊ธฐ๋„ ํ–ˆ๋‹ต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:30
so we're actually looking forward to it.
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์‚ฌ์‹ค ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์€ ๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ๊ฑธ ๊ธฐ๋Œ€ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:34
We go to magic shows in order to be fooled.
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์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์€ ์†์•„ ๋„˜์–ด๊ฐˆ๋ ค๊ณ  ๋งˆ์ˆ ์‡ผ์— ๊ฐ‘๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:36
And this makes many things fun, but it makes it difficult to actually
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ๋งŽ์€ ์žฌ๋ฏธ๋ฅผ ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด๋‚ด์ง€๋งŒ ์‚ฌ์‹ค ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ ์‰ฝ์ง€ ์•Š์€ ์ผ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:44
get any kind of picture on the world we live in or on ourselves.
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์‚ฌ๋Š” ์„ธ์ƒ์ด๋‚˜ ํ˜น์€ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ ์ž์‹ ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์•„๋ฌด ๊ทธ๋ฆผ์ด๋‚˜ ํ•œ๋ฒˆ ๊ณจ๋ผ๋ณด์„ธ์š”.
01:48
And our friend, Betty Edwards,
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ ์นœ๊ตฌ์ธ ๋ฒ ํ‹ฐ ์—๋“œ์›Œ๋“œ๋Š”
01:50
the "Drawing on the Right Side of the Brain" lady, shows these two tables
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์—ฌ๊ธฐ ํƒ์ž ๋‘๊ฐœ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋Š” ์šฐ๋‡Œ๋ฅผ ์ž๊ทนํ•˜๋Š” ๊ทธ๋ฆผ์„ ๊ต์‹ค์—์„œ
01:53
to her drawing class and says,
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๋ณด์—ฌ์ฃผ๊ณ  ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๋งํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:58
"The problem you have with learning to draw
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์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์ด ๊ทธ๋ฆผ์„ ๋ชป๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์ด์œ ๋Š”
02:02
is not that you can't move your hand,
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์†์žฌ์ฃผ๊ฐ€ ์—†์–ด์„œ๊ฐ€ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ
02:04
but that the way your brain perceives images is faulty.
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๋‡Œ๊ฐ€ ์ด๋ฏธ์ง€๋ฅผ ์ž˜๋ชป ์ธ์‹ํ•˜๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ๋ง์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:10
It's trying to perceive images into objects
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๋‡Œ๋Š” ์ด๋ฏธ์ง€๋“ค์„ ๋ฌผ์ฒด๋กœ ์ธ์‹ํ•˜๋ ค๊ณ  ํ•˜์ง€
02:12
rather than seeing what's there."
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๊ฑฐ๊ธฐ ๋ณด์ด๋Š” ๊ทธ๋Œ€๋กœ ์ƒ๊ฐํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:14
And to prove it, she says, "The exact size and shape of these tabletops
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์ด๊ฑธ ์ฆ๋ช…ํ•ด ๋ณด์ด์ž๋ฉด, ๊ทธ๋…€๋Š”, ์ •ํ™•ํžˆ ๊ฐ™์€ ์‚ฌ์ด์ฆˆ์™€ ํ˜•ํƒœ์˜ ๋‘ ํ…Œ์ด๋ธ”์„ ๋ณด์—ฌ์ค๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:19
is the same, and I'm going to prove it to you."
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์ด๊ฑด ์ •๋ง ๋˜‘๊ฐ™์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ฆ๋ช…ํ•ด๋ณด์—ฌ๋“œ๋ฆฌ์ฃ .
02:22
She does this with cardboard, but since I have
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๊ทธ๋…€๋Š” ํŒ์ง€๋ฅผ ์ž˜๋ผ์„œ ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค๋งŒ ์ „ ์—ฌ๊ธฐ์— ๋ณด์‹œ๋‹ค์‹œํ”ผ
02:25
an expensive computer here
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๋น„์‹ผ ์ปดํ“จํ„ฐ๋ฅผ ์ด์šฉํ•ด๋ณด์ง€์š”.
02:28
I'll just rotate this little guy around and ...
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์š”๊ธฐ ์ด ์ชผ๊ทธ๋งŒ ๋…€์„์„ ์ด๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ๋Œ๋ฆฌ๋ฉด...
02:34
Now having seen that -- and I've seen it hundreds of times,
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์—ฌ๊ธฐ ๋ณด์‹œ๋Š” ๋Œ€๋กœ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.. ์ €๋Š” ์ด๊ฑธ ๋ฐฑ๋ฒˆ๋„ ๋„˜๊ฒŒ ํ•ด๋ดค์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
02:37
because I use this in every talk I give -- I still can't see
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์™œ๋ƒํ•˜๋ฉด ๊ฐ•์—ฐ๊ธฐํšŒ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์„ ๋•Œ๋งˆ๋‹ค ์จ๋จน์—ˆ๊ฑฐ๋“ ์š”..๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ์•„์ง๋„ ๋˜‘๊ฐ™๊ฒŒ ์•ˆ๋ณด์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:41
that they're the same size and shape, and I doubt that you can either.
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์ด ๋‘˜์€ ์ •๋ง ๊ฐ™์€ ํฌ๊ธฐ์™€ ํ˜•ํƒœ์ด์ง€๋งŒ ์ด์ง๋„ ์ „ ๊ทธ๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ์•ˆ๋ณด์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:46
So what do artists do? Well, what artists do is to measure.
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋ฉด ์˜ˆ์ˆ ๊ฐ€๋“ค์€ ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ํ• ๊นŒ์š”? ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ์˜ˆ์ˆ ๊ฐ€๋“ค์€ ์ธก์ •์„ ํ• ๊นŒ์š”?
02:51
They measure very, very carefully.
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์˜ˆ์ˆ ๊ฐ€๋“ค์€ ์•„์ฃผ, ์•„์ฃผ ์กฐ์‹ฌ์Šค๋Ÿฝ๊ฒŒ ์ธก์ •ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:53
And if you measure very, very carefully with a stiff arm and a straight edge,
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์•„์ฃผ ์•„์ฃผ ์กฐ์‹ฌ์Šค๋Ÿฝ๊ฒŒ ํŒ”์„ ์ญ‰ํŽด๊ณ  ์ง๊ฐ์„ ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด ์ธก์ •ํ•˜์ง€์š”.
02:57
you'll see that those two shapes are
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์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์€ ์ด๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ์ด ๋‘ ํ˜•ํƒœ๊ฐ€
02:59
exactly the same size.
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๊ฐ™์€ ์‚ฌ์ด์ฆˆ๋ผ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋ณด์‹ค ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:02
And the Talmud saw this a long time ago, saying,
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ํƒˆ๋ฌด๋“œ์—์„œ๋Š” ์ด๊ฒƒ์„ ์•„์ฃผ ์˜ค๋ž˜์ „์— ํ†ต์ฐฐ ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š”๋ฐ์š”.
03:07
"We see things not as they are, but as we are."
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์–ด๋–ค ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋ณด๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€ ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์ด ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋กœ์„œ ์ด๋‹ค.
03:10
I certainly would like to know what happened to the person
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์ €๋Š” ์ •๋ง ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ ์ด๋Ÿฐ ์ผ์ด ์ผ์–ด๋‚˜๋Š”์ง€ ์•Œ๊ณ  ์‹ถ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:12
who had that insight back then,
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๋ˆ„๊ฐ€ ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌํ•œ ํ†ต์ฐฐ๋ ฅ์„ ์–ป์—ˆ๋Š”์ง€.
03:15
if they actually followed it to its ultimate conclusion.
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๋งŒ์•ฝ ์ด๊ฒƒ์˜ ๊ถ๊ทน์ ์ธ ๊ฒฐ๋ก ์„ ์‹ค์ œ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ๋‹ค๋ฉด
03:21
So if the world is not as it seems and we see things as we are,
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๋˜ ๋งŒ์•ฝ ์„ธ์ƒ์ด ๊ทธ๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ๋ณด์ด๋Š”๋ฐ๋กœ ๊ฐ€ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๋ณด๋Š”๋ฐ๋กœ ๋ณด์ด๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด๋ผ๋ฉด
03:23
then what we call reality is a kind of hallucination
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๊ทธ๋ ‡๋‹ค๋ฉด ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ํ˜„์‹ค์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ๋งํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€ ์‚ฌ์‹ค ์–ด๋–ค ํ™˜์ƒ์ผ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:29
happening inside here. It's a waking dream,
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๋จธ๋ฆฌ์†์—์„œ๋งŒ ์ผ์–ด๋‚˜๋Š” ์ผ. ๋งˆ์น˜ ๋ชฝ์œ ํ•˜๋“ฏ์ด ๋ง์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:32
and understanding that that is what we actually exist in
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์€ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์‹ค์ œ๋กœ ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ์กด์žฌํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š”์ง€์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ดํ•ด๊ฐ€ ๋ ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:37
is one of the biggest epistemological barriers in human history.
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์ด๋Š” ์ธ๋ฅ˜์—ญ์‚ฌ์— ์žˆ์–ด์„œ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ์ปค๋‹ค๋ž€ ์ธ์‹๋ก ์ ์ธ ๋‚œ์ œ์˜€์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:42
And what that means: "simple and understandable"
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ด๊ฒƒ์€ "๊ฐ„๋‹จํ•œ๊ฒƒ์ด ์ดํ•ดํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค"๋ผ๋Š” ์˜๋ฏธ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:44
might not be actually simple or understandable,
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ์‹ค์ œ๋กœ๋Š” ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ ๊ฐ„๋‹จํ•˜๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ์ดํ•ด ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์„ ์ง€๋„ ๋ชจ๋ฆ…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:47
and things we think are "complex" might be made simple and understandable.
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์ƒ๊ฐํ•˜๋Š” ๋ณต์žกํ•œ ๊ฒƒ๋“ค์„ ๊ฐ„๋‹จํ•˜๊ฒŒ ํ˜น์€ ์ดํ•ดํ•  ์ˆ˜์žˆ๊ฒŒ ๋งŒ๋“ค ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์„์ง€๋„ ๋ชจ๋ฆ…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:53
Somehow we have to understand ourselves to get around our flaws.
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์–ด์จŒ๋“  ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์šฐ๋ฆฌ์˜ ๊ฒฐํ•จ์„ ํ”ผํ•ด๋‚˜๊ฐ€๋ ค๋Š” ์šฐ๋ฆฌ ์ž์‹ ์„ ์ดํ•ดํ•ด์•ผ๋งŒ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:57
We can think of ourselves as kind of a noisy channel.
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์šฐ๋ฆฌ ์ž์‹ ์„ ์–ด๋–ค ๋…ธ์ด์ฆˆ๋กœ ๊ฐ€๋“์ฐฌ ์ฑ„๋„๊ณผ ๊ฐ™๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:59
The way I think of it is, we can't learn to see
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์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๋ฉด์—์„œ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๋ณด๋Š” ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์„ ๋ฐฐ์šฐ์ง€ ๋ชปํ• ์ง€๋„ ๋ชจ๋ฅธ๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:04
until we admit we're blind.
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๋ณด์ง€ ๋ชป ํ•œ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ์ธ์ •ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์ „๊นŒ์ง€๋Š”์š”.
04:06
Once you start down at this very humble level,
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์ด๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ๋Œ€๋‹จํžˆ ๊ฒธ์†ํ•ด์ง„ ๋‹ค์Œ์— ์‹œ์ž‘ํ•œ๋‹ค๋ฉด
04:10
then you can start finding ways to see things.
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ์‚ฌ๋ฌผ์„ ๋ด์•ผํ• ์ง€์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์„ ์ฐพ๊ธฐ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:13
And what's happened, over the last 400 years in particular,
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ํŠนํžˆ ์ง€๋‚œ 4๋ฐฑ๋…„๋™์•ˆ ์–ด๋–ค์ผ์ด ์žˆ์—ˆ๋Š”์ง€ ๋Œ€ํ•ด์„œ๋„ ๋ง์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:18
is that human beings have invented "brainlets" --
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๊ทธ๋™์•ˆ ์ธ๋ฅ˜๋Š” ๋‡Œ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ์˜ ํ™•์žฅ์žฅ์น˜ ๋“ค์„ ๋ฐœ๋ช…ํ•ด ๋ƒˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:21
little additional parts for our brain --
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ ๋‡Œ๋ฅผ ๋•๋Š” ์ถ”๊ฐ€์ ์ธ ์ž‘์€ ์žฅ์น˜๋“ค์ธ๋ฐ์š”.
04:25
made out of powerful ideas that help us
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๊ฐ•๋ ฅํ•œ ์•„์ด๋””์–ด๋“ค์„ ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด
04:27
see the world in different ways.
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์„ธ์ƒ์„ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์œผ๋กœ ๋ณด๊ฒŒ๋” ๋„์™€ ์ฃผ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:29
And these are in the form of sensory apparatus --
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๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ํ˜•ํƒœ์˜ ๊ฐ๊ฐ์„ ํ™•์žฅ ์‹œ์ผœ์ฃผ๋Š” ์žฅ์น˜๋“ค์ด ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:32
telescopes, microscopes -- reasoning apparatus --
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๋ง์›๊ฒฝ์ด๋‚˜ ํ˜„๋ฏธ๊ฒฝ๊ฐ™์€ ์ด์„ฑ์  ํŒ๋‹จ์„ ๋„์™€์ฃผ๋Š” ์žฅ์น˜๋“ฑ๋“ฑ
04:37
various ways of thinking -- and, most importantly,
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๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ์‚ฌ๊ณ ์˜ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•๊ณผ ๋ฌด์—‡๋ณด๋‹ค ๊ฐ€์žฅ ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ๊ฒƒ์€
04:41
in the ability to change perspective on things.
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์–ด๋–ค ์‚ฌ๋ฌผ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์‹œ๊ฐ์„ ๋ฐ”๊พธ๋Š” ๋Šฅ๋ ฅ์„ ๊ฐ€์ง„ ๊ฒƒ๋“ค ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:45
I'll talk about that a little bit.
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์—ฌ๊ธฐ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์ข€๋” ๋ง์”€๋“œ๋ฆฌ์ž๋ฉด
04:46
It's this change in perspective
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์‹œ์ ์ด ๋ณ€ํ™” ํ•˜๋ฉด
04:48
on what it is we think we're perceiving
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์ง€๊ฐํ•˜๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐํ•˜๋Š”๊ฒƒ์ด ๋ณ€ํ™”ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:51
that has helped us make more progress in the last 400 years
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์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์ง€๋‚œ 4๋ฐฑ๋…„์˜ ๊ธฐ๊ฐ„์— ๋†€๋ผ์šด ์ง„๋ณด๋ฅผ ์ด๋ฃฐ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋„๋ก ๋„์™€์ฃผ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:56
than we have in the rest of human history.
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์ง€๊ธˆ ํ˜„์žฌ์˜ ์ธ๋ฅ˜์—ญ์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ํ–ฅ์œ ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋˜์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:58
And yet, it is not taught in any K through 12 curriculum in America that I'm aware of.
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์ œ๊ฐ€ ์•Œ๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ์ด๋Ÿฐ ์‚ฌ์‹ค์€ ์•„์ง๋„ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ ์ดˆ๋“ฑ๊ต์œก์—์„œ๋Š” ๊ฐ€๋ฅด์น˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์ง€ ์•Š์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:11
So one of the things that goes from simple to complex
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ๊ฐ„๋‹จํ•œ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ๋ณต์žกํ•ด์ง„ ์–ด๋Š ํ•˜๋‚˜๋Š”
05:13
is when we do more. We like more.
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๊ทธ ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋” ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋˜๋ฉด, ๋” ์ข‹์•„ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:16
If we do more in a kind of a stupid way,
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๋งŒ์•ฝ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๋ฉ์ฒญํ•œ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์œผ๋กœ ๋” ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋œ๋‹ค๋ฉด
05:19
the simplicity gets complex
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๊ฐ„๋‹จํ•œ๊ฒƒ์ด ๋ณต์žกํ•ด ์ง€๊ฒŒ ๋˜์ง€์š”.
05:22
and, in fact, we can keep on doing it for a very long time.
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์‚ฌ์‹ค ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์ด๋Ÿฐ ์ผ์„ ์ •๋ง ์˜ค๋žซ๋™์•ˆ ํ•  ์ˆ˜๋„ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:27
But Murray Gell-Mann yesterday talked about emergent properties;
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ๋จธ๋ ˆ์ด ๊ฒ”-๋งŒ์€ ์–ด์ œ ์ง€๊ธˆ ๋Œ€๋‘๋˜๋Š” ํŠน์งˆ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ๋ฐœํ‘œํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:30
another name for them could be "architecture"
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์ด๋ฅผ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์ด๋ฆ„์„ ์ฃผ์ž๋ฉด "๊ฑด์ถ•" ์ด ๋˜๊ฒ ์ง€์š”.
05:34
as a metaphor for taking the same old material
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๋˜‘๊ฐ™์€ ์˜ค๋žœ ์žฌ์งˆ์„ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ  ๋งŒ๋“  ๋น„์œ ๋กœ์„œ
05:38
and thinking about non-obvious, non-simple ways of combining it.
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๋ถ„๋ช…ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๊ณ  ๊ฐ„๋‹จํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์€ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์œผ๋กœ ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์„ ์—ฎ์–ด๋‚ด๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ์‚ฌ๊ณ  ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:45
And in fact, what Murray was talking about yesterday in the fractal beauty of nature --
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์‚ฌ์‹ค ๋จธ๋ ˆ์ด๊ฐ€ ์–ด์ œ ๋ฐœํ‘œํ•œ ๋‚ด์šฉ์€ ์ž์—ฐ์—์„œ ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌ๋˜๋Š” ํ”„๋ ‰ํƒˆ์˜ ์•„๋ฆ„๋‹ค์›€์ด์˜€์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:53
of having the descriptions
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ด์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์„ค๋ช…์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:55
at various levels be rather similar --
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๋ณด๋‹ค ๋น„์Šทํ•œ ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ๋ ˆ๋ฒจ์œ„์—์„œ์š”.
05:59
all goes down to the idea that the elementary particles
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๋ชจ๋“ ๊ฒƒ๋“ค์€ ๊ธฐ๋ณธ์ ์ธ ์ž…์ž์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์•„์ด๋””์–ด๋กœ ๋‚ด๋ ค๊ฐ€๊ฒŒ ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:04
are both sticky and standoffish,
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๋ˆ์ ๊ฑฐ๋ฆฌ๋ฉด์„œ๋„ ์Œ€์Œ€๋งž๊ธฐ๋„ ํ•˜์ง€์š”.
06:07
and they're in violent motion.
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๊ฒฉ๋ ฌํ•œ ์›€์ง์ž„์„ ๋ณด์—ฌ ์ค๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:11
Those three things give rise to all the different levels
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์ด ์„ธ๊ฐ€์ง€ ๋ฌผ์ฒด๋Š” ๋ชจ๋“  ์„œ๋กœ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๋ ˆ๋ฒจ์—์„œ ๋‚˜์˜ต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:14
of what seem to be complexity in our world.
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ ์„ธ์ƒ์˜ ๋ณต์žกํ•จ์„ ๋ณด์—ฌ์ฃผ๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:20
But how simple?
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ๊ฐ„๋‹จํ•ด ์งˆ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์„๊นŒ์š”?
06:22
So, when I saw Roslings' Gapminder stuff a few years ago,
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๋ช‡๋…„์ „ ์ €๋Š” ๋กœ์Šฌ๋ง ๊ฐญ๋งˆ์ธ๋”์˜ ์ž‘ํ’ˆ์„ ๋ณด์•˜์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:27
I just thought it was the greatest thing I'd seen
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์ „ ์ œ๊ฐ€ ๋ณธ๊ฑด์ค‘ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ๋Œ€๋‹จํ•œ๊ฒƒ์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐํ–ˆ์ง€์š”.
06:29
in conveying complex ideas simply.
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๊ฐ„๋‹จํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋ณต์žกํ•œ ์•„์ด๋””์–ด๋“ค์„ ๋‹ด์•„๋‚ด๊ณ  ์žˆ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:34
But then I had a thought of, "Boy, maybe it's too simple."
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ๋ฐ ๊ทธ๋‹ค์Œ์—” ์ด๊ฒŒ ๋„ˆ๋ฌด ๊ฐ„๋‹จํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์€๊ฐ€ ์ƒ๊ฐ๋˜๋”๊ตฐ์š”.
06:37
And I put some effort in to try and check
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ ๋Š” ์ข€๋” ์‹œ๋„ํ•ด๋ณด๊ณ  ์ ๊ฒ€ํ•ด ๋ณด๋ ค๊ณ  ๋…ธ๋ ฅํ•ด๋ดค์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:42
to see how well these simple portrayals of trends over time
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์‹œ๊ฐ„์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ๊ฐ„๋‹จํ•จ์„ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ด๋Š” ํŠธ๋žœ๋“œ๊ฐ€ ๋ณ€ํ•ด๊ฐ€๋Š”์ง€ ๋ณผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:46
actually matched up with some ideas and investigations from the side,
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๋‹ค๋ฅธ ํ•œํŽธ์œผ๋กœ ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์–ป์–ด์ง„ ์กฐ์‚ฌ์™€ ์•„์ด๋””์–ด๋“ค์„ ๋งž์ถฐ๋‚˜๊ฐ”์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:51
and I found that they matched up very well.
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ €๋Š” ์ด๊ฒƒ๋“ค์ด ์ž˜ ์–ด์šธ๋ ค ๋งž์•„ ๋–จ์–ด์ง„๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:53
So the Roslings have been able to do simplicity
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ๋กœ์Šฌ๋ง์ด ๊ฐ„๋‹จํ•จ์„ ์ด๋ฃฐ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ๋˜ ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:58
without removing what's important about the data.
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๋ฐ์•„ํƒ€์˜ ์†Œ์ค‘ํ•œ ๋ถ€๋ถ„์ด ์žƒ์–ด ๋ฒ„๋ฆฌ์ง€ ์•Š๋„๋ก ํ•˜๋ฉด์„œ ๋ง์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:02
Whereas the film yesterday that we saw
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์–ด์ œ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๋ณธ ์˜์ƒ์—์„œ๋Š”
07:06
of the simulation of the inside of a cell,
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์„ธํฌ์•ˆ์ด ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ๋Œ์•„๊ฐ€๋Š”์ง€์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์‹œ๋ฎฌ๋ ˆ์ด์…˜์„ ๋ณด์•˜์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:08
as a former molecular biologist, I didn't like that at all.
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์ „์ง ๋ถ„์ž์ƒ๋ฌผํ•™์ž๋กœ์„œ ์ €๋Š” ๋ณ„๋กœ ์ข‹์•„ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์•˜๋Š”๋ฐ์š”
07:14
Not because it wasn't beautiful or anything,
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๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์ด ์•„๋ฆ„๋‹ต์ง€์•Š๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ๊ฐ€์น˜์—†๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ
07:16
but because it misses the thing that most students fail to understand
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๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„์˜ ํ•™์ƒ๋“ค์ด ์ดํ•ดํ•˜๊ธฐ ํž˜๋“ค์–ดํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋†“์น˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:21
about molecular biology, and that is:
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๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์€ ๋ถ„์ž์ƒ๋ฌผํ•™์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด์„œ ์ธ๋ฐ ์ฆ‰,
07:24
why is there any probability at all of two complex shapes
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๋‘๊ฐ€์ง€ ๋ณต์žกํ•œ ํ˜•ํƒœ์˜ ์—ฎ์–ด์ง€๋Š” ๋ชจ๋“  ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ์ด ์™œ ์กด์žฌํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฐ€๋ฅผ
07:29
finding each other just the right way
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์ ์ ˆํ•œ ๋ฐฉํ–ฅ์œผ๋กœ ์„œ๋กœ ์ฐพ์•„๊ฐ€๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:31
so they combine together and be catalyzed?
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ๊ทธ๋“ค์ด ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ์—ฎ์–ด์ง€๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ์ด‰๋งค์  ํ™œ๋™์„ ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋˜๋Š” ๊ฑธ๊นŒ์š”?
07:34
And what we saw yesterday was
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์–ด์ œ ๊ฐ™์ด ๋ณธ๊ฒƒ์—์„œ๋Š”
07:36
every reaction was fortuitous;
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๋ชจ๋“  ๋ฐ˜์‘์€ ์šฐ์—ฐํžˆ ์ด๋ฃจ์–ด ์ง„๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:39
they just swooped in the air and bound, and something happened.
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๊ทธ๋ƒฅ ๊ณต๊ฐ„์„ ์“ฐ์œฝ ์ง€๋‚˜๊ฐ€๋ฉด ๋ญ”๊ฐ€๊ฐ€ ์ผ์–ด๋‚˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด์ง€์š”.
07:43
But in fact, those molecules are spinning at the rate of
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ์‚ฌ์‹ค ๋ถ„์ž๊ฐ€ ํšŒ์ „ํ•˜๋Š” ์†๋„๋Š”
07:47
about a million revolutions per second;
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์ดˆ๋‹น ์•ฝ๋ฐฑ๋งŒํšŒ์ „์„ ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:50
they're agitating back and forth their size every two nanoseconds;
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๊ทธ๋“ค์€ ๋งค 2 ๋‚˜๋…ธ์ดˆ๋งˆ๋‹ค ์ž๊ธฐ ํฌ๊ธฐ๋งŒํผ ๋“ค๋ฝ ๋‚ ๋ฝ๊ฑฐ๋ฆฝ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:56
they're completely crowded together, they're jammed,
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๊ทธ๊ฒƒ๋“ค์€ ๋งค์šฐ ๋ชฐ๋ ค์žˆ์–ด์„œ ์„œ๋กœ ์—‰์ผœ ๋ถ™์–ด ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:59
they're bashing up against each other.
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์„œ๋กœ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ•ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋•Œ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์žˆ์ง€์š”.
08:02
And if you don't understand that in your mental model of this stuff,
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๋งŒ์•ฝ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์ด ์ด๋Ÿฐ๊ฒƒ์˜ ์‚ฌ๊ณ ๋ชจ๋ธ์„ ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด ์ดํ•ดํ•˜์ง€ ๋ชปํ•œ๋‹ค๋ฉด
08:05
what happens inside of a cell seems completely mysterious and fortuitous,
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์„ธํฌ์•ˆ์—์„œ ์ผ์–ด๋‚˜๋Š” ์ผ๋“ค์€ ์ •๋ง ์™„์ „ํžˆ ๋ฏธ์Šคํ„ฐ๋ฆฌํ•˜๋ฉด์„œ๋„ ์šฐ์—ฐ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋ณด์ผ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:10
and I think that's exactly the wrong image
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์ €๋Š” ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์€ ์™„์ „ํžˆ ์ž˜๋ชป๋œ ์ด๋ฏธ์ง€๋ผ๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:12
for when you're trying to teach science.
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์ •๋ง ๊ณผํ•™์„ ๊ฐ€๋ฅด์น˜๋ ค ๋…ธ๋ ฅํ•œ๋‹ค๋ฉด
08:18
So, another thing that we do is to confuse adult sophistication
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๋‹จ์ˆœํžˆ ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์„ ์„ฑ์ธ๊ต์–‘๊ณผ ํ˜ผ๋™ํ•œ๋‹ค๋ฉด ๊ณค๋ž€ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:23
with the actual understanding of some principle.
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์‹ค์ œ์˜ ์›๋ฆฌ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ดํ•ด์™€ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ํ•ด์•ผํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค,
08:28
So a kid who's 14 in high school
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๊ณ ๋“ฑํ•™๊ต๋ฅผ ๋‹ค๋‹ˆ๋Š” 14์‚ด์งœ๋ฆฌ ์•„์ด๊ฐ€
08:30
gets this version of the Pythagorean theorem,
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ํ”ผํƒ€๊ณ ๋ผ์Šค์˜ ์ •๋ฆฌ์˜ ์ด๋Ÿฐ ๋ฒ„์ „์„ ๋ณธ๋‹ค๋ฉด
08:36
which is a truly subtle and interesting proof,
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์ด๊ฑด ์ •๋ง ํฅ๋ฏธ๋กญ๊ณ  ์น˜๋ฐ€ํ•œ ์ฆ๋ช…์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:39
but in fact it's not a good way to start learning about mathematics.
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ์‚ฌ์‹ค ์ˆ˜ํ•™์„ ๋ฐฐ์šฐ๊ธฐ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ• ๋•Œ์— ์“ฐ๊ธฐ๋กœ๋Š” ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ ์ข‹์€ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์€ ์•„๋‹™๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:46
So a more direct one, one that gives you more of the feeling of math,
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์ข€๋” ์ง์ ‘์ ์ธ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•. ์ˆ˜ํ•™์˜ ๋Š๋‚Œ์„ ๋ณด๋‹ค ์‚ด๋ฆด ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•
08:51
is something closer to Pythagoras' own proof, which goes like this:
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๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์ด ํ”ผํƒ€๊ณ ๋ผ์Šค์˜ ์ •๋ฆฌ๊ฐ™์€ ๊ฒƒ์— ์ข€๋” ์‰ฝ๊ฒŒ ๋‹ค๊ฐ€์„ค ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:55
so here we have this triangle, and if we surround that C square with
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์—ฌ๊ธฐ ์‚ผ๊ฐํ˜•์ด ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋งŒ์•ฝ ์ด C์‚ฌ๊ฐํ˜•์„
09:01
three more triangles and we copy that,
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์„ธ๊ฐœ์˜ ์‚ผ๊ฐํ˜•์œผ๋กœ ๋‘˜๋Ÿฌ ์‹ธ๊ณ  ์ด๊ฑธ ๋ณต์‚ฌํ•˜๋ฉด
09:04
notice that we can move those triangles down like this.
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์ด๋“ค ์‚ผ๊ฐํ˜•๋“ค์„ ์ด๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ์›€์ง์ผ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:09
And that leaves two open areas that are kind of suspicious ...
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์ด์ชฝ์˜ ๋‘ ๋‚จ์€ ์˜์—ญ์ด ์˜์‹ฌ์Šค๋Ÿฌ์›Œ์ง€์ฃ . ๊ทธ๋ ‡๋‹ค๋ฉด
09:12
and bingo. That is all you have to do.
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๋น™๊ณ ! ์ด๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ๋ญ˜ ํ•ด์•ผ ํ• ์ง€ ๋ณด์—ฌ ์ฃผ๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:19
And this kind of proof is the kind of proof
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์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์ฆ๋ช…๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์€
09:21
that you need to learn when you're learning mathematics
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์ˆ˜ํ•™์„ ํ•™์Šตํ• ๋•Œ ํ•„์š”ํ•œ ์ฆ๋ช…๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:24
in order to get an idea of what it means
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์–ด๋–ค ์•„์ด๋””์–ด์˜ ์˜๋ฏธ๋ฅผ ์•Œ๊ณ ์ž ํ• ๋•Œ
09:27
before you look into the, literally, 1,200 or 1,500 proofs
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๋ง๊ทธ๋Œ€๋กœ 12๊ฐœ ํ˜น์€ ์ฒœ์˜ค๋ฐฑ๊ฐœ์˜
09:31
of Pythagoras' theorem that have been discovered.
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์ด๋ฏธ ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌ๋œ ํ”ผํƒ€๊ณ ๋ผ์Šค ์ •๋ฆฌ์˜ ์ฆ๋ช… ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์„ ๋ณด๊ฒŒ ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:37
Now let's go to young children.
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์ž ์ด์ œ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ ์–ด๋ฆฐ์ด์—๊ฒŒ๋กœ ๊ฐ€๋ด…์‹œ๋‹ค.
09:40
This is a very unusual teacher
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์ด ์„ ์ƒ๋‹˜์€ ๋ณดํ†ต ๋ถ„์ด ์•„๋‹ˆ์‹ญ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:42
who was a kindergarten and first-grade teacher,
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์œ ์น˜์›๊ณผ ์ดˆ๋“ฑํ•™๊ต 1ํ•™๋…„ ๊ต์‚ฌ์ด์‹ ๋ฐ์š”.
09:46
but was a natural mathematician.
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๋˜ํ•œ ํƒ€๊ณ ๋‚œ ์ˆ˜ํ•™์ž์ด๊ธฐ๋„ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:48
So she was like that jazz musician friend you have who never studied music
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๋งˆ์น˜ ์Œ์•…์„ ์ œ๋Œ€๋กœ ์ „๊ณตํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๊ณ ๋„ ์—ฐ์ฃผํ•˜๋Š” ์žฌ์ฆˆ ์Œ์•…๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ™์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:53
but is a terrific musician;
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ๋Œ€๋‹จํ•œ ์Œ์•…๊ฐ€์ด์ง€์š”.
09:55
she just had a feeling for math.
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์„ ์ƒ๋‹˜์€ ์ˆ˜ํ•™์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ฐ์„ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ์–ด์š”.
09:57
And here are her six-year-olds,
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์—ฌ๊ธฐ ๊ทธ๋…€์˜ 6์‚ด์งœ๋ฆฌ ํ•™์ƒ๋“ค์ด ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:00
and she's got them making shapes out of a shape.
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ํ•™์ƒ๋“ค๋กœ ํ•˜์—ฌ๊ธˆ ํ˜•ํƒœ์•ˆ์—์„œ ํ˜•ํƒœ๋ฅผ ์ž˜๋ผ๋‚ด๋„๋ก ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:05
So they pick a shape they like -- like a diamond, or a square,
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๋‹ค์ด์•„๋ชฌ๋“œ ํ˜•ํƒœ๋“  ์‚ฌ๊ฐํ˜•์ด๋“  ์•„๋ฌด๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ์›ํ•˜๋Š” ๋Œ€๋กœ ๊ณจ๋ผ์„œ
10:07
or a triangle, or a trapezoid -- and then they try and make
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์‚ผ๊ฐํ˜•์ด๋“  ์‚ฌ๋‹ค๋ฆฌ๊ผด์ด๋“  ์›ํ•˜๋Š”๋Œ€๋กœ ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด ๋ด…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
10:10
the next larger shape of that same shape, and the next larger shape.
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๊ฐ™์€ ํ˜•ํƒœ๋กœ ์ž๋ฅด๊ณ  ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๋‹ค์‹œ ๋‹ค์Œ ํฐ ํ˜•ํƒœ๋กœ ์ž๋ฆ…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:14
You can see the trapezoids are a little challenging there.
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์—ฌ๊ธฐ๋ณด์‹œ๋ฉด ์‚ฌ๋‹ค๋ฆฌ๊ผด์ด ์กฐ๊ธˆ ๋ณ€ํ™”ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ๋ณด์ด์ฃ 
10:18
And what this teacher did on every project
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์ด๊ฒƒ์ด ์„ ์ƒ๋‹˜์ด ํ”„๋กœ์ ํŠธ ํ• ๋•Œ๋งˆ๋‹ค ํ•œ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:21
was to have the children act like first it was a creative arts project,
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์–ด๋ฆฐ์ด๋“ค์€ ๋งˆ์น˜ ์ฐฝ์กฐ์ ์ธ ์˜ˆ์ˆ  ์ˆ˜์—…์„ ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ ๊ฒฝํ—˜ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:26
and then something like science.
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๊ณผํ•™์„ ๊ฒฝํ—˜ํ•˜์ง€์š”.
10:28
So they had created these artifacts.
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ํ•™์ƒ๋“ค์€ ์ด๋Ÿฐ ์ž‘ํ’ˆ๋“ค์„ ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด ๋ƒ…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
10:30
Now she had them look at them and do this ... laborious,
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์ด์ œ ์ด๊ฒƒ๋“ค์„ ๋ณด๊ณ  ๋˜ ์‹คํ–‰ํ•ด๋ณด์ด๊ฒŒ ํ•ด์„œ
10:34
which I thought for a long time, until she explained to me was
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์ œ๊ฐ€ ์˜ค๋žซ๋™์•ˆ ์ƒ๊ฐ๋งŒ ํ•ด์™”์ง€๋งŒ ๊ทธ๋…€๊ฐ€ ์ œ๊ฒŒ ์„ค๋ช…ํ•ด์ค„๋•Œ๊นŒ์ง€๋Š” ๋ชฐ๋ž๋˜ ๊ฒƒ์ธ๋ฐ์š”.
10:38
to slow them down so they'll think.
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ข€ ์ฒœ์ฒœํžˆ ์ง„ํ–‰ํ•ด์„œ ํ•™์ƒ๋“ค์ด ์ƒ๊ฐํ•  ์‹œ๊ฐ„์„ ์ค๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:41
So they're cutting out the little pieces of cardboard here
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ํŒ์ง€์˜ ์ž‘์€ ๋ถ€๋ถ„๋“ค์„ ์ž˜๋ผ ๋‚ด์ง€์š”.
10:44
and pasting them up.
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๋ชจ์•„ ๋ถ™์—ฌ ๋ด…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:46
But the whole point of this thing is
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ๋ฐ ์—ฌ๊ธฐ์„œ ์ „์ฒด์ ์ธ ๊ฒƒ์ด
10:50
for them to look at this chart and fill it out.
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ํ•™์ƒ๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ ์—ฌ๊ธฐ ํ‘œ ๊ฐ™์ด ๋ณด์—ฌ์ง€๊ณ  ํ‘œ์•ˆ์„ ์ฑ„์šธ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ฒŒ ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:53
"What have you noticed about what you did?"
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๋‹น์‹ ์ด ์ง€๊ธˆ ํ•œ๊ฒƒ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์•Œ์•„๋‚ธ๊ฒƒ์ด ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๊นŒ?
10:57
And so six-year-old Lauren there noticed that the first one took one,
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6์‚ด์งœ๋ฆฌ ๋กœ๋Ÿฐ์€ ์ฒซ๋ฒˆ์งธ ์กฐ๊ฐ์„ ๋งž์ถ”์ž๋งˆ์ž ์ด๊ฒƒ์ด ๋ฌด์Šจ ์˜๋ฏธ์ธ์ง€ ์•Œ์•„์ฑŒ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค,
11:01
and the second one took three more
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๋‘๋ฒˆ์งธ ์กฐ๊ฐ์„ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ  3๊ฐœ๋ฅผ ๋งž์ถ”์—ˆ์ง€์š”.
11:06
and the total was four on that one,
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์ „๋ถ€ 4๊ฐœ๊ฐ€ ํ•˜๋‚˜๊ฐ€ ๋˜์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:08
the third one took five more and the total was nine on that one,
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์„ธ๋ฒˆ์งธ ๊ฒƒ์€ 5๊ฐœ๊ฐ€ ๋” ํ•„์š”ํ•˜๊ณ  ์ „๋ถ€ 9๊ฐœ๊ฐ€ ๋˜์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค,
11:12
and then the next one.
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ ๋Š” ๋‹ค์Œ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋„˜์–ด๊ฐ€์ง€์š”.
11:13
She saw right away that the additional tiles that you had to add
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๋กœ๋ Œ์€ ๋” ๊ฐ€์ ธ์™€์•ผํ•  ์ถ”๊ฐ€ ๋ถ€๋ถ„์„ ๋ฐ”๋กœ ์•Œ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:18
around the edges was always going to grow by two,
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๋ชจ์„œ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ๋‘˜๋Ÿฌ์‹ผ ๋ถ€๋ถ„์€ ์–ธ์ œ๋‚˜ 2๋ฐฐ์”ฉ ๋Š˜์–ด๋‚˜์ง€์š”
11:22
so she was very confident about how she made those numbers there.
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ๋กœ๋ Œ์€ ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ์ด๋Ÿฐ ์ˆซ์ž๋“ค์ด ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด์ง€๋Š”์ง€์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ํ™•์‹ ์„ ๊ฐ€์งˆ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค,
11:25
And she could see that these were the square numbers up until about six,
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์ด๋Ÿฐ ์ˆ˜๋“ค์ด 6์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ํ‰๋ฐฉ์ˆ˜๊ฐ€ ๋œ๋‹ค๋Š”๊ฒƒ์„ ์•Œ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
11:30
where she wasn't sure what six times six was
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๋กœ๋ Œ์ด 6 ๊ณฑํ•˜๊ธฐ 6์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด์„œ๋Š” ์ž˜๋ชฐ๋ผ๋„
11:33
and what seven times seven was,
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7 ๊ณฑํ•˜๊ธฐ 7์ผ ์–ผ๋งˆ์ธ์ง€ ์ž˜๋ชฐ๋ผ๋„
11:35
but then she was confident again.
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ํ™•์‹ ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:38
So that's what Lauren did.
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์ด๊ฒƒ์ด ๋กœ๋ Œ์ด ๋ฐฐ์šด ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:40
And then the teacher, Gillian Ishijima, had the kids
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๋‹ค์‹œ๊ธˆ ์งˆ๋ฆฌ์•ˆ ์ด์‹œ์ง€๋งˆ ์„ ์ƒ๋‹˜์€ ์•„์ด๋“ค์„ ๋ฐ๋ฆฌ๊ณ 
11:44
bring all of their projects up to the front of the room and put them on the floor,
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๋ชจ๋“  ์ž‘์—…์„ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ  ๊ต์‹ค์•ž์œผ๋กœ ๋‚˜์™€์„œ ๋ฐ”๋‹ฅ์— ๋Š˜์–ด ๋†”๋ณด๋„๋ก ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:47
and everybody went batshit: "Holy shit! They're the same!"
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๋ชจ๋‘๋“ค ๋ฐ”๋กœ ๋†€๋ผ๋ฉด์„œ, ์™€ ์ด ๋ชจ๋‘๊ฐ€ ๋‹ค ๋˜‘๊ฐ™๊ตฐ์š”!
11:55
No matter what the shapes were, the growth law is the same.
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์–ด๋–ค ํ˜•ํƒœ์ด๋˜์ง€ ์ƒ๊ด€์—†์ด ์ปค๋‚˜๊ฐ€๋Š” ๋ฒ•์น™์€ ์™„์ „ํžˆ ๊ฐ™์•˜์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:59
And the mathematicians and scientists in the crowd
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์ฒญ์ค‘์†์— ๊ณ„์‹  ์ˆ˜ํ•™์ž์™€ ๊ณผํ•™์ž๋ถ„๋“ค์€
12:02
will recognize these two progressions
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์—ฌ๊ธฐ ๋ณด์ด๋Š” ๋‘ ์ˆ˜์—ด์„ ์•Œ์•„๋ณด์‹ค๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:04
as a first-order discrete differential equation
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์ผ๊ณ„ ์ด์‚ฐ ๋ฏธ๋ถ„ ๋ฐฉ์ •์‹๊ณผ
12:07
and a second-order discrete differential equation,
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์ด๊ณ„ ์ด์‚ฐ ๋ฏธ๋ถ„ ๋ฐฉ์ •์‹์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:12
derived by six-year-olds.
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6์‚ด์งœ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ํ’€์–ด๋ƒˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:16
Well, that's pretty amazing.
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๊ต‰์žฅํ•˜์ง€์š”
12:17
That isn't what we usually try to teach six-year-olds.
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๋ณดํ†ต 6์‚ด์งœ๋ฆฌ์—๊ฒŒ ๊ฐ€๋ฅด์น ๋งŒํ•œ ๋‚ด์šฉ์€ ์•„๋‹™๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:20
So, let's take a look now at how we might use the computer for some of this.
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์ž, ์ด์ œ ์ปดํ“จํ„ฐ๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ์ด๋Ÿฐ๊ฒƒ์„ ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ๊ฐ€๋ฅด์น  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์„์ง€ ๋ณด๊ธฐ๋กœ ํ•˜์ง€์š”.
12:27
And so the first idea here is
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์ฒซ๋ฒˆ์งธ ์•„์ด๋””์–ด๋Š”
12:31
just to show you the kind of things that children do.
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์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๊ฐ€์ง€ ๋ฌผ๊ฑด๋“ค์„ ์•„์ด๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ ๊ทธ๋ƒฅ ๋ณด์—ฌ์ฃผ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:35
I'm using the software that we're putting on the $100 laptop.
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100๋‹ฌ๋Ÿฌ ๋žฉํƒ‘์„ ์œ„ํ•ด ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด์ง„ ์†Œํ”„ํŠธ์›จ์–ด๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:40
So I'd like to draw a little car here --
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์—ฌ๊ธฐ ์กฐ๊ทธ๋งŒ ์ฐจ๋ฅผ ๋งŒ๋“ญ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:46
I'll just do this very quickly -- and put a big tire on him.
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๊ทธ๋ƒฅ ๋Œ€์ถฉ ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด ๋ณด๊ฒ ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์—ฌ๊ธฐ ํฐ ํƒ€์ด์–ด๋ฅผ ๋‹ฌ์•„๋ณด๋„๋ก ํ•˜์ง€์š”
12:59
And I get a little object here and I can look inside this object,
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์—ฌ๊ธฐ ์ž‘์€ ๋ฌผ์ฒด๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ  ์ด ๋ฌผ์ฒด์˜ ์•ˆ์„ ๋ณผ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:03
I'll call it a car. And here's a little behavior: car forward.
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์ด๊ฑธ "์ฐจ"๋ผ๊ณ  ๋ถ€๋ฅด๊ฒ ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์—ฌ๊ธฐ ์ฐจ๊ฐ€ ์•ž์œผ๋กœ ๊ฐ€๊ฒŒํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฐ„๋‹จํ•œ ๋™์ž‘์ด ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:08
Each time I click it, car turn.
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ด๊ฑธ ๋ˆ„๋ฅด๋ฉด ์ฐจ๊ฐ€ ํšŒ์ „์„ ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋˜์ง€์š”.
13:11
If I want to make a little script to do this over and over again,
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์ด๊ฑธ ๊ณ„์† ๋ฐ˜๋ณตํ• ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ฒŒ ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฐ„๋‹จํ•œ ์Šคํฌ๋ฆฝํŠธ๋ฅผ ๋งŒ๋“ ๋‹ค๋ฉด
13:13
I just drag these guys out and set them going.
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์ €๋Š” ๋“œ๋ž˜๊ทธํ•ด์„œ ์ด๊ฒƒ๋“ค์„ ์กฐ์ข…ํ• ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ฒŒ ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:20
And I can try steering the car here by ...
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์ด์ฐจ๋ฅผ ์กฐ์ข…ํ• ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š”์ง€ ์‹œ๋„ํ•ด๋ณด์ง€์š”
13:23
See the car turn by five here?
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์—ฌ๊ธฐ ์ด์ฐจ๊ฐ€ 5์‹œ ๋ฐฉํ–ฅ์œผ๋กœ ๊ฐ€๋Š”๊ฒŒ ๋ณด์ด์ฃ ?
13:25
So what if I click this down to zero?
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๋งŒ์•ฝ ์ด๊ฑธ ์˜์œผ๋กœ ๋งž์ถ”๋ฉด ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ๋ ๊นŒ์š”?
13:28
It goes straight. That's a big revelation for nine-year-olds.
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์ญ‰ ์ง์ง„ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. 9์‚ด์งœ๋ฆฌ ์†Œ๋…„์˜ ๋งˆ์Œ์ด ์ข€ ๋‚˜์˜ค๋Š” ๊ตฐ์š”
13:33
Make it go in the other direction.
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์กฐ๊ธˆ ๋” ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๋ฐฉํ–ฅ์œผ๋กœ ์ง„ํ–‰ํ•ด ๋ณด์ง€์š”
13:35
But of course, that's a little bit like kissing your sister
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ์ด๊ฑด ๋ˆ„์ด์—๊ฒŒ ๋ฝ€๋ฝ€ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฑฐ๋ž‘ ์ข€ ๋น„์Šทํ•˜ ๊ตฐ์š”.
13:37
as far as driving a car,
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์ฐจ๋ฅผ ์šด์ „ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ˆ๊นŒ ์—ญ์‹œ..
13:40
so the kids want to do a steering wheel;
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์• ๋“ค์€ ์šด์ „๋Œ€๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ  ์šด์ „ํ•˜๊ธธ ์›ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:43
so they draw a steering wheel.
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์šด์ „๋Œ€๋ฅผ ๊ทธ๋ ค๋ณด๊ธฐ๋กœ ํ•˜์ง€์š”
13:46
And we'll call this a wheel.
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"์šด์ „๋Œ€"๋ผ๊ณ  ์ด๋ฆ„ ์ง€์–ด๋ณด์ฃ 
13:51
See this wheel's heading here?
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์ž, ์šด์ „๋Œ€๊ฐ€ ์—ฌ๊ธฐ ๋ณด์ด์‹œ์ฃ ?
13:55
If I turn this wheel, you can see that number over there going minus and positive.
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์ด ์šด์ „๋Œ€๋ฅผ ๋Œ๋ฆฌ๋ฉด ์—ฌ๊ธฐ ์ˆซ์ž๊ฐ€ ์ค„์–ด๋“ค๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ๋Š˜์–ด๋‚˜๊ฒŒ ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
14:00
That's kind of an invitation to pick up this name of
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์ด๋ฆ„์„ ๊ณจ๋ผ์„œ ๊ฐ€์ ธ์˜ค๋„๋ก ํ•˜๊ณ 
14:02
those numbers coming out there
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์—ฌ๊ธฐ ์ˆซ์ž๋“ค์ด ๋‚˜์˜ค๋„๋ก ํ•œ๋‹ค์Œ์—
14:05
and to just drop it into the script here,
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์Šคํฌ๋ฆฝํŠธ์•ˆ์—๋‹ค๊ฐ€ ๋–จ์–ด๋œจ๋ ค ๋†“์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
14:07
and now I can steer the car with the steering wheel.
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์ž~ ์ €๋Š” ์ด์ œ ์ด ์ฐจ๋ฅผ ์šด์ „๋Œ€๋กœ ์กฐ์ข…ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
14:12
And it's interesting.
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์ •๋ง ํฅ๋ฏธ๋กญ์ง€์š”
14:14
You know how much trouble the children have with variables,
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๋งŽ์€ ์–ด๋ฆฐ์ด๋“ค์ด ๋ณ€์ˆ˜๋ฅผ ๋ฐฐ์šฐ๋Š”๋ฐ ์–ด๋ ค์›Œํ•˜๋Š”๊ฒƒ์„ ์•„์‹ค๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
14:17
but by learning it this way, in a situated fashion,
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ์ด๋Ÿฐ ์ƒํ™ฉ์†์—์„œ์˜ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์œผ๋กœ ๋ฐฐ์šฐ๊ฒŒ ๋˜๋ฉด
14:19
they never forget from this single trial
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ํ•˜๋‚˜๋„ ๋น ์ง์—†์ด ๊ธฐ์–ตํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
14:22
what a variable is and how to use it.
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๋ณ€์ˆ˜๊ฐ€ ๋ฌด์—‡์ด๊ณ  ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜๋Š”์ง€๋ฅผ์š”.
14:25
And we can reflect here the way Gillian Ishijima did.
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์งˆ๋ฆฌ์•ˆ ์ด์‹œ์ง€๋งˆ๊ฐ€ ํ–ˆ๋˜ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์„ ๋ฐ˜์˜ํ•ด ๋ณผ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์„ ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
14:27
So if you look at the little script here,
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์—ฌ๊ธฐ ์ž‘์€ ์Šคํฌ๋ฆฝํŠธ๊ฐ€ ๋ณด์ด์ง€์š”
14:29
the speed is always going to be 30.
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์†๋„๋Š” ํ•ญ์ƒ 30์ด ๋ ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
14:31
We're going to move the car according to that over and over again.
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์ฐจ๋ฅผ ์ด๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ์›€์ง์—ฌ ๋ด…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ณ„์† ๋ฐ˜๋ณตํ•ด์„œ์š”.
14:36
And I'm dropping a little dot for each one of these things;
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ž‘์€ ์ ์„ ์—ฐ์†์œผ๋กœ ์ฐ๊ฒŒ ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด ๋ณด๊ฒ ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
14:40
they're evenly spaced because they're 30 apart.
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์ด ์ ๋“ค์€ ๊ณจ๊ณ ๋ฃจ 30๊ฐœ๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ™์€ ๊ฐ„๊ฒฉ์œผ๋กœ ์ฐํ˜€์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
14:43
And what if I do this progression that the six-year-olds did
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์—ฌ์„ฏ์‚ด์งœ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ํ•˜๋Š” ์‹์œผ๋กœ ๋ฐœ์ „์‹œํ‚จ๋‹ค๋ฉด
14:46
of saying, "OK, I'm going to increase the speed by two each time,
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์ข‹์•„์š”. ์†๋„๋ฅผ 2๋ฐฐ์”ฉ ๋†’์—ฌ๋ณด๋„๋ก ํ•˜๊ฒ ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
14:51
and then I'm going to increase the distance by the speed each time?
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๊ทธ๋ ค๋ฉด ์†๋„๋ฅผ ๊ฐ๊ฐ ๋†’์ผ ๋•Œ๋งˆ๋‹ค ๊ฑฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๋Š˜์–ด๋‚˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ๋ณด์ด์ง€์š”.
14:54
What do I get there?"
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๋ฌด์—ˆ์„ ํ•œ ๊ฑธ ๊นŒ์š”?
14:58
We get a visual pattern of what these nine-year-olds called acceleration.
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” 9์‚ด์งœ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๋งํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฐ€์†์ด๋ผ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์˜ ์‹œ๊ฐ์  ํŒจํ„ด์„ ์–ป์–ด๋‚ธ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค,
15:05
So how do the children do science?
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์–ด๋ฆฐ์ด๋“ค์ด ๊ณผํ•™ ๊ณต๋ถ€๋ฅผ ์ œ๋Œ€๋กœ ํ•ด๋‚ธ๋“ฏ ํ•˜์ฃ ?
15:08
(Video) Teacher: [Choose] objects that you think will fall to the Earth at the same time.
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(๋น„๋””์˜ค) ์„ ์ƒ๋‹˜: ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์ด ์ƒ๊ฐํ•œ ๋ฌผ์ฒด๋“ค์€ ๋•…์— ๋™์‹œ์— ๋–จ์–ด์ง€๊ฒŒ ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค --
15:11
Student 1: Ooh, this is nice.
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์–ด๋ฆฐ์ด: ๊ดœ์ฐฎ์€๋ฐ์š”.
15:18
Teacher: Do not pay any attention
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์„ ์ƒ๋‹˜: ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ด ๋ญ˜ํ•˜๋“ 
15:20
to what anybody else is doing.
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์ฃผ์˜๋ฅผ ๋”ด๋ฐ๋กœ ๋Œ๋ฆฌ์ง€ ๋งˆ์„ธ์š”.
15:35
Who's got the apple?
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์ž~ ๋ˆ„๊ฐ€ ์‚ฌ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ์ฃ .
15:37
Alan Kay: They've got little stopwatches.
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์•Œ๋ž€ ์ผ€์ด: ์• ๋“ค์€ ์กฐ๊ทธ๋งŒ ์Šคํ†ฑ์›Œ์น˜๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
15:44
Student 2: What did you get? What did you get?
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์„ ์ƒ๋‹˜: ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๊ฐ€ ์–ด๋–ป์ฃ ? ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ๋‚˜์™”๋‚˜์š”?
15:46
AK: Stopwatches aren't accurate enough.
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์•Œ๋ž€ ์ผ€์ด: ์Šคํ†ฑ์›Œ์น˜๋“ค์ด ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ ์ •๋ฐ€ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์•„์š”.
15:49
Student 3: 0.99 seconds.
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์†Œ๋…€: 0.99 ์ดˆ์š”.
15:52
Teacher: So put "sponge ball" ...
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์„ ์ƒ๋‹˜: ์ž, ์Šคํฐ์ง€๊ณต์„ ๊บผ๋‚ด ๋ณด์„ธ์š”.
15:56
Student 4l: [I decided to] do the shot put and the sponge ball
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์†Œ๋…€: ํˆฌํฌํ™˜ํ•˜๊ณ  ์Šคํฐ์ง€๊ณตํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์–ด์š”.
15:59
because they're two totally different weights,
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๊ทธ ๋‘๊ฐœ๋Š” ์™„์ „ํžˆ ๋ฌด๊ฒŒ๊ฐ€ ํ‹€๋ฆฌ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์—
16:02
and if you drop them at the same time,
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๋™์‹œ์— ๋–จ์–ด ๋œจ๋ฆฐ๋‹ค๋ฉด
16:04
maybe they'll drop at the same speed.
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์•„๋งˆ๋„ ๊ฐ™์€ ์†๋„๋กœ ๋–จ์–ด์ ธ์•ผ ํ•˜๊ฒ ์ฃ .
16:06
Teacher: Drop. Class: Whoa!
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๋–จ์–ด๋œจ๋ฆฌ์„ธ์š”!
16:10
AK: So obviously, Aristotle never asked a child
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๋ถ„๋ช…ํžˆ ์•„๋ฆฌ์Šคํ† ํ…”๋ ˆ์Šค๋Š” ์ €๋Ÿฐ ์•„์ด์—๊ฒŒ ๋ฌผ์–ด ๋ณด์ง€ ์•Š์•˜์„๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
16:13
about this particular point
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ํŠน๋ณ„ํžˆ ์ด์ ์—์„œ
16:16
because, of course, he didn't bother doing the experiment,
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๋ฌผ๋ก  ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์‹คํ—˜์„ ํ•˜๋Š”๋ฐ ์ฃผ์ €ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
16:18
and neither did St. Thomas Aquinas.
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์„ฑ ํ† ๋งˆ์Šค ์•„ํ‚ค๋‚˜์Šค๋„ ๊ทธ๋žฌ์ง€์š”.
16:20
And it was not until Galileo actually did it
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์ด๊ฒƒ์„ ๊ฐˆ๋ฆด๋ ˆ์˜ค๊ฐ€ ๋งˆ์น˜ ์•„์ด์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ ์ƒ๊ฐํ•˜๋Š” ์–ด๋ฅธ์ด ๋˜์–ด์„œ
16:22
that an adult thought like a child,
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์‹ค์ œ๋กœ ํ•ด๋ณด๊ธฐ ์ „๊นŒ์ง€๋Š” ๋ง์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
16:25
only 400 years ago.
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๋‹จ์ง€ 400๋…„์ „์— ๋ง์ด์ฃ .
16:28
We get one child like that about every classroom of 30 kids
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30๋ช…์˜ ์•„์ด๋“ค์ด ๋ชจ์—ฌ์žˆ๋Š” ๋งค ๊ต์‹ค์—์„œ ํ•œ๋ช…์ •๋„๊ฐ€
16:32
who will actually cut straight to the chase.
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์‹ค์ œ๋กœ ์ด๋Ÿฐ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์„ ํ•ด๋ƒ…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
16:35
Now, what if we want to look at this more closely?
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๋ณด๋‹ค ๊ฐ€๊นŒ์ด ์ด๊ฑธ ๋ณด๊ธธ ์›ํ•œ๋‹ค๋ฉด
16:38
We can take a movie of what's going on,
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ํ•ด๋‚ด๋Š”์ง€์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์˜์ƒ์„ ๋งŒ๋“ค ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
16:41
but even if we single stepped this movie,
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๋”ฑ ํ•œ๋ฒˆ๋งŒ ์˜์ƒ์„ ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด ๋ด๋„
16:43
it's tricky to see what's going on.
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์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ๋Œ์•„๊ฐ€๋Š”์ง€์— ๋Œ€๋ฒˆ์— ์•Œ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
16:45
And so what we can do is we can lay out the frames side by side
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์žฅ๋ฉด ์žฅ๋ฉด์„ ์˜†์œผ๋กœ ๋Š˜์–ด ๋†“์•„ ๋ณด๋ฉด ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ์ด๊ฒƒ์„ ํ• ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š”์ง€
16:48
or stack them up.
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์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ์Œ“์•„ ์˜ฌ๋ ธ๋Š”์ง€ ์ดํ•ดํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
16:50
So when the children see this, they say, "Ah! Acceleration,"
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์–ด๋ฆฐ์ด๊ฐ€ ์ด๊ฑธ ๋ณด๊ณ  ์˜ˆ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ํ• ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. "์•„! ๊ฐ€์†๋„๋‹ค"
16:55
remembering back four months when they did their cars sideways,
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4๊ฐœ์›”์ „์— ์ฐจ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ  ์ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ํ–ˆ๋Š”์ง€๋ฅผ ๊ธฐ์–ตํ•˜๋ฉด์„œ
16:58
and they start measuring to find out what kind of acceleration it is.
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ํ•™์ƒ๋“ค์€ ๊ฐ€์†๋„๋ผ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌํ•ด๊ณ  ์ธก์ •ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค,
17:04
So what I'm doing is measuring from the bottom of one image
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์—ฌ๊ธฐ ๋ฐ‘๋ถ€๋ถ„์—์„œ ํ•˜๋‚˜๋ฅผ ๊บผ๋‚ด ์ธก์ •์„ ํ•ด๋ณด๋„๋ก ํ•˜์ฃ 
17:10
to the bottom of the next image, about a fifth of a second later,
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๋‹ค์Œ ์ด๋ฏธ์ง€์˜ ๋ฐ”๋‹ฅ ๋ถ€๋ถ„์—์„œ, 1/5์ดˆ ํ›„์—.
17:15
like that. And they're getting faster and faster each time,
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์ด๋ ‡๊ฒŒ. ๋งค ์‹œ๊ฐ„๋งˆ๋‹ค ์ ์ ๋” ๋นจ๋ผ์ ธ๊ฐ‘๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
17:17
and if I stack these guys up, then we see the differences; the increase
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์ด ์ ๋“ค์„ ์Œ“์•„ ์˜ฌ๋ ค๋ณด๋ฉด ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์ ์„ ๋ณผ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š”๋ฐ ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์ง€์š”
17:27
in the speed is constant.
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์†๋„๋Š” ๋ณ€ํ•จ์—†์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
17:30
And they say, "Oh, yeah. Constant acceleration.
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์˜ค! ์˜ˆ! ๋“ฑ๊ฐ€์†๋„์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค,
17:32
We've done that already."
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์ด๋ฏธ ํ–ˆ์–ด์š”.
17:34
And how shall we look and verify that we actually have it?
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ๋ฐ ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ํ•˜๋ฉด ์‹ค์ œ๋กœ ํ–ˆ๋Š”์ง€ ์ฆ๋ช…ํ•ด ๋ณด์ผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์„๊นŒ์š”?
17:42
So you can't tell much from just making the ball drop there,
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์‹ค์ œ ๊ตฌ์Šฌ ๋–จ์–ด ๋œจ๋ฆฌ๊ธฐ๋กœ๋Š” ์•Œ์•„๋‚ด๊ธฐ ํž˜๋“  ์ผ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
17:47
but if we drop the ball and run the movie at the same time,
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ๊ตฌ์Šฌ์„ ๋–จ์–ด๋œจ๋ฆด๋•Œ ๋™์˜์ƒ์„ ์ดฌ์˜ํ•œ๋‹ค๋ฉด
17:53
we can see that we have come up with an accurate physical model.
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์ด๊ฒƒ์ด ์ •ํ™•ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋ฌผ๋ฆฌ์ ์ธ ๋ชจ๋ธ๊ณผ ์ผ์น˜ํ•œ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ์•Œ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
18:00
Galileo, by the way, did this very cleverly
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๊ฐˆ๋ฆด๋ ˆ์˜ค๋Š” ์ด๋Ÿฐ ๋ฐฉ์‹์œผ๋กœ ์•„์ฃผ ์˜๋ฆฌํ•˜๊ฒŒ ํ•ด๋ƒˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
18:04
by running a ball backwards down the strings of his lute.
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๊ตฌ์Šฌ์„ ํ”ผ๋ฆฌ์˜ ์ค„์„ ๋”ฐ๋ผ ๋–จ์–ด์ง€๊ฒŒ๋” ํ•ด์„œ์š”.
18:07
I pulled out those apples to remind myself to tell you that
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์ €๋Š” ์ด ์‚ฌ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ ์ƒ๊ธฐ ์‹œ์ผœ๋“œ๋ฆฌ๋ ค๊ณ  ๊ฐ€์ ธ์™”์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
18:12
this is actually probably a Newton and the apple type story,
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์•„๋งˆ๋„ ๋‰ดํŠผ๊ณผ ์‚ฌ๊ณผ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐ๋ž‘ ์‹ค์ œ๋กœ ๋น„์Šทํ•  ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
18:17
but it's a great story.
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ์œ„๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
18:19
And I thought I would do just one thing
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์ œ ์ƒ๊ฐ์—๋Š” 100๋‹ฌ๋Ÿฌ ๋žฉํƒ‘์ด ์•ž์œผ๋กœ
18:21
on the $100 laptop here just to prove that this stuff works here.
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ํ•ด๋‚ผ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ๋งŽ์€ ์ผ์ค‘ ํ•˜๋‚˜๋ฅผ ์ฆ๋ช…ํ•ด ๋ณด์˜€์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
18:31
So once you have gravity, here's this --
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๋งŒ์•ฝ ์ค‘๋ ฅ์ด ์žˆ๋‹ค๋ฉด ์ด๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
18:34
increase the speed by something,
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๋ญ”๊ฐ€๊ฐ€ ์†๋„๋ฅผ ์ฆ๊ฐ€ ์‹œํ‚ค์ง€์š”
18:36
increase the ship's speed.
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์šฐ์ฃผ์„ ์˜ ์ถ”์ง„ ์†๋„๋ฅผ ์ฆ๊ฐ€ ์‹œ์ผœ ๋ณด๊ฒ ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
18:39
If I start the little game here that the kids have done,
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ํ•™์ƒ๋“ค์ด ๋งŒ๋“  ์ด ์ž‘์€ ๊ฒŒ์ž„์„ ์‹คํ–‰์‹œ์ผœ๋ณด๋ฉด...
18:42
it'll crash the space ship.
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์šฐ์ฃผ์„ ์ด ์ถฉ๋Œํ•ด ๋ฒ„๋ ธ๋„ค์š”.
18:44
But if I oppose gravity, here we go ... Oops!
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ๋‹ค์‹œ ์ค‘๋ ฅ์„ ์ด๊ธฐ๋Š” ์ถ”์ง„์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•ด ๋ณด๋ฉด, ๊ฐ‘๋‹ˆ๋‹ค!
18:48
(Laughter)
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(์›ƒ์Œ)
18:50
One more.
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ํ•œ๋ฒˆ ๋” ํ•ด๋ณด์ฃ 
18:54
Yeah, there we go. Yeah, OK?
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์ž ์—ฌ๊ธฐ ๊ฐ‘๋‹ˆ๋‹ค ๊ทธ๋ ‡์ฃ ?
18:59
I guess the best way to end this is with two quotes:
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๋‘๊ฐ€์ง€ ๋ง์”€์„ ๋“œ๋ฆฌ๋ฉฐ ๋๋‚ด๋ ค ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
19:06
Marshall McLuhan said,
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๋งˆ์ƒฌ ๋งฅ๋ฃจํ•œ์ด ๋งํ•˜๊ธฐ๋ฅผ
19:08
"Children are the messages that we send to the future,"
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"์–ด๋ฆฐ์ด๋“ค์€ ๋ฏธ๋ž˜๋ฅผ ํ–ฅํ•ด ๋ณด๋‚ด๋Š” ์šฐ๋ฆฌ์˜ ๋ฉ”์‹œ์ง€์ด๋‹ค."
19:12
but in fact, if you think of it,
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ์ž˜ ์ƒ๊ฐํ•ด๋ณธ๋‹ค๋ฉด
19:14
children are the future we send to the future.
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์–ด๋ฆฐ์ด๋“ค์€ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๋ฏธ๋ž˜๋กœ ๋ณด๋‚ด๋Š” ๋ฏธ๋ž˜์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
19:16
Forget about messages;
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๋ฉ”์„ธ์ง€์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด์„œ๋Š” ์žŠ์œผ์„ธ์š”.
19:19
children are the future,
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์–ด๋ฆฐ์ด๋“ค์ด ๋ฏธ๋ž˜์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
19:22
and children in the first and second world
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์ œ1์„ธ๊ณ„, ์ œ2์„ธ๊ณ„์˜ ์–ด๋ฆฐ์ด๋“ค๊ณผ
19:24
and, most especially, in the third world
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ํŠน๋ณ„ํžˆ ์ œ3์„ธ๊ณ„์˜ ์–ด๋ฆฐ์ด๋“ค์€
19:27
need mentors.
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์กฐ์–ธ์ž๊ฐ€ ํ•„์š”ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
19:29
And this summer, we're going to build five million of these $100 laptops,
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์ด๋ฒˆ ์—ฌ๋ฆ„ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์ด 100๋‹ฌ๋Ÿฌ ๋žฉํƒ‘ 5๋ฐฑ๋งŒ๋Œ€๋ฅผ ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด ๋‚ผ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
19:34
and maybe 50 million next year.
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๊ทธ ๋‹ค์Œํ•ด์—๋„ 5๋ฐฑ๋งŒ๋Œ€ ์ฏค ๋งŒ๋“ค์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ฒ ์ง€์š”.
19:36
But we couldn't create 1,000 new teachers this summer to save our life.
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์šฐ๋ฆฌ์˜ ์‚ถ์„ ๊ตฌํ•ด์ค„ ์ฒœ๋ช…์˜ ์ƒˆ ์„ ์ƒ๋‹˜๋“ค์„ ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด๋‚ด์ง„ ๋ชปํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
19:43
That means that we, once again, have a thing where we can put technology out,
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์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ๋‹ค์‹œํ•œ๋ฒˆ ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์„ ๋™์›ํ•˜์—ฌ ํ•ด๋ณผ๋งŒํ•œ ์ผ์ด ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๋œป์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
19:49
but the mentoring that is required to go
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ์ด๋กœ ๋‚˜์•„๊ฐ€๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด์„œ๋Š” ์กฐ์–ธ์ด ํ•„์š”ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
19:52
from a simple new iChat instant messaging system
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๊ฐ„๋‹จํ•œ ์•„์ด์ฑ—๊ฐ™์€ ์ธ์Šคํ„ดํŠธ ๋ฉ”์‹œ์ง• ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ
19:57
to something with depth is missing.
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์ข€๋” ๊ฐš์ด์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ ๊นŒ์ง€๊ฐ€ ๋ถ€์กฑํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
19:59
I believe this has to be done with a new kind of user interface,
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์ €๋Š” ์ด๋Ÿฐ๊ฒƒ๋“ค์ด ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ์ข…๋ฅ˜์˜ ์œ ์ € ์ธํ„ฐํŽ˜์ด์Šค๋กœ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•˜๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋ด…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
20:02
and this new kind of user interface could be done
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์ด๋Ÿฐ ์ƒˆ ์œ ์ € ์ธํ„ฐํŽ˜์ด์Šค๋Š” ์•„๋งˆ๋„
20:06
with an expenditure of about 100 million dollars.
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1์–ต ๋‹ฌ๋Ÿฌ์˜ ์˜ˆ์‚ฐ์„ ํ•„์š”๋กœ ํ• ์ง€ ๋ชจ๋ฆ…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
20:11
It sounds like a lot, but it is literally 18 minutes of what we're spending in Iraq --
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์•„์ฃผ ๋น„์‹ธ๋ณด์ด์ง€๋งŒ ์‚ฌ์‹ค ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์ด๋ผํฌ์—์„œ ์“ฐ๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ๋ˆ์˜ 18๋ถ„ ๋ถ„๋Ÿ‰์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
20:18
we're spending 8 billion dollars a month; 18 minutes is 100 million dollars --
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ํ•œ๋‹ฌ์— 80์–ต๋‹ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ฅผ ๊ฑฐ๊ธฐ์„œ ์“ฐ๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. 18๋ถ„์ด ๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ 1์–ต ๋‹ฌ๋Ÿฌ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
20:23
so this is actually cheap.
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์‚ฌ์‹ค ์ด๊ฑด ์‹ผ ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
20:25
And Einstein said,
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์•„์ธ์Šˆํƒ€์ธ์€ ๋งํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
20:29
"Things should be as simple as possible, but not simpler."
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"๋ชจ๋“  ๊ฒƒ์€ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•œ ๋‹จ์ˆœํ•ด์ ธ์•ผ ํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋น„๊ต์  ๋‹จ์ˆœํ•ด์„œ๋Š” ์•ˆ ๋œ๋‹ค."
20:32
Thank you.
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๊ฐ์‚ฌํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
์ด ์›น์‚ฌ์ดํŠธ ์ •๋ณด

์ด ์‚ฌ์ดํŠธ๋Š” ์˜์–ด ํ•™์Šต์— ์œ ์šฉํ•œ YouTube ๋™์˜์ƒ์„ ์†Œ๊ฐœํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ „ ์„ธ๊ณ„ ์ตœ๊ณ ์˜ ์„ ์ƒ๋‹˜๋“ค์ด ๊ฐ€๋ฅด์น˜๋Š” ์˜์–ด ์ˆ˜์—…์„ ๋ณด๊ฒŒ ๋  ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฐ ๋™์˜์ƒ ํŽ˜์ด์ง€์— ํ‘œ์‹œ๋˜๋Š” ์˜์–ด ์ž๋ง‰์„ ๋”๋ธ” ํด๋ฆญํ•˜๋ฉด ๊ทธ๊ณณ์—์„œ ๋™์˜์ƒ์ด ์žฌ์ƒ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋น„๋””์˜ค ์žฌ์ƒ์— ๋งž์ถฐ ์ž๋ง‰์ด ์Šคํฌ๋กค๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์˜๊ฒฌ์ด๋‚˜ ์š”์ฒญ์ด ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ์ด ๋ฌธ์˜ ์–‘์‹์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ฌธ์˜ํ•˜์‹ญ์‹œ์˜ค.

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