Could we speak the language of dolphins? | Denise Herzing

517,856 views ใƒป 2013-06-06

TED


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

00:00
Translator: Joseph Geni Reviewer: Morton Bast
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ืžืชืจื’ื: Yubal Masalker ืžื‘ืงืจ: amit geva
00:12
Well, now we're going to the Bahamas to meet
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ื ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืœืื™ื™-ื‘ื”ืืžื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœืคื’ื•ืฉ
00:14
a remarkable group of dolphins that I've been working with
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ืงื‘ื•ืฆื” ืžื•ืคืœืื” ืฉืœ ื“ื•ืœืคื™ื ื™ื ืฉืื ื™
00:17
in the wild for the last 28 years.
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ืขื•ื‘ื“ืช ืื™ืชื ื‘ื˜ื‘ืข ื‘-28 ื”ืฉื ื™ื ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื•ืช.
00:20
Now I'm interested in dolphins because of their large brains
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ืื ื™ ืžืชืขื ื™ื™ื ืช ื‘ื“ื•ืœืคื™ื ื™ื ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืžื•ื—ื ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ
00:23
and what they might be doing with all that brainpower
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ื•ืžื” ืฉื”ื ืขืฉื•ื™ื™ื ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืขื ื”ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ื”ืฉื›ืœื™ืช
00:25
in the wild.
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ืฉืœื”ื ื‘ื˜ื‘ืข.
00:27
And we know they use some of that brainpower
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ืื ื• ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ืฉื”ื ืžืฉืชืžืฉื™ื ื‘ื—ืœืง ืžืื•ืชื”
00:29
for just living complicated lives,
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ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ืฉื›ืœื™ืช ืคืฉื•ื˜ ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืœ ืœื—ื™ื•ืช ื—ื™ื™ื ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ื™ื,
00:31
but what do we really know about dolphin intelligence?
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ืื ืื ื• ื‘ืืžืช ืžื›ื™ืจื™ื ืืช ื”ืื™ื ื˜ืœื™ื’ื ืฆื™ื” ืฉืœื”ื?
00:34
Well, we know a few things.
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ืื ื• ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ื›ืžื” ื“ื‘ืจื™ื.
00:36
We know that their brain-to-body ratio,
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ืื ื• ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ืฉื™ื—ืก ืžื•ื—-ื’ื•ืฃ ืฉืœื”ื,
00:38
which is a physical measure of intelligence,
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ืฉื”ื•ื ืžื“ื“ ืคื™ื–ื™ ืœืื™ื ื˜ืœื™ื’ื ืฆื™ื”,
00:40
is second only to humans.
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ื”ื•ื ืฉื ื™ ืจืง ืœืื“ื.
00:42
Cognitively, they can understand
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ืžื‘ื—ื™ื ืช ื”ืชืคื™ืกื”,
00:44
artificially-created languages.
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ื”ื ืžืกื•ื’ืœื™ื ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืฉืคื•ืช ืžืœืื›ื•ืชื™ื•ืช.
00:46
And they pass self-awareness tests in mirrors.
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ื”ื ืขื•ื‘ืจื™ื ื‘ื”ืฆืœื—ื” ืžื‘ื—ื ื™ ืžื•ื“ืขื•ืช-ืขืฆืžื™ืช ืžื•ืœ ืžืจืื”.
00:50
And in some parts of the world, they use tools,
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ื‘ื›ืžื” ืื–ื•ืจื™ื ื‘ืขื•ืœื, ื”ื ืžืฉืชืžืฉื™ื ื‘ื›ืœื™ื
00:52
like sponges to hunt fish.
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ื›ืžื• ืกืคื•ื’, ื›ื“ื™ ืœืœื›ื•ื“ ื“ื’ื™ื.
00:54
But there's one big question left:
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ืื‘ืœ ืฉืืœื” ืื—ืช ื ื•ืชืจื” ืคืชื•ื—ื”:
00:57
do they have a language, and if so,
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ื”ืื ื™ืฉ ืœื”ื ืฉืคื”, ื•ืื ื›ืŸ,
00:59
what are they talking about?
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ืขืœ ืžื” ื”ื ืžืฉื•ื—ื—ื™ื?
01:01
So decades ago, not years ago,
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ื›ืš ืœืคื ื™ ื›ืžื” ืขืฉื•ืจื™ื, ืœื ืฉื ื™ื,
01:04
I set out to find a place in the world
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ื™ืฆืืชื™ ืœืžืฆื•ื ืžืงื•ื ื‘ืขื•ืœื ื‘ื• ืื•ื›ืœ
01:07
where I could observe dolphins underwater
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ืœืฆืคื•ืช ื‘ื“ื•ืœืคื™ื ื™ื ืžืชื—ืช ืœืžื™ื
01:08
to try to crack the code of their communication system.
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœื ืกื•ืช ืœืคืฆื— ืืช ืฆื•ืคืŸ ืฉื™ื˜ืช ื”ืชืงืฉื•ืจืช ื‘ื™ื ื™ื”ื.
01:12
Now in most parts of the world, the water's pretty murky,
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ื‘ืจื•ื‘ ื”ืžืงื•ืžื•ืช ื‘ืขื•ืœื ื”ืžื™ื ื“ื™ ืžืขื•ืคืฉื™ื,
01:14
so it's very hard to observe animals underwater,
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ืœื›ืŸ ืžืื•ื“ ืงืฉื” ืœืฆืคื•ืช ื‘ื™ืฆื•ืจื™ื ืžืชื—ืช ืœืžื™ื.
01:17
but I found a community of dolphins that live
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ืื‘ืœ ื’ื™ืœื™ืชื™ ื—ื‘ื•ืจืช ื“ื•ืœืคื™ื ื™ื ื”ื—ื™ื™ื
01:19
in these beautiful, clear, shallow sandbanks of the Bahamas
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ื‘ืฉืจื˜ื•ื ื™ื ื”ื™ืคื™ื ื•ื”ืฆืœื•ืœื™ื ืืœื” ื‘ืชื•ืš ื”ืžื™ื ื”ืจื“ื•ื“ื™ื ืฉืœ ืื™ื™-ื‘ื”ืืžื”
01:22
which are just east of Florida.
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ืžืขื˜ ืžื–ืจื—ื™ืช ืœืคืœื•ืจื™ื“ื”.
01:24
And they spend their daytime resting and socializing
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ื”ื ืžืขื‘ื™ืจื™ื ืืช ื–ืžื ื ื‘ืžื ื•ื—ื” ื•ื‘ืคืขื™ืœื•ืช ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ืช
01:27
in the safety of the shallows, but at night,
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ื‘ื—ื•ืฃ ื”ืžื‘ื˜ื—ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืžื™ื ื”ืจื“ื•ื“ื™ื,
01:29
they go off the edge and hunt in deep water.
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ืื‘ืœ ื‘ืœื™ืœื”, ื”ื ืžื’ื™ื—ื™ื ื”ื—ื•ืฆื” ื•ืฆื“ื™ื ื‘ืžื™ื ื”ืขืžื•ืงื™ื.
01:33
Now, it's not a bad place to be a researcher, either.
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ื’ื ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื”ื—ื•ืงืจ ืื™ืŸ ื–ื” ืžืงื•ื ืจืข.
01:36
So we go out for about five months every summer
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ืื ื• ื™ื•ืฆืื™ื ืœ-5 ื—ื•ื“ืฉื™ื ื‘ื›ืœ ืงื™ืฅ
01:39
in a 20-meter catamaran, and we live, sleep and work
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ื‘ืกื™ืจื” ืฉืื•ืจื›ื” 20 ืžื˜ืจ ื•ืื ื• ื’ืจื™ื, ื™ืฉื ื™ื ื•ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ื‘ื™ื
01:43
at sea for weeks at a time.
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ืœืžืฉืš ืฉื‘ื•ืขื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื™ืฆื™ืื” ืœื™ื.
01:45
My main tool is an underwater video with a hydrophone,
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ื›ืœื™ ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื”ืขื™ืงืจื™ ืฉืœื™ ื”ื•ื ืžืฆืœืžืช ื•ื™ื“ืื• ืชืช-ืžื™ืžื™ืช ืขื ื”ื™ื“ืจื•ืคื•ืŸ,
01:47
which is an underwater microphone, and this is so
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ืฉื–ื” ืžื™ืงืจื•ืคื•ืŸ ืชืช-ืžื™ืžื™, ื•ื”ื•ื ื ื•ืขื“
01:49
I can correlate sound and behavior.
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœืืคืฉืจ ืœื™ ืœืงืฉืจ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืงื•ืœ ืœื”ืชื ื”ื’ื•ืช.
01:52
And most of our work's pretty non-invasive.
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ืžืจื‘ื™ืช ืขื‘ื•ื“ืชื™ื ื• ืื™ื ื” ื—ื•ื“ืจื ื™ืช.
01:53
We try to follow dolphin etiquette while we're in the water,
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ืื ื• ืžื ืกื™ื ืœืขืงื•ื‘ ืื—ืจ ื›ืœืœื™ ื”ื”ืชื ื”ื’ื•ืช ื”ื“ื•ืœืคื™ื ื™ืช ื‘ืขื•ื“ื ื• ื‘ืžื™ื,
01:56
since we're actually observing them physically in the water.
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ืžืื—ืจ ื•ืื ื—ื ื• ืžืžืฉ ืฆื•ืคื™ื ื‘ื”ื ืคื™ื–ื™ืช ื‘ืชื•ืš ื”ืžื™ื.
01:59
Now, Atlantic spotted dolphins are a really nice species
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ื”ื“ื•ืœืคื™ื ื™ื ื”ืื˜ืœื ื˜ื™ื™ื ื”ืžื ื•ืžืจื™ื ื”ื ืื›ืŸ ืžื™ืŸ ื ื•ื—
02:02
to work with for a couple of reasons.
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ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ ืื™ืชื• ื‘ื’ืœืœ ื›ืžื” ืกื™ื‘ื•ืช.
02:04
They're born without spots, and they get spots with age,
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ื”ื ื ื•ืœื“ื™ื ื—ืœืงื™ื ื•ืื—ืจ-ื›ืš ืžื•ืคื™ืขื•ืช ืขืœื™ื”ื ื”ื ืงื•ื“ื•ืช ืœืคื™ ื’ื™ืœื,
02:07
and they go through pretty distinct developmental phases,
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ื•ื”ื ืขื•ื‘ืจื™ื ื“ืจืš ืฉืœื‘ื™ ื”ืชืคืชื—ื•ืช ื”ื ื‘ื“ืœื™ื ื–ื” ืžื–ื”,
02:10
so that's fun to track their behavior.
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ื›ืš ืฉื–ื” ื›ื™ืฃ ืœืขืงื•ื‘ ืื—ืจ ื”ืชื ื”ื’ื•ืชื.
02:12
And by about the age of 15, they're fully spotted black and white.
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ื‘ืขืจืš ื‘ื’ื™ืœ 15, ื”ื ื›ื‘ืจ ืžื ื•ืžืจื™ื ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืžืœื ืฉื—ื•ืจ-ืœื‘ืŸ.
02:16
Now the mother you see here is Mugsy.
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ืœืืžื ืฉืจื•ืื™ื ื›ืืŸ ืงื•ืจืื™ื ืžื’ืกื™.
02:18
She's 35 years old in this shot,
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ื”ื™ื ื‘ืช 35 ื‘ืชืžื•ื ื” ื–ื•,
02:20
but dolphins can actually live into their early 50s.
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ืื‘ืœ ื“ื•ืœืคื™ื ื™ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื—ื™ื•ืช ืขื“ ื’ื™ืœ 50+.
02:23
And like all the dolphins in our community,
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ื•ื›ืžื• ื›ืœ ื”ื“ื•ืœืคื™ื ื™ื ื‘ื—ื‘ื•ืจื” ื–ื•,
02:26
we photographed Mugsy and tracked her little spots
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ืฆื™ืœืžื ื• ืืช ืžื’ืกื™ ื•ืขืงื‘ื ื• ืื—ืจ ื”ื ืงื•ื“ื•ืช ื•ื”ื—ืจื™ืฆื™ื
02:29
and nicks in her dorsal fin,
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ื”ืงื˜ื ื™ื ื‘ืกื ืคื™ืจ ื”ื’ื‘ ืฉืœื”,
02:31
and also the unique spot patterns
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ื•ื’ื ืื—ืจ ื”ืชื‘ื ื™ื•ืช ื”ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ื ืงื•ื“ื•ืช
02:33
as she matured over time.
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ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื”ืชื‘ื’ืจื•ืชื”.
02:36
Now, young dolphins learn a lot as they're growing up,
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ื”ื“ื•ืœืคื™ื ื™ื ื”ืฆืขื™ืจื™ื ืœื•ืžื“ื™ื ื”ืจื‘ื” ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ื”ืชืคืชื—ื•ืชื,
02:38
and they use their teenage years to practice social skills,
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ื•ื”ื ืžื ืฆืœื™ื ืืช ื’ื™ืœ ื”ื”ืชื‘ื’ืจื•ืช ืœืชื™ืจื’ื•ืœ ื›ื™ืฉื•ืจื™ื ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ื™ื,
02:41
and at about the age of nine, the females
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ื•ื‘ื’ื™ืœ 9 ืœืขืจืš, ื”ื ืงื‘ื•ืช
02:44
become sexually mature, so they can get pregnant,
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ืžื’ื™ืขื•ืช ืœื‘ื’ืจื•ืช ืžื™ื ื™ืช, ื›ืš ืฉื”ืŸ ื™ื›ื•ืœื•ืช ืœื”ืจื•ืช,
02:46
and the males mature quite a bit later,
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ื•ื”ื–ื›ืจื™ื ืžื’ื™ืขื™ื ืœื‘ื’ืจื•ืช ืžืขื˜ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืื•ื—ืจ,
02:48
at around 15 years of age.
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ื‘ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื•ืช ื”ื’ื™ืœ 15.
02:50
And dolphins are very promiscuous,
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ื”ื“ื•ืœืคื™ื ื™ื ืžืื•ื“ ืžื•ืคืงืจื™ื ืžื™ื ื™ืช,
02:52
and so we have to determine who the fathers are,
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ืœื›ืŸ ืขืœื™ื ื• ืœืงื‘ื•ืข ืžื™ ื”ื ื”ืื‘ื•ืช.
02:55
so we do paternity tests by collecting fecal material
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ืื ื• ืžื‘ืฆืขื™ื ื‘ื“ื™ืงื•ืช ืื‘ื”ื•ืช ืขืœ-ื™ื“ื™
02:57
out of the water and extracting DNA.
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ืื™ืกื•ืฃ ืฆื•ืื” ื•ื”ื•ืฆืืช ื”-DNA.
03:00
So what that means is, after 28 years,
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ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ื™ื ืฉืœืื—ืจ 28 ืฉื ื™ื,
03:03
we are tracking three generations,
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ืื ื• ืขื•ืงื‘ื™ื ืื—ืจ 3 ื“ื•ืจื•ืช,
03:05
including grandmothers and grandfathers.
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ื›ื•ืœืœ ื”ืกื‘ื™ื ื•ื”ืกื‘ืชื•ืช.
03:08
Now, dolphins are natural acousticians.
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ื”ื“ื•ืœืคื™ื ื™ื ื”ื ื™ื•ืฆืจื™ ืงื•ืœื•ืช ืžื˜ื‘ืขื.
03:10
They make sounds 10 times as high
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ื”ื ื™ื•ืฆืจื™ื ื•ืฉื•ืžืขื™ื ืงื•ืœื•ืช ืฉื”ื
03:12
and hear sounds 10 times as high as we do.
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ืคื™-10 ื™ื•ืชืจ ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื™ื ืžืžื” ืฉืื ื• ืžืกื•ื’ืœื™ื.
03:15
But they have other communication signals they use.
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ืื‘ืœ ื™ืฉ ื’ื ืกื™ืžื ื™ ืชืงืฉื•ืจืช ืื—ืจื™ื ืฉื”ื ืžืฉืชืžืฉื™ื ื‘ื”ื.
03:17
They have good vision, so they use body postures to communicate.
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ื™ืฉ ืœื”ื ืจืื™ื” ื˜ื•ื‘ื”, ื›ืš ืฉื”ื ืžืฉืชืžืฉื™ื ื‘ืชื ื•ื—ื•ืช ื’ื•ืฃ ืœืชืงืฉื•ืจืช.
03:21
They have taste, not smell.
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ื™ืฉ ืœื”ื ื—ื•ืฉ ื˜ืขื, ืœื ืจื™ื—.
03:23
And they have touch.
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ื™ืฉ ืœื”ื ื—ื•ืฉ ืžื’ืข.
03:25
And sound can actually be felt in the water,
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ื•ื‘ืžื™ื ืืคืฉืจ ืžืžืฉ ืœื—ื•ืฉ ืืช ื”ืงื•ืœ,
03:27
because the acoustic impedance of tissue and water's about the same.
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ืžืื—ืจ ื•ื”ืขื›ื‘ื” ื”ืืงื•ืกื˜ื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืจื™ืงืžื” ื•ื”ืžื™ื ืงืจื•ื‘ื•ืช ื–ื• ืœื–ื•.
03:30
So dolphins can buzz and tickle each other at a distance.
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ืœื›ืŸ ื”ื“ื•ืœืคื™ื ื™ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื“ื’ื“ื’ ืžืจื—ื•ืง ืื—ื“ ืืช ื”ืฉื ื™ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื–ืžื–ื•ื.
03:34
Now, we do know some things about how sounds are used
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ืื ื• ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ืžืฉื”ื• ืขืœ ื›ื™ืฆื“ ื”ืงื•ืœื•ืช ืžื ื•ืฆืœื™ื
03:36
with certain behaviors.
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ื‘ืฉื™ืœื•ื‘ ืขื ื”ืชื ื”ื’ื•ื™ื•ืช ืžืกื•ื™ื™ืžื•ืช.
03:38
Now, the signature whistle is a whistle
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ืฉืจื™ืงืช ื”ืื™ืชื•ืช ื”ื™ื ื” ืฉืจื™ืงื”
03:40
that's specific to an individual dolphin, and it's like a name. (Dolphin whistling noises)
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ื”ืื•ืคื™ื™ื ื™ืช ืœื›ืœ ื“ื•ืœืคื™ืŸ ื‘ื ืคืจื“, ื•ื”ื™ื ื›ืื™ืœื• ื”ืฉื. (ืงื•ืœื•ืช ืฉืจื™ืงื•ืช ื“ื•ืœืคื™ื ื™ื).
03:44
And this is the best-studied sound,
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ื•ื–ื” ื”ืงื•ืœ ืฉื ื—ืงืจ ื”ื›ื™ ื”ืจื‘ื”,
03:47
because it's easy to measure, really,
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ืžื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉืงืœ ืœืžื“ื“ื•,
03:48
and you'd find this whistle when mothers and calves
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ื•ื ืชืงืœื™ื ื‘ืฉืจื™ืงื” ื–ื• ื›ืืฉืจ ืืžื”ื•ืช ื•ื’ื•ืจื™ื
03:50
are reuniting, for example.
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ืœืžืฉืœ ืžืชืื—ื“ื™ื.
03:52
Another well studied sound are echolocation clicks.
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ืงื•ืœื•ืช ืื—ืจื™ื ืฉื ื—ืงืจื• ื”ื™ื˜ื‘ ื”ื ืชื™ืงืชื•ืงื™ ื”ืชืžืฆืื•ืช.
03:55
This is the dolphin's sonar. (Dolphin echolocation noises)
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ื–ื”ื• ืกื•ื ืืจ ื”ื“ื•ืœืคื™ื ื™ื. (ืงื•ืœื•ืช ืชื™ืงืชื•ืงื™ ื“ื•ืœืคื™ืŸ)
03:59
And they use these clicks to hunt and feed.
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ื”ื ืžืฉืชืžืฉื™ื ื‘ืชื™ืงืชื•ืงื™ื ืืœื” ืœืฆื™ื“ ื•ืื›ื™ืœื”.
04:02
But they can also tightly pack these clicks together
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ื ื’ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื“ื—ื•ืก ืชื™ืงืชื•ืงื™ื ื•ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ
04:04
into buzzes and use them socially.
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ืžื™ืŸ ื–ืžื–ื•ืžื™ื ื”ืžืฉืžืฉื™ื ืœืžื˜ืจื•ืช ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ื•ืช.
04:06
For example, males will stimulate a female
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ืœื“ื•ื’ืžื, ื–ื›ืจื™ื ื™ื’ืจื• ื ืงื‘ื”
04:08
during a courtship chase.
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ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ืžืจื“ืฃ ื—ื™ื–ื•ืจ.
04:11
You know, I've been buzzed in the water.
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ืฉืชื“ืขื•, ืงื™ื‘ืœืชื™ ื–ืžื–ื•ืžื™ื ื‘ืžื™ื.
04:13
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
04:15
Don't tell anyone. It's a secret.
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ืืœ ืชืกืคืจื• ืœืืฃ ืื—ื“. ื–ื” ืกื•ื“.
04:18
And you can really feel the sound. That was my point with that.
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ืžืžืฉ ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื—ื•ืฉ ืืช ื”ืงื•ืœ. ื–ื• ื”ื ืงื•ื“ื” ืฉืจืฆื™ืชื™ ืœื”ื“ื’ื™ืฉ ื‘ื–ื”.
04:20
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
04:24
So dolphins are also political animals,
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ื“ื•ืœืคื™ื ื™ื ื”ื ื—ื™ื•ืช ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ื•ืช,
04:26
so they have to resolve conflicts.
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ื›ืš ืฉืขืœื™ื”ื ืœืคืชื•ืจ ืกื›ืกื•ื›ื™ื.
04:28
(Dolphin noises)
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(ืงื•ืœื•ืช ื“ื•ืœืคื™ื ื™ื)
04:30
And they use these burst-pulsed sounds as well as
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ื”ื ืžืฉืชืžืฉื™ื ื‘ืงื•ืœื•ืช ื“ื•ืคืง ืžืชืคืจืฆื™ื ื”ืœืœื•
04:32
their head-to-head behaviors when they're fighting.
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ื›ืžื• ื’ื ื‘ืžื’ืขื™ ืจืืฉ-ื‘ืจืืฉ ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ื ื ืื‘ืงื™ื.
04:35
And these are very unstudied sounds
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ืืœื” ืงื•ืœื•ืช ืฉื‘ื›ืœืœ ืœื ื ื—ืงืจื•
04:37
because they're hard to measure.
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ื›ื™ ืงืฉื” ืœืžื“ื•ื“ ืื•ืชื.
04:39
Now this is some video of a typical dolphin fight.
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ื–ื”ื• ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ืžืื‘ืง ืื•ืคื™ื™ื ื™ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื“ื•ืœืคื™ื ื™ื.
04:42
(Dolphin noises)
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(ืงื•ืœื•ืช ื“ื•ืœืคื™ื ื™ื)
04:44
So you're going to see two groups,
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ื ืจืื” ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ืฉืชื™ ืงื‘ื•ืฆื•ืช,
04:46
and you're going to see the head-to-head posturing,
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ื•ื ืจืื” ืชื ื•ื—ื•ืช ืจืืฉ-ื‘ืจืืฉ,
04:48
some open mouths,
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ื›ืžื” ืคื™ื•ืช ืคืชื•ื—ื™ื,
04:51
lots of squawking.
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ื”ืžื•ืŸ ืงื™ืจืงื•ืจื™ื.
04:54
There's a bubble.
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ื”ื ื” ื‘ื•ืขื”. ื‘ื’ื“ื•ืœ, ืื—ืช ื”ืงื‘ื•ืฆื•ืช
04:57
And basically, one of these groups will kind of back off
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ืชื™ืกื•ื’ ืื—ื•ืจื” ื•ื”ื›ืœ ื™ืฉื•ื‘
05:00
and everything will resolve fine,
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ื‘ืฉืœื•ื ืœืงื“ืžื•ืชื•,
05:01
and it doesn't really escalate into violence too much.
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ื•ื–ื” ืœื ื‘ืืžืช ืžื™ื“ืจื“ืจ ืœืืœื™ืžื•ืช ื—ืžื•ืจื”.
05:05
Now, in the Bahamas, we also have resident bottlenose
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ื‘ืื™ื™-ื‘ื”ืืžื”, ื’ืจ ื“ืจืš ืงื‘ืข ื“ื•ืœืคื™ืŸ ื‘ืขืœ ืืฃ-ื‘ืงื‘ื•ืง
05:07
that interact socially with the spotted dolphins.
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ื”ื‘ื ื‘ืžื’ืข ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ ืขื ื”ื“ื•ืœืคื™ื ื™ื ื”ืžื ื•ืžืจื™ื.
05:10
For example, they babysit each other's calves.
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ืœื“ื•ื’ืžื, ื”ื ืขื•ืฉื™ื ืฉืžืจื˜ืคื•ืช ื”ื“ื“ื™ืช ืœื’ื•ืจื™ื”ื.
05:13
The males have dominance displays that they use
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ืœื–ื›ืจื™ื ื™ืฉ ืชืฆื•ื’ื•ืช ืฉืœื™ื˜ื” ื”ืžืฉืžืฉื•ืช ืื•ืชื
05:15
when they're chasing each other's females.
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ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ืžืจื“ืฃ ืื—ืจ ื”ื ืงื‘ื•ืช ื”ืื—ื“ ืฉืœ ื”ืฉื ื™.
05:18
And the two species actually form temporary alliances
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ื•ืฉื ื™ ื”ืžื™ื ื™ื ื™ื•ืฆืจื™ื ื‘ืจื™ืชื•ืช ื–ืžื ื™ื•ืช
05:20
when they're chasing sharks away.
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ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ื ืžื’ืจืฉื™ื ื›ืจื™ืฉื™ื.
05:22
And one of the mechanisms they use to communicate
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ืื—ื“ ื”ืžื ื’ื ื•ื ื™ื ื”ืžืฉืžืฉื™ื ืื•ืชื ืœื”ืชืขื“ื›ืŸ ืœื’ื‘ื™
05:25
their coordination is synchrony.
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ื”ืงื•ืื•ืจื“ื™ื ืฆื™ื” ืฉืœื”ื ื”ื™ื ืกื™ื ื›ืจื•ืŸ.
05:27
They synchronize their sounds and their body postures
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ื”ื ืžืกื ื›ืจื ื™ื ืืช ืงื•ืœื•ืชื™ื”ื ื•ืืช ืชื ื•ื—ื•ืช ื’ื•ืคื
05:30
to look bigger and sound stronger.
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื™ืจืื•ืช ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื ื•ื—ื–ืงื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ.
05:33
(Dolphins noises)
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(ืงื•ืœื•ืช ื“ื•ืœืคื™ื ื™ื)
05:34
Now, these are bottlenose dolphins,
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ืืœื” ื“ื•ืœืคื™ื ื™ ืืฃ-ื‘ืงื‘ื•ืง, ื•ืชืจืื• ืื•ืชื
05:37
and you'll see them starting to synchronize
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ืžืชื—ื™ืœื™ื ืœืกื ื›ืจืŸ ืืช
05:38
their behavior and their sounds.
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ื”ืชื ื”ื’ื•ืชื ื•ืืช ืงื•ืœื•ืชื™ื”ื.
05:40
(Dolphin noises)
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(ืงื•ืœื•ืช ื“ื•ืœืคื™ื ื™ื)
05:45
You see, they're synchronizing with their partner
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ื”ื ืžืกืชื ื›ืจื ื™ื ืขื ืฉื•ืชืคื™ื”ื
05:47
as well as the other dyad.
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ื›ืžื• ื”ืฆืžื“ ื”ืื—ืจ.
05:51
I wish I was that coordinated.
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ื”ืœื•ื•ืื™ ืฉื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ืžืชื•ืืžืช ื›ืœ-ื›ืš.
05:56
Now, it's important to remember that you're only hearing
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ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืœื–ื›ื•ืจ ืฉืฉื•ืžืขื™ื ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ืจืง ืืช ืื•ืชื• ื—ืœืง
05:59
the human-audible parts of dolphin sounds,
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ืžื”ืงื•ืœื•ืช ืืฉืจ ืฉืžื™ืข ืœืื•ื–ืŸ ืื“ื.
06:01
and dolphins make ultrasonic sounds,
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ื“ื•ืœืคื™ื ื™ื ื™ื•ืฆืจื™ื ืงื•ืœื•ืช ืขืœ-ืงื•ืœื™ื™ื,
06:03
and we use special equipment in the water
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ื•ืื ื• ืžืฉืชืžืฉื™ื ื‘ืฆื™ื•ื“ ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ื‘ืžื™ื
06:05
to collect these sounds.
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœืงืœื•ื˜ ืงื•ืœื•ืช ืืœื”.
06:07
Now, researchers have actually measured whistle complexity
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ื—ื•ืงืจื™ื ืœืžืขืฉื” ืžื“ื“ื• ืืช ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ื•ืช ื”ืฉืจื™ืงื”
06:09
using information theory,
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ื‘ืขื–ืจืช ืชื™ืื•ืจื™ื™ืช ื”ืžื™ื“ืข,
06:11
and whistles rate very high relative to even human languages.
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ื•ืฉืจื™ืงื•ืช ืžื“ื•ืจื’ื•ืช ื’ื‘ื•ื” ืžืื•ื“ ื™ื—ืกื™ืช ืืคื™ืœื• ืœืฉืคืช ืื“ื.
06:15
But burst-pulsed sounds is a bit of a mystery.
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ืื‘ืœ ืงื•ืœื•ืช ื”ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ื™ื ืžืื•ืชื•ืช ืžืชืคืจืฆื™ื ื”ื ืชืขืœื•ืžื”.
06:19
Now, these are three spectragrams.
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ืืœื• ื”ืŸ ืฉืœื•ืฉ ื“ื™ืื’ืจืžื•ืช ืฉืœ ืกืคืงื˜ืจื•ืžื™ื.
06:22
Two are human words, and one is a dolphin vocalizing.
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ืฉืชื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ืžื™ืœื™ื ืื ื•ืฉื™ื•ืช ื•ืื—ืช ืฉืœ ืงื•ืœื•ืช ื“ื•ืœืคื™ืŸ.
06:25
So just take a guess in your mind which one is the dolphin.
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ืชื ืกื• ืœื ื—ืฉ ื‘ืœื‘ ืื™ื–ื• ืฉื™ื™ื›ืช ืœื“ื•ืœืคื™ืŸ.
06:31
Now, it turns out burst-pulsed sounds actually look
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ืžืชื‘ืจืจ ืฉืงื•ืœื•ืช ืฉืœ ืื•ืชื•ืช-ืžืชืคืจืฆื™ื
06:33
a bit like human phonemes.
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ื ืจืื™ื ืงืฆืช ื›ืžื• ื”ื‘ืจื•ืช ืื ื•ืฉื™ื•ืช.
06:36
Now, one way to crack the code
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ืื—ืช ื”ื“ืจื›ื™ื ืœืคืฆื— ืืช ื”ืงื•ื“
06:37
is to interpret these signals and figure out what they mean,
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ื”ื™ื ืœืคืจืฉ ืืช ื”ืื•ืชื•ืช ื•ืœืคืขื ื— ืืช ื›ื•ื•ื ืชื,
06:40
but it's a difficult job, and we actually don't have a Rosetta Stone yet.
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ืื‘ืœ ื–ื” ืงืฉื”, ื•ืื™ืŸ ืœื ื• ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืฉื•ื ืจืžื– ื‘ืจื•ืจ.
06:44
But a second way to crack the code
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ื“ืจืš ืื—ืจืช ืœืคื™ืฆื•ื— ื”ืงื•ื“
06:46
is to develop some technology,
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ื”ื™ื ืœืคืชื— ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ื›ืœืฉื”ื™,
06:48
an interface to do two-way communication,
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ืื™ื–ื” ืžืžืฉืง ืœืชืงืฉื•ืจืช ื“ื•-ื›ื™ื•ื•ื ื™ืช,
06:50
and that's what we've been trying to do in the Bahamas
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ื•ื–ื” ืžื” ืฉืื ื• ืžื ืกื™ื ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื‘ืื™ื™-ื‘ื”ืืžื”
06:52
and in real time.
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ื•ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ืืžืช.
06:55
Now, scientists have used keyboard interfaces
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ืžื“ืขื ื™ื ื”ืฉืชืžืฉื• ื‘ืžืžืฉืงื™ ืžืงืœื“ื•ืช ื›ื“ื™ ืœื ืกื•ืช
06:57
to try to bridge the gap with species
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ืœื’ืฉืจ ืขืœ ื”ืคืขืจ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืžื™ื ื™ื
06:59
including chimpanzees and dolphins.
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ื›ื•ืœืœ ืฉื™ืžืคื ื–ื•ืช ื•ื“ื•ืœืคื™ื ื™ื.
07:01
This underwater keyboard in Orlando, Florida,
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ืžืงืœื“ืช ืชืช-ืžื™ืžื™ืช ื–ื• ื‘ืื•ืจืœื ื“ื•, ืคืœื•ืจื™ื“ื”,
07:04
at the Epcot Center, was actually
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ื‘ืžืจื›ื– ืืคืงื•ื˜, ื”ื™ื ืœืžืขืฉื” ืžืžืฉืง
07:06
the most sophisticated ever two-way interface designed
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ื“ื•-ื›ื™ื•ื•ื ื™ ื”ื›ื™ ืžืชื•ื—ื›ื ืฉื ื‘ื ื” ืื™-ืคืขื
07:09
for humans and dolphins to work together under the water
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ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื‘ื ื™-ืื“ื ื•ื“ื•ืœืคื™ื ื™ื ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืžืฉื•ืชืคืช
07:12
and exchange information.
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ืชื—ืช ืžื™ื ื•ืœื”ื—ืœืคืช ืžื™ื“ืข.
07:14
So we wanted to develop an interface like this
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ืœื›ืŸ ืจืฆื™ื ื• ืœืคืชื— ืžืžืฉืง ื›ื–ื”
07:16
in the Bahamas, but in a more natural setting.
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ื‘ืื™ื™-ื‘ื”ืืžื”, ืื‘ืœ ื‘ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ื˜ื‘ืขื™ืช.
07:19
And one of the reasons we thought we could do this
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ืื—ืช ื”ืกื™ื‘ื•ืช ืฉื”ื‘ื™ืื” ืื•ืชื ื• ืœื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืฉื–ื” ืืคืฉืจื™
07:21
is because the dolphins were starting to show us
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ื”ื™ื ืฉื”ื“ื•ืœืคื™ื ื™ื ื”ื—ืœื• ืœื”ืคื’ื™ืŸ
07:23
a lot of mutual curiosity.
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ื”ืžื•ืŸ ืกืงืจื ื•ืช ื”ื“ื“ื™ืช.
07:25
They were spontaneously mimicking our vocalizations
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ื”ื ื—ื™ืงื• ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืกืคื•ื ื˜ื ื™ ืืช ืงื•ืœื•ืชื™ื ื•
07:28
and our postures, and they were also inviting us
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ื•ืืช ืชื ื•ื—ื•ืชื™ื ื•, ื•ื”ื ื’ื ื”ื–ืžื™ื ื•
07:30
into dolphin games.
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ืื•ืชื ื• ืœืžืฉื—ืงื™ ื“ื•ืœืคื™ื ื™ื.
07:32
Now, dolphins are social mammals, so they love to play,
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ื“ื•ืœืคื™ื ื™ื ื”ื ื™ื•ื ืงื™ื ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ื™ื, ืœื›ืŸ ื”ื ืื•ื”ื‘ื™ื ืœืฉื—ืง,
07:35
and one of their favorite games is to drag seaweed,
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ื•ืื—ื“ ื”ืžืฉื—ืงื™ื ื”ืื”ื•ื‘ื™ื ืขืœื™ื”ื ื”ื™ื ื’ืจื™ืจืช ืขืฉื‘-ื™ื,
07:38
or sargassum in this case, around.
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ืื• ืืฆื•ืช ื‘ืžืงืจื” ื–ื”, ืžืคื” ืœืฉื.
07:42
And they're very adept. They like to drag it
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ื•ื”ื ืžืื•ื“ ืžื™ื•ืžื ื™ื. ื”ื ืื•ื”ื‘ื™ื ืœื’ืจื•ืจ
07:44
and drop it from appendage to appendage.
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ื•ืœื”ืขื‘ื™ืจ ืื•ืชื ืžืกื ืคื™ืจ ืœืกื ืคื™ืจ.
07:48
Now in this footage, the adult is Caroh.
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ื‘ืงื˜ืข ื–ื” ื”ื‘ื•ื’ืจ ื”ื™ื ืงืืจื•.
07:51
She's 25 years old here, and this is her newborn, Cobalt,
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ื”ื™ื ื‘ืช 25 ื•ืœื™ื“ื” ื”ื’ื•ืจ ื”ื—ื“ืฉ ืฉืœื”, ืงื•ื‘ืœื˜,
07:55
and he's just learning how to play this game.
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ื•ื”ื•ื ืคืฉื•ื˜ ืœื•ืžื“ ืœืฉื—ืง ืืช ื”ืžืฉื—ืง ื”ื–ื”.
07:57
(Dolphin noises)
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(ืงื•ืœื•ืช ื“ื•ืœืคื™ื ื™ื)
07:59
She's kind of teasing him and taunting him.
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ื”ื™ื ืžืชื’ืจื” ื‘ื• ื•ืžืงื ื™ื˜ื” ืื•ืชื•.
08:03
He really wants that sargassum.
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ื”ื•ื ืžืžืฉ ืจื•ืฆื” ืืช ืฆืžื—ื™ื™ื”.
08:08
Now, when dolphins solicit humans for this game,
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ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ื“ื•ืœืคื™ื ื™ื ืžืฉื“ืœื™ื ืืช ื”ืื“ื ืœื”ืฆื˜ืจืฃ ืœืžืฉื—ืง,
08:11
they'll often sink vertically in the water,
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ื”ื ื‘ื“ืจืš-ื›ืœืœ ืฆื•ืœืœื™ื ืื ื›ื™ืช ื‘ืžื™ื,
08:14
and they'll have a little sargassum on their flipper,
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ื‘ืขื•ื“ื ืžื—ื–ื™ืงื™ื ืืช ื”ืฆืžื—ื™ื™ื” ืขืœ ืกื ืคื™ืจื,
08:16
and they'll sort of nudge it and drop it sometimes
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ื”ื ืงืฆืช ื“ื•ื—ืคื™ื ืื•ืชื” ื•ืื—ืจ-ื›ืš ืขื•ื–ื‘ื™ื ื›ื“ื™ ืฉืชื™ืคื•ืœ
08:19
on the bottom and let us go get it,
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ืœืงืจืงืขื™ืช ื•ืฉืื ื• ื ื™ืงื— ืื•ืชื”,
08:20
and then we'll have a little seaweed keep away game.
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ื•ืื– ืฉื ืฉื—ืง ืืช ื”ืžืฉื—ืง ืฉืœ ืœืฉืžื•ืจ ืื•ืชื” ืืฆืœื ื•.
08:23
But when we don't dive down and get it,
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ืื‘ืœ ื›ืืฉืจ ืื ื• ืœื ืฆื•ืœืœื™ื ื›ื“ื™ ืœืงื—ืชื”,
08:24
they'll bring it to the surface
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ื”ื ืžื‘ื™ืื™ื ืื•ืชื” ืœืคื ื™-ื”ืžื™ื
08:26
and they'll sort of wave it in front of us on their tail
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ื•ืžื ืคื ืคื™ื ื‘ื” ืžื•ืœื ื• ืขืœ ื–ื ื‘ื ื•ืขื•ื–ื‘ื™ื ืขื‘ื•ืจื ื•
08:30
and drop it for us like they do their calves,
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ื›ืžื• ืฉื”ื ืขื•ืฉื™ื ืขื ื’ื•ืจื™ื”ื,
08:32
and then we'll pick it up and have a game.
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ื•ืื—ืจ-ื›ืš ืžืจื™ืžื™ื ืื•ืชื” ืœื”ืžืฉืš ื”ืžืฉื—ืง.
08:34
And so we started thinking, well, wouldn't it be neat
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ืื– ื”ืชื—ืœื ื• ืœื—ืฉื•ื‘, ื”ืื ื–ื” ื™ื”ื™ื” ื”ื•ืœื
08:36
to build some technology that would allow the dolphins
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ืœื‘ื ื•ืช ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ืฉืชืืคืฉืจ ืœื“ื•ืœืคื™ื ื™ื
08:39
to request these things in real time, their favorite toys?
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ืœื‘ืงืฉ ืืช ื”ืฆืขืฆื•ืขื™ื ื”ืื”ื•ื‘ื™ื ืขืœื™ื”ื ื‘ื–ืžืŸ-ืืžืช?
08:42
So the original vision was to have a keyboard
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ื”ืžื—ืฉื‘ื” ื”ืžืงื•ืจื™ืช ื”ื™ืชื” ืฉืชื”ื™ื” ืžืงืœื“ืช
08:45
hanging from the boat attached to a computer,
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ื”ืชืœื•ื™ื” ืขืœ ืกื™ืจื” ื•ื”ืžื—ื•ื‘ืจืช ืœืžื—ืฉื‘,
08:47
and the divers and dolphins would activate the keys
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ื•ื”ืฆื•ืœืœื ื™ื ื•ื”ื“ื•ืœืคื™ื ื™ื ื™ืคืขื™ืœื• ืืช ื”ืžืงืฉื™ื
08:49
on the keypad and happily exchange information
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ืฉืขืœ ื”ืžืงืœื“ืช, ื™ื—ืœื™ืคื• ืžื™ื“ืข ื•ื™ื‘ืงืฉื•
08:52
and request toys from each other.
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ืฆืขืฆื•ืขื™ื ื–ื” ืžื–ื”.
08:54
But we quickly found out that dolphins simply
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ืื‘ืœ ืžื”ืจ ืžืื•ื“ ื’ื™ืœื™ื ื• ืฉื”ื“ื•ืœืคื™ื ื™ื
08:56
were not going to hang around the boat using a keyboard.
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ืœื ืžืชื›ื•ื•ื ื™ื ืœื”ืกืชื•ื‘ื‘ ื›ืœ ื”ื–ืžืŸ ืœื™ื“ ื”ืกื™ืจื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ืžืงืœื“ืช.
08:59
They've got better things to do in the wild.
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ื™ืฉ ืœื”ื ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืขื ื™ื™ื ื™ื ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื‘ื˜ื‘ืข.
09:02
They might do it in captivity, but in the wild --
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ืื•ืœื™ ื”ื ื™ืขืฉื• ื–ืืช ื‘ืฉื‘ื™, ืื‘ืœ ื‘ื˜ื‘ืข --
09:04
So we built a portable keyboard that we could push through the water,
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ืœื›ืŸ ื‘ื ื™ื ื• ืžืงืœื“ืช ื ื™ื™ื“ืช ืฉื™ื›ื•ืœื ื• ืœืกื—ื•ื‘ ื‘ืชื•ืš ืžื™ื.
09:06
and we labeled four objects they like to play with,
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ื•ืกื™ืžื ื• 4 ืขืฆืžื™ื ืฉื”ื ืื•ื”ื‘ื™ื ืœืฉื—ืง ื‘ื”ื,
09:09
the scarf, rope, sargassum, and also had a bow ride,
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ื”ืฆืขื™ืฃ, ื—ื‘ืœ, ืฆืžื—ื™ื™ืช ืžื™ื ื•ื’ื ืกื™ืจืช ืžื ื•ืข,
09:12
which is a fun activity for a dolphin. (Whistle)
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ืฉื”ื™ื ืฉืขืฉื•ืข ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื”ื“ื•ืœืคื™ื ื™ื. (ืฉืจื™ืงื”)
09:14
And that's the scarf whistle,
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ื–ื•ื”ื™ ืฉืจื™ืงืช ื”ืฆืขื™ืฃ,
09:16
which is also associated with a visual symbol.
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ืฉื’ื ืงืฉื•ืจื” ื‘ืกืžืœ ื—ื–ื•ืชื™.
09:19
And these are artificially created whistles.
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ื•ืืœื• ืฉืจื™ืงื•ืช ืฉื ื•ืฆืจื• ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืžืœืื›ื•ืชื™.
09:21
They're outside the dolphin's normal repertoire,
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ื”ืŸ ืœื ืงื™ื™ืžื•ืช ื‘ืจืคืจื˜ื•ืืจ ื”ืจื’ื™ืœ ืฉืœ ื”ื“ื•ืœืคื™ื ื™ื,
09:24
but they're easily mimicked by the dolphins.
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ื“ื•ืœืคื™ื ื™ื ืžืกื•ื’ืœื™ื ืœื—ืงื•ืชืŸ ื‘ืงืœื•ืช.
09:26
And I spent four years with my colleagues Adam Pack and Fabienne Delfour,
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ื‘ื™ืœื™ืชื™ 4 ืฉื ื™ื ืขื ืขืžื™ืชื™ื™, ืื“ื ืคืง ื•ืคื‘ื™ืืŸ ื“ืœืคื•ืจ,
09:31
working out in the field with this keyboard
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ื‘ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื‘ืฉื˜ื— ืขื ืžืงืœื“ืช ื–ื•
09:33
using it with each other to do requests for toys
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ื‘ืขื•ื“ื ื• ืžืฉืชืžืฉื™ื ื‘ื” ื‘ื™ื—ื“ ื›ื“ื™ ืœื‘ืงืฉ ืฆืขืฆื•ืขื™ื
09:35
while the dolphins were watching.
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ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ื“ื•ืœืคื™ื ื™ื ืฆื•ืคื™ื.
09:37
And the dolphins could get in on the game.
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ื”ื“ื•ืœืคื™ื ื™ื ื”ื•ืจืฉื• ืœื”ืฆื˜ืจืฃ ืœืžืฉื—ืง.
09:38
They could point at the visual object,
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ื”ื ื™ื›ืœื• ืœื”ืฆื‘ื™ืข ืขืœ ืขืฆื ื—ื–ื•ืชื™,
09:40
or they could mimic the whistle.
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ืื• ื™ื›ืœื• ืœื—ืงื•ืช ืืช ื”ืฉืจื™ืงื”.
09:43
Now this is video of a session.
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ื–ื”ื• ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ืžื”ืœืš ืฉืœื.
09:46
The diver here has a rope toy,
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ื”ืฆื•ืœืœืŸ ื ื•ืฉื ื—ื‘ืœ ืฆืขืฆื•ืข,
09:48
and I'm on the keyboard on the left,
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ืื ื™ ื–ื• ืžืฆื“ ืฉืžืืœ ืฉืœ ื”ืžืงืœื“ืช,
09:51
and I've just played the rope key,
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ื–ื” ืขืชื” ืœื—ืฆืชื™ ืขืœ ืžืงืฉ ื”ื—ื‘ืœ,
09:53
and that's the request for the toy from the human.
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ืฉื–ื•ื”ื™ ื”ื‘ืงืฉื” ืœืฆืขืฆื•ืข ืžืื“ื.
09:57
So I've got the rope, I'm diving down,
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ืื– ื™ืฉ ืœื™ ืืช ื”ื—ื‘ืœ, ืื ื™ ืฆื•ืœืœืช,
10:00
and I'm basically trying to get the dolphin's attention,
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ื•ืื ื™ ืžื ืกื” ืœืžืฉื•ืš ืืช ืชืฉื•ืžืช ืœื™ื‘ื ืฉืœ ื”ื“ื•ืœืคื™ื ื™ื,
10:02
because they're kind of like little kids.
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ื›ื™ ื”ื ื›ืžื• ื™ืœื“ื™ื
10:03
You have to keep their attention.
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ืงื˜ื ื™ื ื›ืืœื”. ืฆืจื™ืš ืœืžืฉื•ืš ืืช ืชืฉื•ืžืช ืœื™ื‘ื.
10:06
I'm going to drop the rope, see if they come over.
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ืื ื™ ืขื•ืžื“ืช ืœืขื–ื•ื‘ ืืช ื”ื—ื‘ืœ, ื ืจืื” ืื ื”ื ื‘ืื™ื.
10:11
Here they come,
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ื”ื ื” ื”ื ื‘ืื™ื,
10:13
and then they're going to pick up the rope
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ื•ื”ื ืขื•ืžื“ื™ื ืœื”ืจื™ื ืืช ื”ื—ื‘ืœ
10:15
and drag it around as a toy.
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ื•ืœื’ืจื•ืจ ืื•ืชื• ื‘ืชื•ืจ ืฆืขืฆื•ืข.
10:16
Now, I'm at the keyboard on the left,
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ืื ื™ ื‘ืฆื“ ืฉืžืืœ ืฉืœ ื”ืžืงืœื“ืช,
10:18
and this is actually the first time that we tried this.
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ื•ื–ื•ื”ื™ ื‘ืขืฆื ื”ืคืขื ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืฉื ื™ืกื™ื ื• ืืช ื–ื”.
10:20
I'm going to try to request this toy, the rope toy,
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ืื ื™ ื”ื•ืœื›ืช ืœื ืกื•ืช ื•ืœื‘ืงืฉ ืืช ื”ืฆืขืฆื•ืข, ืืช ื”ื—ื‘ืœ,
10:23
from the dolphins using the rope sound.
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ืžื”ื“ื•ืœืคื™ื ื™ื ื‘ืขื–ืจืช ืฆืœื™ืœ ื”ื—ื‘ืœ.
10:26
Let's see if they might actually understand what that means.
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ื”ื‘ื” ื ืจืื” ืื ื”ื ืžื‘ื™ื ื™ื ืืช ื”ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช ืฉืœ ื–ื”.
10:31
(Whistle)
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(ืฉืจื™ืงื”)
10:32
That's the rope whistle.
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ื–ื•ื”ื™ ืฉืจื™ืงืช ื”ื—ื‘ืœ.
10:35
Up come the dolphins,
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ื”ื ื” ื‘ืื™ื ื”ื“ื•ืœืคื™ื ื™ื,
10:36
and drop off the rope, yay. Wow.
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ื•ืžืฉื—ืจืจื™ื ืืช ื”ื—ื‘ืœ.
10:40
(Applause)
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(ืžื—ื™ืื•ืช ื›ืคื™ื™ื)
10:43
So this is only once.
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ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ืจืง ืคืขื ืื—ืช.
10:45
We don't know for sure if they really understand the function of the whistles.
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ืื™ื ื ื• ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ืœื‘ื˜ื— ืื ื”ื ื‘ืืžืช ืžื‘ื™ื ื™ื ืืช ืชืคืงื™ื“ ื”ืฉืจื™ืงื•ืช.
10:48
Okay, so here's a second toy in the water.
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ื”ื ื” ืฆืขืฆื•ืข ืื—ืจ ื‘ืžื™ื.
10:50
This is a scarf toy, and I'm trying to lead the dolphin
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ื–ื”ื• ืฆืขื™ืฃ ืฆืขืฆื•ืข, ื•ืื ื™ ืžื ืกื”
10:52
over to the keyboard to show her
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ืœื”ื•ื‘ื™ืœ ืืช ื”ื“ื•ืœืคื™ืŸ ืืœ ื”ืžืงืœื“ืช
10:54
the visual and the acoustic signal.
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืจืื•ืช ืœื” ืืช ื”ืื•ืช ื”ื—ื–ื•ืชื™ ื•ื”ืงื•ืœื™.
10:57
Now this dolphin, we call her "the scarf thief,"
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ื–ื• ื“ื•ืœืคื™ืŸ ืฉืื ื• ืงื•ืจืื™ื ืœื” "ืฉื•ื“ื“ืช ื”ืฆืขื™ืคื™ื",
11:00
because over the years she's absconded
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ื›ื™ ื‘ืžืฉืš ื”ืฉื ื™ื ื”ื™ื ื”ืชื—ืžืงื” ื‘ื—ืฉืื™
11:04
with about 12 scarves.
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ืขื ื›ืชืจื™ืกืจ ืฆืขื™ืคื™ื.
11:07
In fact, we think she has a boutique somewhere in the Bahamas.
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ื ืจืื” ืœื ื• ื™ืฉ ืœื” ืื™ื–ื” ื‘ื•ื˜ื™ืง ืื™ืคื” ืฉื”ื•ื ื‘ืื™ื™-ื‘ื”ืืžื”.
11:10
So I'm reaching over. She's got the scarf on her right side.
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ืื ื™ ืžืชืงืจื‘ืช. ื”ืฆืขื™ืฃ ืืฆืœื” ื‘ืฆื“ ื™ืžื™ืŸ. ืื ื• ืžืžืฉืชื“ืœื™ื
11:14
And we try to not touch the animals too much,
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ืœื ืœื’ืขืช ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื“ื™ ื‘ื—ื™ื•ืช,
11:16
we really don't want to over-habituate them.
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ืื ื• ืœื ืจื•ืฆื™ื ืœื”ืจื’ื™ืœ ืื•ืชื ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื“ื™.
11:18
And I'm trying to lead her back to the keyboard.
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ืื ื™ ืžื ืกื” ืœื”ื•ื‘ื™ืœื” ื—ื–ืจื” ืืœ ื”ืžืงืœื“ืช.
11:20
And the diver there is going to activate the scarf sound
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ื•ื”ืฆื•ืœืœืŸ ืฉื ืขื•ืžื“ ืœื”ืฉืžื™ืข ืืช ืฆืœื™ืœ ื”ืฆืขื™ืฃ
11:24
to request the scarf.
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœื‘ืงืฉ ืื•ืชื•.
11:26
So I try to give her the scarf.
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ืื ื™ ืžื ืกื” ืœืชืช ืœื” ืืช ื”ืฆืขื™ืฃ.
11:29
Whoop. Almost lost it.
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ืื•ืคืก, ื›ืžืขื˜ ืื™ื‘ื“ืชื™ ืื•ืชื•.
11:32
But this is the moment where everything becomes possible.
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ืื‘ืœ ื–ื” ื”ืจื’ืข ื‘ื• ื”ื›ืœ ื”ื•ืคืš ืœืืคืฉืจื™.
11:34
The dolphin's at the keyboard.
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ื”ื“ื•ืœืคื™ืŸ ืœื™ื“ ื”ืžืงืœื“ืช.
11:36
You've got full attention.
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ื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ืืช ืžืœื•ื ืชืฉื•ืžืช ื”ืœื‘.
11:38
And this sometimes went on for hours.
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ื•ื›ืš ื–ื” ื ืžืฉืš ืœืคืขืžื™ื ืฉืขื•ืช.
11:40
And I wanted to share this video with you
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ืจืฆื™ืชื™ ืœื”ืจืื•ืช ืœื›ื ืืช ื”ื•ื™ื“ืื•
11:41
not to show you any big breakthroughs,
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ืœื ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืฆื™ื’ ืคืจื™ืฆื•ืช ื“ืจืš ื’ื“ื•ืœื•ืช,
11:43
because they haven't happened yet,
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ื›ื™ ื”ืŸ ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืœื ืงืจื•,
11:44
but to show you the level of intention and focus
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ืืœื ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืฆื™ื’ ืœื›ื ืืช ืจืžืช ื”ื›ื•ื•ื ื” ื•ื”ืจื™ื›ื•ื–
11:47
that these dolphins have, and interest in the system.
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ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื“ื•ืœืคื™ื ื™ื ื”ืœืœื•, ื•ืืช ื”ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ืฉืœื”ื ื‘ืžืขืจื›ืช.
11:50
And because of this, we really decided we needed
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ื•ื‘ื’ืœืœ ื–ื”, ื”ื—ืœื˜ื ื• ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ืฆื•ืจืš
11:52
some more sophisticated technology.
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ื‘ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืชื•ื—ื›ืžืช.
11:54
So we joined forces with Georgia Tech,
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ืื– ืฉื™ืชืคื ื• ืคืขื•ืœื” ืขื ื”ืžื›ื•ืŸ ื”ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ ืฉืœ ื’'ื•ืจื’'ื™ื”,
11:56
with Thad Starner's wearable computing group,
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ื‘ืขื–ืจืช ืงื‘ื•ืฆืชื• ืฉืœ ืชืื“ ืกื˜ืืจื ืจ ืœืžื—ืฉื‘ื™ื ืœื‘ื™ืฉื™ื,
11:59
to build us an underwater wearable computer
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœื‘ื ื•ืช ืžื—ืฉื‘ ืœื‘ื™ืฉ ืชืช-ืžื™ืžื™
12:01
that we're calling CHAT. [CHAT: Cetacean Hearing And Telemetry]
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ืฉืื ื• ืงื•ืจืื™ื ืœื• CHAT ]. CHAT ื–ื” ืฉืžื™ืขื” ื•ืฉื™ื“ื•ืจ ืœืžืจื—ืงื™ื ืืฆืœ ื™ื•ื ืงื™ื ื™ืžื™ื™ื]
12:02
Now, instead of pushing a keyboard through the water,
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ื‘ืžืงื•ื ืกื—ื™ื‘ืช ื”ืžืงืœื“ืช ื‘ืžื™ื,
12:04
the diver's wearing the complete system, and it's acoustic only,
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ื”ืฆื•ืœืœืŸ ืœื•ื‘ืฉ ืืช ื›ืœ ืžืขืจื›ืช ื•ื”ื™ื ืจืง ืืงื•ืกื˜ื™ืช,
12:08
so basically the diver activates the sounds on a keypad
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ื›ืš ืฉื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื‘ืกื™ืกื™ ื”ืฆื•ืœืœืŸ ืžืฉืžื™ืข ืืช ื”ืฆืœื™ืœื™ื ืขืœ ื”ืžืงืœื“ืช
12:11
on the forearm,
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ืฉืขืœ ืืžืช ื”ื™ื“,
12:12
the sounds go out through an underwater speaker,
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ื”ืงื•ืœื•ืช ื™ื•ืฆืื™ื ื“ืจืš ืจืžืงื•ืœ ืชืช-ืžื™ืžื™.
12:14
if a dolphin mimics the whistle
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ืื ื“ื•ืœืคื™ืŸ ืžื—ืงื” ืืช ื”ืฉืจื™ืงื”
12:16
or a human plays the whistle, the sounds come in
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ืื• ืื“ื ืžืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืฉืจื™ืงื”, ื”ืงื•ืœื•ืช ื ื›ื ืกื™ื
12:18
and are localized by two hydrophones.
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ื•ืžื™ืงื•ืžื ืžืื•ืชืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ืฉื ื™ ื”ื™ื“ืจื•ืคื•ื ื™ื.
12:21
The computer can localize who requested the toy
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ื”ืžื—ืฉื‘ ืžืกื•ื’ืœ ืœืงื‘ื•ืข ืžื™ ื‘ื™ืงืฉ ืืช ื”ืฆืขืฆื•ืข
12:24
if there's a word match.
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ื‘ืžื™ื“ื” ืฉื™ืฉ ื”ืชืืžืช ืžื™ืœื™ื.
12:26
And the real power of the system is in the real-time
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ื”ื›ื•ื— ื”ืืžื™ืชื™ ืฉืœ ื”ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ื•ื ื‘ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ื–ื™ื”ื•ื™ ื”ืงื•ืœ
12:29
sound recognition, so we can respond to the dolphins
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ื‘ื–ืžืŸ-ืืžืช, ื›ื“ื™ ืฉื ื•ื›ืœ ืœื”ื™ืขื ื•ืช ืœื“ื•ืœืคื™ื ื™ื
12:31
quickly and accurately.
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ื‘ืžื”ื™ืจื•ืช ื•ื‘ืžื“ื•ื™ื™ืง.
12:33
And we're at prototype stage, but this is how we hope it will play out.
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ืื ื• ื›ืขืช ื‘ืฉืœื‘ ื”ืื‘-ื˜ื™ืคื•ืก, ืื‘ืœ ื›ืš ืื ื• ืžืงื•ื•ื™ื ืฉื–ื” ื™ืคืขืœ.
12:37
So Diver A and Diver B both have a wearable computer
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ืฆื•ืœืœืŸ ื ื•ืฆื•ืœืœืŸ ื‘, ืœืฉื ื™ื”ื ื™ืฉ ืžื—ืฉื‘ ืœื‘ื™ืฉ
12:40
and the dolphin hears the whistle as a whistle,
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ื•ื”ื“ื•ืœืคื™ืŸ ืฉื•ืžืข ืืช ื”ืฉืจื™ืงื” ื‘ืชื•ืจ ืฉืจื™ืงื”,
12:43
the diver hears the whistle as a whistle in the water,
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ื”ืฆื•ืœืœืŸ ืฉื•ืžืข ืืช ื”ืฉืจื™ืงื” ื‘ืชื•ืจ ืฉืจื™ืงื” ื‘ืžื™ื,
12:45
but also as a word through bone conduction.
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ืื‘ืœ ื’ื ื‘ืชื•ืจ ืžื™ืœื” ื“ืจืš ื”ื•ืœื›ืช ืขืฆืžื•ืช.
12:48
So Diver A plays the scarf whistle
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ืฆื•ืœืœืŸ ื ืžืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ืฉืจื™ืงืช ื”ืฆืขื™ืฃ
12:50
or Diver B plays the sargassum whistle
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ืื• ืฆื•ืœืœืŸ ื‘ ืžืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ืฉืจื™ืงืช ื”ืฆืžื—ื™ื™ื”
12:52
to request a toy from whoever has it.
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœื‘ืงืฉ ืฆืขืฆื•ืข ืžืžื™ ืฉื”ื•ื ื ืžืฆื ืืฆืœื•.
12:54
What we hope will happen is that the dolphin mimics the whistle,
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ืžื” ืฉืื ื• ืžืงื•ื•ื™ื ืฉื™ืงืจื” ื”ื•ื ืฉื”ื“ื•ืœืคื™ืŸ ื™ื—ืงื” ืืช ื”ืฉืจื™ืงื”,
12:58
and if Diver A has the sargassum, if that's the sound
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ื•ืื ืœืฆื•ืœืœืŸ ื ื™ืฉ ืืช ื”ืฆืžื—ื™ื™ื”,
13:01
that was played and requested,
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ืื ื–ื” ื”ืงื•ืœ ืฉื”ื•ืคืขืœ ื•ื ืชื‘ืงืฉ,
13:04
then the diver will give the sargassum to the requesting dolphin
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ืื– ื”ืฆื•ืœืœืŸ ื™ืžืกื•ืจ ืืช ื”ืฆืžื—ื™ื™ื” ืœื“ื•ืœืคื™ืŸ ื”ืžื‘ืงืฉ
13:07
and they'll swim away happily into the sunset
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ื•ื”ื ื™ืฉื—ื• ื‘ืื•ืฉืจ
13:09
playing sargassum for forever.
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ืืœ ืชื•ืš ื”ืฉืงื™ืขื” ื•ื™ืฉื—ืงื• ื‘ืฆืขืฆื•ืข ืฉืœื”ื ืœืขื“.
13:12
Now, how far can this kind of communication go?
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ื›ืžื” ืจื—ื•ืง ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืชืงืฉื•ืจืช ื›ื–ื• ืœืœื›ืช?
13:16
Well, CHAT is designed specifically to empower the dolphins
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CHAT ืžืชื•ื›ื ืŸ ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ืœืืคืฉืจ ืœื“ื•ืœืคื™ื ื™ื
13:20
to request things from us.
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ืœื‘ืงืฉ ืžืื™ืชื ื• ื“ื‘ืจื™ื.
13:21
It's designed to really be two-way.
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ื”ื•ื ื‘ื ื•ื™ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื“ื•-ื›ื™ื•ื•ื ื™.
13:24
Now, will they learn to mimic the whistles functionally?
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ื”ืื ื”ื ื™ืœืžื“ื• ืœื—ืงื•ืช ืืช ื”ืฉืจื™ืงื•ืช ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉื™?
13:27
We hope so and we think so.
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ืื ื• ืžืงื•ื•ื™ื ื•ืกื‘ื•ืจื™ื ืฉื›ืŸ.
13:29
But as we decode their natural sounds,
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ืื‘ืœ ื‘ืขื•ื“ ืื ื• ืžืคืขื ื—ื™ื ืืช ืงื•ืœื•ืชื™ื”ื ื”ื˜ื‘ืขื™ื™ื,
13:31
we're also planning to put those back into the computerized system.
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ืื ื• ื’ื ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ืœื”ื–ื™ืŸ ืื•ืชื ืœืชื•ืš ื”ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ืžืžื•ื—ืฉื‘ืช.
13:35
For example, right now we can put their own signature whistles
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ืœื“ื•ื’ืžื, ื ื›ื•ืŸ ืœืขื›ืฉื™ื• ืื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืฉื™ื ืืช ื”ืฉืจื™ืงื•ืช
13:38
in the computer and request to interact with a specific dolphin.
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ื”ืื•ืคื™ื™ื ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœื”ื ื‘ืชื•ืš ืžื—ืฉื‘ ื•ืœื ืกื•ืช ืœื‘ื•ื ื‘ืžื’ืข ืขื ื“ื•ืœืคื™ืŸ ืžืกื•ื™ื™ื.
13:42
Likewise, we can create our own whistles,
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ื›ืžื•-ื›ืŸ, ืื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื™ื™ืฆืจ ืฉืจื™ืงื•ืช ืžืฉืœื ื•,
13:46
our own whistle names, and let the dolphins
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ืœืชืช ืฉืžื•ืช ืœืฉืจื™ืงื•ืช ื•ืœืืคืฉืจ ืœื“ื•ืœืคื™ื ื™ื
13:48
request specific divers to interact with.
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ืœื‘ืงืฉ ืฆื•ืœืœืŸ ืžืกื•ื™ื™ื ื›ื“ื™ ืœืชืงืฉืจ ืื™ืชื•.
13:51
Now it may be that all our mobile technology
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ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืฉื›ืœ ื”ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ืชื”ื™ื”
13:54
will actually be the same technology that helps us
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ืื•ืชื” ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ืฉืžืกื™ื™ืขืช ืœื ื•
13:57
communicate with another species down the road.
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ืœืชืงืฉืจ ืขื ืžื™ืŸ ืื—ืจ ื‘ื”ืžืฉืš ื”ื“ืจืš.
14:00
In the case of a dolphin, you know, it's a species that,
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ื‘ืžืงืจื” ืฉืœ ื”ื“ื•ืœืคื™ื ื™ื, ื–ื”ื• ืžื™ืŸ ืฉืžืื•ื“ ื™ื™ืชื›ืŸ ืฉื”ื•ื ืงืจื•ื‘ ืœืฆื•ืจืช
14:04
well, they're probably close to our intelligence in many ways
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ื”ืื™ื ื˜ืœื™ื’ื ืฆื™ื” ืฉืœื ื• ื‘ื“ืจื›ื™ื ืจื‘ื•ืช ื•ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช
14:07
and we might not be able to admit that right now,
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ืฉื‘ืฉืœื‘ ื–ื” ืื ื• ืœื ืžืกื•ื’ืœื™ื ืœื”ื•ื“ื•ืช ื‘ื–ื”.
14:10
but they live in quite a different environment,
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ื ื—ื™ื™ื ื‘ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื” ื“ื™ ืฉื•ื ื”,
14:12
and you still have to bridge the gap with the sensory systems.
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ื•ืื•ืœื™ ืขืœื™ื ื• ืขื•ื“ ืœื’ืฉืจ ืขืœ ื”ืคืขืจ ื‘ืขื–ืจืช ืžืขืจื›ื•ืช ื”ื—ื™ืฉื”.
14:16
I mean, imagine what it would be like
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ื›ืœื•ืžืจ, ืชืชืืจื• ืœื›ื ืื™ืš
14:18
to really understand the mind
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ื–ื” ื™ื”ื™ื” ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ื‘ืืžืช ืืช ื”ื ืคืฉ
14:19
of another intelligent species on the planet.
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ืฉืœ ืžื™ืŸ ืื™ื ื˜ืœื™ื’ื ื˜ื™ ืื—ืจ ืขืœ ื›ื“ื•ืจ-ื”ืืจืฅ.
14:23
Thank you.
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ืชื•ื“ื”.
14:25
(Applause)
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(ืžื—ื™ืื•ืช ื›ืคื™ื™ื)
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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