Mark Kendall: Demo: A needle-free vaccine patch that's safer and way cheaper

152,686 views ใƒป 2014-01-14

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ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

ืžืชืจื’ื: Boaz Hovav ืžื‘ืงืจ: Ido Dekkers
00:12
It's a pleasure to be here
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ืื ื™ ืžืื•ืฉืจ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื›ืืŸ
00:13
in Edinburgh, Scotland,
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ื‘ืื“ื™ื ื‘ื•ืจื•, ืกืงื•ื˜ืœื ื“,
00:15
the birthplace of the needle and syringe.
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ืžืงื•ื ื”ื•ืœื“ืชื ืฉืœ ื”ืžื—ื˜ ื•ื”ืžื–ืจืง.
00:18
Less than a mile from here in this direction,
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ืคื—ื•ืช ืžืงื™ืœื•ืžื˜ืจ ื•ื—ืฆื™ ืžื›ืืŸ, ื‘ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ื”ื–ื”,
00:21
in 1853 a Scotsman
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ื”ื’ื™ืฉ ื‘ืฉื ืช 1853 ืื–ืจื— ืกืงื•ื˜ื™
00:23
filed his very first patent on the needle and syringe.
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ืืช ื‘ืงืฉืช ื”ืคื˜ื ื˜ ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืขืœ ืžื—ื˜ ื•ืžื–ืจืง.
00:26
His name was Alexander Wood,
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ืฉืžื• ื”ื™ื” ืืœื›ืกื ื“ืจ ื•ื•ื“,
00:28
and it was at the Royal College of Physicians.
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ื•ื–ื” ืงืจื” ื‘ืืงื“ืžื™ื” ื”ืžืœื›ื•ืชื™ืช ืœืจืคื•ืื”.
00:31
This is the patent.
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ื–ื” ื”ืคื˜ื ื˜ ืฉื”ื•ื’ืฉ.
00:34
What blows my mind when I look at it even today
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ืžื” ืฉืžื“ื”ื™ื ืื•ืชื™ ื’ื ื”ื™ื•ื
00:37
is that it looks almost identical
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ื”ื•ื ืฉื”ืฉืจื˜ื•ื˜ ื‘ืคื˜ื ื˜ ื ืจืื” ื›ืžืขื˜ ื–ื”ื”
00:39
to the needle in use today.
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ืœืžื—ื˜ ื”ืžื–ืจืง ื‘ื” ืื ื—ื ื• ืžืฉืชืžืฉื™ื ื›ื™ื•ื.
00:41
Yet, it's 160 years old.
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ื•ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ, ื”ืคื˜ื ื˜ ื ืจืฉื ืœืคื ื™ 160 ืฉื ื”.
00:44
So we turn to the field of vaccines.
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ื‘ื•ืื• ื ืคื ื” ืœื“ื‘ืจ ืขืœ ืชื—ื•ื ื”ื—ื™ืกื•ื ื™ื.
00:47
Most vaccines are delivered with
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ืจื•ื‘ ื”ื—ื™ืกื•ื ื™ื ื ื™ืชื ื™ื ื‘ืขื–ืจืช
00:49
the needle and syringe, this 160-year-old technology.
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ืžื—ื˜ ื•ืžื–ืจืง, ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ื‘ืช 160 ืฉื ื”.
00:53
And credit where it's due -- on many levels,
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ื•ื ื•ื“ื” ืขืœ ื”ืืžืช -- ื‘ืจืžื•ืช ืจื‘ื•ืช,
00:55
vaccines are a successful technology.
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ื”ื—ื™ืกื•ื ื™ื ื”ื ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ืžื•ืฆืœื—ืช.
00:59
After clean water and sanitation,
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ืื—ืจื™ ืืกืคืงืช ืžื™ื ื ืงื™ื™ื, ื•ื ื™ืงื™ื•ืŸ,
01:02
vaccines are the one technology that has increased
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ื—ื™ืกื•ื ื™ื ื”ื ื”ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ืฉื”ืขืœืชื”
01:07
our life span the most.
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ืืช ืžืฉืš ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ืฉืœื ื• ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ื”ืจื‘ื” ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ.
01:09
That's a pretty hard act to beat.
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ืงืฉื” ืžืื“ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžื•ืฆืœื— ื™ื•ืชืจ.
01:12
But just like any other technology,
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ืื‘ืœ ื›ืžื• ื›ืœ ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ืื—ืจืช,
01:14
vaccines have their shortcomings,
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ืœื—ื™ืกื•ื ื™ื ื™ืฉ ืืช ื”ื—ืกืจื•ื ื•ืช ืฉืœื”ื,
01:15
and the needle and syringe
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ื•ื”ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ืžื—ื˜ ื•ืžื–ืจืง
01:18
is a key part within that narrative --
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ืžื”ื•ื•ื” ื—ืœืง ืขื™ืงืจื™ ื‘ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ื”ื–ื” --
01:20
this old technology.
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ื–ื•ื”ื™ ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ืขืชื™ืงื”.
01:23
So let's start with the obvious:
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ื‘ื•ืื• ื ืชื—ื™ืœ ืขื ืžื” ืฉื‘ืจื•ืจ:
01:25
Many of us don't like the needle and syringe.
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ืจื•ื‘ื ื• ืœื ืื•ื”ื‘ื™ื ืžื—ื˜ื™ื ื•ืžื–ืจืงื™ื.
01:29
I share that view.
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ื’ื ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ ื›ืš.
01:31
However, 20 percent of the population
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ืื‘ืœ, 20 ืื—ื•ื– ืžื”ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื™ื”
01:34
have a thing called needle phobia.
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ืกื•ื‘ืœื™ื ืžื‘ืขื™ื” ืฉืžื›ื•ื ื” ืคื•ื‘ื™ื” (ืคื—ื“) ืžืžื—ื˜ื™ื.
01:36
That's more than disliking the needle;
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ืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื—ื•ืกืจ ืื”ื‘ื” ืœืžื—ื˜ื™ื,
01:38
that is actively avoiding being vaccinated
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ื”ื ื ืžื ืขื™ื ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืคืขื™ืœ ืžืงื‘ืœืช ื—ื™ืกื•ื ื™ื
01:41
because of needle phobia.
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ื‘ืฉืœ ืคื—ื“ ืžืžื—ื˜ื™ื.
01:42
And that's problematic in terms of the rollout of vaccines.
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ื•ื–ื” ืžื”ื•ื•ื” ื‘ืขื™ื” ื›ืฉืจื•ืฆื™ื ืœื”ืคื™ืฅ ื—ื™ืกื•ืŸ.
01:46
Now, related to this is another key issue,
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ื•ื™ืฉ ื ื•ืฉื ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ื ื•ืกืฃ,
01:49
which is needlestick injuries.
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ืฉื”ื•ื ื“ืงื™ืจื” ืžืžื—ื˜ื™ื ืžืฉื•ืžืฉื•ืช.
01:51
And the WHO has figures
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ืืจื’ื•ืŸ ื”ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช ื”ืขื•ืœืžื™ ืžืขืจื™ืš
01:53
that suggest about 1.3 million deaths per year
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ืฉื›- 1.3 ืžื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ืื™ืฉ ืžืชื™ื ื›ืœ ืฉื ื”
01:57
take place due to cross-contamination
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ื›ืชื•ืฆืื” ืžื–ื™ื”ื•ื ืฉืขื‘ืจ
01:59
with needlestick injuries.
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ืžื“ืงื™ืจื” ื‘ืžื—ื˜ ืžืฉื•ืžืฉืช.
02:00
These are early deaths that take place.
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ืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ืžื•ื•ืช ื‘ื’ื™ืœ ืฆืขื™ืจ.
02:03
Now, these are two things that you probably may have heard of,
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ืื™ืœื• ื”ืŸ ืฉืชื™ ื”ื‘ืขื™ื•ืช ืฉื•ื•ื“ืื™ ืฉืžืขืชื ืขืœื™ื”ืŸ,
02:06
but there are two other shortcomings
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ืื‘ืœ ื™ืฉ ืฉืชื™ ื‘ืขื™ื•ืช ื ื•ืกืคื•ืช
02:08
of the needle and syringe you may not have heard about.
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ืฉืœ ืžื—ื˜ ื•ืžื–ืจืง ืฉื™ื™ืชื›ืŸ ืฉืœื ืฉืžืขืชื ืขืœื™ื”ืŸ.
02:10
One is it could be holding back
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ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ื”ื™ื ืฉื”ื ืžืขื›ื‘ื™ื
02:12
the next generation of vaccines
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ืืช ื›ื ื™ืกืช ื”ื“ื•ืจ ื”ื‘ื ืฉืœ ื”ื—ื™ืกื•ื ื™ื
02:14
in terms of their immune responses.
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ืžื‘ื—ื™ื ืช ื”ืชื’ื•ื‘ื” ื”ื—ื™ืกื•ื ื™ืช.
02:16
And the second is that it could be responsible
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ื•ื”ืฉื ื™ื™ื” ื”ื™ื ืฉื”ื ืื—ืจืื™ื
02:19
for the problem of the cold chain that I'll tell you about as well.
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ืœื‘ืขื™ื™ืช ืฉืจืฉืจืช ื”ืงื™ืจื•ืจ ืขืœื™ื” ืื ื™ ืืกืคืจ ืœื›ื ืžื™ื“.
02:24
I'm going to tell you about some work
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ืื ื™ ืืกืคืจ ืœื›ื ืขืœ ืขื‘ื•ื“ืช ืžื—ืงืจ
02:25
that my team and I are doing in Australia
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ืฉื”ืฆื•ื•ืช ืฉืœื™ ื•ืื ื™ ืขื•ืจื›ื™ื ื‘ืื•ืกื˜ืจืœื™ื”
02:27
at the University of Queensland
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ื‘ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ืช ืงื•ื•ื™ื ืกืœื ื“
02:29
on a technology designed to tackle those four problems.
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ืขืœ ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ืฉืžื™ื•ืขื“ืช ืœื”ืชื’ื‘ืจ ืขืœ ืืจื‘ืข ื”ื‘ืขื™ื•ืช ืฉืชื™ืืจืชื™.
02:33
And that technology is called the Nanopatch.
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ื•ืœื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ืงื•ืจืื™ื ื ืื ื•ืคืื˜ืฅ'.
02:38
Now, this is a specimen of the Nanopatch.
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ื–ื• ื“ื•ื’ืžื” ืฉืœ ื ืื ื•ืคืื˜ืฅ'.
02:44
To the naked eye
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ื‘ืขื™ืŸ ื‘ืœืชื™ ืžื–ื•ื™ื ืช
02:46
it just looks like a square
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ื–ื” ื ืจืื” ื›ืžื• ืกืชื ืจื™ื‘ื•ืข
02:48
smaller than a postage stamp,
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ืงื˜ืŸ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื‘ื•ืœ ื“ื•ืืจ,
02:51
but under a microscope
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ืื‘ืœ ืชื—ืช ืขื“ืฉืช ื”ืžื™ืงืจื•ืกืงื•ืค
02:54
what you see are thousands of tiny projections
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ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืจืื•ืช ืืœืคื™ ื‘ืœื™ื˜ื•ืช ื–ืขื™ืจื•ืช
02:56
that are invisible to the human eye.
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ืฉืœื ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืจืื•ืช ื‘ืขื™ืŸ.
02:58
And there's about 4,000 projections
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ื™ืฉ ื‘ืขืจืš 4,000 ื‘ืœื™ื˜ื•ืช
03:00
on this particular square compared to the needle.
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ืขืœ ื”ืจื™ื‘ื•ืข ืฉืื ื™ ืžื—ื–ื™ืง ื™ื—ืกื™ืช ืœืžื—ื˜.
03:03
And I've designed those projections
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ื•ืื ื™ ืชื›ื ื ืชื™ ืืช ื”ื‘ืœื™ื˜ื•ืช ื”ืœืœื•
03:06
to serve a key role, which is to work with the skin's immune system.
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ืขืœ ืžื ืช ืฉื™ืชืื™ืžื• ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ื”ื˜ื•ื‘ื” ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืขื ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ื—ื™ืกื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ื”ืขื•ืจ.
03:10
So that's a very important function
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ื–ื” ืชืคืงื™ื“ ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ
03:12
tied in with the Nanopatch.
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ืฉืงืฉื•ืจ ืœืคืขื™ืœื•ืช ื”ื ืื ื•ืคืื˜ืฅ'.
03:14
Now we make the Nanopatch
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืžื™ื™ืฆืจื™ื ืืช ื”ื ืื ื•ืคืื˜ืฅ'
03:16
with a technique
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ื‘ื˜ื›ื ื™ืงื”
03:19
called deep reactive ion etching.
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ืฉืžื›ื•ื ื” ื—ืจื™ื˜ืช ื™ื•ื ื™ื ืจืืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™ืช ืขืžื•ืงื”.
03:21
And this particular technique is one that's been borrowed
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ื•ื”ื˜ื›ื ื™ืงื” ื”ื–ื• ื”ื•ืฉืืœื”
03:23
from the semiconductor industry,
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ืžืชืขืฉื™ื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืœื™ื›ื™ื ืœืžื—ืฆื”,
03:25
and therefore is low cost
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ื›ืš ืฉืžื—ื™ืจื” ื–ื•ืœ ืžืื“
03:27
and can be rolled out in large numbers.
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ื•ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื™ื™ืฆืจ ื‘ื” ื›ืžื•ื™ื•ืช ื’ื“ื•ืœื•ืช.
03:29
Now we dry-coat vaccines to the projections of the Nanopatch
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ื‘ืฉืœื‘ ื”ื‘ื ืื ื—ื ื• ืžืฆืคื™ื ื‘ืชืจื›ื™ื‘ ื”ื—ื™ืกื•ืŸ ื”ื™ื‘ืฉ ืืช ื‘ืœื™ื˜ื•ืช ื”ื ืื ื•ืคืื˜ืฅ'
03:34
and apply it to the skin.
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ื•ืžื ื™ื—ื™ื ืืช ื”ื ืื ื•ืคืื˜ืฅ' ืขืœ ื”ืขื•ืจ.
03:36
Now, the simplest form of application
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ืฆื•ืจืช ื”ื”ื ื—ื” ื”ืคืฉื•ื˜ื” ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ
03:40
is using our finger,
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ื”ื™ื ื‘ืขื–ืจืช ื”ืืฆื‘ืข,
03:42
but our finger has some limitations,
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ืื‘ืœ ืœืืฆื‘ืข ืฉืœื ื• ื™ืฉ ืžืกืคืจ ืžื’ื‘ืœื•ืช,
03:45
so we've devised an applicator.
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ืื– ืชื›ื ื ื• ื’ื ื”ืชืงืŸ ืฉืžื ื™ื— ืืช ื”ื ืื ื•ืคืื˜ืฅ'.
03:47
And it's a very simple device --
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ืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ืžื›ืฉื™ืจ ืคืฉื•ื˜ ืžืื“ --
03:48
you could call it a sophisticated finger.
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ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืงืจื•ื ืœื• ืืฆื‘ืข ืžืชื•ื—ื›ืžืช.
03:51
It's a spring-operated device.
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ื”ื•ื ืžื•ืคืขืœ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ืงืคื™ืฅ.
03:54
What we do is when we apply the Nanopatch to the skin as so --
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ืžื” ืฉืงื•ืจื” ื”ื•ื ืฉื›ืืฉืจ ืื ื—ื ื• ืžืฆืžื™ื“ื™ื ืืช ื”ื ืื ื•ืคืื˜ืฅ' ืœืขื•ืจ ื›ื›ื” --
03:57
(Click) --
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(ืงืœื™ืง)
03:59
immediately a few things happen.
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ืงื•ืจื™ื ืžืกืคืจ ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืžื™ื™ื“ื™.
04:02
So firstly, the projections on the Nanopatch
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ื‘ืฉืœื‘ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ, ื”ื‘ืœื™ื˜ื•ืช ืขืœ ื”ื ืื ื•ืคืื˜ืฅ'
04:06
breach through the tough outer layer
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ื—ื•ื“ืจื•ืช ืืช ื”ืฉื›ื‘ื” ื”ื—ื™ืฆื•ื ื™ืช ื”ืงืฉื”
04:08
and the vaccine is very quickly released --
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ื•ื”ื—ื™ืกื•ืŸ ืžืฉืชื—ืจืจ ื‘ืžื”ื™ืจื•ืช --
04:10
within less than a minute, in fact.
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ืชื•ืš ืคื—ื•ืช ืžื“ืงื”, ืœืžืขืฉื”.
04:12
Then we can take the Nanopatch off
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ื•ืื– ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื”ื•ืจื™ื“ ืืช ื”ื ืื ื•ืคืื˜ืฅ'
04:15
and discard it.
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ื•ืœื–ืจื•ืง ืื•ืชื•.
04:17
And indeed we can make a reuse of the applicator itself.
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ื•ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื—ื–ื•ืจ ื•ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ื”ืชืงืŸ ื”ื”ืฆืžื“ื” ืฉื•ื‘ ื•ืฉื•ื‘.
04:23
So that gives you an idea of the Nanopatch,
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ื›ืš ืฉืขื›ืฉื™ื• ืืชื ืžื‘ื™ื ื™ื ื›ื™ืฆื“ ืขื•ื‘ื“ ื”ื ืื ื•ืคืื˜ืฅ',
04:25
and immediately you can see some key advantages.
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ื•ืžื™ื“ ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืจืื•ืช ืžืกืคืจ ื™ืชืจื•ื ื•ืช.
04:28
We've talked about it being needle-free --
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ื“ื™ื‘ืจื ื• ืขืœ ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื” ืฉืื™ืŸ ืœื• ืžื—ื˜ --
04:30
these are projections that you can't even see --
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ื™ืฉ ื‘ืœื™ื˜ื•ืช ืฉืœื ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืจืื•ืช ื‘ืขื™ืŸ --
04:32
and, of course, we get around
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ื•ื›ืš, ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ, ื ืคืชืจืช
04:34
the needle phobia issue as well.
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ื‘ืขื™ื™ืช ื”ืคื•ื‘ื™ื” ืžืžื—ื˜ื™ื.
04:37
Now, if we take a step back and think about
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื•, ื‘ื•ืื• ื ื—ื–ื•ืจ ืื—ื•ืจื” ื•ื ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืขืœ
04:39
these other two really important advantages:
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ืฉื ื™ ื”ื™ืชืจื•ื ื•ืช ื”ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื™ื ื”ื ื•ืกืคื™ื:
04:42
One is improved immune responses through delivery,
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ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ื”ื•ื ืฉื™ืคื•ืจ ื”ืชื’ื•ื‘ื” ื”ื—ื™ืกื•ื ื™ืช ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ื“ืจืš ืžืชืŸ ื”ื—ื™ืกื•ืŸ
04:46
and the second is getting rid of the cold chain.
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ื•ื”ืฉื ื™ ื”ื•ื ื”ื™ืคื˜ืจื•ืช ืžืฉืจืฉืจืช ื”ืงื™ืจื•ืจ.
04:50
So let's start with the first one, this immunogenicity idea.
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ื‘ื•ืื• ื ืชื—ื™ืœ ืขื ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ, ื”ื—ืฉื™ื‘ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืชื’ื•ื‘ื” ื”ื—ื™ืกื•ื ื™ืช.
04:52
It takes a little while to get our heads around,
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ืฆืจื™ืš ืงืฆืช ื–ืžืŸ ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืืช ื”ื ื•ืฉื,
04:54
but I'll try to explain it in simple terms.
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ืื‘ืœ ืื ื™ ืื ืกื” ืœื”ืกื‘ื™ืจ ื–ืืช ื‘ืžื•ื ื—ื™ื ืคืฉื•ื˜ื™ื.
04:58
So I'll take a step back and explain to you
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ืื– ืื ื™ ืื—ื–ื•ืจ ื•ืืกื‘ื™ืจ ืœื›ื
05:00
how vaccines work in a simple way.
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ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ืคืฉื•ื˜ื” ืื™ืš ื—ื™ืกื•ื ื™ื ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื.
05:03
So vaccines work by introducing into our body
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ื—ื™ืกื•ื ื™ื ืคื•ืขืœื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืฆื’ื” ืœืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ื—ื™ืกื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ื”ื’ื•ืฃ
05:06
a thing called an antigen
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ื—ื•ืžืจ ืฉื ืงืจื ืื ื˜ื™ื’ืŸ
05:08
which is a safe form of a germ.
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ืฉื”ื•ื ื‘ืขืฆื ืฆื•ืจื” ืœื ืžืกื•ื›ื ืช ืฉืœ ื—ื™ื™ื“ืง.
05:11
Now that safe germ, that antigen,
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ื”ื—ื™ื™ื“ืง ื”ื‘ื˜ื•ื—, ื”ืื ื˜ื™ื’ืŸ,
05:13
tricks our body into mounting an immune response,
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ื’ื•ืจื ืœื’ื•ืฃ ืœืคืชื— ื›ืœืคื™ื• ืชื’ื•ื‘ื” ื—ื™ืกื•ื ื™ืช,
05:17
learning and remembering how to deal with intruders.
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ื•ื”ื’ื•ืฃ ืœื•ืžื“ ื•ื–ื•ื›ืจ ืื™ืš ืœื—ืกืœ ืืช ืื•ืชื ื—ื™ื™ื“ืงื™ื ืคื•ืœืฉื™ื.
05:21
When the real intruder comes along
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ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ื—ื™ื™ื“ืง ื”ืžืกื•ื›ืŸ ื™ื’ื™ืข ืœื’ื•ืฃ
05:23
the body quickly mounts an immune response
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ื”ื’ื•ืฃ ืคืฉื•ื˜ ืžืขืœื” ื‘ืžื”ื™ืจื•ืช ืืช ื”ืชื’ื•ื‘ื” ื”ื—ื™ืกื•ื ื™ืช ืื•ืชื” ื”ื•ื ื–ื•ื›ืจ
05:25
to deal with that vaccine
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ืฉื”ืชืžื•ื“ื“ื” ืขื ื”ื—ื™ืกื•ืŸ
05:27
and neutralizes the infection.
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ื•ืžื—ืกืœ ืืช ื”ื–ื™ื”ื•ื.
05:28
So it does that well.
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ื•ื”ื’ื•ืฃ ืขื•ืฉื” ื–ืืช ืžื”ืจ ื•ื˜ื•ื‘.
05:30
Now, the way it's done today with the needle and syringe,
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ื‘ื“ืจืš ื‘ื” ื ื™ืชืŸ ื”ื—ื™ืกื•ืŸ ื›ื™ื•ื ืขื ืžื—ื˜ ื•ืžื–ืจืง,
05:32
most vaccines are delivered that way --
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ื›ืžื• ืฉื ื™ืชื ื™ื ืจื•ื‘ ื”ื—ื™ืกื•ื ื™ื --
05:35
with this old technology and the needle.
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ื‘ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ื”ื™ืฉื ื” ื•ื”ืžื—ื˜.
05:37
But it could be argued that the needle is holding back our immune responses;
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ืื‘ืœ ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื˜ืขื•ืŸ ืฉื”ืžื—ื˜ ืžืขื›ื‘ืช ืืช ื”ืชื’ื•ื‘ื” ื”ื—ื™ืกื•ื ื™ืช,
05:42
it's missing our immune sweet spot in the skin.
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ืžื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืžื“ืœื’ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ืชื’ื•ื‘ื” ื”ื—ื™ืกื•ื ื™ืช ื”ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื” ื”ืžืชื—ื•ืœืœืช ื‘ืขื•ืจ.
05:45
To describe this idea,
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœืชืืจ ืืช ื”ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ื”ื–ื”,
05:48
we need to take a journey through the skin,
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ืื ื™ ืจื•ืฆื” ืœื”ืจืื•ืช ืœื›ื ืืช ืžื‘ื ื” ื”ืขื•ืจ,
05:51
starting with one of those projections
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ื ื‘ื™ื˜ ื‘ืฉืงื•ืคื™ืช ื”ื‘ืื”
05:53
and applying the Nanopatch to the skin.
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ื•ื ืจืื” ื›ื™ืฆื“ ื”ื ืื ื•ืคืื˜ืฅ' ื—ื•ื“ืจ ืœืขื•ืจ.
05:56
And we see this kind of data.
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ื•ืื ื—ื ื• ืจื•ืื™ื ืชืžื•ื ื•ืช ื›ืืœื”.
05:58
Now, this is real data --
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ื–ื• ืชืžื•ื ื” ืืžื™ืชื™ืช --
06:00
that thing that we can see there is one projection
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ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ืฉื‘ื•ืœื˜ ืฉื ื”ื•ื ืื—ืช ื”ื‘ืœื™ื˜ื•ืช
06:02
from the Nanopatch that's been applied to the skin
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ืฉืœ ื”ื ืื ื•ืคืื˜ืฅ' ืฉื”ื•ืฆืžื“ ืœืขื•ืจ
06:05
and those colors are different layers.
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ื•ื”ืฆื‘ืขื™ื ืžืจืื™ื ืœื ื• ืืช ืฉื›ื‘ื•ืช ื”ืขื•ืจ ื”ืฉื•ื ื•ืช.
06:07
Now, to give you an idea of scale,
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ืขืœ ืžื ืช ืฉืชื‘ื™ื ื• ืืช ื”ื’ื“ืœื™ื ื‘ืชืžื•ื ื”,
06:08
if the needle was shown here, it would be too big.
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ืื ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ืžืฆื™ื’ื™ื ื›ืืŸ ืžื—ื˜ ื”ื™ื ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ืžื›ืœ ื”ืชืžื•ื ื”.
06:10
It would be 10 times bigger
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ืœืžืขืฉื” ื”ื™ื ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ืคื™ 10
06:11
than the size of that screen, going 10 times deeper as well.
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ืžื’ื•ื“ืœ ื”ืชืžื•ื ื” ืขืœ ื”ืžืกืš, ื•ื—ื•ื“ืจืช ืคื™ 10 ื™ื•ืชืจ ืขืžื•ืง.
06:14
It's off the grid entirely.
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ืžืžืฉ ืžื—ื•ืฅ ืœื˜ื•ื•ื— ื”ืจืื™ื™ื” ืฉืœื ื•.
06:17
You can see immediately that we have those projections in the skin.
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ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืจืื•ืช ื‘ืชืžื•ื ื” ืฉื”ื‘ืœื™ื˜ื•ืช ื—ื•ื“ืจื•ืช ืœืขื•ืจ.
06:20
That red layer is a tough outer layer of dead skin,
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ื”ืฉื›ื‘ื” ื”ืื“ื•ืžื” ื”ื™ื ืฉื›ื‘ืช ืขื•ืจ ืžืช ื—ื™ืฆื•ื ื™ืช,
06:23
but the brown layer and the magenta layer
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ืฉื›ื‘ื” ื”ื—ื•ืžื” ื•ื”ืฉื›ื‘ื” ื”ืืจื’ืžื ื™ืช
06:25
are jammed full of immune cells.
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ืžืชืคืงืขื•ืช ืžืชืื™ ืžืขืจื›ืช ื—ื™ืกื•ืŸ.
06:29
As one example, in the brown layer
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ืœื“ื•ื’ืžื”, ื‘ืฉื›ื‘ื” ื”ื—ื•ืžื”
06:30
there's a certain type of cell called a Langerhans cell --
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ื ืžืฆืื™ื ืชืื™ื ืฉื ืงืจืื™ื ืชืื™ ืœืื ื’ืจื”ืื ืก --
06:33
every square millimeter of our body
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ื›ืœ ืžื™ืœื™ืžื˜ืจ ืžืจื•ื‘ืข ืฉืœ ื’ื•ืคื ื•
06:35
is jammed full of those Langerhans cells,
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ืžืœื ื•ื’ื“ื•ืฉ ื‘ืชืื™ ืœืื ื’ืจื”ืื ืก,
06:38
those immune cells, and there's others shown as well
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ื”ื ืชืื™ ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ื—ื™ืกื•ืŸ, ื•ื™ืฉ ืขื•ื“ ืชืื™ ื—ื™ืกื•ืŸ
06:40
that we haven't stained in this image.
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ืฉืœื ืฆื‘ืขื ื• ื‘ืชืžื•ื ื” ืœืคื ื™ื›ื.
06:42
But you can immediately see that the Nanopatch
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ืื‘ืœ ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืจืื•ืช ืžื™ื“ ืฉื”ื ืื ื•ืคืื˜ืฅ'
06:44
achieves that penetration indeed.
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ื—ื•ื“ืจ ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ืฉื›ื‘ื•ืช ื”ืœืœื•.
06:46
We target thousands upon thousands of these particular cells
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืžื‘ื™ืื™ื ืืช ื”ื—ื™ืกื•ืŸ ื‘ืžื’ืข ืขื ืืœืคื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื ืฉืœ ืชืื™ ื”ื—ื™ืกื•ืŸ ื”ืœืœื•
06:49
just residing within a hair's width
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ืฉื›ื•ืœื ืžืฆื•ื™ื™ื ื‘ืฉื›ื‘ื” ืฉืขื•ื‘ื™ื™ื” ื“ื•ืžื” ืœืฉืขืจื”
06:52
of the surface of the skin.
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ืขืœ ื’ื‘ื™ ืคื ื™ ื”ืขื•ืจ.
06:55
Now, as the guy that's invented this thing and designed it to do that,
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ื‘ืชื•ืจ ื”ืื“ื ืฉื”ืžืฆื™ื ืืช ื”ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ื•ืคื™ืชื— ืื•ืชื• ื›ืš ืฉื™ืขื‘ื•ื“,
06:59
I found that exciting. But so what?
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ืื ื™ ื—ืฉื‘ ืฉื–ื” ืžืžืฉ ืžืจื’ืฉ. ืื– ืžื”?
07:02
So what if you've targeted cells?
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ืื– ืžื” ืื ื”ื’ืขื ื• ืœืฉื›ื‘ืช ืชืื™ ื”ื—ื™ืกื•ืŸ?
07:04
In the world of vaccines, what does that mean?
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ื‘ืขื•ืœื ื”ื—ื™ืกื•ื ื™ื, ื”ืื ื™ืฉ ืœื›ืš ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช?
07:07
The world of vaccines is getting better.
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ืขืœื ื”ื—ื™ืกื•ื ื™ื ื”ื•ืœืš ื•ืžืฉืชืคืจ.
07:09
It's getting more systematic.
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ื”ื•ื ื ื”ื™ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉื™ื˜ืชื™.
07:11
However, you still don't really know
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ืื‘ืœ, ืื ื—ื ื• ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืœื ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ื‘ืืžืช
07:13
if a vaccine is going to work
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ืื ื—ื™ืกื•ืŸ ื—ื“ืฉ ื™ืขื‘ื•ื“
07:15
until you roll your sleeves up
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ืขื“ ืฉืœื ื ืงืคืœ ืืช ื”ืฉืจื•ื•ืœ
07:16
and vaccinate and wait.
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ื•ื ื™ืชืŸ ื—ื™ืกื•ืŸ ื•ื ื—ื›ื” ืœืชื•ืฆืื•ืช.
07:18
It's a gambler's game even today.
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ืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ื”ื™ืžื•ืจ ื’ื ื”ื™ื•ื.
07:21
So, we had to do that gamble.
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ืื–, ืื ื—ื ื• ื ืืœืฆื ื• ืœื”ืžืจ.
07:24
We obtained an influenza vaccine,
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ื”ืฉื’ื ื• ืชืจื›ื™ื‘ ื—ื™ืกื•ืŸ ื ื’ื“ ืฉืคืขืช,
07:26
we applied it to our Nanopatches
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ืคื™ื–ืจื ื• ืื•ืชื• ืขืœ ื”ื ืื ื•ืคืื˜ืฅ'
07:28
and we applied the Nanopatches to the skin,
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ื”ืฆืžื“ื ื• ืืช ื”ื ืื ื•ืคืื˜ืฅ' ืœืขื•ืจ,
07:30
and we waited --
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ื•ื—ื›ื™ื ื• --
07:32
and this is in the live animal.
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ื•ื–ื” ืžื” ืฉืงื•ืจื” ื‘ื—ื™ื”.
07:34
We waited a month,
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ื—ื™ื›ื™ื ื• ื—ื•ื“ืฉ,
07:36
and this is what we found out.
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ื•ื–ื” ืžื” ืฉื’ื™ืœื™ื ื•.
07:37
This is a data slide showing the immune responses
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ื–ื•ื”ื™ ืฉืงื•ืคื™ืช ื”ื ืชื•ื ื™ื ืฉืžืฆื™ื’ื” ืืช ื”ืชื’ื•ื‘ื” ื”ื—ื™ืกื•ื ื™ืช
07:40
that we've generated with a Nanopatch
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ืฉื ื•ืฆืจื” ื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืช ื”ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ื ืื ื•ืคืื˜ืฅ'
07:42
compared to the needle and syringe into muscle.
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ื‘ื”ืฉื•ื•ืื” ืœื”ื–ืจืงื” ืœืฉืจื™ืจ ื‘ืขื–ืจืช ืžื—ื˜ ื•ืžื–ืจืง.
07:46
So on the horizontal axis we have the dose shown in nanograms.
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ืขืœ ื”ืฆื™ืจ ื”ืื•ืคืงื™ ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืจืื•ืช ืืช ื”ืžื™ื ื•ืŸ ื‘ื™ื—ื™ื“ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื ืื ื•ื’ืจื.
07:49
On the vertical axis we have the immune response generated,
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ื‘ืฆื™ืจ ื”ืื ื›ื™ ืจื•ืื™ื ืืช ืžื™ื“ืช ื”ืชื’ื•ื‘ื” ื”ื—ื™ืกื•ื ื™ืช,
07:52
and that dashed line indicates the protection threshold.
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ื•ื”ืงื• ื”ืžืงื•ื•ืงื• ืžืจืื” ืืช ื”ืกืฃ ื”ื“ืจื•ืฉ ืœืงื‘ืœืช ื”ื’ื ื” ืžื”ื—ื™ืกื•ืŸ.
07:58
If we're above that line it's considered protective;
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ืžื™ ืฉืขื•ื‘ืจ ืืช ื”ืงื• ืžืกืคืง ื”ื’ื ื” ื™ืขื™ืœื”,
08:00
if we're below that line it's not.
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ืžื™ ืฉืžืชื—ืช ืœืงื• ืœื ืžื’ืŸ.
08:03
So the red line is mostly below that curve
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ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื”ืงื• ื”ืื“ื•ื ื ืžืฆื ื‘ืจื•ื‘ื• ืžืชื—ืช ืœืกืฃ
08:06
and indeed there's only one point that is achieved with the needle that's protective,
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ื•ื‘ืืžืช ืจืง ื‘ืžื™ื ื•ืŸ ืื—ื“ ื”ื•ืฉื’ ื—ื™ืกื•ืŸ ืžื’ืŸ ื‘ืขื–ืจืช ื”ื–ืจืงื” ืขื ืžื—ื˜,
08:09
and that's with a high dose of 6,000 nanograms.
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ื•ืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ืขืœ ืžื™ื ื•ืŸ ื’ื‘ื•ื” ืฉืœ 6,000 ื ืื ื•ื’ืจื.
08:12
But notice immediately the distinctly different curve
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ืื‘ืœ ืชื‘ื™ื˜ื• ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ืขืœ ื”ืงื• ื”ืฉื ื™
08:15
that we achieve with the blue line.
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ืฉืžื•ื“ื’ื ื‘ืฆื‘ืข ื›ื—ื•ืœ.
08:18
That's what's achieved with the Nanopatch;
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ืืœื• ื”ืŸ ื”ืชื•ืฆืื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ื ืื ื•ืคืื˜ืฅ',
08:20
the delivered dose of the Nanopatch is
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ื”ืชื•ืฆืื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ื ืื ื•ืคืื˜ืฅ'
08:22
a completely different immunogenicity curve.
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ืžืจืื•ืช ืจืžื•ืช ื—ื™ืกื•ืŸ ืฉื•ื ื•ืช ืœื—ืœื•ื˜ื™ืŸ.
08:25
That's a real fresh opportunity.
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ื–ื•ื”ื™ ื”ื–ื“ืžื ื•ืช ืžื“ื”ื™ืžื”.
08:27
Suddenly we have a brand new lever
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ืคืชืื•ื ื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ื›ืœื™ ื—ื“ืฉ ื•ื—ื–ืง
08:29
in the world of vaccines.
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ื‘ืขื•ืœื ื”ื—ื™ืกื•ื ื™ื.
08:31
We can push it one way,
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ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื™ื™ืฉื ื–ืืช ื‘ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืื—ื“,
08:32
where we can take a vaccine that works but is too expensive
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ื‘ื• ื ื™ืงื— ืชืจื›ื•ื‘ืช ื—ื™ืกื•ืŸ ื™ืขื™ืœื” ืžืื“ ืื‘ืœ ื™ืงืจื” ืžื“ื™
08:35
and can get protection
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ื•ืคืชืื•ื ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื”ืฉื™ื’ ื”ื’ื ื” ื™ืขื™ืœื”
08:36
with a hundredth of the dose compared to the needle.
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ื’ื ืขื ืžื™ื ื•ืŸ ืงื˜ืŸ ืคื™ 100 ื‘ื”ืฉื•ื•ืื” ืœื”ื–ืจืงื” ื‘ืžื—ื˜.
08:39
That can take a vaccine that's suddenly 10 dollars down to 10 cents,
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ื›ืš ืฉื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืงื—ืช ื—ื™ืกื•ืŸ ืฉืขื•ืœื” 10 ื“ื•ืœืจ, ื•ืœืžื›ื•ืจ ืžื ื” ื‘- 10 ืกื ื˜,
08:43
and that's particularly important within the developing world.
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ื•ื–ื” ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ื‘ืขื•ืœื ื”ืฉืœื™ืฉื™.
08:47
But there's another angle to this as well --
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ื•ื™ืฉ ื–ื•ื•ื™ืช ื ื•ืกืคืช ืœื“ื‘ืจื™ื --
08:48
you can take vaccines that currently don't work
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ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืงื—ืช ื—ื™ืกื•ื ื™ื ืฉื›ื™ื•ื ืœื ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื
08:51
and get them over that line
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ื•ืœื”ืขื‘ื™ืจ ืื•ืชื ืžืขื‘ืจ ืœืกืฃ
08:53
and get them protective.
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ื•ืœื’ืจื•ื ืœื”ื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื™ืขื™ืœื™ื.
08:55
And certainly in the world of vaccines
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ื•ื‘ืขื•ืœื ื”ื—ื™ืกื•ื ื™ื ืื™ืŸ ืกืคืง
08:57
that can be important.
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ืฉื–ื” ื™ืชืจื•ืŸ ืขืฆื•ื.
08:58
Let's consider the big three:
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ื‘ื•ืื• ื ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืขืœ ืฉืœื•ืฉืช ื”ืžื—ืœื•ืช ื”ืžื“ื‘ืงื•ืช ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื•ืช:
09:00
HIV, malaria, tuberculosis.
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HIV (ืื™ื™ื“ืก), ืžืœืจื™ื” ื•ืฉื—ืคืช.
09:02
They're responsible for about 7 million deaths per year,
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ื”ืŸ ื’ื•ืจืžื•ืช ืœื›- 7 ืžื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ืžืงืจื™ ืžื•ื•ืช ื‘ืฉื ื”,
09:05
and there is no adequate vaccination method for any of those.
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ื•ืื™ืŸ ื—ื™ืกื•ืŸ ื™ืขื™ืœ ืฉืขื•ื‘ื“ ื›ื ื’ื“ืŸ.
09:08
So potentially, with this new lever that we have with the Nanopatch,
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ืื– ืขื ืฉืžื ื•ืฃ ื”ื—ื“ืฉ ื”ื–ื” ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ืขื ื”ื ื ื•ืคืืฅ'
09:11
we can help make that happen.
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ืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื’ืจื•ื ืœื–ื” ืœืงืจื•ืช.
09:12
We can push that lever to help get those candidate vaccines over the line.
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ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ื ืื ื•ืคืื˜ืฅ' ืขืœ ืžื ืช ืœื”ืคื•ืš ืชืจื›ื•ื‘ื•ืช ื—ืœืฉื•ืช ืžื“ื™ ืœื—ื™ืกื•ื ื™ื ื™ืขื™ืœื™ื.
09:17
Now, of course, we've worked within my lab
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ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ, ื ื™ืกื™ื ื• ื‘ืžืขื‘ื“ื” ืฉืœื ื•
09:19
with many other vaccines that have attained
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ืกื•ื’ื™ ื—ื™ืกื•ืŸ ืจื‘ื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื ืฉื”ืฉื™ื’ื•
09:21
similar responses and similar curves to this,
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ืชื•ืฆืื•ืช ื“ื•ืžื•ืช ื•ืขืงื•ืžื•ืช ื”ื’ื ื” ื“ื•ืžื•ืช ืœื–ื•,
09:24
what we've achieved with influenza.
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ืฉืžืจืื” ืืช ืชื•ืฆืื•ืช ื”ื—ื™ืกื•ืŸ ื ื’ื“ ืฉืคืขืช.
09:27
I'd like to now switch to talk about
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ืื ื™ ืจื•ืฆื” ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ืœืขื‘ื•ืจ ื•ืœื“ื‘ืจ ืขืœ
09:30
another key shortcoming of today's vaccines,
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ื—ืกืจื•ืŸ ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื ื•ืกืฃ ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื—ื™ืกื•ื ื™ื ื›ื™ื•ื,
09:33
and that is the need to maintain the cold chain.
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ื•ื”ื•ื ื”ืฆื•ืจืš ืœืฉืžื•ืจ ืขืœ ืฉืจืฉืจืช ื”ืงื™ืจื•ืจ.
09:36
As the name suggests -- the cold chain --
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ื›ืคื™ ืฉืžืจืžื– ื”ืฉื -- ืฉืจืฉืจืช ื”ืงื™ืจื•ืจ --
09:39
it's the requirements of keeping a vaccine right from production
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ื™ืฉ ื“ืจื™ืฉื” ืœืฉืžื•ืจ ืขืœ ื—ื•ืžืจื™ ื”ื—ื™ืกื•ืŸ ื”ื—ืœ ืžืฉืœื‘ ื”ื™ื™ืฆื•ืจ
09:42
all the way through to when the vaccine is applied,
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ื•ื›ืœ ื”ื“ืจืš ืขื“ ื”ื–ืจืงืช ื”ื—ื™ืกื•ืŸ,
09:45
to keep it refrigerated.
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ื‘ืžืงืจืจ.
09:48
Now, that presents some logistical challenges
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ื™ืฉ ื›ืืŸ ืืชื’ืจ ืœื•ื’ื™ืกื˜ื™
09:51
but we have ways to do it.
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ืื‘ืœ ื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ืคืชืจื•ื ื•ืช.
09:54
This is a slightly extreme case in point
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ื”ืชืžื•ื ื” ืžืฆื™ื’ื” ืžืงืจื” ืงื™ืฆื•ื ื™
09:59
but it helps illustrate the logistical challenges,
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ื•ื ื™ืขื–ื•ืจ ืœื ื• ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืืช ื”ืืชื’ืจ ื”ืœื•ื’ื™ืกื˜ื™,
10:01
in particular in resource-poor settings,
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ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ื‘ืื–ื•ืจื™ื ืขื ื™ื™ื ื‘ืžืฉืื‘ื™ื,
10:03
of what's required to get vaccines
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ื”ื ื“ืจืฉื™ื ืขืœ ืžื ืช ืœืชืช ื—ื™ืกื•ืŸ
10:07
refrigerated and maintain the cold chain.
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ืžืงื•ืจืจ, ืœืฉืžื•ืจ ืขืœ ืฉืจืฉืจืช ื”ืงื™ืจื•ืจ.
10:08
If the vaccine is too warm the vaccine breaks down,
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ืื ื”ื—ื™ืกื•ืŸ ืžืชื—ืžื ื”ื•ื ืžืชื—ื™ืœ ืœื”ืชืคืจืง,
10:12
but interestingly it can be too cold
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ืื‘ืœ ืžืฆื“ ืฉื ื™ ื’ื ืงื•ืจ ื—ื–ืง ืžื“ื™
10:14
and the vaccine can break down as well.
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ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื’ืจื•ื ืœืคื™ืจื•ืง ื”ื—ื™ืกื•ืŸ.
10:17
Now, the stakes are very high.
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ื”ืกื™ื›ื•ืŸ ืžืื“ ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™.
10:20
The WHO estimates that within Africa,
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ืืจื’ื•ืŸ ื”ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช ื”ืขื•ืœืžื™ ืžืขืจื™ืš ืฉื‘ื™ื‘ืฉืช ืืคืจื™ืงื”,
10:23
up to half the vaccines used there
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ื‘ืขืจืš ื—ืฆื™ ืžื”ื—ื™ืกื•ื ื™ื ืฉื ื™ืชื ื™ื
10:26
are considered to not be working properly
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ืœื ื™ืขื‘ื“ื• ื›ืžื• ืฉืฆืจื™ืš
10:27
because at some point the cold chain has fallen over.
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ื›ื™ ื‘ืฉืœื‘ ื›ืœืฉื”ื• ื‘ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื”ื•ืคืจื” ืฉืจืฉืจืช ื”ืงื™ืจื•ืจ.
10:30
So it's a big problem, and it's tied in with the needle and syringe
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ื–ื• ื‘ืขื™ื” ืืžื™ืชื™ืช, ื•ื”ื™ื ืงืฉื•ืจื” ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื™ืฉื™ืจ ืœืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ืžื—ื˜ ื•ืžื–ืจืง
10:33
because it's a liquid form vaccine, and when it's liquid it needs the refrigeration.
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ืžื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉืชืจื›ื•ื‘ืช ื”ื—ื™ืกื•ืŸ ืžื’ื™ืขื” ื›ื ื•ื–ืœ, ื•ื”ื ื•ื–ืœ ื“ื•ืจืฉ ืงื™ืจื•ืจ.
10:38
A key attribute of our Nanopatch
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ืชื›ื•ื ื” ืขื™ืงืจื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ื ืื ื•ืคืื˜ืฅ'
10:41
is that the vaccine is dry,
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ื”ื™ื ืฉืชืจื›ื•ื‘ืช ื”ื—ื™ืกื•ืŸ ืขืœื™ื• ื™ื‘ืฉื”,
10:43
and when it's dry it doesn't need refrigeration.
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ื•ืชืจื›ื•ื‘ืช ื™ื‘ืฉื” ืœื ื“ื•ืจืฉืช ืงื™ืจื•ืจ.
10:45
Within my lab we've shown that we can keep
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ื‘ืžืขื‘ื“ื” ืฉืœื™ ื”ื“ื’ืžื ื• ืฉื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืฉืžื•ืจ
10:48
the vaccine stored at 23 degrees Celsius
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ืืช ื”ื—ื™ืกื•ื ื™ื ื‘ื˜ืžืคืจื˜ื•ืจื” ืฉืœ 23 ืžืขืœื•ืช ืฆืœืกื™ื•ืก
10:51
for more than a year without any loss in activity at all.
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ืœืžืฉืš ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืฉื ื”, ื‘ืœื™ ืคื’ื™ืขื” ื›ืœืฉื”ื™ ื‘ืคืขื™ืœื•ืช.
10:54
That's an important improvement.
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ืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ืฉื™ืคื•ืจ ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™.
10:57
(Applause)
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(ืžื—ื™ืื•ืช ื›ืคื™ื™ื)
11:03
We're delighted about it as well.
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ื•ืื ื—ื ื• ื’ืื™ื ื‘ื• ื’ื ื›ืŸ.
11:06
And the thing about it is that we have well and truly proven
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ื•ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื” ื”ื™ื ืฉื”ื•ื›ื—ื ื• ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ื‘ืจื•ืจื”
11:10
the Nanopatch within the laboratory setting.
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ืฉื”ื ืื ื•ืคืื˜ืฅ' ืขื•ื‘ื“ ื‘ืžืขื‘ื“ืช ื”ืžื—ืงืจ.
11:13
And as a scientist, I love that and I love science.
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ื‘ืชื•ืจ ืžื“ืขืŸ, ืื ื™ ืื•ื”ื‘ ืืช ื”ื”ืฆืœื—ื” ื•ืื•ื”ื‘ ืืช ื”ืžื“ืข.
11:17
However, as an engineer,
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ืžืฆื“ ืฉื ื™, ื›ืžื”ื ื“ืก,
11:19
as a biomedical engineer
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ื›ืžื”ื ื“ืก ื‘ื™ื•-ืจืคื•ืื™
11:21
and also as a human being,
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ื•ื›ื‘ืŸ ืื ื•ืฉ,
11:23
I'm not going to be satisfied
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ืื ื™ ืœื ืื”ื™ื” ืžืจื•ืฆื”
11:24
until we've rolled this thing out, taken it out of the lab
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ืขื“ ืฉื ืฉื™ืง ืืช ื”ืžื•ืฆืจ, ื ื•ืฆื™ื ืื•ืชื• ืžื”ืžืขื‘ื“ื”
11:27
and got it to people in large numbers
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ื•ื ื ื’ื™ืฉ ืื•ืชื• ืœืื ืฉื™ื ื‘ื›ืžื•ื™ื•ืช ื’ื“ื•ืœื•ืช
11:29
and particularly the people that need it the most.
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ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ืœืื ืฉื™ื ืฉื–ืงื•ืงื™ื ืœื• ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ.
11:33
So we've commenced this particular journey,
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ืื– ื”ืชื—ืœื ื• ืืช ื”ืžืกืข ื”ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ืฉืœื ื•,
11:36
and we've commenced this journey in an unusual way.
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ื•ื”ืชื—ืœื ื• ืืช ื”ืžืกืข ื‘ื“ืจืš ืœื ืฉื’ืจืชื™ืช.
11:38
We've started with Papua New Guinea.
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ื”ืชื—ืœื ื• ืื•ืชื• ื‘ืคืคื•ืื” ืฉื‘ื’ื™ื ืื” ื”ื—ื“ืฉื”.
11:41
Now, Papua New Guinea is an example of a developing world country.
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ืคืคื•ืื” ื‘ื’ื™ื ืื” ื”ื—ื“ืฉื” ื”ื™ื ื“ื•ื’ืžื” ืœืžื“ื™ื ืช ืขื•ืœื ืฉืœื™ืฉื™.
11:47
It's about the same size as France,
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ื”ื™ื ืžืฉืชืจืขืช ืขืœ ืฉื˜ื— ื“ื•ืžื” ืœืฆืจืคืช,
11:50
but it suffers from many of the key barriers
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ืื‘ืœ ืกื•ื‘ืœืช ืžืžื’ื‘ืœื•ืช ืจื‘ื•ืช
11:53
existing within the world of today's vaccines.
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ืฉืžื•ื ืขื•ืช ืืช ื”ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ื—ื™ืกื•ื ื™ื ื”ื ืคื•ืฆื™ื ื›ื™ื•ื ื‘ืขื•ืœื.
11:57
There's the logistics:
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ื™ืฉ ื‘ืขื™ื•ืช ืœื•ื’ื™ืกื˜ื™ื•ืช:
11:59
Within this country there are only 800 refrigerators to keep vaccines chilled.
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ื‘ื›ืœ ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื” ื™ืฉ ืจืง 800 ืžืงืจืจื™ื ื”ืžื™ื•ืขื“ื™ื ืœืื›ืกื•ืŸ ื—ื™ืกื•ื ื™ื.
12:03
Many of them are old, like this one in Port Moresby, many of them are breaking down
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ืจื•ื‘ ื”ืžืงืจืจื™ื ื™ืฉื ื™ื, ื›ืžื• ื–ื” ื‘ืขื™ืจ ืคื•ืจื˜ ืžื•ืจืกื‘ื™, ืจื‘ื™ื ืžื”ื ืžืžืฉ ืžืชืคืจืงื™ื,
12:07
and many are not in the Highlands where they are required.
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ื•ืจื‘ื™ื ืžื”ื ืœื ื ืžืฆืื™ื ื‘ืื–ื•ืจื™ ื”ืจืžื” ื”ื”ืจืจื™ืช, ื‘ื” ื”ื ื ื“ืจืฉื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ.
12:10
That's a challenge.
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ื–ื” ืืชื’ืจ ืืžื™ืชื™.
12:12
But also, Papua New Guinea has the world's highest incidence of HPV,
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ื•ื‘ื ื•ืกืฃ, ื‘ืคืคื•ืื” ื‘ื’ื™ื ืื” ื”ื—ื“ืฉื” ื™ืฉ ืืช ื”ืฉื™ืขื•ืจ ื”ื’ื‘ื•ื” ื‘ืขื•ืœื ืฉืœ ื ืฉืื•ืช ืœื ื’ื™ืฃ ื”ืคืคื™ืœื•ืžื”,
12:17
human papillomavirus, the cervical cancer [risk factor].
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ื ื’ื™ืฃ ื”ืคืคื™ืœื•ืžื” ื”ืื ื•ืฉื™, ืฉื’ื•ืจื ืกืจื˜ืŸ ื‘ืฆื•ื•ืืจ ื”ืจื—ื .
12:21
Yet, that vaccine is not available in large numbers
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ื—ื™ืกื•ืŸ ืœื ื–ืžื™ืŸ ื‘ื›ืžื•ื™ื•ืช ื’ื“ื•ืœื•ืช
12:24
because it's too expensive.
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ืžืฉื•ื ืฉื”ื•ื ื™ืงืจ ืžื“ื™.
12:26
So for those two reasons, with the attributes of the Nanopatch,
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ื•ื‘ืฉืœ ืฉืชื™ ื”ืกื™ื‘ื•ืช ื”ืœืœื•, ื”ืชื›ื•ื ื•ืช ื”ื™ื™ื—ื•ื“ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ื ืื ื•ืคืจื˜ืฅ',
12:29
we've got into the field and worked with the Nanopatch,
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ื ืกืขื ื• ืœืื–ื•ืจ ื•ื”ืชื—ืœื ื• ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ ืขื ื”ื ืื ื•ืคืจื˜ืฅ',
12:31
and taken it to Papua New Guinea
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ืœืงื—ื ื• ืื•ืชื• ืœืคืคื•ืื” ื‘ื’ื™ื ืื” ื”ื—ื“ืฉื”
12:34
and we'll be following that up shortly.
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ื•ื ืขืงื•ื‘ ืื—ืจื™ ื”ืชื•ืฆืื•ืช ื‘ืงืจื•ื‘.
12:38
Now, doing this kind of work is not easy.
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ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืœื”ื‘ื”ื™ืจ ืฉืœื ืงืœ ืœืขืจื•ืš ื ื™ืกื•ื™ื™ื ื›ืืœื•.
12:41
It's challenging,
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ื–ื” ืžืื“ ืžืืชื’ืจ.
12:42
but there's nothing else in the world I'd rather be doing.
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ืื‘ืœ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื‘ืจ ืื—ืจ ื‘ืขื•ืœื ืฉื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ืžืขื“ื™ืฃ ืœืขืฉื•ืช.
12:46
And as we look ahead
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ื•ื›ืืฉืจ ืื ื—ื ื• ืžื‘ื™ื˜ื™ื ืœืขืชื™ื“
12:48
I'd like to share with you a thought:
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ืื ื™ ืจื•ืฆื” ืœื—ืœื•ืง ืื™ืชื›ื ืžื—ืฉื‘ื”:
12:52
It's the thought of a future where
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ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ ืขืœ ืขืชื™ื“ ืฉื‘ื•
12:56
the 17 million deaths per year
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ืื•ืชื 17 ืžืœื™ื•ืŸ ืžืงืจื™ ืžื•ืช ืฉืงื•ืจื™ื ื›ืœ ืฉื ื”
12:58
that we currently have due to infectious disease
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ื›ืชื•ืฆืื” ืžืžื—ืœื•ืช ืžื“ื‘ืงื•ืช
13:00
is a historical footnote.
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ื”ื ืจืง ื”ืขืจืช ืฉื•ืœื™ื™ื ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ืช.
13:02
And it's a historical footnote that has been achieved
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ื•ื–ื• ื”ืขืจืช ืฉื•ืœื™ื™ื ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ืช ืฉื”ื•ืฉื’ื”
13:05
by improved, radically improved vaccines.
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ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืฉื™ืคื•ืจ, ืฉื™ืคื•ืจ ืงื™ืฆื•ื ื™ ื‘ื—ื™ืกื•ื ื™ื.
13:08
Now standing here today in front of you
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ื•ื›ื™ื•ื ืื ื™ ืขื•ืžื“ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื
13:10
at the birthplace of the needle and syringe,
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ื‘ืžืงื•ื ื”ื•ืœื“ืชื ืฉืœ ื”ืžื—ื˜ ื•ื”ืžื–ืจืง,
13:12
a device that's 160 years old,
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ืฉื”ื•ืžืฆืื• ืœืคื ื™ 160 ืฉื ื”,
13:15
I'm presenting to you an alternative approach
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ืื ื™ ืžืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ื’ื™ืฉื” ื—ืœื•ืคื™ืช
13:17
that could really help make that happen --
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ืฉื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœื’ืจื•ื ืœื–ื” ืœืงืจื•ืช --
13:19
and it's the Nanopatch with its attributes of being needle-free, pain-free,
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ืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ื ืื ื•ืคืื˜ืฅ' ืขื ืชื›ื•ื ื•ืชื™ื• ื”ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื•ืช ื›ืžื• ื”ื™ืขื“ืจ ืžื—ื˜, ื”ื™ืขื“ืจ ื›ืื‘,
13:23
the ability for removing the cold chain and improving the immunogenicity.
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ื”ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ื—ื™ืกื•ื ื™ื ืœืœื ืงื™ืจื•ืจ ื•ืฉื™ืคื•ืจ ื”ืชื’ื•ื‘ื” ื”ื—ื™ืกื•ื ื™ืช.
13:28
Thank you.
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ืชื•ื“ื” ืœื›ื.
13:30
(Applause)
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(ืžื—ื™ืื•ืช ื›ืคื™ื™ื)
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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