Mark Kendall: Demo: A needle-free vaccine patch that's safer and way cheaper

152,532 views

2014-01-14 ใƒป TED


New videos

Mark Kendall: Demo: A needle-free vaccine patch that's safer and way cheaper

152,532 views ใƒป 2014-01-14

TED


์•„๋ž˜ ์˜๋ฌธ์ž๋ง‰์„ ๋”๋ธ”ํด๋ฆญํ•˜์‹œ๋ฉด ์˜์ƒ์ด ์žฌ์ƒ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

๋ฒˆ์—ญ: Jiaeoun Park ๊ฒ€ํ† : K Bang
00:12
It's a pleasure to be here
0
12360
1419
๊ธฐ์˜๊ฒŒ๋„ ์—ฌ๊ธฐ
00:13
in Edinburgh, Scotland,
1
13779
1949
์Šค์ฝ”ํ‹€๋žœ๋“œ์˜ ์—๋”˜๋ฒ„๋Ÿฌ,
00:15
the birthplace of the needle and syringe.
2
15728
3163
์ฃผ์‚ฌ ๋ฐ”๋Š˜๊ณผ ์ฃผ์‚ฌ๊ธฐ์˜ ํƒ„์ƒ์ง€์— ์˜ค๊ฒŒ ๋˜์—ˆ๊ตฐ์š”.
00:18
Less than a mile from here in this direction,
3
18891
2841
์ด ์ž๋ฆฌ์—์„œ ์ด์ชฝ ๋ฐฉํ–ฅ์œผ๋กœ 1๋งˆ์ผ๋„ ์•ˆ๋–จ์–ด์ง„ ๊ณณ์—์„œ
00:21
in 1853 a Scotsman
4
21732
1974
1853๋…„ ํ•œ ์Šค์ฝ”ํ‹€๋žœ๋“œ์ธ์ด
00:23
filed his very first patent on the needle and syringe.
5
23706
2428
๊ทธ์˜ ์ฒซ ํŠนํ—ˆํ’ˆ์œผ๋กœ ์ฃผ์‚ฌ ๋ฐ”๋Š˜๊ณผ ์ฃผ์‚ฌ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๋“ฑ๋กํ–ˆ์ฃ .
00:26
His name was Alexander Wood,
6
26134
2102
๊ทธ์˜ ์ด๋ฆ„์€ ์•Œ๋ ‰์‚ฐ๋” ์šฐ๋“œ์˜€๋Š”๋ฐ
00:28
and it was at the Royal College of Physicians.
7
28236
3751
์™•๋ฆฝ์˜์‚ฌํ˜‘ํšŒ์— ๋“ฑ๋กํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:31
This is the patent.
8
31987
2478
์ด๊ฒƒ์ด ๊ทธ ํŠนํ—ˆ๋„๋ฉด์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:34
What blows my mind when I look at it even today
9
34465
2711
์˜ค๋Š˜๋‚ ์— ์กฐ์ฐจ ์ด๊ฑธ ๋ณผ ๋•Œ๋งˆ๋‹ค ๋†€๋ผ์šด ๊ฒƒ์€
00:37
is that it looks almost identical
10
37176
2173
๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์ด ํ˜„์žฌ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜๋Š”
00:39
to the needle in use today.
11
39349
1757
์ฃผ์‚ฌ๋ฐ”๋Š˜๊ณผ ๊ฑฐ์˜ ๋˜‘๊ฐ™์ด ์ƒ๊ฒผ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:41
Yet, it's 160 years old.
12
41106
3560
๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜, ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์€ 160๋…„์ด ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:44
So we turn to the field of vaccines.
13
44666
2495
๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋ฉด ์˜ˆ๋ฐฉ ์ ‘์ข…์œผ๋กœ ์ฃผ์˜๋ฅผ ๋Œ๋ ค๋ด…์‹œ๋‹ค.
00:47
Most vaccines are delivered with
14
47161
2229
๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„ ๋ฐฑ์‹ ์€ ์ฃผ์‚ฌ ๋ฐ”๋Š˜๊ณผ ์ฃผ์‚ฌ๊ธฐ๋กœ ์ ‘์ข…ํ•˜๋Š”๋ฐ
00:49
the needle and syringe, this 160-year-old technology.
15
49390
4144
์ด๊ฑด 160๋…„ ๋œ ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์ด์ง€์š”.
00:53
And credit where it's due -- on many levels,
16
53534
1911
๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๋งˆ๋•…ํžˆ ๋ฐ›์•„์•ผ ํ•  ์นญ์ฐฌ์€ - ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ์ˆ˜์ค€์—์„œ
00:55
vaccines are a successful technology.
17
55445
3651
๋ฐฑ์‹ ์ด ์„ฑ๊ณตํ•œ ๊ธฐ์ˆ ๋ผ๋Š”๊ฑฐ์ฃ .
00:59
After clean water and sanitation,
18
59096
3889
๊นจ๋—ํ•œ ๋ฌผ๊ณผ ์œ„์ƒ ์‹œ์„ค ๋‹ค์Œ์œผ๋กœ
01:02
vaccines are the one technology that has increased
19
62985
4274
๋ฐฑ์‹ ์€ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ์˜ ์ˆ˜๋ช…์„ ์ตœ๋Œ€๋กœ ๋Š˜๋ ค์˜จ
01:07
our life span the most.
20
67259
2530
๊ธฐ์ˆ  ์ค‘ ํ•˜๋‚˜์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:09
That's a pretty hard act to beat.
21
69789
2475
๋” ๋‚˜์€ ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์ด ๋‚˜์˜ค๊ธฐ ์–ด๋ ค์šธ ์ •๋„์ฃ .
01:12
But just like any other technology,
22
72264
1793
๊ทธ๋ ‡์ง€๋งŒ ์—ฌ๋Š ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๊ธฐ์ˆ ๋“ค์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ
01:14
vaccines have their shortcomings,
23
74057
1845
๋ฐฑ์‹ ์€ ๋‹จ์ ์ด ์žˆ๋Š”๋ฐ,
01:15
and the needle and syringe
24
75902
2636
์ฃผ์‚ฌ ๋ฐ”๋Š˜๊ณผ ์ฃผ์‚ฌ๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ๋ฐ”๋กœ
01:18
is a key part within that narrative --
25
78538
2203
๊ทธ ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐ์˜ ์š”์ ์ด๋ž๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:20
this old technology.
26
80741
2929
์ด ์˜ค๋ž˜๋œ ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์—์„œ ๋ง์ด์—์š”.
01:23
So let's start with the obvious:
27
83670
2299
๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‹ˆ ์ด ๋ช…๋ฐฑํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์—์„œ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ•ด๋ด…์‹œ๋‹ค.
01:25
Many of us don't like the needle and syringe.
28
85969
3482
์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋“ค ๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„์€ ์ฃผ์‚ฌ ๋ฐ”๋Š˜๊ณผ ์ฃผ์‚ฌ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ์ข‹์•„ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:29
I share that view.
29
89451
1914
์ €๋„ ๊ทธ๋ ‡๋‹ต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:31
However, 20 percent of the population
30
91365
3192
๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ๋ฐ, ์ธ๊ตฌ์˜ 20ํผ์„ผํŠธ๋Š”
01:34
have a thing called needle phobia.
31
94557
2276
์ฃผ์‚ฌ ๋ฐ”๋Š˜ ๊ณตํฌ์ฆ์ด๋ผ๋Š” ๊ฑธ ๊ฐ–๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:36
That's more than disliking the needle;
32
96833
1761
๊ทธ๊ฑด ๋ฐ”๋Š˜์„ ์‹ซ์–ดํ•˜๋Š” ์ •๋„๊ฐ€ ์•„๋‹ˆ์–ด์„œ
01:38
that is actively avoiding being vaccinated
33
98594
2469
์‹ค์ œ๋กœ ์˜ˆ๋ฐฉ ์ ‘์ข…์„ ํ”ผํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:41
because of needle phobia.
34
101063
1864
์ฃผ์‚ฌ ๋ฐ”๋Š˜ ๊ณตํฌ์ฆ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์—์š”.
01:42
And that's problematic in terms of the rollout of vaccines.
35
102927
4007
๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์˜ˆ๋ฐฉ ์ ‘์ข…์„ ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ด€์ ์—์„œ ๋ณธ๋‹ค๋ฉด ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์€ ๋ฌธ์ œ๊ฐ€ ๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์–ด์š”.
01:46
Now, related to this is another key issue,
36
106934
2145
์ž, ๋˜ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ์ฃผ์ œ๊ฐ€ ์ด์™€ ์—ฐ๊ด€์ด ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:49
which is needlestick injuries.
37
109079
2333
์ฃผ์‚ฌ ๋ฐ”๋Š˜ ์ž๊ตญ ๋ง์ด์˜ˆ์š”.
01:51
And the WHO has figures
38
111412
1972
๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  WHO๋Š”
01:53
that suggest about 1.3 million deaths per year
39
113384
3835
๋งค๋…„ 130๋งŒ๋ช…์”ฉ ์ฃฝ๋Š”๋‹ค๋Š” ์ˆ˜์น˜๋ฅผ ์–ป์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:57
take place due to cross-contamination
40
117219
2392
์ฃผ์‚ฌ ๋ฐ”๋Š˜ ์ž๊ตญ์— ์ƒ๊ธด
01:59
with needlestick injuries.
41
119611
1284
๊ต์ฐจ ๊ฐ์—ผ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ๋ง์ด์ฃ .
02:00
These are early deaths that take place.
42
120895
2682
์ด๊ฑด ์กฐ๊ธฐ ์‚ฌ๋ง์ด ์ผ์–ด๋‚œ ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:03
Now, these are two things that you probably may have heard of,
43
123577
2981
์ž, ์ด ๋‘๊ฐ€์ง€์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด์„œ๋Š” ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„๋“ค๋„ ๋“ค์œผ์…จ์„ ๊ฑฐ๋ผ๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:06
but there are two other shortcomings
44
126558
1880
๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ๋ฐ, ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„๋“ค์ด ๋“ค์–ด๋ณด์‹  ์ ์ด ์—†๋Š”
02:08
of the needle and syringe you may not have heard about.
45
128438
2484
์ฃผ์‚ฌ ๋ฐ”๋Š˜๊ณผ ์ฃผ์‚ฌ๊ธฐ์˜ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๋‘ ๊ฐ€์ง€ ๋‹จ์ ๋„ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:10
One is it could be holding back
46
130922
1981
ํ•˜๋‚˜๋Š” ๋ฉด์—ญ ๋ฐ˜์‘์˜ ์ธก๋ฉด์—์„œ
02:12
the next generation of vaccines
47
132903
1479
๋‹ค์Œ ์„ธ๋Œ€์˜ ๋ฐฑ์‹ ์ด ๋‚˜์˜ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„
02:14
in terms of their immune responses.
48
134382
2289
์ €์ง€ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:16
And the second is that it could be responsible
49
136671
2927
๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ , ๋‘๋ฒˆ์งธ ๋‹จ์ ์€ ์ €์˜จ ์œ ํ†ต ์ฒด๊ณ„ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ผ ์ˆ˜๋„ ์žˆ๋Š”๋ฐ
02:19
for the problem of the cold chain that I'll tell you about as well.
50
139598
4612
์ด์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์—๊ฒŒ ์ž์„ธํžˆ ๋ง์”€๋“œ๋ฆฌ๊ฒ ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:24
I'm going to tell you about some work
51
144210
1582
์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„๊ป˜ ์ €์™€ ์—ฐ๊ตฌํŒ€์ด ์ € ๋„ค๊ฐ€์ง€ ๋ฌธ์ œ๋ฅผ ํ•ด๊ฒฐํ•ด๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด
02:25
that my team and I are doing in Australia
52
145792
2068
ํ˜ธ์ฃผ์— ์žˆ๋Š”
02:27
at the University of Queensland
53
147860
1741
ํ€ธ์Šฌ๋žœ๋“œ ๋Œ€ํ•™์—์„œ ์„ค๊ณ„ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š”
02:29
on a technology designed to tackle those four problems.
54
149601
4397
๊ธฐ์ˆ ๊ณผ ๊ด€๋ จ๋œ ๋ช‡ ๊ฐ€์ง€์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ๋ง์”€๋“œ๋ฆฌ์ง€์š”.
02:33
And that technology is called the Nanopatch.
55
153998
4345
๊ทธ ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์€ ๋‚˜๋…ธํŒจ์น˜๋ผ๊ณ  ๋ถˆ๋ฆฝ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:38
Now, this is a specimen of the Nanopatch.
56
158343
6474
์ž, ์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ๋‚˜๋…ธํŒจ์น˜์˜ ๊ฒฌ๋ณธ์ด์—์š”.
02:44
To the naked eye
57
164817
1649
๋งจ๋ˆˆ์œผ๋กœ ๋ณด๋ฉด
02:46
it just looks like a square
58
166466
2184
๊ทธ๋ƒฅ ์‚ฌ๊ฐํ˜•์ด๊ณ 
02:48
smaller than a postage stamp,
59
168650
2899
์šฐํ‘œ๋ณด๋‹ค ์ž‘์•„๋ณด์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:51
but under a microscope
60
171549
2666
๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ํ˜„๋ฏธ๊ฒฝ ์•„๋ž˜์—์„œ ๋ณด๋ฉด
02:54
what you see are thousands of tiny projections
61
174215
2318
์ˆ˜์ฒœ๊ฐœ์˜ ์ž‘์€ ์นจ๋“ค์ด ์žˆ๋Š”๋ฐ
02:56
that are invisible to the human eye.
62
176533
2221
์‚ฌ๋žŒ์˜ ๋งจ๋ˆˆ์œผ๋กœ๋Š” ๋ณด์ด์ง€ ์•Š์ฃ .
02:58
And there's about 4,000 projections
63
178754
1757
์ด ํŠน๋ณ„ํ•œ ์‚ฌ๊ฐํ˜• ์œ„์—๋Š” ์•ฝ 4์ฒœ๊ฐœ์˜ ์นจ๋“ค์ด ์žˆ์–ด์„œ
03:00
on this particular square compared to the needle.
64
180511
3382
์ฃผ์‚ฌ๊ธฐ ๋ฐ”๋Š˜ ์—ญํ• ์„ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:03
And I've designed those projections
65
183907
2644
๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ €๋Š” ์ด ์นจ๋“ค์ด ์ฃผ๋กœ
03:06
to serve a key role, which is to work with the skin's immune system.
66
186551
4050
ํ”ผ๋ถ€์˜ ๋ฉด์—ญ ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์— ์ž‘๋™ํ•˜์—ฌ ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ์—ญํ• ์„ ํ•˜๋„๋ก ์„ค๊ณ„ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:10
So that's a very important function
67
190601
2395
๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์€ ๋‚˜๋…ธํŒจ์น˜์™€ ์—ฐ๊ณ„๋œ
03:12
tied in with the Nanopatch.
68
192996
1456
์•„์ฃผ ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:14
Now we make the Nanopatch
69
194452
2247
์ด์ œ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๋‚˜๋…ธํŒจ์น˜๋ฅผ
03:16
with a technique
70
196699
2537
์ด์˜จ ์นจ์ž‘ ๋ฐ˜์‘์ด๋ผ ๋ถˆ๋ฆฌ๋Š”
03:19
called deep reactive ion etching.
71
199236
2379
๊ธฐ์ˆ ๋กœ ๋งŒ๋“ญ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:21
And this particular technique is one that's been borrowed
72
201615
2044
๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ด ํŠน๋ณ„ํ•œ ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์€
03:23
from the semiconductor industry,
73
203659
1627
๋ฐ˜๋„์ฒด ์‚ฐ์—…์—์„œ ๋นŒ๋ ค์™”์ง€์š”.
03:25
and therefore is low cost
74
205286
1836
๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ๋น„์šฉ๋„ ๋‚ฎ๊ณ 
03:27
and can be rolled out in large numbers.
75
207122
2194
๋Œ€๋Ÿ‰์œผ๋กœ ์ƒ์‚ฐํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:29
Now we dry-coat vaccines to the projections of the Nanopatch
76
209316
5066
์ด์ œ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๋‚˜๋…ธํŒจ์น˜์˜ ์นจ์— ๋ฐฑ์‹ ์„ ๊ฑด์กฐํ•œ ์ƒํƒœ๋กœ ์ž…ํ˜€์„œ
03:34
and apply it to the skin.
77
214382
1819
ํ”ผ๋ถ€์— ์ ‘์ข…ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:36
Now, the simplest form of application
78
216201
4556
์ž, ์ œ์ผ ๊ฐ„๋‹จํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์ ‘์ข…ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฒ•์€
03:40
is using our finger,
79
220757
2022
์†๊ฐ€๋ฝ์„ ์“ฐ๋Š” ๊ฑด๋ฐ,
03:42
but our finger has some limitations,
80
222779
2620
์šฐ๋ฆฌ์˜ ์†๊ฐ€๋ฝ์€ ์ข€ ํ•œ๊ณ„๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์ฃ .
03:45
so we've devised an applicator.
81
225399
2084
๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์ ‘์ข…๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๊ณ ์•ˆํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:47
And it's a very simple device --
82
227483
1487
์•„์ฃผ ๊ฐ„๋‹จํ•œ ๋„๊ตฌ์—์š”.
03:48
you could call it a sophisticated finger.
83
228970
2118
๋งํ•˜์ž๋ฉด ์†๊ฐ€๋ฝ์ด ์ข€ ์„ธ๋ จ๋˜์–ด์ง„๊ฑฐ์ฃ .
03:51
It's a spring-operated device.
84
231088
3040
์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ์šฉ์ˆ˜์ฒ ์„ ์ด์šฉํ•œ ์žฅ์น˜์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:54
What we do is when we apply the Nanopatch to the skin as so --
85
234128
3822
์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ํ•˜๋Š” ์ผ์€, ๋‚˜๋…ธํŒจ์น˜๋ฅผ ํ”ผ๋ถ€์— ์ ์šฉํ•  ๋•Œ,
03:57
(Click) --
86
237950
1869
์ด๋ ‡๊ฒŒ (๋”ฑ)
03:59
immediately a few things happen.
87
239819
2917
๋ฐ”๋กœ ๋ช‡๊ฐ€์ง€ ์ผ์ด ์ผ์–ด๋‚ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:02
So firstly, the projections on the Nanopatch
88
242736
4047
์ œ์ผ ๋จผ์ €, ๋‚˜๋…ธํŒจ์น˜์˜ ์นจ๋“ค์ด
04:06
breach through the tough outer layer
89
246783
1677
๋”ฑ๋”ฑํ•œ ์™ธํ”ผ์ธต์— ๊ตฌ๋ฉ์„ ๋‚ด์–ด
04:08
and the vaccine is very quickly released --
90
248460
2046
๋ฐฑ์‹ ์ด ๋น ๋ฅด๊ฒŒ ์ฃผ์ž…๋˜์ฃ .
04:10
within less than a minute, in fact.
91
250506
2348
์‹ค์ œ๋กœ ์ฑ„ 1๋ถ„๋„ ๊ฑธ๋ฆฌ์ง€ ์•Š์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:12
Then we can take the Nanopatch off
92
252854
2566
๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ ๋‚˜๋ฉด ๋‚˜๋…ธํŒจ์น˜๋ฅผ ๋–ผ์–ด๋‚ด
04:15
and discard it.
93
255420
1938
๋ฒ„๋ฆฌ๋ฉด ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:17
And indeed we can make a reuse of the applicator itself.
94
257358
5886
์‚ฌ์‹ค ์ ‘์ข…๊ธฐ ์ž์ฒด๋Š” ๋‹ค์‹œ ์“ธ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:23
So that gives you an idea of the Nanopatch,
95
263244
2736
์ด์ œ ๋‚˜๋…ธํŒจ์น˜์˜ ๊ฐœ๋…์„ ์•„์…จ์„๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:25
and immediately you can see some key advantages.
96
265980
2576
๋˜ ๋ช‡ ๊ฐ€์ง€ ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ์žฅ์ ๋„ ๋ฐ”๋กœ ๋ˆˆ์น˜์ฑ„์…จ์„ ๊ฑฐ์—์š”.
04:28
We've talked about it being needle-free --
97
268556
1940
์ด๊ฑด ๋ฐ”๋Š˜์ด ์—†๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ๋ง์”€๋“œ๋ ธ์ง€์š”.
04:30
these are projections that you can't even see --
98
270496
2234
์ž‘์€ ์นจ๋“ค์€ ๋ˆˆ์— ๋ณด์ด์ง€๋„ ์•Š์•„์š”.
04:32
and, of course, we get around
99
272730
1711
๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ, ๋‹น์—ฐํžˆ, ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š”
04:34
the needle phobia issue as well.
100
274441
3073
์ฃผ์‚ฌ ๋ฐ”๋Š˜ ๊ณตํฌ์ฆ์„ ํ•ด๊ฒฐํ•œ๊ฑฐ์ฃ .
04:37
Now, if we take a step back and think about
101
277514
1931
์ž, ๋‹ค์‹œ ๋Œ์•„๊ฐ€์„œ ์ƒ๊ฐํ•ด๋ณด๋ฉด
04:39
these other two really important advantages:
102
279445
3396
๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๋‘๊ฐ€์ง€ ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ์žฅ์ ์ด ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:42
One is improved immune responses through delivery,
103
282841
4036
ํ•˜๋‚˜๋Š” ์˜ˆ๋ฐฉ ์ ‘์ข…์„ ํ†ตํ•ด์„œ ๋ฉด์—ญ์„ ์ฆ์ง„์‹œํ‚จ๋‹ค๋Š”๊ฑฐ๊ณ ,
04:46
and the second is getting rid of the cold chain.
104
286877
3594
๋‘๋ฒˆ์งธ๋Š” ๋ƒ‰๋™ ์šด์†ก ์ฒด๊ณ„๋ฅผ ์—†์•จ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:50
So let's start with the first one, this immunogenicity idea.
105
290471
2372
๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‹ˆ ์ฒซ๋ฒˆ์งธ ๊ฒƒ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ•ด๋ณด์ฃ , ๋ฉด์—ญ์˜ ์ƒ์„ฑ์ด๋ผ๋Š” ๊ฐœ๋… ๋ง์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:52
It takes a little while to get our heads around,
106
292843
2006
์ดํ•ด๋ฅผ ํ•˜๋Š”๋ฐ ์•ฝ๊ฐ„ ์‹œ๊ฐ„์ด ๊ฑธ๋ฆฌ๊ฒ ์ง€๋งŒ
04:54
but I'll try to explain it in simple terms.
107
294849
3729
์šฉ์–ด๋ฅผ ์ข€๋” ๋‹จ์ˆœํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์„ค๋ช…๋“œ๋ฆฌ์ง€์š”.
04:58
So I'll take a step back and explain to you
108
298578
1850
๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ํ•œ ๋‹จ๊ณ„ ๋˜๋Œ์•„๊ฐ€
05:00
how vaccines work in a simple way.
109
300428
3410
๋ฐฑ์‹ ์ด ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ์ž‘๋™ํ•˜๋Š”์ง€ ๋‹จ์ˆœํ•œ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์œผ๋กœ ์„ค๋ช…๋“œ๋ฆฌ์ง€์š”.
05:03
So vaccines work by introducing into our body
110
303838
2577
๋ฐฑ์‹ ์€ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ์˜ ๋ชธ ์•ˆ์œผ๋กœ
05:06
a thing called an antigen
111
306415
2103
ํ•ญ์›์ด๋ผ ๋ถˆ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ์ง‘์–ด๋„ฃ๋Š” ์—ญํ• ์„ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:08
which is a safe form of a germ.
112
308518
3177
ํ•ญ์›์€ ์„ธ๊ท ์„ ์•ˆ์ „ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋งŒ๋“  ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:11
Now that safe germ, that antigen,
113
311695
2020
์ด์ œ ๊ทธ ์•ˆ์ „ํ•œ ์„ธ๊ท , ์ฆ‰ ํ•ญ์›์€,
05:13
tricks our body into mounting an immune response,
114
313715
3505
์šฐ๋ฆฌ ๋ชธ์— ๋ฉด์—ญ ๋ฐ˜์‘์„ ์ผ์œผํ‚ค๊ณ 
05:17
learning and remembering how to deal with intruders.
115
317220
4068
์นจ์ž…์ž๋ฅผ ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ๋‹ค๋ฃฐ์ง€๋ฅผ ๋ฐฐ์šฐ๊ณ  ๊ธฐ์–ตํ•˜๋„๋ก ๋งŒ๋“ญ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:21
When the real intruder comes along
116
321288
2368
์ง„์งœ ์นจ์ž…์ž๊ฐ€ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ ๋ชธ์— ๋“ค์–ด์˜ค๋ฉด
05:23
the body quickly mounts an immune response
117
323656
1761
๋ชธ์€ ๋น ๋ฅด๊ฒŒ ๋ฐฑ์‹ ์— ๋Œ€์ฒ˜ํ–ˆ๋˜ ๊ฒƒ๊ณผ
05:25
to deal with that vaccine
118
325417
1636
๋™์ผํ•œ ๋ฉด์—ญ ๋ฐ˜์‘์„ ์ผ์œผํ‚ค๊ณ 
05:27
and neutralizes the infection.
119
327053
1900
๊ทธ ๊ฐ์—ผ์„ ๋ฌด๋ ฅํ™”์‹œํ‚ต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:28
So it does that well.
120
328953
1690
์ด๊ฑด ์ž˜ ์ž‘๋™ํ•˜์ฃ .
05:30
Now, the way it's done today with the needle and syringe,
121
330643
2337
์ž, ์ด๊ฒƒ์ด ์˜ค๋Š˜๋‚ ์˜ ์ฃผ์‚ฌ ๋ฐ”๋Š˜๊ณผ ์ฃผ์‚ฌ๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ์ž‘๋™ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐฉ์‹์ด๊ณ ,
05:32
most vaccines are delivered that way --
122
332980
2451
๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„์˜ ์˜ˆ๋ฐฉ ์ ‘์ข…์€ ๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ ๋ฐฉ์‹์œผ๋กœ ์ด๋ฃจ์–ด์ง‘๋‹ˆ๋‹ค -
05:35
with this old technology and the needle.
123
335431
1684
์ด ์˜ค๋ž˜๋œ ๊ธฐ์ˆ ๊ณผ ์ฃผ์‚ฌ ๋ฐ”๋Š˜์„ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ  ๋ง์ด์ฃ .
05:37
But it could be argued that the needle is holding back our immune responses;
124
337115
5149
๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ๊ทธ ์ฃผ์‚ฌ๋ฐ”๋Š˜ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ์ ‘์ข…์„ ๊ธฐํ”ผํ•œ๋‹ค๋Š” ๋…ผ๋ž€์ด ์ผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์ง€์š”.
05:42
it's missing our immune sweet spot in the skin.
125
342264
3442
ํ”ผ๋ถ€์— ์ƒ๊ธฐ๋Š” ๋ฉด์—ญ ๋ฐ˜์‘์˜ ์žฅ์ ์„ ์žƒ๋Š”๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:45
To describe this idea,
126
345706
2996
์ด ์ƒ๊ฐ์„ ๋ฌ˜์‚ฌํ•ด๋ณด๋ฉด,
05:48
we need to take a journey through the skin,
127
348702
2489
ํ”ผ๋ถ€๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•œ ๊ณผ์ •์„ ์ƒ๊ฐํ•ด ๋ณผ ํ•„์š”๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:51
starting with one of those projections
128
351191
2624
์ด ์ž‘์€ ์นจ๋“ค ๊ฐ€์šด๋ฐ ํ•˜๋‚˜๋กœ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ•˜์—ฌ
05:53
and applying the Nanopatch to the skin.
129
353815
2445
ํ”ผ๋ถ€์— ๋‚˜๋…ธํŒจ์น˜๋ฅผ ์ ์šฉํ•˜๋Š” ๊ณผ์ • ๋ง์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:56
And we see this kind of data.
130
356260
2400
๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ด ์ž๋ฃŒ๋“ค์„ ๋ณด์‹œ์ฃ .
05:58
Now, this is real data --
131
358660
1809
์ž, ์ด ์‹ค๋ฌผ์‚ฌ์ง„์€ -
06:00
that thing that we can see there is one projection
132
360469
2346
๋ณด์ด์‹œ์ฃ .
06:02
from the Nanopatch that's been applied to the skin
133
362815
2456
๋‚˜๋…ธํŒจ์น˜๋กœ ํ”ผ๋ถ€์— ์ ‘์ข…ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ชจ์Šต์ธ๋ฐ,
06:05
and those colors are different layers.
134
365271
1925
์ € ์ƒ‰๊น”์€ ๊ฐ๊ธฐ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์ธต์ด์˜ˆ์š”.
06:07
Now, to give you an idea of scale,
135
367196
1284
์ž, ๊ทœ๋ชจ๋ฅผ ๋ณผ๊นŒ์š”.
06:08
if the needle was shown here, it would be too big.
136
368480
1940
์—ฌ๊ธฐ์— ์ฃผ์‚ฌ๋ฐ”๋Š˜์„ ๋น„๊ตํ•˜๋ฉด ๊ทธ๊ฑด ๋„ˆ๋ฌด ํฌ๊ฒ ์ฃ .
06:10
It would be 10 times bigger
137
370420
1525
๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์€ ํ™”๋ฉด ํฌ๊ธฐ๋ณด๋‹ค
06:11
than the size of that screen, going 10 times deeper as well.
138
371945
2922
10๋ฐฐ๊ฐ€ ๋” ํฌ๊ณ  ๋˜ 10๋ฐฐ๋Š” ๋” ๊นŠ์ด ๋“ค์–ด๊ฐˆ ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:14
It's off the grid entirely.
139
374867
2215
๊ทธ๊ฑด ์™„์ „ํžˆ ์ด ์‚ฌ์ด๋ฅผ ๋ฒ—์–ด๋‚œ ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:17
You can see immediately that we have those projections in the skin.
140
377082
3193
์—ฌ๊ธฐ ํ”ผ๋ถ€ ์œ„์˜ ์ด ์นจ๋“ค์ด ๋ณด์ด์‹œ์ฃ .
06:20
That red layer is a tough outer layer of dead skin,
141
380275
3052
์ € ๋นจ๊ฐ„ ์ธต๋“ค์€ ๋”ฑ๋”ฑํ•œ, ์ œ์ผ ๋ฐ”๊นฅ์˜ ์ฃฝ์€ ์„ธํฌ์ธต์ด์—์š”.
06:23
but the brown layer and the magenta layer
142
383327
2507
๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ์ด ๊ฐˆ์ƒ‰ ์ธต๊ณผ ์ž์ฃผ์ƒ‰ ์ธต์€
06:25
are jammed full of immune cells.
143
385841
3181
๋ฉด์—ญ ์„ธํฌ๋กœ ๋นฝ๋นฝํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:29
As one example, in the brown layer
144
389022
1856
ํ•œ๊ฐ€์ง€ ์˜ˆ๋กœ, ๊ฐˆ์ƒ‰ ์ธต์—๋Š”
06:30
there's a certain type of cell called a Langerhans cell --
145
390878
2354
๋ž‘๊ฒŒ๋ฅดํ•œ์Šค ์„ธํฌ๋ผ ๋ถˆ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ํŠน๋ณ„ํ•œ ํ˜•ํƒœ์˜ ์„ธํฌ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:33
every square millimeter of our body
146
393232
2213
์šฐ๋ฆฌ ๋ชธ ์œ„์— ์ œ๊ณฑ๋ฐ€๋ฆฌ๋ฏธํ„ฐ๋งˆ๋‹ค
06:35
is jammed full of those Langerhans cells,
147
395445
3020
๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ ๋ž‘๊ฒŒ๋ฅดํ•œ์Šค ์„ธํฌ๊ฐ€ ๋นฝ๋นฝํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์—‰์ผœ์žˆ์ง€์š”.
06:38
those immune cells, and there's others shown as well
148
398465
2103
๊ทธ ๋ฉด์—ญ ์„ธํฌ๋“ค์€ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์ž๋ฃŒ์—์„œ ๋ณด๋“ฏ์ด
06:40
that we haven't stained in this image.
149
400568
1795
์ด ๊ทธ๋ฆผ์—์„œ๋Š” ์—ผ์ƒ‰์„ ๋ชปํ–ˆ์ง€๋งŒ
06:42
But you can immediately see that the Nanopatch
150
402363
2180
๋ฐ”๋กœ ๋ณด์ด์‹œ์ฃ , ๋‚˜๋…ธํŒจ์น˜๊ฐ€
06:44
achieves that penetration indeed.
151
404543
1737
๊ฑฐ๊ธฐ๊นŒ์ง€ ๋ฐ”๋กœ ๋“ค์–ด๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋Š”๊ฑฐ์š”.
06:46
We target thousands upon thousands of these particular cells
152
406280
3429
์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ํ”ผ๋ถ€ ํ‘œ๋ฉด์—
06:49
just residing within a hair's width
153
409709
2338
๋”ฑ ํ•œ๊ฐ€๋‹ฅ์˜ ๋จธ๋ฆฌ์นด๋ฝ ๋„“์ด์— ์žˆ๋Š”
06:52
of the surface of the skin.
154
412047
3281
์ˆ˜์ฒœ๊ฐœ์˜ ์ด๋Ÿฐ ํŠน๋ณ„ํ•œ ์„ธํฌ๋ฅผ ๋ชฉํ‘œ๋กœ ์ง€์ •ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:55
Now, as the guy that's invented this thing and designed it to do that,
155
415328
3762
์ด์ œ, ์ด๊ฒƒ์„ ๋ฐœ๋ช…ํ•˜๊ณ  ์„ค๊ณ„ํ•œ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์œผ๋กœ์„œ
06:59
I found that exciting. But so what?
156
419090
3436
์ €๋Š” ์•„์ฃผ ํฅ๋ถ„๋˜์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ๋ฐ ๊ทธ๊ฒŒ ์–ด์จŒ๋ƒ๊ตฌ์š”?
07:02
So what if you've targeted cells?
157
422526
1952
๊ทธ ์„ธํฌ๋“ค์„ ๋ชฉํ‘œ๋กœ ํ•œ ๊ฒŒ ์–ด์จŒ๋ƒ๊ณ ์š”?
07:04
In the world of vaccines, what does that mean?
158
424478
2803
๋ฐฑ์‹ ์˜ ์„ธ๊ณ„์—์„œ ๊ทธ๊ฑด ๋ฌด์Šจ ์˜๋ฏธ์ผ๊นŒ์š”?
07:07
The world of vaccines is getting better.
159
427281
2421
๋ฐฑ์‹ ์˜ ์„ธ๊ณ„๊ฐ€ ๋” ํ›Œ๋ฅญํ•ด์ง‘๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:09
It's getting more systematic.
160
429702
1724
์ด๊ฑด ๋” ์ฒด๊ณ„์ ์ด ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:11
However, you still don't really know
161
431426
2222
๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜, ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์€ ์•„์ง
07:13
if a vaccine is going to work
162
433648
1744
๋ฐฑ์‹ ์ด ์ž‘๋™ํ•˜๋Š”์ง€๋Š”
07:15
until you roll your sleeves up
163
435392
1339
์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์ด ์†Œ๋งค๋ฅผ ์˜ฌ๋ฆฌ๊ณ 
07:16
and vaccinate and wait.
164
436731
2215
์˜ˆ๋ฐฉ ์ ‘์ข…์„ ๋งž์€ ๋’ค ๊ธฐ๋‹ค๋ฆด ๋•Œ๊นŒ์ง€ ํ™•์‹ ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์—†์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:18
It's a gambler's game even today.
165
438946
2702
๊ทธ๊ฑด ์˜ค๋Š˜๋‚ ์—๋„ ๋„๋ฐ•๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์€ ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:21
So, we had to do that gamble.
166
441648
2512
๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๊ทธ ๋„๋ฐ•์„ ํ•ด์•ผ ํ–ˆ์ง€์š”.
07:24
We obtained an influenza vaccine,
167
444160
2480
์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๋…๊ฐ ๋ฐฑ์‹ ์„ ํ™•๋ณดํ•ด์„œ
07:26
we applied it to our Nanopatches
168
446640
1616
๋‚˜๋…ธํŒจ์น˜์— ์ ์šฉํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:28
and we applied the Nanopatches to the skin,
169
448256
2471
๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๋‚˜๋…ธํŒจ์น˜๋ฅผ ํ”ผ๋ถ€์— ์จ๋ดค์ง€์š”.
07:30
and we waited --
170
450727
1733
๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๊ธฐ๋‹ค๋ ธ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:32
and this is in the live animal.
171
452460
1828
์ด๊ฑด ๋™๋ฌผ ์‹คํ—˜์„ ํ•œ ๊ฑฐ์—์š”.
07:34
We waited a month,
172
454288
1851
์ด๊ฑด ํ•œ ๋‹ฌ์„ ๊ธฐ๋‹ค๋ ค
07:36
and this is what we found out.
173
456139
1812
์ €ํฌ๊ฐ€ ์–ป์€ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:37
This is a data slide showing the immune responses
174
457951
2325
์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ๋ฉด์—ญ ๋ฐ˜์‘์„ ๋ณด์—ฌ์ฃผ๋Š” ์ž๋ฃŒ ์Šฌ๋ผ์ด๋“œ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:40
that we've generated with a Nanopatch
175
460276
2323
๋‚˜๋…ธํŒจ์น˜๋กœ ์ ‘์ข…ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ๊ณผ
07:42
compared to the needle and syringe into muscle.
176
462599
3776
์ฃผ์‚ฌ๋ฐ”๋Š˜๊ณผ ์ฃผ์‚ฌ๊ธฐ๋กœ ๊ทผ์œก์— ์ ‘์ข…ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋น„๊ตํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์ด์ฃ .
07:46
So on the horizontal axis we have the dose shown in nanograms.
177
466375
3594
๊ฐ€๋กœ ์ถ•์€ ๋‚˜๋…ธํŒจ์น˜์— ์ ์šฉ๋œ ๋ฐฑ์‹ ์˜ ์–‘์„ ๋ณด์—ฌ์ฃผ๊ณ ,
07:49
On the vertical axis we have the immune response generated,
178
469969
2705
์„ธ๋กœ ์ถ•์€ ์ƒ์„ฑ๋œ ๋ฉด์—ญ ๋ฐ˜์‘์„ ๋ณด์—ฌ์ค๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:52
and that dashed line indicates the protection threshold.
179
472674
5515
๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ ์„ ์€ ๋ฐ˜์‘์˜ ์ตœ์†Œ ๊ธฐ์ค€์„ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋ƒ…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:58
If we're above that line it's considered protective;
180
478189
2453
์ € ์ ์„  ์œ„ ์ชฝ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์˜ˆ๋ฐฉ ํšจ๊ณผ๊ฐ€ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚œ๋‹ค๋ฉด,
08:00
if we're below that line it's not.
181
480642
2926
์ ์„  ์•„๋ž˜ ์ชฝ์€ ํšจ๊ณผ๊ฐ€ ์—†๋Š”๊ฑฐ์ฃ .
08:03
So the red line is mostly below that curve
182
483568
2568
๊ทธ๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ๋ณด๋ฉด, ๋นจ๊ฐ„ ์„ ์€ ๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„ ์ ์„  ์•„๋ž˜์ชฝ์— ์žˆ๊ณ 
08:06
and indeed there's only one point that is achieved with the needle that's protective,
183
486136
3524
์ฃผ์‚ฌ ๋ฐ”๋Š˜์ด ์‹ค์ œ๋กœ ์˜ˆ๋ฐฉ ํšจ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ด๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€ ํ•˜๋‚˜ ๋ฟ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:09
and that's with a high dose of 6,000 nanograms.
184
489660
3209
๊ฒŒ๋‹ค๊ฐ€ ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์€ 6์ฒœ ๋‚˜๋…ธ๊ทธ๋žจ์˜ ๊ณ ๋†๋„๋„ค์š”.
08:12
But notice immediately the distinctly different curve
185
492869
2533
๋ฐ”๋กœ ์•Œ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์ง€์š”, ๋šœ๋ ท์ด ๊ตฌ๋ถ„๋˜๋Š”
08:15
that we achieve with the blue line.
186
495402
3064
ํ‘ธ๋ฅธ ์ƒ‰์˜ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๊ณก์„ ์ด ์ €ํฌ๊ฐ€ ํ•ด๋‚ธ ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:18
That's what's achieved with the Nanopatch;
187
498466
1900
๊ทธ๊ฒŒ ๋‚˜๋…ธํŒจ์น˜๋กœ ์ด๋ฃจ์–ด๋‚ธ ๊ฒƒ์ด์ฃ .
08:20
the delivered dose of the Nanopatch is
188
500366
1737
๋‚˜๋…ธํŒจ์น˜ ์ ‘์ข…์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ์ด๋ฃจ์–ด๋‚ธ
08:22
a completely different immunogenicity curve.
189
502103
3361
์™„์ „ํžˆ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๋ฉด์—ญ ๋ฐ˜์‘ ๊ณก์„ ์ด์ฃ .
08:25
That's a real fresh opportunity.
190
505464
1833
์ด๊ฑด ์ •๋ง ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ๊ธฐํšŒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:27
Suddenly we have a brand new lever
191
507297
2378
๊ฐ‘์ž๊ธฐ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์™„์ „ํžˆ ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ์ˆ˜๋‹จ์„ ๊ฐ–๊ฒŒ ๋œ ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:29
in the world of vaccines.
192
509675
1528
์˜ˆ๋ฐฉ ์ ‘์ข… ๋ถ„์•ผ์— ๋ง์ด์˜ˆ์š”.
08:31
We can push it one way,
193
511203
1511
์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ํ•œ ๋ฐฉํ–ฅ์„ ์„ ํƒํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ฒŒ ๋œ ๊ฑฐ์ฃ ,
08:32
where we can take a vaccine that works but is too expensive
194
512714
2591
์ž‘๋™ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ๋น„์šฉ์ด ๋†’์€ ๋ฐฑ์‹ ์„ ํƒํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ๊ณผ
08:35
and can get protection
195
515305
1659
์ฃผ์‚ฌ๋ฐ”๋Š˜์— ๋น„ํ•ด ๋ฐฑ๋ถ„์˜ 1์˜ ์–‘์œผ๋กœ
08:36
with a hundredth of the dose compared to the needle.
196
516964
2824
์˜ˆ๋ฐฉ ์ ‘์ข…์„ ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ• ์ค‘์—์„œ์š”.
08:39
That can take a vaccine that's suddenly 10 dollars down to 10 cents,
197
519788
4051
๊ทธ๊ฑด ์˜ˆ๋ฐฉ ์ ‘์ข… ๋น„์šฉ์„ 10๋‹ฌ๋Ÿฌ(์•ฝ 10,000์›)์—์„œ 10์„ผํŠธ(์•ฝ 100์›)๋กœ ํ™• ๋‚ฎ์ถœ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์–ด์š”.
08:43
and that's particularly important within the developing world.
198
523839
3180
๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ๋„์ƒ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•ด ํŠนํžˆ ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ์ผ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:47
But there's another angle to this as well --
199
527019
1867
์ด๊ฑธ ๋˜ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๊ฐ๋„์—์„œ ๋ณธ๋‹ค๋ฉด,
08:48
you can take vaccines that currently don't work
200
528886
3052
์ง€๊ธˆ์€ ์ž‘๋™๋˜์ง€ ์•Š๋Š” ๋ฐฑ์‹ ๋“ค์„ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ 
08:51
and get them over that line
201
531938
1196
๊ทธ ์ตœ์†Œ ๊ธฐ์ค€์„ ๋„˜๋„๋ก ํ•ด์„œ
08:53
and get them protective.
202
533134
1958
์˜ˆ๋ฐฉ ํšจ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ด๋„๋ก ๋งŒ๋“ค ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ์˜๋ฏธ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:55
And certainly in the world of vaccines
203
535092
2228
๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์€ ๋ฐฑ์‹  ๋ถ„์•ผ์—์„œ
08:57
that can be important.
204
537320
1220
ํ™•์‹คํžˆ ์˜๋ฏธ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:58
Let's consider the big three:
205
538540
1498
์„ธ ๊ฐ€์ง€ ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ์˜ˆ๋ฅผ ๋“ค์–ด๋ณผ๊นŒ์š”,
09:00
HIV, malaria, tuberculosis.
206
540038
2697
์—์ด์ฆˆ, ๋ง๋ผ๋ฆฌ์•„, ๊ฒฐํ•ต ๋ง์ด์ฃ .
09:02
They're responsible for about 7 million deaths per year,
207
542735
2592
๊ทธ ๋ณ‘๋“ค๋กœ ๋งค๋…„ 7๋ฐฑ๋งŒ ์ •๋„๊ฐ€ ์ฃฝ๊ณ 
09:05
and there is no adequate vaccination method for any of those.
208
545327
3207
์ ์ ˆํ•œ ๋ฐฑ์‹ ๋„ ์—†์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:08
So potentially, with this new lever that we have with the Nanopatch,
209
548534
2532
๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ๋ฐ ์ž ์žฌ์ ์œผ๋กœ, ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ€์ง„ ๋‚˜๋…ธํŒจ์น˜๋ผ๋Š” ์ด ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ์ž‘๋™๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ 
09:11
we can help make that happen.
210
551066
1835
๋ฐฑ์‹ ์ด ์ž‘๋™๋˜๋„๋ก ๋„์šธ ์ˆ˜๋„ ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:12
We can push that lever to help get those candidate vaccines over the line.
211
552901
4870
์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ํ›„๋ณด ๋ฐฑ์‹ ๋“ค์ด ๊ทธ ๊ธฐ์ค€์„ ์„ ๋„˜์„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ฒŒ ์ž‘๋™๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๋ฐ€ ์ˆ˜๋„ ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฑฐ์ฃ .
09:17
Now, of course, we've worked within my lab
212
557771
1818
๋ฌผ๋ก , ์ €์˜ ์‹คํ—˜์‹ค์—์„œ
09:19
with many other vaccines that have attained
213
559589
1790
๋งŽ์€ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๋ฐฑ์‹ ๋“ค์„ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ 
09:21
similar responses and similar curves to this,
214
561379
2818
์ด๊ฒƒ๊ณผ ๋น„์Šทํ•œ ๋ฐ˜์‘, ๋น„์Šทํ•œ ๊ณก์„ ๋“ค์„ ์–ป๋Š” ์ž‘์—…๋“ค์„ ํ•ด์˜ค๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:24
what we've achieved with influenza.
215
564197
3765
์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๋…๊ฐ ๋ฐฑ์‹ ์—์„œ ์–ป์€ ์ด ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ ๋ง์ด์ฃ .
09:27
I'd like to now switch to talk about
216
567962
2159
์ด์ œ ์ฃผ์ œ๋ฅผ ๋ฐ”๊ฟ”์„œ
09:30
another key shortcoming of today's vaccines,
217
570121
3332
์˜ค๋Š˜๋‚  ๋ฐฑ์‹ ์˜ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์ฃผ์š” ๋‹จ์ ์ธ
09:33
and that is the need to maintain the cold chain.
218
573453
3420
๋ƒ‰์žฅ ๋ณด๊ด€์˜ ํ•„์ˆ˜ ์กฐ๊ฑด์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ๋งํ•ด ๋ณด๊ธฐ๋กœ ํ•˜์ฃ .
09:36
As the name suggests -- the cold chain --
219
576873
2674
๋ง ์ž์ฒด์—์„œ ์•Œ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋“ฏ์ด - ๋ƒ‰์žฅ ๋ณด๊ด€์ด๋ž€ ๊ฒƒ์€
09:39
it's the requirements of keeping a vaccine right from production
220
579547
2940
๋ฐฑ์‹ ์ด ์ƒ์‚ฐ๋œ ์งํ›„๋ถ€ํ„ฐ
09:42
all the way through to when the vaccine is applied,
221
582487
2676
์ ‘์ข…๋  ๋•Œ๊นŒ์ง€ ๊ณ„์†ํ•ด์„œ
09:45
to keep it refrigerated.
222
585163
3098
๋ƒ‰์žฅ์ƒ ํƒœ๋กœ ์œ ์ง€ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ํ•„์š”ํ•˜๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:48
Now, that presents some logistical challenges
223
588261
3246
์ง€๊ธˆ ๊ทธ ๋ฐฉ์‹์€ ํ˜„์žฌ ๊ณต๊ธ‰์—์„œ ๋ช‡๊ฐ€์ง€ ๋ฌธ์ œ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋Š”๋ฐ,
09:51
but we have ways to do it.
224
591507
2990
ํ•ด๊ฒฐํ•  ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์ด ์ƒ๊ธด๊ฑฐ์ฃ .
09:54
This is a slightly extreme case in point
225
594497
4536
์ด๊ฑด ์•ฝ๊ฐ„ ๊ทน๋‹จ์ ์ธ ์˜ˆ์ธ๋ฐ
09:59
but it helps illustrate the logistical challenges,
226
599033
2483
์ด ์‚ฌ์ง„์ด ๊ณต๊ธ‰์ƒ์˜ ๋ฌธ์ œ์ ์„ ์ž˜ ๋“œ๋Ÿฌ๋‚ด๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค,
10:01
in particular in resource-poor settings,
227
601516
2390
ํŠนํžˆ ์ž์›์ด ๋ถ€์กฑํ•œ ์กฐ๊ฑด์—์„œ
10:03
of what's required to get vaccines
228
603906
3286
๋ฐฑ์‹ ์„ ๋ƒ‰์žฅ ๋ณด๊ด€ํ•˜๊ณ  ๋ƒ‰์žฅ ์ƒํƒœ๋ฅผ ์œ ์ง€ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด
10:07
refrigerated and maintain the cold chain.
229
607192
1718
์–ด๋–ค ๊ฒƒ์ด๊ฐ€๋ฅผ ๋ง์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
10:08
If the vaccine is too warm the vaccine breaks down,
230
608910
3814
๋ฐฑ์‹ ์ด ์˜จ๋„๊ฐ€ ๋„ˆ๋ฌด ๋†’์•„์„œ ๋ชป์“ฐ๊ฒŒ ๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ•œ๋‹ค๋ฉด,
10:12
but interestingly it can be too cold
231
612724
2207
๋ฐ˜๋Œ€๋กœ ์žฌ๋ฐŒ๊ฒŒ๋„
10:14
and the vaccine can break down as well.
232
614931
2561
๋„ˆ๋ฌด ์ฐจ๊ฐ€์›Œ์„œ ๋ชป์“ฐ๊ฒŒ ๋  ์ˆ˜๋„ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:17
Now, the stakes are very high.
233
617492
3382
์ด์ œ, ์œ„ํ—˜๋„๊ฐ€ ๋„ˆ๋ฌด ๋†’์•„์ง€๋„ค์š”.
10:20
The WHO estimates that within Africa,
234
620874
2535
WHO๋Š” ์•„ํ”„๋ฆฌ์นด์—์„œ ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์„ ์กฐ์‚ฌํ•ด๋ดค๋Š”๋ฐ,
10:23
up to half the vaccines used there
235
623409
2651
๊ทธ ๊ณณ์—์„œ ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋˜๋Š” ๋ฐฑ์‹ ์˜ ์ ˆ๋ฐ˜ ์ด์ƒ์ด
10:26
are considered to not be working properly
236
626060
1853
์ ์ ˆํžˆ ์ž‘์šฉํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๋Š”๋‹ค๊ณ  ์—ฌ๊ฒจ์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:27
because at some point the cold chain has fallen over.
237
627913
2990
์–ด๋–ค ์ง€์ ์—์„œ ๋ƒ‰์žฅ ๋ณด๊ด€ ์œ ์ง€์— ์‹คํŒจํ•ด์„œ ๋ง์ด์ฃ .
10:30
So it's a big problem, and it's tied in with the needle and syringe
238
630903
2566
์ด๊ฑด ํฐ ๋ฌธ์ œ๊ฐ€ ๋˜๋Š”๋ฐ ์ฃผ์‚ฌ๋ฐ”๋Š˜๊ณผ ์ฃผ์‚ฌ๊ธฐ์™€๋„ ๊ด€๋ จ์ด ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:33
because it's a liquid form vaccine, and when it's liquid it needs the refrigeration.
239
633469
5233
์™œ๋ƒํ•˜๋ฉด ๋ฐฑ์‹ ์€ ์•ก์ฒด ์ƒํƒœ์ด๊ณ  ์•ก์ฒด ์ƒํƒœ์—์„œ๋Š” ๋ƒ‰์žฅ์ด ํ•„์š”ํ•˜๋‹ˆ๊นŒ์š”.
10:38
A key attribute of our Nanopatch
240
638702
2511
๋‚˜๋…ธํŒจ์น˜์˜ ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ํŠน์ง•์€
10:41
is that the vaccine is dry,
241
641213
1973
๋ฐฑ์‹ ์ด ๊ฑด์กฐ ์ƒํƒœ๋ผ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด๊ณ 
10:43
and when it's dry it doesn't need refrigeration.
242
643186
2789
๊ฑด์กฐํ•œ ์ƒํƒœ์—์„œ๋Š” ๋ƒ‰์žฅ์ด ํ•„์š”์—†์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:45
Within my lab we've shown that we can keep
243
645975
2412
์ €ํฌ ์‹คํ—˜์‹ค์—์„œ๋Š”
10:48
the vaccine stored at 23 degrees Celsius
244
648387
2680
๋ฐฑ์‹ ์„ ์„ญ์”จ 23๋„์— ๋‘˜ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ์ ์„ ํ™•์ธํ–ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ,
10:51
for more than a year without any loss in activity at all.
245
651067
3716
1๋…„ ์ด์ƒ ํ™œ์„ฑ์ด ์ „ํ˜€ ๋ณ€ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:54
That's an important improvement.
246
654783
2387
๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์€ ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ๋ฐœ์ „์ด์ง€์š”.
10:57
(Applause)
247
657170
6600
(๋ฐ•์ˆ˜)
11:03
We're delighted about it as well.
248
663770
2463
์ €ํฌ๋„ ์ด์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์•„์ฃผ ๊ธฐ๋ปํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:06
And the thing about it is that we have well and truly proven
249
666233
4296
์ƒ์˜จ ๋ณด๊ด€์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์€ ์‹คํ—˜์‹ค ์กฐ๊ฑด์—์„œ
11:10
the Nanopatch within the laboratory setting.
250
670529
2663
๋‚˜๋…ธํŒจ์น˜๋ฅผ ์ž˜ ๋ณด๊ด€ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์–ด์„œ ์‹ค์ œ๋กœ ์ฆ๋ช…๋œ ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:13
And as a scientist, I love that and I love science.
251
673192
3973
๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๊ณผํ•™์ž์˜ ํ•œ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์œผ๋กœ์„œ ์ €๋Š” ์ด๊ฒƒ์ด ๋งˆ์Œ์— ๋“ค๊ณ , ๊ณผํ•™๋„ ์‚ฌ๋ž‘์Šค๋Ÿฝ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:17
However, as an engineer,
252
677165
2508
๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜, ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์ž๋กœ์„œ,
11:19
as a biomedical engineer
253
679673
1713
์ƒ์˜ํ•™ ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์ž๋กœ์„œ,
11:21
and also as a human being,
254
681386
2203
๋˜ ํ•œ ์ธ๊ฐ„์œผ๋กœ์„œ๋Š”
11:23
I'm not going to be satisfied
255
683589
1231
๋งŒ์กฑํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์—†์„ ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:24
until we've rolled this thing out, taken it out of the lab
256
684820
2693
์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์ด๊ฒƒ์„ ์ถœ์‹œํ•˜์—ฌ ์‹คํ—˜์‹ค ๋ฐ–์œผ๋กœ ๊ฐ€์ ธ๊ฐ€
11:27
and got it to people in large numbers
257
687513
2431
์ˆ˜๋งŽ์€ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ
11:29
and particularly the people that need it the most.
258
689944
3536
ํŠนํžˆ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ํ•„์š”ํ•œ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ ๊ณต๊ธ‰ํ•  ๋•Œ๊นŒ์ง€๋Š” ๋ง์ด์ฃ .
11:33
So we've commenced this particular journey,
259
693480
2702
๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์ €ํฌ๋Š” ์ด๋Ÿฐ ํŠน๋ณ„ํ•œ ์—ฌ์ •์„ ์‹œ๋„ํ–ˆ๊ณ 
11:36
and we've commenced this journey in an unusual way.
260
696182
2661
์ด ์—ฌ์ •์„ ์ผ๋ฐ˜์ ์ด์ง€ ์•Š์€ ๋ฐฉ์‹์œผ๋กœ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:38
We've started with Papua New Guinea.
261
698843
2989
ํŒŒํŒŒ๋‰ด๊ธฐ๋‹ˆ์—์„œ์ฃ .
11:41
Now, Papua New Guinea is an example of a developing world country.
262
701832
5805
์ž, ํŒŒํŒŒ๋‰ด๊ธฐ๋‹ˆ๋Š” ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ๋„์ƒ๊ตญ๊ฐ€ ์ค‘ ํ•˜๋‚˜์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:47
It's about the same size as France,
263
707637
3136
ํฌ๊ธฐ๋Š” ํ”„๋ž‘์Šค์™€ ๋น„์Šทํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ
11:50
but it suffers from many of the key barriers
264
710773
2835
์˜ค๋Š˜๋‚  ๋ฐฑ์‹  ๋ถ„์•ผ์— ์กด์žฌํ•˜๋Š”
11:53
existing within the world of today's vaccines.
265
713608
4068
๋งŽ์€ ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ์žฅ์• ๋“ค๋กœ ๊ณ ํ†ต๋ฐ›๊ณ  ์žˆ์ง€์š”.
11:57
There's the logistics:
266
717676
1613
์ด๊ฒƒ์ด ๊ทธ ์ˆ˜์†ก ๋ฐฉ์‹์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:59
Within this country there are only 800 refrigerators to keep vaccines chilled.
267
719289
4358
์ด ๋‚˜๋ผ์—๋Š” ๋ฐฑ์‹ ์„ ์ฐจ๊ฐ‘๊ฒŒ ์œ ์ง€ํ•  ๋ƒ‰์žฅ๊ณ ๊ฐ€ 800๊ฐœ ๋ฐ–์— ์—†์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:03
Many of them are old, like this one in Port Moresby, many of them are breaking down
268
723647
4293
๋ชจ๋ ˆ์Šค๋น„ ํ•ญ์— ์žˆ๋Š” ์ด๊ฒƒ์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ ๋‚ก์€ ๊ฒƒ๋„ ๋งŽ๊ณ  ๊ณ ์žฅ๋‚œ ๊ฒƒ๋„ ๋งŽ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:07
and many are not in the Highlands where they are required.
269
727940
2916
๋˜ ๋‹ค์ˆ˜๊ฐ€ ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ๋“ค์ด ํ•„์š”ํ•œ ๊ณ ์ง€๋Œ€์— ์žˆ์ง€๋„ ์•Š์ฃ .
12:10
That's a challenge.
270
730856
1463
๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์ด ๋ฐ”๋กœ ๋ฌธ์ œ์˜€์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:12
But also, Papua New Guinea has the world's highest incidence of HPV,
271
732319
5183
๋˜ ํ•œํŽธ์œผ๋กœ, ํŒŒํŒŒ๋‰ด๊ธฐ๋‹ˆ๋Š” ์„ธ๊ณ„์ ์œผ๋กœ ์—์ด์ฆˆ์™€
12:17
human papillomavirus, the cervical cancer [risk factor].
272
737502
4231
์ธ์œ ๋‘์ข… ๋ฐ”์ด๋Ÿฌ์Šค, ์ž๊ถ๊ฒฝ๋ถ€์•”์˜ ๋ฐœ์ƒ์ด ๊ฐ€์žฅ ๋งŽ์€ ๊ณณ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:21
Yet, that vaccine is not available in large numbers
273
741733
2701
๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ๋งŽ์€ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ด ๋ฐฑ์‹ ์„ ์“ธ ์ˆ˜ ์—†์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:24
because it's too expensive.
274
744434
1914
๋น„์‹ธ๋‹ˆ๊นŒ์š”.
12:26
So for those two reasons, with the attributes of the Nanopatch,
275
746348
2746
๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ๊ทธ ๋‘ ๊ฐ€์ง€ ์ด์œ ์™€ ๋‚˜๋…ธํŒจ์น˜์˜ ์†์„ฑ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์—
12:29
we've got into the field and worked with the Nanopatch,
276
749094
2615
๋‚˜๋…ธํŒจ์น˜๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ  ๊ฐ€์„œ ์‹คํ—˜ํ•  ์žฅ์†Œ๋กœ
12:31
and taken it to Papua New Guinea
277
751709
2451
ํŒŒํŒŒ๋‰ด๊ธฐ๋‹ˆ๋ฅผ ์„ ํƒํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋˜์—ˆ๊ณ ,
12:34
and we'll be following that up shortly.
278
754160
3983
๋’ท์ด์•ผ๊ธฐ๋Š” ์ค„์ด๊ธฐ๋กœ ํ•˜์ฃ .
12:38
Now, doing this kind of work is not easy.
279
758143
3482
์ž, ์ด๋Ÿฐ ์ข…๋ฅ˜์˜ ์ผ์„ ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€ ์‰ฝ์ง€ ์•Š์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:41
It's challenging,
280
761625
1348
๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์€ ๋„์ „์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:42
but there's nothing else in the world I'd rather be doing.
281
762973
3324
๊ทธ๋ ‡์ง€๋งŒ ์„ธ์ƒ ์–ด๋–ค ์ผ๋ณด๋‹ค๋„ ๊ผญ ํ•ด์•ผ ํ•  ์ผ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:46
And as we look ahead
282
766297
2023
๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์•ž๋‚ ์„ ๋‚ด๋‹ค๋ณด๋ฉฐ
12:48
I'd like to share with you a thought:
283
768320
3742
์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„๋“ค๊ณผ ๊ทธ ์ƒ๊ฐ์„ ๋‚˜๋ˆ„๊ณ  ์‹ถ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:52
It's the thought of a future where
284
772062
4008
์ด๊ฒƒ์€
12:56
the 17 million deaths per year
285
776070
1933
๋งค๋…„ 1,700๋งŒ ๋ช…์ด
12:58
that we currently have due to infectious disease
286
778003
2344
์ „์—ผ๋ณ‘์œผ๋กœ ์ธํ•ด ์ฃฝ์–ด๊ฐ€๋Š” ๊ณณ์—์„œ ์ผ์–ด๋‚˜๋Š”
13:00
is a historical footnote.
287
780347
2634
๋ฏธ๋ž˜๋ฅผ ํ–ฅํ•œ ๋ฐœ์ž์ทจ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:02
And it's a historical footnote that has been achieved
288
782981
2096
๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ํ–ฅ์ƒ๋œ, ๊ทผ๋ณธ์ ์œผ๋กœ ํ–ฅ์ƒ๋œ
13:05
by improved, radically improved vaccines.
289
785077
3468
๋ฐฑ์‹ ์— ์˜ํ•ด ์„ฑ์ทจ๋œ ์—ญ์‚ฌ์ ์ธ ๋ฐœ์ž์ทจ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:08
Now standing here today in front of you
290
788545
2283
์ด์ œ ์˜ค๋Š˜ ์—ฌ๊ธฐ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„ ์•ž์— ์„œ์„œ
13:10
at the birthplace of the needle and syringe,
291
790828
1673
์ฃผ์‚ฌ๋ฐ”๋Š˜๊ณผ ์ฃผ์‚ฌ๊ธฐ์˜ ๊ณ ํ–ฅ์—์„œ,
13:12
a device that's 160 years old,
292
792501
2797
160๋…„ ์—ญ์‚ฌ์˜ ๋„๊ตฌ์˜ ๊ณ ํ–ฅ์—์„œ,
13:15
I'm presenting to you an alternative approach
293
795298
2336
์ €๋Š” ์‹ค์žฌ๋กœ ํšจ์šฉ์ด ์žˆ๋Š”
13:17
that could really help make that happen --
294
797634
2249
๋Œ€์•ˆ์„ ์ œ์‹œํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:19
and it's the Nanopatch with its attributes of being needle-free, pain-free,
295
799883
3982
๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์ด ๋ฐ”๋Š˜ ์—†๊ณ  ๊ณ ํ†ต์ด ์—†๋Š” ํŠน์„ฑ์„ ๊ฐ–๊ณ 
13:23
the ability for removing the cold chain and improving the immunogenicity.
296
803865
4431
๋ƒ‰๋™ ๋ณด๊ด€ ๋ฐฉ์‹์„ ๋ฒ„๋ฆด ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ๋ฉด์—ญ์„ฑ์„ ํ–ฅ์ƒ์‹œํ‚จ ๋‚˜๋…ธํŒจ์น˜์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:28
Thank you.
297
808296
1953
๊ฐ์‚ฌํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:30
(Applause)
298
810249
3168
(๋ฐ•์ˆ˜)
์ด ์›น์‚ฌ์ดํŠธ ์ •๋ณด

์ด ์‚ฌ์ดํŠธ๋Š” ์˜์–ด ํ•™์Šต์— ์œ ์šฉํ•œ YouTube ๋™์˜์ƒ์„ ์†Œ๊ฐœํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ „ ์„ธ๊ณ„ ์ตœ๊ณ ์˜ ์„ ์ƒ๋‹˜๋“ค์ด ๊ฐ€๋ฅด์น˜๋Š” ์˜์–ด ์ˆ˜์—…์„ ๋ณด๊ฒŒ ๋  ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฐ ๋™์˜์ƒ ํŽ˜์ด์ง€์— ํ‘œ์‹œ๋˜๋Š” ์˜์–ด ์ž๋ง‰์„ ๋”๋ธ” ํด๋ฆญํ•˜๋ฉด ๊ทธ๊ณณ์—์„œ ๋™์˜์ƒ์ด ์žฌ์ƒ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋น„๋””์˜ค ์žฌ์ƒ์— ๋งž์ถฐ ์ž๋ง‰์ด ์Šคํฌ๋กค๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์˜๊ฒฌ์ด๋‚˜ ์š”์ฒญ์ด ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ์ด ๋ฌธ์˜ ์–‘์‹์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ฌธ์˜ํ•˜์‹ญ์‹œ์˜ค.

https://forms.gle/WvT1wiN1qDtmnspy7