What time is it on Mars? | Nagin Cox

133,902 views ใƒป 2017-02-24

TED


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

ืžืชืจื’ื: Yulia Koutikov ืžื‘ืงืจ: Ido Dekkers
ืจื‘ื™ื ืžื›ื ื‘ื•ื•ื“ืื™ ืฆืคื• ื‘ืกืจื˜ "ืœื”ืฆื™ืœ ืืช ืžืืจืง ื•ื•ืื˜ื ื™."
00:12
So many of you have probably seen the movie "The Martian."
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00:16
But for those of you who did not, it's a movie about an astronaut
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ืื‘ืœ ืืœื” ืžื›ื ืฉืœื, ื–ื”ื• ืกืจื˜ ืขืœ ืืกื˜ืจื•ื ืื•ื˜
00:20
who is stranded on Mars, and his efforts to stay alive
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ืฉื ื ื˜ืฉ ืขืœ ืžืื“ื™ื, ื•ืขืœ ืžืืžืฆื™ื• ืœื”ื™ืฉืืจ ื‘ื—ื™ื™ื
00:25
until the Earth can send a rescue mission to bring him back to Earth.
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ืขื“ ืฉืžืฉืœื—ืช ื”ื—ื™ืœื•ืฅ ืชื•ื›ืœ ืœื”ื’ื™ืข ืืœื™ื• ืžื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ.
00:31
Gladly, they do re-establish communication
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ืœืžืจื‘ื” ื”ืฉืžื—ื”, ื”ื ืžืฆืœื™ื—ื™ื ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ืงืฉืจ
00:34
with the character, astronaut Watney, at some point
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ืขื ื”ืืกื˜ืจื•ื ืื•ื˜ ื•ื•ืื˜ื ื™, ื‘ืฉืœื‘ ืžืกื•ื™ื,
00:36
so that he's not as alone on Mars until he can be rescued.
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ื›ื“ื™ ืฉืœื ื™ืจื’ื™ืฉ ืœื‘ื“ ืขืœ ืžืื“ื™ื ืขื“ ืฉื™ื—ื•ืœืฅ.
00:42
So while you're watching the movie, or even if you haven't,
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ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ืฉืืชื ืฆื•ืคื™ื ื‘ืกืจื˜, ืื• ื’ื ืื ืœื ืฆืคื™ืชื ื‘ื•,
00:45
when you think about Mars,
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ื›ืฉืืชื ื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ืขืœ ืžืื“ื™ื,
00:46
you're probably thinking about how far away it is and how distant.
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ืืชื ื‘ื•ื•ื“ืื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ืขืœ ื›ืžื” ืจื—ื•ืง ื”ื•ื ื ืžืฆื ื•ื›ืžื” ืžื‘ื•ื“ื“.
00:51
And, what might not have occurred to you is,
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ืื‘ืœ, ืžื” ืฉื›ื ืจืื” ืœื ืขืœื” ื‘ื“ืขืชื›ื, ื”ื•ื
00:54
what are the logistics really like of working on another planet --
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ืžื” ื”ื™ื ื‘ืืžืช ื”ืœื•ื’ื™ืกื˜ื™ืงื” ืฉืœ ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืขืœ ื›ื•ื›ื‘ ืœื›ืช ืื—ืจ -
00:58
of living on two planets
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ืฉืœ ื—ื™ื™ื ืขืœ ืฉื ื™ ื›ื•ื›ื‘ื™ ืœื›ืช
01:00
when there are people on the Earth and there are rovers or people on Mars?
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ื›ืฉื™ืฉ ืื ืฉื™ื ืขืœ ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ ื•ืจื•ื‘ืจื™ื ืื• ืื ืฉื™ื ืขืœ ืžืื“ื™ื?
01:06
So think about when you have friends, families and co-workers
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ืชื—ืฉื‘ื• ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื›ื ื—ื‘ืจื™ื, ืžืฉืคื—ื” ื•ื—ื‘ืจื™ื ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ื”
01:10
in California, on the West Coast or in other parts of the world.
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ื‘ืงืœื™ืคื•ืจื ื™ื”, ื‘ื—ื•ืฃ ื”ืžืขืจื‘ื™ ืื• ื‘ื—ืœืงื™ื• ื”ืื—ืจื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืขื•ืœื.
01:14
When you're trying to communicate with them,
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ื›ืฉืืชื ืžื ืกื™ื ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ืงืฉืจ,
01:16
one of the things you probably first think about is:
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ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืฉืขืœื™ื• ืืชื ื‘ื•ื•ื“ืื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ื”ื•ื:
01:18
wait, what time is it in California?
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ืจื’ืข, ืžื” ื”ืฉืขื” ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ื‘ืงืœื™ืคื•ืจื ื™ื”?
01:20
Will I wake them up? Is it OK to call?
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ืœื ืืขื™ืจ ืื•ืชื? ื–ื” ื‘ืกื“ืจ ืœื”ืชืงืฉืจ?
01:23
So even if you're interacting with colleagues who are in Europe,
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ืืคื™ืœื• ื›ืฉืืชื ืจื•ืฆื™ื ืœื“ื‘ืจ ืขื ืขืžื™ืชื›ื ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื‘ืื™ืจื•ืคื”,
01:27
you're immediately thinking about:
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ืืชื ืžื™ื“ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื:
01:29
What does it take to coordinate communication when people are far away?
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ืžื” ื ื“ืจืฉ ืขืœ ืžื ืช ืœื ื”ืœ ืงืฉืจ ื›ืฉืื ืฉื™ื ื ืžืฆืื™ื ื‘ืžืจื—ืง ืจื‘?
01:36
So we don't have people on Mars right now, but we do have rovers.
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ืื™ืŸ ืœื ื• ื›ืจื’ืข ืื ืฉื™ื ืขืœ ืžืื“ื™ื, ืื‘ืœ ื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ืจื•ื‘ืจื™ื.
01:42
And actually right now, on Curiosity, it is 6:10 in the morning.
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ืœืžืขืฉื”, ื›ืจื’ืข, ืขืœ ื”ืจื•ื‘ืจ ืงื™ื•ืจื™ื•ืกื™ื˜ื™, ื”ืฉืขื” ื”ื™ื 6:10 ื‘ื‘ื•ืงืจ.
01:47
So, 6:10 in the morning on Mars.
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ื›ืœื•ืžืจ, 6:10 ื‘ื‘ื•ืงืจ ืขืœ ืžืื“ื™ื.
01:50
We have four rovers on Mars.
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ื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ืืจื‘ืขื” ืจื•ื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ืžืื“ื™ื.
01:52
The United States has put four rovers on Mars since the mid-1990s,
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ืืจื”"ื‘ ื”ื ื—ื™ืชื” ืืจื‘ืขื” ืจื•ื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ืžืื“ื™ื ืžืืžืฆืข ืฉื ื•ืช ื”-90,
01:56
and I have been privileged enough to work on three of them.
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ื•ื ื™ืชื ื” ืœื™ ื”ื–ื›ื•ืช ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ ืขืœ ืฉืœื•ืฉื” ืžื”ื.
02:00
So, I am a spacecraft engineer, a spacecraft operations engineer,
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ืื ื™ ืžื”ื ื“ืกืช ืจื›ื‘ื™ ื—ืœืœ, ื•ืžื”ื ื“ืกืช ืชืคืขื•ืœ ืฉืœ ืจื›ื‘ื™ ื—ืœืœ,
02:05
at NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory in Los Angeles, California.
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ื‘ืžืขื‘ื“ื” ืœื”ื ืขื” ืกื™ืœื•ื ื™ืช ืฉืœ ื ืืก"ื ื‘ืœื•ืก ืื ื’'ืœืก, ืงืœื™ืคื•ืจื ื™ื”.
02:10
And these rovers are our robotic emissaries.
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ื•ื”ืจื•ื‘ืจื™ื ื”ืืœื” ื”ื ื”ืฉืœื™ื—ื™ื ื”ืจื•ื‘ื•ื˜ื™ื™ื ืฉืœื ื•.
02:14
So, they are our eyes and our ears, and they see the planet for us
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ื”ื ื”ืขื™ื ื™ื™ื ื•ื”ืื–ื ื™ื™ื ืฉืœื ื•, ื•ื”ื ืฆื•ืคื™ื ื‘ื›ื•ื›ื‘ ื”ืœื›ืช ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืœื ื•
02:21
until we can send people.
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ืขื“ ืฉื ื•ื›ืœ ืœืฉืœื•ื— ืœืฉื ืื ืฉื™ื.
02:23
So we learn how to operate on other planets through these rovers.
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ืื ื• ืœื•ืžื“ื™ื ืื™ืš ืœื”ืชื ื”ืœ ืขืœ ื›ื•ื›ื‘ื™ ืœื›ืช ืื—ืจื™ื ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื”ืจื•ื‘ืจื™ื ื”ืืœื”.
02:28
So before we send people, we send robots.
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ืื– ืœืคื ื™ ืฉื ืฉืœื— ืื ืฉื™ื, ืื ื—ื ื• ืฉื•ืœื—ื™ื ืจื•ื‘ื•ื˜ื™ื.
02:33
So the reason there's a time difference on Mars right now,
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ื”ืกื™ื‘ื” ืœื›ืš ืฉื™ืฉ ื›ืจื’ืข ื”ืคืจืฉ ื–ืžืŸ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืžืื“ื™ื,
02:37
from the time that we're at
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ืœื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื–ืžืŸ ืฉืœื ื•,
02:38
is because the Martian day is longer than the Earth day.
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ื›ื™ ื”ื™ืžืžื” ืขืœ ืžืื“ื™ื ืืจื•ื›ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื”ื™ืžืžื” ืขืœ ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ.
02:42
Our Earth day is 24 hours,
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ื”ื™ืžืžื” ืขืœ ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ ื ืžืฉื›ืช 24 ืฉืขื•ืช,
02:45
because that's how long it takes the Earth to rotate,
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ื›ื™ ื–ื” ื”ื–ืžืŸ ืฉื ื“ืจืฉ ืœื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ ืœื—ื•ื’ ืกื‘ื™ื‘ ืฆื™ืจื•,
02:48
how long it takes to go around once.
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ืœื”ืฉืœื™ื ืกื™ื‘ื•ื‘ ืื—ื“.
02:51
So our day is 24 hours.
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ื”ื™ืžืžื” ืฉืœื ื• ืื•ืจื›ืช 24 ืฉืขื•ืช.
02:53
It takes Mars 24 hours and approximately 40 minutes to rotate once.
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ืœืžืื“ื™ื ืœื•ืงื— 24 ืฉืขื•ืช ื•ื‘ืขืจืš 40 ื“ืงื•ืช ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืฉืœื™ื ืกื™ื‘ื•ื‘ ืื—ื“.
03:00
So that means that the Martian day is 40 minutes longer than the Earth day.
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ืคื™ืจื•ืฉ ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ื•ื ืฉื”ื™ืžืžื” ืขืœ ืžืื“ื™ื ืืจื•ื›ื” ื‘-40 ื“ืงื•ืช ืžื”ื™ืžืžื” ืขืœ ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ.
03:07
So teams of people who are operating the rovers on Mars, like this one,
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ืฆื•ื•ืชื™ื ืฉืœ ืื ืฉื™ื ืฉืžืคืขื™ืœื™ื ืืช ื”ืจื•ื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ืžืื“ื™ื, ื›ืžื• ื”ืฆื•ื•ืช ื”ื–ื”,
03:12
what we are doing is we are living on Earth, but working on Mars.
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ืื ื—ื ื• ื—ื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ, ืื‘ืœ ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ืขืœ ืžืื“ื™ื.
03:17
So we have to think as if we are actually on Mars with the rover.
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ืื– ืื ื—ื ื• ื—ื™ื™ื‘ื™ื ืœื“ืžื™ื™ืŸ ื›ืื™ืœื• ืื ื—ื ื• ื ืžืฆืื™ื ืขืœ ืžืื“ื™ื ืขื ื”ืจื•ื‘ืจ.
03:23
Our job, the job of this team, of which I'm a part of,
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ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืฉืœื ื•, ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืฆื•ื•ืช ื”ื–ื”, ืฉืื ื™ ื—ืœืง ืžืžื ื•,
03:27
is to send commands to the rover to tell it what to do the next day.
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ื”ื™ื ืœืฉืœื•ื— ืคืงื•ื“ื•ืช ืœืจื•ื‘ืจ ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื’ื™ื“ ืœื• ืžื” ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื‘ื™ื•ื ืœืžื—ืจืช.
03:33
To tell it to drive or drill or tell her whatever she's supposed to do.
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ืœื”ื’ื™ื“ ืœื” ืœื ืกื•ืข ืื• ืœืงื“ื•ื— ืื• ื›ืœ ืžื” ืฉื”ื™ื ืืžื•ืจื” ืœืขืฉื•ืช.
03:37
So while she's sleeping -- and the rover does sleep at night
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ืื– ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ืฉื”ื™ื ื™ืฉื ื” - ื›ืŸ ื”ื™ื ื™ืฉื ื” ื‘ืœื™ืœื”
03:41
because she needs to recharge her batteries
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ื›ื™ ื”ื™ื ืฆืจื™ื›ื” ืœื˜ืขื•ืŸ ืืช ื”ืกื•ืœืœื•ืช ืฉืœื”
03:44
and she needs to weather the cold Martian night.
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ื•ืœืขืžื•ื“ ื‘ืคื ื™ ื”ืœื™ืœื•ืช ื”ืงืจื™ื ืฉืœ ืžืื“ื™ื.
03:48
And so she sleeps.
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ืื– ื”ื™ื ื™ืฉื ื”.
03:49
So while she sleeps, we work on her program for the next day.
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ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ืฉื”ื™ื ื™ืฉื ื”, ืื ื—ื ื• ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช ืฉืœื” ืœื™ื•ื ื”ืžื—ืจืช.
03:54
So I work the Martian night shift.
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ื›ืœื•ืžืจ ืื ื™ ืขื•ื‘ื“ืช ืžืฉืžืจืช ืœื™ืœื” ืขืœ ืžืื“ื™ื.
03:57
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
03:59
So in order to come to work on the Earth at the same time every day on Mars --
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื’ื™ืข ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืขืœ ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ ื‘ืื•ืชื” ืฉืขื” ื›ืœ ื™ื•ื ืขืœ ืžืื“ื™ื -
04:05
like, let's say I need to be at work at 5:00 p.m.,
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ื ื ื™ื—, ืื ื™ ืฆืจื™ื›ื” ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื‘-5 ื‘ืขืจื‘,
04:08
this team needs to be at work at 5:00 p.m. Mars time every day,
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ื”ืฆื•ื•ืช ื”ื–ื” ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื‘-5 ื‘ืขืจื‘ ืฉืขื•ืŸ ืžืื“ื™ื ื›ืœ ื™ื•ื,
04:13
then we have to come to work on the Earth 40 minutes later every day,
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ืื– ืื ื—ื ื• ื—ื™ื™ื‘ื™ื ืœื‘ื•ื ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืขืœ ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ 40 ื“ืงื•ืช ืžืื•ื—ืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ ื›ืœ ื™ื•ื,
04:21
in order to stay in sync with Mars.
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ืขืœ ืžื ืช ืœื”ื™ืฉืืจ ืžืกื•ื ื›ืจื ื™ื ืขื ืžืื“ื™ื.
04:24
That's like moving a time zone every day.
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ื–ื” ื›ืžื• ืœืขื‘ื•ืจ ืœืื™ื–ื•ืจ ื–ืžืŸ ื—ื“ืฉ ื‘ื›ืœ ื™ื•ื.
04:27
So one day you come in at 8:00, the next day 40 minutes later at 8:40,
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ื™ื•ื ืื—ื“ ืืชื” ืžื’ื™ืข ื‘-8, ื™ื•ื ืœืžื—ืจืช 40 ื“ืงื•ืช ืžืื•ื—ืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘-8:40,
04:32
the next day 40 minutes later at 9:20,
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ื™ื•ื ืื—ืจื™, 40 ื“ืงื•ืช ืžืื•ื—ืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘-9:20,
04:35
the next day at 10:00.
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ื™ื•ื ืœืžื—ืจืช ื‘-10:00.
04:37
So you keep moving 40 minutes every day,
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ืืชื” ืžืžืฉื™ืš ืœื–ื•ื– 40 ื“ืงื•ืช ืงื“ื™ืžื” ื›ืœ ื™ื•ื,
04:41
until soon you're coming to work in the middle of the night --
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ืขื“ ืฉืœื‘ืกื•ืฃ ืืชื” ืžื’ื™ืข ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื‘ืืžืฆืข ื”ืœื™ืœื” -
04:44
the middle of the Earth night.
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ื‘ืืžืฆืข ื”ืœื™ืœื” ืขืœ ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ.
04:45
Right? So you can imagine how confusing that is.
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ื ื›ื•ืŸ? ืืชื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื“ืžื™ื™ืŸ ืขื“ ื›ืžื” ื–ื” ืžื‘ืœื‘ืœ.
04:49
Hence, the Mars watch.
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ื•ืœื›ืŸ, ื™ืฉ ืœื™ ืฉืขื•ืŸ ืžืื“ื™ื.
04:51
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
04:52
This weights in this watch have been mechanically adjusted
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ื”ืžืฉืงื•ืœื•ืช ื‘ืฉืขื•ืŸ ื”ื–ื” ื›ื•ื•ื ื• ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืžื›ื ื™
04:56
so that it runs more slowly.
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ื›ื“ื™ ืฉื”ื•ื ื™ืชืงื“ื ืœืื˜ ื™ื•ืชืจ.
04:58
Right? And we didn't start out --
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ื›ืŸ. ื•ืœื ื—ืฉื‘ื ื• -
05:00
I got this watch in 2004
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ืงื™ื‘ืœืชื™ ืืช ื”ืฉืขื•ืŸ ื”ื–ื” ื‘-2004
05:03
when Spirit and Opportunity, the rovers back then.
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ื‘ืชืงื•ืคืช ืกืคื™ืจื™ื˜ ื•ืื•ืคื•ืจื˜ื•ื ื™ื˜ื™, ื”ืจื•ื‘ืจื™ื ื“ืื–.
05:06
We didn't start out thinking
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ื•ืœื ื—ืฉื‘ื ื•
05:08
that we were going to need Mars watches.
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ืฉื ืฆื˜ืจืš ืฉืขื•ื ื™ ืžืื“ื™ื.
05:10
Right? We thought, OK, we'll just have the time on our computers
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ื—ืฉื‘ื ื•, ืื•ืงื™, ื™ื”ื™ื” ืœื ื• ื”ืฉืขื•ืŸ ืขืœ ื”ืžื—ืฉื‘ื™ื ืฉืœื ื•
05:14
and on the mission control screens, and that would be enough.
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ื•ืขืœ ืžืกื›ื™ ื”ื‘ืงืจื” ืฉืœ ื”ืžืฉื™ืžื”, ื•ื–ื” ืžืกืคื™ืง.
05:18
Yeah, not so much.
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ื›ืŸ, ืœื ืžืžืฉ.
05:20
Because we weren't just working on Mars time,
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ื›ื™ ืœื ืจืง ืขื‘ื“ื ื• ืœืคื™ ืฉืขื•ืŸ ืžืื“ื™ื,
05:22
we were actually living on Mars time.
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ื’ื ื ื™ื”ืœื ื• ืืช ื—ื™ื™ื ื• ืœืคื™ ืฉืขื•ืŸ ืžืื“ื™ื.
05:26
And we got just instantaneously confused about what time it was.
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ื•ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืžื™ื™ื“ื™ ืœื ื”ื™ื” ืœื ื• ืžื•ืฉื’ ืžื” ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื”ืฉืขื”.
05:30
So you really needed something on your wrist to tell you:
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ื‘ืืžืช ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ื–ืงื•ืงื™ื ืœืžืฉื”ื• ืขืœ ื”ื™ื“ ืฉื™ืขื ื” ืœื ื• ืขืœ ื”ืฉืืœื”:
05:34
What time is it on the Earth? What time is it on Mars?
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ืžื” ื”ืฉืขื” ืขืœ ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ? ืžื” ื”ืฉืขื” ืขืœ ืžืื“ื™ื?
05:37
And it wasn't just the time on Mars that was confusing;
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ื•ืœื ืจืง ื”ืฉืขื” ืขืœ ืžืื“ื™ื ื‘ืœื‘ืœื” ืื•ืชื ื•,
05:43
we also needed to be able to talk to each other about it.
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ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ื’ื ืœื“ื‘ืจ ืขืœ ื–ื” ืื—ื“ ืขื ื”ืฉื ื™.
05:49
So a "sol" is a Martian day -- again, 24 hours and 40 minutes.
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ืื– "ืกื•ืœ" ื–ื” ื™ืžืžื” ืขืœ ืžืื“ื™ื - ื›ืืžื•ืจ, 24 ืฉืขื•ืช ื•-40 ื“ืงื•ืช.
05:54
So when we're talking about something that's happening on the Earth,
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ื›ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืžื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ืžืฉื”ื• ืฉืงื•ืจื” ืขืœ ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ,
05:58
we will say, today.
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ื ืืžืจ - ื”ื™ื•ื.
06:00
So, for Mars, we say, "tosol."
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ืื–, ื‘ืžืื“ื™ื, ืื ื• ืื•ืžืจื™ื "ื”-ืกื•ืœ."
06:02
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
06:05
Yesterday became "yestersol" for Mars.
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ืืชืžื•ืœ ื”ืคืš ืœ"ืคืจื”-ืกื•ืœ" ื‘ืžืื“ื™ื.
06:10
Again, we didn't start out thinking, "Oh, let's invent a language."
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ื•ืฉื•ื‘, ืœื ื—ืฉื‘ื ื•: "ืจื’ืข, ื‘ื•ืื• ื ืžืฆื™ื ืฉืคื”."
06:15
It was just very confusing.
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ืคืฉื•ื˜ ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ืžืื•ื“ ืžื‘ื•ืœื‘ืœื™ื.
06:16
I remember somebody walked up to me and said,
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ืื ื™ ื–ื•ื›ืจืช ืฉืžื™ืฉื”ื• ื ื™ื’ืฉ ืืœื™ื™ ื•ืืžืจ:
06:18
"I would like to do this activity on the vehicle tomorrow, on the rover."
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"ื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ืจื•ืฆื” ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืคืขื™ืœื•ืช ืžืกื•ื™ืžืช ืขืœ ื”ืจื›ื‘ ืžื—ืจ, ืขืœ ื”ืจื•ื‘ืจ."
06:22
And I said, "Tomorrow, tomorrow, or Mars, tomorrow?"
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ื•ืื ื™ ืขื ื™ืชื™: "ืžื—ืจ, ืžื—ืจ ืื• ืžื—ืจ ื‘ืžืื“ื™ื?"
06:27
We started this terminology because we needed a way to talk to each other.
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ื”ืžืฆืื ื• ืืช ื”ืžื•ื ื—ื™ื ื”ืืœื” ื›ื™ ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœืžืฆื•ื ื“ืจืš ืœื“ื‘ืจ ื–ื” ืขื ื–ื”.
06:32
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
06:34
Tomorrow became "nextersol" or "solorrow."
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"ืžื—ืจ" ื”ืคืš ืœ"ืกื•ืœ ื”ืžื—ืจืช" ืื• "ืคื•ืกื˜-ืกื•ืœ."
06:39
Because people have different preferences for the words they use.
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ื›ื™ ืื ืฉื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื ืžืขื“ื™ืคื™ื ืžื™ืœื™ื ืฉื•ื ื•ืช.
06:42
Some of you might say "soda" and some of you might say "pop."
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ื™ืฉ ืื•ืžืจื™ื "ืžืฉืงื” ืžื•ื–ื’" ื•ื™ืฉ ืื•ืžืจื™ื "ื’ื–ื•ื–."
06:46
So we have people who say "nextersol" or "solorrow."
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ืื– ืœื ื• ื™ืฉ ืื ืฉื™ื ืฉืื•ืžืจื™ื "ืกื•ืœ ื”ืžื—ืจืช" ืื• "ืคื•ืกื˜-ืกื•ืœ."
06:50
And then something that I noticed after a few years of working on these missions,
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ื•ื’ื ืฉืžืชื™ ืœื‘ ืœืขื•ื“ ืžืฉื”ื• ืœืื—ืจ ืฉืขื‘ื“ืชื™ ืžืกืคืจ ืฉื ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ืžืฉื™ืžื•ืช ื”ืืœื”:
06:55
was that the people who work on the rovers, we say "tosol."
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ืื ืฉื™ื ืฉืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ืจื•ื‘ืจื™ื, ืื ื• ืื•ืžืจื™ื "ื”-ืกื•ืœ."
07:00
The people who work on the landed missions that don't rove around,
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ื•ืื™ืœื• ืื ืฉื™ื ืฉืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ืขืœ ืžืฉื™ืžื•ืช ื”ื”ื ื—ืชื” ื•ืœื ืžืฉื•ื˜ื˜ื™ื,
07:03
they say "tosoul."
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ื”ื ืื•ืžืจื™ื "ื”-ืกื•ืื•ืœ."
07:05
So I could actually tell what mission you worked on from your Martian accent.
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ืื– ืื ื™ ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœื“ืขืช ืขืœ ืื™ื–ื” ืžืฉื™ืžื” ืขื‘ื“ืชื ืœืคื™ "ื”ืžื‘ื˜ื ื”ืžืื“ื™ืžื™" ืฉืœื›ื.
07:10
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
07:13
So we have the watches and the language, and you're detecting a theme here, right?
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ื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ืฉืขื•ื ื™ื ื•ืฉืคื”, ืืชื ืžื–ื”ื™ื ืืช ื”ืžื•ื˜ื™ื‘ ื”ื—ื•ื–ืจ, ื ื›ื•ืŸ?
07:17
So that we don't get confused.
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ื›ื“ื™ ืฉืœื ื ืชื‘ืœื‘ืœ.
07:20
But even the Earth daylight could confuse us.
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ืื‘ืœ ืืคื™ืœื• ืื•ืจ ื™ื•ื ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื‘ืœื‘ืœ ืื•ืชื ื•.
07:24
If you think that right now, you've come to work
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ืื ื ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืฉื‘ืื ื• ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ื”
07:26
and it's the middle of the Martian night
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ื•ื–ื” ืืžื•ืจ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืืžืฆืข ื”ืœื™ืœื” ืขืœ ืžืื“ื™ื,
07:28
and there's light streaming in from the windows
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ื•ืื™ืœื• ืื•ืจ ืจื‘ ื—ื•ื“ืจ ื“ืจืš ื”ื—ืœื•ื ื•ืช,
07:32
that's going to be confusing as well.
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ื’ื ื–ื” ืขืœื•ืœ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžื‘ืœื‘ืœ.
07:34
So you can see from this image of the control room
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ืืชื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืจืื•ืช ืžื”ืชืžื•ื ื” ืฉืœ ื—ื“ืจ ื”ื‘ืงืจื”
07:37
that all of the blinds are down.
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ืฉื›ืœ ื”ืชืจื™ืกื™ื ืžื•ื’ืคื™ื.
07:39
So that there's no light to distract us.
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ื›ื“ื™ ืฉื”ืื•ืจ ืœื ื™ืกื™ื— ืืช ื“ืขืชื™ื ื•.
07:42
The blinds went down all over the building about a week before landing,
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ื”ืชืจื™ืกื™ื ื”ื•ื’ืคื• ื‘ื›ืœ ื”ื‘ื ื™ื™ืŸ ื›ืฉื‘ื•ืข ืœืคื ื™ ื”ื ื—ื™ืชื”,
07:47
and they didn't go up until we went off Mars time.
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ื•ืœื ื ืคืชื—ื• ืขื“ ืฉื™ืฆืื ื• ืžืฉืขื•ืŸ ืžืื“ื™ื.
07:50
So this also works for the house, for at home.
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ืื•ืชื• ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ืงื•ืจื” ื’ื ื›ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ื‘ื‘ื™ืช.
07:54
I've been on Mars time three times, and my husband is like,
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ื—ื™ื™ืชื™ ืœืคื™ ืฉืขื•ืŸ ืžืื“ื™ื ืฉืœื•ืฉ ืคืขืžื™ื, ื•ื‘ืขืœื™ ื”ื™ื” ืื•ืžืจ:
07:56
OK, we're getting ready for Mars time.
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"ืงื“ื™ืžื”, ืžืชื›ื•ื ื ื™ื ืœืฉืขื•ืŸ ืžืื“ื™ื."
07:58
And so he'll put foil all over the windows and dark curtains and shades
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ื”ื•ื ื”ื™ื” ืžื›ืกื” ืืช ื”ื—ืœื•ื ื•ืช ื‘ื ื™ื™ืจ ื›ืกืฃ ื•ื•ื™ืœื•ื ื•ืช ื›ื”ื™ื ื•ืขื‘ื™ื,
08:04
because it also affects your families.
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ื›ื™ ื–ื” ืžืฉืคื™ืข ื’ื ืขืœ ื”ืžืฉืคื—ื•ืช ืฉืœื›ื.
08:08
And so here I was living in kind of this darkened environment, but so was he.
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ื•ืžืฆืืชื™ ืืช ืขืฆืžื™ ื—ื™ื” ื‘ืชื•ืš ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื” ืืคืœื”, ืื‘ืœ ื™ื—ื“ ืื™ืชื•.
08:13
And he'd gotten used to it.
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ื•ื”ื•ื ื”ืชืจื’ืœ ืœื–ื”.
08:14
But then I would get these plaintive emails from him when he was at work.
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ืื‘ืœ ืื– ื”ื•ื ื”ืชื—ื™ืœ ืœืฉืœื•ื— ืœื™ ืžืขื™ืŸ ืžื™ื™ืœื™ื ืžืชื ืฆืœื™ื ืžื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื”:
08:19
Should I come home? Are you awake?
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ืื ื™ ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื—ื–ื•ืจ ื”ื‘ื™ืชื”? ืืช ืขืจื”?
08:22
What time is it on Mars?
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ืžื” ื”ืฉืขื” ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ืขืœ ืžืื“ื™ื?
08:25
And I decided, OK, so he needs a Mars watch.
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ืื– ื”ื—ืœื˜ืชื™, ืื•ืงื™, ื”ื•ื ืฆืจื™ืš ืฉืขื•ืŸ ืžืื“ื™ื ื›ืžื• ืฉืœื™.
08:28
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
08:29
But of course, it's 2016, so there's an app for that.
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ืื‘ืœ, ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ, ื‘-2016 ื™ืฉ ื›ื‘ืจ ืืคืœื™ืงืฆื™ื” ื›ื–ืืช.
08:34
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
08:35
So now instead of the watches, we can also use our phones.
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ื”ื™ื•ื, ื‘ืžืงื•ื ืฉืขื•ื ื™ ื™ื“, ืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ื˜ืœืคื•ื ื™ื ืฉืœื ื•.
08:40
But the impact on families was just across the board;
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ื”ืฉืคืขื” ืขืœ ื”ืžืฉืคื—ื•ืช ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื’ื•ืจืคืช,
08:44
it wasn't just those of us who were working on the rovers
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ืœื ืจืง ืขืœ ื”ืžื“ืขื ื™ื ืฉืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ืจื•ื‘ืจื™ื,
08:48
but our families as well.
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ืืœื ื’ื ืขืœ ื”ืžืฉืคื—ื•ืช ืฉืœื”ื.
08:50
This is David Oh, one of our flight directors,
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ื–ื” ื“ื•ื™ื“ ืื•, ืื—ื“ ืžืžื ื”ืœื™ ื”ื˜ื™ืกื” ืฉืœื ื•,
08:53
and he's at the beach in Los Angeles with his family at 1:00 in the morning.
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ื•ื”ื•ื ื ืžืฆื ื‘ื—ื•ืฃ ื”ื™ื ื‘ืœื•ืก ืื ื’'ืœืก ืขื ืžืฉืคื—ืชื• ื‘-1:00 ืœืคื ื•ืช ื‘ื•ืงืจ.
08:57
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
08:58
So because we landed in August
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ืžื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉื ื—ืชื ื• ื‘ืื•ื’ื•ืกื˜
09:01
and his kids didn't have to go back to school until September,
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ื•ื™ืœื“ื™ื• ื”ื™ื• ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœื—ื–ื•ืจ ืœื‘ื™ืช ื”ืกืคืจ ืจืง ื‘ืกืคื˜ืžื‘ืจ,
09:06
they actually went on to Mars time with him for one month.
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ื”ื ื‘ืขืฆื ืขื‘ืจื• ืœืฉืขื•ืŸ ืžืื“ื™ื ื™ื—ื“ ืื™ืชื• ืœืžืฉืš ื—ื•ื“ืฉ ืฉืœื.
09:11
They got up 40 minutes later every day.
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ื”ื ืงืžื• 40 ื“ืงื•ืช ืžืื•ื—ืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ ื›ืœ ื™ื•ื.
09:15
And they were on dad's work schedule.
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ื•ื”ื ื—ื™ื• ืœืคื™ ืœื•ื— ื”ื–ืžื ื™ื ืฉืœ ืื‘ื.
09:18
So they lived on Mars time for a month and had these great adventures,
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ื”ื ื—ื™ื• ืœืคื™ ืฉืขื•ืŸ ืžืื“ื™ื ื‘ืžืฉืš ื—ื•ื“ืฉ ื•ื™ืฆืื• ืœื”ืจืคืชืงืื•ืช ื ืคืœืื•ืช,
09:22
like going bowling in the middle of the night
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ื›ืžื• ืœืฉื—ืง ื‘ืื•ืœื™ื ื’ ื‘ืืžืฆืข ื”ืœื™ืœื”
09:24
or going to the beach.
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ืื• ืœืœื›ืช ืœื™ื.
09:25
And one of the things that we all discovered
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ื•ืื—ื“ ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉื’ื™ืœื™ื ื•
09:29
is you can get anywhere in Los Angeles
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ื”ื•ื ืฉืืคืฉืจ ืœื”ื’ื™ืข ืœื›ืœ ืžืงื•ื ื‘ืœื•ืก ืื ื’'ืœืก
09:33
at 3:00 in the morning when there's no traffic.
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ื‘-3:00 ืœืคื ื•ืช ื‘ื•ืงืจ ื›ืฉืื™ืŸ ืคืงืงื™ื.
09:36
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
09:38
So we would get off work,
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ื›ืฉืกื™ื™ืžื ื• ืœืขื‘ื•ื“,
09:39
and we didn't want to go home and bother our families,
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ื•ืœื ืจืฆื™ื ื• ืœืœื›ืช ื”ื‘ื™ืชื” ื•ืœื”ืคืจื™ืข ืœืžืฉืคื—ื•ืช ืฉืœื ื•,
09:42
and we were hungry, so instead of going locally to eat something,
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ื•ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ืจืขื‘ื™ื, ื‘ืžืงื•ื ืœืœื›ืช ืœืื›ื•ืœ ืžืฉื”ื• ื‘ืื™ื–ื•ืจ,
09:46
we'd go, "Wait, there's this great all-night deli in Long Beach,
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ืืžืจื ื•: "ืจื’ืข, ื™ืฉ ืงืคื˜ืจื™ื” ืžืขื•ืœื” ืฉืคืชื•ื—ื” 24 ืฉืขื•ืช ื‘ืœื•ื ื’ ื‘ื™ืฅ',
09:49
and we can get there in 10 minutes!"
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ื•ื ื•ื›ืœ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืฉื ืชื•ืš 10 ื“ืงื•ืช!"
09:51
So we would drive down -- it was like the 60s, no traffic.
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ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ื ื•ืกืขื™ื ืœืฉื - ื•ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ื›ืžื• ื‘ืฉื ื•ืช ื”-60, ื‘ืœื™ ืคืงืงื™ื.
09:54
We would drive down there, and the restaurant owners would go,
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ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ืžื’ื™ืขื™ื ืœืฉื, ื•ื‘ืขืœื™ ื”ืžืกืขื“ื” ื”ื™ื• ืฉื•ืืœื™ื ื‘ืชื“ื”ืžื”:
09:58
"Who are you people?
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"ืžื™ ืืชื ืื ืฉื™ื?
10:01
And why are you at my restaurant at 3:00 in the morning?"
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ื•ืžื” ืืชื ืขื•ืฉื™ื ืืฆืœื™ ื‘ืžืกืขื“ื” ื‘-3:00 ืœืคื ื•ืช ื‘ื•ืงืจ?"
10:05
So they came to realize that there were these packs of Martians,
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ื‘ืžื”ืจื” ื”ื ื”ื‘ื™ื ื• ืฉืืœื” ื”ืŸ ืœื”ืงื•ืช ืฉืœ ื‘ื ื™ ืžืื“ื™ื,
10:11
roaming the LA freeways, in the middle of the night --
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ืฉื ื•ื“ื“ื•ืช ื‘ื›ื‘ื™ืฉื™ ืœื•ืก ืื ื’'ืœืก, ื‘ืืžืฆืข ื”ืœื™ืœื” -
10:17
in the middle of the Earth night.
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ื‘ืืžืฆืข ื”ืœื™ืœื” ืขืœ ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ.
10:19
And we did actually start calling ourselves Martians.
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ืœืžืขืฉื” ื”ืชื—ืœื ื• ืœืงืจื•ื ืœืขืฆืžื™ื ื• "ื‘ื ื™ ืžืื“ื™ื".
10:24
So those of us who were on Mars time would refer to ourselves as Martians,
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ืืœื” ืฉื—ื™ื• ืœืคื™ ืฉืขื•ืŸ ืžืื“ื™ื ืงืจืื• ืœืขืฆืžื "ื‘ื ื™ ืžืื“ื™ื",
10:30
and everyone else as Earthlings.
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ื•ื›ืœ ื”ื™ืชืจ ื”ื™ื• "ื”ืืจืฆื™ื™ื".
10:32
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
10:34
And that's because when you're moving a time-zone every day,
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ื›ื™ ื›ืฉืืชื” ืขื•ื‘ืจ ืื™ื–ื•ืจ ื–ืžืŸ ื›ืœ ื™ื•ื,
10:39
you start to really feel separated from everyone else.
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ืืชื” ืžืชื—ื™ืœ ืœื”ืจื’ื™ืฉ ืžื ื•ืชืง ืžื›ื•ืœื.
10:45
You're literally in your own world.
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ืืชื” ื ืžืฆื ื‘ืขื•ืœื ืžืฉืœืš, ืคืฉื•ื˜ื• ื›ืžืฉืžืขื•.
10:50
So I have this button on that says, "I survived Mars time. Sol 0-90."
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ื™ืฉ ืœื™ ืกื™ื›ื” ืฉืจืฉื•ื ืขืœื™ื”: "ืฉืจื“ืชื™ ืืช ืฉืขื•ืŸ ืžืื“ื™ื. ืกื•ืœ 0-90."
10:57
And there's a picture of it up on the screen.
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ื”ืชืžื•ื ื” ืฉืœื” ืžื•ืคื™ืขื” ืขืœ ื”ืžืกืš.
11:00
So the reason we got these buttons is because we work on Mars time
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ื”ืกื™ื‘ื” ืœื›ืš ืฉืงื™ื‘ืœื ื• ืืช ื”ืกื™ื›ื•ืช ื”ืืœื” ื”ื™ื ืžืคื ื™ ืฉืขื‘ื“ื ื• ืœืคื™ ืฉืขื•ืŸ ืžืื“ื™ื
11:05
in order to be as efficient as possible with the rover on Mars,
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ืขืœ ืžื ืช ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื›ืžื” ืฉื™ื•ืชืจ ื™ืขื™ืœื™ื ืขื ื”ืจื•ื‘ืจ ืขืœ ืžืื“ื™ื,
11:10
to make the best use of our time.
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ืœื”ืคื™ืง ืืช ื”ืžื™ื˜ื‘ ืžื”ื–ืžืŸ ืฉืœื ื•.
11:13
But we don't stay on Mars time for more than three to four months.
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ืื‘ืœ ืื ื—ื ื• ืœื ื—ื™ื™ื ืœืคื™ ืฉืขื•ืŸ ืžืื“ื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืฉืœื•ืฉื”-ืืจื‘ืขื” ื—ื•ื“ืฉื™ื.
11:17
Eventually, we'll move to a modified Mars time, which is what we're working now.
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ื‘ืกื•ืคื• ืฉืœ ื“ื‘ืจ ื ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืœืฉืขื•ืŸ ืžืื“ื™ื ืžื•ืชืื, ืฉืขืœื™ื• ืื ื—ื ื• ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ื›ืจื’ืข.
11:22
And that's because it's hard on your bodies, it's hard on your families.
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ื›ื™ ื–ื” ืงืฉื” ืœื’ื•ืฃ ืฉืœื›ื ื•ื’ื ืœืžืฉืคื—ื•ืช ืฉืœื›ื.
11:26
In fact, there were sleep researchers who actually were studying us
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ืœืžืขืฉื”, ื ืขืจื›ื• ืขืœื™ื ื• ืžื—ืงืจื™ ืฉื™ื ื”
11:31
because it was so unusual for humans to try to extend their day.
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ื›ื™ ื–ื” ื“ื‘ืจ ื‘ืœืชื™ ืจื’ื™ืœ ืฉื‘ื ื™ ืื“ื ื™ื ืกื• ืœื”ืืจื™ืš ืืช ื”ื™ืžืžื” ืฉืœื”ื.
11:37
And they had about 30 of us
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ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ื‘ืขืจืš 30 ืื™ืฉ
11:38
that they would do sleep deprivation experiments on.
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ืฉืขืจื›ื• ืขืœื™ื ื• ื‘ื“ื™ืงื•ืช ื‘ืฉืœ ืžื—ืกื•ืจ ื‘ืฉื™ื ื”.
11:42
So I would come in and take the test and I fell asleep in each one.
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ื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ืžื’ื™ืขื” ืœื‘ื“ื™ืงื” ื•ื ืจื“ืžืช ื‘ื›ืœ ืคืขื.
11:45
And that was because, again, this eventually becomes hard on your body.
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ื›ื™, ื›ืืžื•ืจ, ื‘ืกื•ืคื• ืฉืœ ื“ื‘ืจ ืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ืžืืžืฅ ืจื‘ ืœื’ื•ืฃ ืฉืœืš.
11:52
Even though it was a blast.
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ืœืžืจื•ืช ืฉื ื”ื ื™ื ื• ืžื›ืœ ืจื’ืข.
11:55
It was a huge bonding experience with the other members on the team,
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ื–ืืช ื—ื•ื•ื™ืช ื’ื™ื‘ื•ืฉ ื ืคืœืื” ืขื ื—ื‘ืจื™ ื”ืฆื•ื•ืช ื”ืื—ืจื™ื,
12:00
but it is difficult to sustain.
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ืื‘ืœ ืงืฉื” ืžืื•ื“ ืœื”ืชืžื™ื“ ื‘ื”.
12:04
So these rover missions are our first steps out into the solar system.
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ืžืฉื™ืžื•ืช ื”ืจื•ื‘ืจื™ื ื”ืŸ ื”ืฆืขื“ื™ื ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื ืฉืœื ื• ืืœ ืชื•ืš ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ืฉืžืฉ.
12:10
We are learning how to live on more than one planet.
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืœื•ืžื“ื™ื ื›ื™ืฆื“ ืœื—ื™ื•ืช ืขืœ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื›ื•ื›ื‘ ืœื›ืช ืื—ื“.
12:15
We are changing our perspective to become multi-planetary.
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืžืฉื ื™ื ืืช ื”ืคืจืกืคืงื˜ื™ื‘ื” ืฉืœื ื• ืขืœ ืžื ืช ืœื”ืคื•ืš ืœืžื•ืœื˜ื™-ืคืœื ื˜ืจื™ื™ื.
12:20
So the next time you see a Star Wars movie,
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ืื– ื‘ืคืขื ื”ื‘ืื” ืฉืชืฆืคื• ื‘ืกืจื˜ "ืžืœื—ืžืช ื”ื›ื•ื›ื‘ื™ื",
12:23
and there are people going from the Dagobah system to Tatooine,
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ื•ืชืจืื• ืื ืฉื™ื ืฉื ื•ืกืขื™ื ืžื›ื•ื›ื‘ ื”ืœื›ืช ื“ื’ื•ื‘ื” ืœื˜ื˜ื•ืื™ืŸ,
12:27
think about what it really means to have people spread out so far.
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ืชื—ืฉื‘ื• ืžื”ื™ ื‘ืืžืช ื”ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช ื›ืฉืื ืฉื™ื ืžืชืคืจืกื™ื ืœืžืจื—ื‘ื™ื ื›ืืœื”.
12:32
What it means in terms of the distances between them,
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ื”ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช ืžื‘ื—ื™ื ืช ื”ืžืจื—ืงื™ื ื‘ื™ื ื™ื”ื,
12:35
how they will start to feel separate from each other
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ื›ื™ืฆื“ ื™ืจื’ื™ืฉื• ื‘ืžืจื—ืง ื–ื” ืžื–ื”
12:39
and just the logistics of the time.
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ื•ื›ื™ืฆื“ ื™ืชืžื•ื“ื“ื• ืขื ื”ืคืจืฉื™ ื”ื–ืžืŸ.
12:43
We have not sent people to Mars yet, but we hope to.
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ืขื•ื“ ืœื ืฉืœื—ื ื• ืื ืฉื™ื ืœืžืื“ื™ื ืื‘ืœ ืื ื—ื ื• ืžืงื•ื•ื™ื ืœืฉืœื•ื—.
12:48
And between companies like SpaceX and NASA
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ื•ื‘ืฉื™ืชื•ืฃ ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ื›ืžื• ืกืคื™ื™ืก ืืงืก ื•ื ืืก"ื
12:52
and all of the international space agencies of the world,
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ื•ืกื•ื›ื ื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ื—ืœืœ ื”ื‘ื™ื ืœืื•ืžื™ื•ืช,
12:55
we hope to do that in the next few decades.
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ื›ื•ืœื ื• ืชืงื•ื•ื” ืฉื–ื” ื™ืงืจื” ื‘ื›ืžื” ืขืฉื•ืจื™ื ื”ืงืจื•ื‘ื™ื.
12:59
So soon we will have people on Mars, and we truly will be multi-planetary.
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ื‘ืงืจื•ื‘ ื ืฉืœื— ืื ืฉื™ื ืœืžืื“ื™ื, ื•ืื›ืŸ ื ื”ื™ื” ืžื•ืœื˜ื™-ืคืœื ื˜ืจื™ื™ื.
13:05
And the young boy or the young girl
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ื•ื™ื™ืชื›ืŸ ืฉื”ื™ืœื“ ืื• ื”ื™ืœื“ื”
13:08
who will be going to Mars could be in this audience or listening today.
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ืฉื‘ืขืชื™ื“ ื™ื˜ื•ืกื• ืœืžืื“ื™ื, ื™ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ื‘ืงื”ืœ ื›ืืŸ ืื• ืžืื–ื™ื ื™ื ื”ื™ื•ื.
13:16
I have wanted to work at JPL on these missions since I was 14 years old
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ื—ืœืžืชื™ ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ ื‘ืžืขื‘ื“ื” ืœื”ื ืขื” ืกื™ืœื•ื ื™ืช ืขืœ ื”ืžืฉื™ืžื•ืช ื”ืืœื” ืžืื– ืฉื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ื‘ืช 14
13:21
and I am privileged to be a part of it.
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ื•ื ื™ืชื ื” ืœื™ ื”ื–ื›ื•ืช ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื—ืœืง ืžื”ืคืจื•ื™ืงื˜ ื”ื–ื”.
13:23
And this is a remarkable time in the space program,
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ืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ืชืงื•ืคื” ื™ื•ืฆืืช ืžืŸ ื”ื›ืœืœ ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช ื”ื—ืœืœ,
13:27
and we are all in this journey together.
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ื•ืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื•ืฆืื™ื ืœืžืกืข ื”ื–ื” ื‘ื™ื—ื“.
13:31
So the next time you think you don't have enough time in your day,
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ืื– ื‘ืคืขื ื”ื‘ืื” ืฉืชื—ืฉื‘ื• ืฉืื™ืŸ ืžืกืคื™ืง ื–ืžืŸ ื‘ื™ืžืžื” ืฉืœื›ื,
13:36
just remember, it's all a matter of your Earthly perspective.
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ืคืฉื•ื˜ ืชื–ื›ืจื•, ื”ื›ื•ืœ ื”ื•ื ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ืฉืœ ื”ืคืจืกืคืงื˜ื™ื‘ื” "ื”ืืจืฆื™ืช" ืฉืœื›ื.
13:41
Thank you.
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ืชื•ื“ื”.
13:42
(Applause)
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(ืžื—ื™ืื•ืช ื›ืคื™ื™ื)
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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