What time is it on Mars? | Nagin Cox

133,602 views ・ 2017-02-24

TED


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譯者: yue chen 審譯者: JiYuan Zhang
00:12
So many of you have probably seen the movie "The Martian."
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我想在座的大部分人可能 看過《絕地救援》。
00:16
But for those of you who did not, it's a movie about an astronaut
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但是,沒有看過的,我講一下: 這部電影是關於一個太空人,
00:20
who is stranded on Mars, and his efforts to stay alive
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他被困在火星上, 然後他想辦法要存活下來,
00:25
until the Earth can send a rescue mission to bring him back to Earth.
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直到地球能發動一個 營救任務然後帶他回去。
00:31
Gladly, they do re-establish communication
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還好他們和太空人瓦特尼
00:34
with the character, astronaut Watney, at some point
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重新聯繫上了,
00:36
so that he's not as alone on Mars until he can be rescued.
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這樣太空人在被救出去前 就不是孤單一人在火星上了。
00:42
So while you're watching the movie, or even if you haven't,
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在你看這部電影的時候, 沒看過也沒關係,
00:45
when you think about Mars,
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在你想起火星的時候,
00:46
you're probably thinking about how far away it is and how distant.
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你可能在思考火星 離這裡有多遠,距離是多少。
00:51
And, what might not have occurred to you is,
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還有,你腦海裡可能沒想過的:
00:54
what are the logistics really like of working on another planet --
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後勤是什麼樣的? 要是你真的在另一個星球上工作,
00:58
of living on two planets
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或者居住在兩個星球,
01:00
when there are people on the Earth and there are rovers or people on Mars?
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一邊是在地球的人, 一邊是火星上的小艇或者居民?
01:06
So think about when you have friends, families and co-workers
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所以,想像當你嘗試聯繫
01:10
in California, on the West Coast or in other parts of the world.
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在加州,在西海岸 或者在世界的另一面
01:14
When you're trying to communicate with them,
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你的朋友、家人和同事的時候,
01:16
one of the things you probably first think about is:
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你所想到的第一點就是
01:18
wait, what time is it in California?
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等等,在加州是什麼時間?
01:20
Will I wake them up? Is it OK to call?
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我會吵到他們嗎? 我可以給他們打電話嗎?
01:23
So even if you're interacting with colleagues who are in Europe,
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所以,如果你試著聯繫 你在歐洲的同事時,
01:27
you're immediately thinking about:
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你馬上就會想到:
01:29
What does it take to coordinate communication when people are far away?
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當人們這麼遠的時候, 彼此間聯繫需要協調什麼?
01:36
So we don't have people on Mars right now, but we do have rovers.
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我們現在還沒有人居住在火星, 但是我們有探測小艇。
01:42
And actually right now, on Curiosity, it is 6:10 in the morning.
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現在探測小艇「好奇號」那邊 是早上 6 點 10 分,
01:47
So, 6:10 in the morning on Mars.
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所以在火星是早上 6 點 10 分。
01:50
We have four rovers on Mars.
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我們有四部探測小艇在火星。
01:52
The United States has put four rovers on Mars since the mid-1990s,
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美國自 1990 年代中期 就在火星投放四部探測小艇。
01:56
and I have been privileged enough to work on three of them.
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我非常很榮幸地參加了 三部探測小艇的工作。
02:00
So, I am a spacecraft engineer, a spacecraft operations engineer,
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我是太空船工程師, 太空船航務管理工程師,
02:05
at NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory in Los Angeles, California.
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在位於洛杉磯的 太空總署噴射推進實驗室工作。
02:10
And these rovers are our robotic emissaries.
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這些探測車是我們的機器密使。
02:14
So, they are our eyes and our ears, and they see the planet for us
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所以,他們是我們的眼睛和耳朵, 他們在我們送人上去之前
02:21
until we can send people.
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幫助我們探索這個星球。
02:23
So we learn how to operate on other planets through these rovers.
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所以,我們透過這些小艇 學習怎麼在另一個星球上管理。
02:28
So before we send people, we send robots.
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在我們送人上去之前, 我們先送機器人。
02:33
So the reason there's a time difference on Mars right now,
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火星跟我們有時差的原因,
02:37
from the time that we're at
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和我們現在的地方有時差,
02:38
is because the Martian day is longer than the Earth day.
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是因為在火星的一天 比在地球的一天長。
02:42
Our Earth day is 24 hours,
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我們在地球一天是 24 小時,
02:45
because that's how long it takes the Earth to rotate,
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因為這是地球自轉的時間,
02:48
how long it takes to go around once.
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這是轉一圈的時間。
02:51
So our day is 24 hours.
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所以我們一天是 24 小時。
02:53
It takes Mars 24 hours and approximately 40 minutes to rotate once.
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火星自轉一圈需要約 24 小時又 40 分鐘。
03:00
So that means that the Martian day is 40 minutes longer than the Earth day.
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這就說明了火星的一天 比地球多了 40 分鐘。
03:07
So teams of people who are operating the rovers on Mars, like this one,
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所以像這個在管理 火星探測小艇的團隊,
03:12
what we are doing is we are living on Earth, but working on Mars.
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我們所做的就是雖然我們 居住在地球,卻在火星工作。
03:17
So we have to think as if we are actually on Mars with the rover.
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所以我們得像實際在火星上 與探測艇一起一樣。
03:23
Our job, the job of this team, of which I'm a part of,
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這個隊伍的工作,我也是其中之一,
03:27
is to send commands to the rover to tell it what to do the next day.
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是要下指令告訴探測艇 我們明天要幹什麼。
03:33
To tell it to drive or drill or tell her whatever she's supposed to do.
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告訴它要開或鑽取 或告訴她任何她應該做的。
03:37
So while she's sleeping -- and the rover does sleep at night
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所以當她在睡覺的時候, 這部探測艇的確需要在晚上休息,
03:41
because she needs to recharge her batteries
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因為她需要充電,
03:44
and she needs to weather the cold Martian night.
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她還需要在冰冷的火星 晚上保護自己。
03:48
And so she sleeps.
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所以她需要睡覺。
03:49
So while she sleeps, we work on her program for the next day.
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在她睡覺的時候,我們忙著告訴她 第二天需要做的事。
03:54
So I work the Martian night shift.
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所以我值火星(錯誤包)夜班。
03:57
(Laughter)
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(笑)
03:59
So in order to come to work on the Earth at the same time every day on Mars --
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所以在地球上如果我們要在 火星的固定時間上班,
04:05
like, let's say I need to be at work at 5:00 p.m.,
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舉個例,我需要在下午 5:00 工作,
04:08
this team needs to be at work at 5:00 p.m. Mars time every day,
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這個團隊需要在火星時間 每天下午 5:00 工作,
04:13
then we have to come to work on the Earth 40 minutes later every day,
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那麼在地球上我們每天都要 比前一天晚 40 分鐘來上班,
04:21
in order to stay in sync with Mars.
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以便與火星保持同步。
04:24
That's like moving a time zone every day.
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這就像每天換一個時區一樣。
04:27
So one day you come in at 8:00, the next day 40 minutes later at 8:40,
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所以一天你 8 點到, 第二天晚 40 分鐘,8 點 40 到,
04:32
the next day 40 minutes later at 9:20,
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第三天晚 40 分鐘,9 點 20,
04:35
the next day at 10:00.
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第四天 10 點。
04:37
So you keep moving 40 minutes every day,
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你會每天推遲 40 分鐘,
04:41
until soon you're coming to work in the middle of the night --
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很快你就會在凌晨工作,
04:44
the middle of the Earth night.
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在地球的凌晨。
04:45
Right? So you can imagine how confusing that is.
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是吧?所以你可以想像 這有多麼的複雜。
04:49
Hence, the Mars watch.
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因此,火星手錶。
04:51
(Laughter)
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(笑)
04:52
This weights in this watch have been mechanically adjusted
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重量已經過機械調整,
04:56
so that it runs more slowly.
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使其運行更慢。
04:58
Right? And we didn't start out --
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對? 我們沒有開始──
05:00
I got this watch in 2004
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我在 2004 年拿到這款手錶,
05:03
when Spirit and Opportunity, the rovers back then.
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當時「精神號」和「機會號」 這兩艘小艇開始工作。
05:06
We didn't start out thinking
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我們一開始沒有想到
05:08
that we were going to need Mars watches.
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我們會需要火星手錶。
05:10
Right? We thought, OK, we'll just have the time on our computers
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對?我們只想到我們的電腦上
05:14
and on the mission control screens, and that would be enough.
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和任務管制螢幕上都有時間,
這就夠了。
05:18
Yeah, not so much.
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是的,不夠。
05:20
Because we weren't just working on Mars time,
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因為我們不只是在火星時間工作,
05:22
we were actually living on Mars time.
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我們實際上生活在火星時間。
05:26
And we got just instantaneously confused about what time it was.
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我們瞬間就搞不清楚到底是幾點了。
05:30
So you really needed something on your wrist to tell you:
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所以你真的需要 你手腕上的東西告訴你:
05:34
What time is it on the Earth? What time is it on Mars?
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在地球上是幾點?火星是幾點?
05:37
And it wasn't just the time on Mars that was confusing;
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而且還不只是火星上的 時間令人困惑;
05:43
we also needed to be able to talk to each other about it.
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我們還需要能夠彼此談論它。
05:49
So a "sol" is a Martian day -- again, 24 hours and 40 minutes.
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所以在火星一個「太陽日」 是 24 小時又 40 分鐘。
05:54
So when we're talking about something that's happening on the Earth,
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當我們談論在地球上的事情時,
05:58
we will say, today.
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我們會說,今日。
06:00
So, for Mars, we say, "tosol."
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所以在火星我們說,「今太陽日。」
06:02
(Laughter)
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(笑)
06:05
Yesterday became "yestersol" for Mars.
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昨日在火星成為「昨太陽日」。
06:10
Again, we didn't start out thinking, "Oh, let's invent a language."
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情況再度發生,我們沒有想到 「哦,讓我們發明一種語言。」
06:15
It was just very confusing.
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這只是很混亂。
06:16
I remember somebody walked up to me and said,
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我記得有人走過來對我說:
06:18
"I would like to do this activity on the vehicle tomorrow, on the rover."
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「明天我想在車上 做這個活動,探測車。」
06:22
And I said, "Tomorrow, tomorrow, or Mars, tomorrow?"
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我說:「明天? 地球的,還是火星的?」
06:27
We started this terminology because we needed a way to talk to each other.
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我們開始用這個術語, 因為我們需要一種方式來相互交談。
06:32
(Laughter)
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(笑)
06:34
Tomorrow became "nextersol" or "solorrow."
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明日成為「翌太陽日」 或「明太陽日。」
06:39
Because people have different preferences for the words they use.
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因為人們對他們使用的詞 有不同的偏好。
06:42
Some of you might say "soda" and some of you might say "pop."
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有些人可能會說「蘇打水」, 有些人可能會說「汽水。」
06:46
So we have people who say "nextersol" or "solorrow."
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所以我們有人說 「翌太陽日」或「明太陽日。」
06:50
And then something that I noticed after a few years of working on these missions,
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然後,我注意到, 做了這些任務幾年後,
06:55
was that the people who work on the rovers, we say "tosol."
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做探測挺工作的, 我們會說「今太陽日。」
07:00
The people who work on the landed missions that don't rove around,
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只做登陸任務、不做探測挺的,
07:03
they say "tosoul."
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他們說「今太陽天。」
07:05
So I could actually tell what mission you worked on from your Martian accent.
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所以我可以從你的火星用語 辨別你的工作任務。
07:10
(Laughter)
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(笑)
07:13
So we have the watches and the language, and you're detecting a theme here, right?
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所以我們有手錶和語言, 你開始有點感覺了吧?
07:17
So that we don't get confused.
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所以我們不會困惑。
07:20
But even the Earth daylight could confuse us.
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但即使是地球的日光 也可能讓我們迷惑。
07:24
If you think that right now, you've come to work
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如果你認為現在,你來上班,
07:26
and it's the middle of the Martian night
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但這是火星的深夜,
07:28
and there's light streaming in from the windows
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又有窗口流進的光,
07:32
that's going to be confusing as well.
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這也會造成混亂。
07:34
So you can see from this image of the control room
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所以你可以看到控制室的樣子,
07:37
that all of the blinds are down.
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所有的百葉窗都放下來了。
07:39
So that there's no light to distract us.
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所以沒有光可以分散我們的注意力。
07:42
The blinds went down all over the building about a week before landing,
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著陸前一個星期 整個建築物的百葉窗都放下來,
07:47
and they didn't go up until we went off Mars time.
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沒有拉上去, 直到我們開始火星時間。
07:50
So this also works for the house, for at home.
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所以這也適用於房子,在家裡。
07:54
I've been on Mars time three times, and my husband is like,
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我已經在火星時間三次, 我的丈夫就好像,
07:56
OK, we're getting ready for Mars time.
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好的,我們準備好過火星時間了。
07:58
And so he'll put foil all over the windows and dark curtains and shades
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所以他會把窗戶全貼上鋁箔紙, 窗簾和遮陽板都放下,
08:04
because it also affects your families.
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因為這也影響你的家人。
08:08
And so here I was living in kind of this darkened environment, but so was he.
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所以我生活在這種 黑暗的環境中,他也是。
08:13
And he'd gotten used to it.
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他已經慢慢習慣了。
08:14
But then I would get these plaintive emails from him when he was at work.
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當我在工作的時候, 我會收到他楚楚可憐的電子郵件。
08:19
Should I come home? Are you awake?
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我可以回家嗎?妳醒著嗎?
08:22
What time is it on Mars?
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現在在火星是幾點?
08:25
And I decided, OK, so he needs a Mars watch.
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然後我決定了, 他需要一個火星手錶。
08:28
(Laughter)
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(笑)
08:29
But of course, it's 2016, so there's an app for that.
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但是當然,這是 2016 年, 所以他們當然有一個應用程式。
08:34
(Laughter)
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(笑)
08:35
So now instead of the watches, we can also use our phones.
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現在除了手錶, 我們還可以用我們的手機。
08:40
But the impact on families was just across the board;
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但對家庭的影響是全面的;
08:44
it wasn't just those of us who were working on the rovers
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不只對我們這些做探測挺工作的人,
08:48
but our families as well.
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對我們的家庭也一樣。
08:50
This is David Oh, one of our flight directors,
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這是歐大衛, 我們的一名飛行指引長,
08:53
and he's at the beach in Los Angeles with his family at 1:00 in the morning.
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這是他凌晨 1:00 在洛杉磯海灘 和他家人的合照。
08:57
(Laughter)
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(笑)
08:58
So because we landed in August
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因為我們在八月份著陸,
09:01
and his kids didn't have to go back to school until September,
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他的孩子在九月份之前 都不用回學校,
09:06
they actually went on to Mars time with him for one month.
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他們真的和他一起 過了一個月的火星時間。
09:11
They got up 40 minutes later every day.
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他們每天晚起 40 分鐘,
09:15
And they were on dad's work schedule.
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他們跟著爸爸的工作日程過日子。
09:18
So they lived on Mars time for a month and had these great adventures,
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所以,他們過了一個月火星時間, 這是一次非常棒的歷程。
09:22
like going bowling in the middle of the night
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譬如在凌晨打保齡球,
09:24
or going to the beach.
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或者去海灘一樣。
09:25
And one of the things that we all discovered
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我們都發現到一件事,
09:29
is you can get anywhere in Los Angeles
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就是你早上 3:00 可以去洛杉磯任何地方,
09:33
at 3:00 in the morning when there's no traffic.
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因為不會塞車!
09:36
(Laughter)
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(笑)
09:38
So we would get off work,
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所以我們下班後,
09:39
and we didn't want to go home and bother our families,
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我們不想回家或者打擾我們的家人,
09:42
and we were hungry, so instead of going locally to eat something,
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但是我們很餓, 可是我們沒有去附近找東西吃,
09:46
we'd go, "Wait, there's this great all-night deli in Long Beach,
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反而是:「等等, 長灘有一家很棒的宵夜店,
09:49
and we can get there in 10 minutes!"
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我們能在 10 分鐘內到那裡!」
09:51
So we would drive down -- it was like the 60s, no traffic.
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所以,我們會開車去那裡, 就像 60 年代,沒有塞車!
09:54
We would drive down there, and the restaurant owners would go,
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我們到了那裡, 然後餐廳的主人過來了,
09:58
"Who are you people?
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「你們這群人是誰?」
10:01
And why are you at my restaurant at 3:00 in the morning?"
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「為什麼你們凌晨3 點 在我的餐廳?」
10:05
So they came to realize that there were these packs of Martians,
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所以他們意識到,有這些火星人,
10:11
roaming the LA freeways, in the middle of the night --
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漫遊洛杉磯高速公路,在半夜──
10:17
in the middle of the Earth night.
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在地球的半夜。
10:19
And we did actually start calling ourselves Martians.
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我們確實開始稱自己是火星人。
10:24
So those of us who were on Mars time would refer to ourselves as Martians,
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所以過火星時間的我們 會自稱為火星人,
10:30
and everyone else as Earthlings.
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其他人則是「地球上的生靈。」
10:32
(Laughter)
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(笑)
10:34
And that's because when you're moving a time-zone every day,
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這是因為當你每天換一個時區,
10:39
you start to really feel separated from everyone else.
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你開始真正感覺與其他人分開。
10:45
You're literally in your own world.
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你真的活在你自己的世界裡。
10:50
So I have this button on that says, "I survived Mars time. Sol 0-90."
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所以我有這個圓別針上面說: 「我從火星時間生還,太陽日 0-90。」
10:57
And there's a picture of it up on the screen.
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螢幕上有張相片。
11:00
So the reason we got these buttons is because we work on Mars time
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我們得到這些別針的原因 是因為我們在火星時間工作,
11:05
in order to be as efficient as possible with the rover on Mars,
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為了使火星探測車 在火星上盡可能高效,
11:10
to make the best use of our time.
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以充分利用我們的時間。
11:13
But we don't stay on Mars time for more than three to four months.
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但是我們不會過火星時間 超過三到四個月。
11:17
Eventually, we'll move to a modified Mars time, which is what we're working now.
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最後,我們會轉到調整過的火星時間, 這是我們現在正在研究的東西。
11:22
And that's because it's hard on your bodies, it's hard on your families.
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這是因為它對你的身體很不好, 對你的家人也很難熬。
11:26
In fact, there were sleep researchers who actually were studying us
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事實上,有睡眠研究人員 實際在研究我們,
11:31
because it was so unusual for humans to try to extend their day.
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因為人類試圖延長 他們的一天是非常難見的。
11:37
And they had about 30 of us
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他們約有 30 個人
11:38
that they would do sleep deprivation experiments on.
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會做睡眠剝奪實驗。
11:42
So I would come in and take the test and I fell asleep in each one.
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所以我會進來參加測試, 而且我在每場測試都睡著了。
11:45
And that was because, again, this eventually becomes hard on your body.
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這是因為,再說一次, 這最終變得對你的身體很糟。
11:52
Even though it was a blast.
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即使它很好玩。
11:55
It was a huge bonding experience with the other members on the team,
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這會與團隊中其他成員 產生很強的情誼,
12:00
but it is difficult to sustain.
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但是難以維持。
12:04
So these rover missions are our first steps out into the solar system.
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所以這些探測任務 是我們進入太陽系的第一步。
12:10
We are learning how to live on more than one planet.
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我們正在學習 如何在多個星球上生活。
12:15
We are changing our perspective to become multi-planetary.
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我們正在改變我們的觀點, 成為多行星。
12:20
So the next time you see a Star Wars movie,
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所以下次你看到星際大戰電影,
12:23
and there are people going from the Dagobah system to Tatooine,
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有人從達哥巴系統到塔圖因,
12:27
think about what it really means to have people spread out so far.
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想想到目前為止人類向外擴散的 真正意義是什麼。
12:32
What it means in terms of the distances between them,
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他們之間的距離意味著什麼,
12:35
how they will start to feel separate from each other
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他們將如何開始感覺彼此分離,
12:39
and just the logistics of the time.
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甚至只是物流的時間。
12:43
We have not sent people to Mars yet, but we hope to.
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我們還沒有派人去火星, 但我們希望能。
12:48
And between companies like SpaceX and NASA
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在像 SpaceX 這樣的公司和太空總署
12:52
and all of the international space agencies of the world,
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及世界上所有的國際太空組織中間,
12:55
we hope to do that in the next few decades.
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我們希望在未來幾十年裡能做到。
12:59
So soon we will have people on Mars, and we truly will be multi-planetary.
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很快我們就會有人在火星上, 我們會是多行星的。
13:05
And the young boy or the young girl
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今天在這裡看或聽的 年輕男孩或年輕女孩
13:08
who will be going to Mars could be in this audience or listening today.
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都有可能會去火星。
13:16
I have wanted to work at JPL on these missions since I was 14 years old
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我 14 歲時就想在 噴射推進實驗室做這些任務,
13:21
and I am privileged to be a part of it.
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我有幸成為它的一部分。
13:23
And this is a remarkable time in the space program,
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這是太空計劃中一個了不起的時代,
13:27
and we are all in this journey together.
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我們一起在這個旅程中。
13:31
So the next time you think you don't have enough time in your day,
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所以下次你認為 你一天沒有足夠的時間,
13:36
just remember, it's all a matter of your Earthly perspective.
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只要記住,這只是你從地球角度看罷了。
13:41
Thank you.
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謝謝!
13:42
(Applause)
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(掌聲)
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