Bran Ferren: To create for the ages, let's combine art and engineering

111,625 views ใƒป 2014-03-25

TED


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

ืžืชืจื’ื: Boaz Hovav ืžื‘ืงืจ: Ido Dekkers
00:13
Good morning.
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ื‘ื•ืงืจ ื˜ื•ื‘.
00:15
When I was a little boy,
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ื›ืฉื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ื™ืœื“ ืงื˜ืŸ,
00:17
I had an experience that changed my life,
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ื—ื•ื•ื™ืชื™ ื—ื•ื•ื™ื” ืฉืฉื™ื ืชื” ืืช ื—ื™ื™,
00:20
and is in fact why I'm here today.
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ื•ื‘ื–ื›ื•ืชื” ืื ื™ ื ืžืฆื ื›ืืŸ ื”ื™ื•ื.
00:23
That one moment
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ืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ืจื’ืข ืื—ื“
00:25
profoundly affected how I think about
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ืฉื”ืฉืคื™ืข ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืขืžื•ืง ืขืœ ื”ื“ืจืš ื‘ื” ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ ืขืœ
00:27
art, design and engineering.
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ืื•ืžื ื•ืช, ืขื™ืฆื•ื‘ ื•ื”ื ื“ืกื”.
00:30
As background, I was fortunate enough to grow up
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ืœื’ื‘ื™ ื”ืจืงืข ืฉืœื™, ื”ืชืžื–ืœ ืžื–ืœื™ ืœื’ื“ื•ืœ
00:33
in a family of loving and talented artists
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ื‘ืžืฉืคื—ื” ืฉืœ ืื•ื”ื‘ื™ ืื•ืžื ื•ืช ื•ืืžื ื™ื ืžื•ื›ืฉืจื™ื
00:36
in one of the world's great cities.
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ื‘ืื—ืช ืžื”ืขืจื™ื ื”ืžื“ื”ื™ืžื•ืช ื‘ืขื•ืœื.
00:39
My dad, John Ferren, who died when I was 15,
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ืื‘ื™, ื’'ื•ื”ืŸ ืคืจืŸ, ืฉื”ืœืš ืœืขื•ืœืžื• ื›ืฉื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ื‘ืŸ 15,
00:43
was an artist by both passion and profession,
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ื”ื™ื” ืืžืŸ ื‘ืชืฉื•ืงืชื• ื•ื‘ืžืงืฆื•ืขื•,
00:46
as is my mom, Rae.
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ืžืžืฉ ื›ืžื• ืืžื™, ืจื™ื™.
00:49
He was one of the New York School
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ื”ื•ื ื”ื™ื” ืื—ื“ ืžืžื™ื™ืกื“ื™ ื”ืืกื›ื•ืœื” ื”ื ื™ื• ื™ื•ืจืงื™ืช
00:51
abstract expressionists who,
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ืฉืœ ื”ืฆื™ื•ืจ ื”ืืงืกืคืจืกื™ื•ื ื™ืกื˜ื™ ื”ืžื•ืคืฉื˜,
00:52
together with his contemporaries,
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ืืฉืจ ื‘ื™ื—ื“ ืขื ื‘ื ื™ ื“ื•ืจื•,
00:55
invented American modern art,
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ื”ืžืฆื™ืื• ืืช ื”ืื•ืžื ื•ืช ื”ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ืช ื”ืžื•ื“ืจื ื™ืช,
00:58
and contributed to moving the American zeitgeist
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ื•ืชืจืžื• ืœืงื™ื“ื•ื ืจื•ื— ื”ื–ืžืŸ ื”ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ืช
01:01
towards modernism in the 20th century.
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ื•ืœืคื™ืชื•ื— ื”ืื•ืžื ื•ืช ื”ืžื•ื“ืจื ื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืžืื” ื”- 20.
01:05
Isn't it remarkable that, after thousands of years
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ืžื“ื”ื™ื ืœื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืขืœ ื›ืš, ืฉืื—ืจื™ ืืœืคื™ ืฉื ื™ื
01:08
of people doing mostly representational art,
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ื‘ื”ื ืื ืฉื™ื ื™ืฆืจื• ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ืื•ืžื ื•ืช ืฉื”ืฆื™ื’ื” ืืช ื”ืžืฆื™ืื•ืช,
01:12
that modern art, comparatively speaking,
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ื”ืื•ืžื ื•ืช ื”ืžื•ื“ืจื ื™ืช, ืฉื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื™ื—ืกื™
01:14
is about 15 minutes old,
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ื”ื™ื ื‘ืช ื›- 15 ื“ืงื•ืช,
01:16
yet now pervasive.
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ื”ืกืคื™ืงื” ืœื”ืชืคืฉื˜ ื‘ื›ืœ ื”ืขื•ืœื.
01:18
As with many other important innovations,
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ื›ืคื™ ืฉืงืจื” ืœื”ืžืฆืื•ืช ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื•ืช ืจื‘ื•ืช ืื—ืจื•ืช,
01:20
those radical ideas required no new technology,
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ื”ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ื ื”ืขืžื•ืงื™ื ืœื ื“ืจืฉื• ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ื—ื“ืฉื”,
01:24
just fresh thinking and a willingness to experiment,
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ืจืง ื—ืฉื™ื‘ื” ืžืงื•ืจื™ืช ื•ื ื›ื•ื ื•ืช ืœื”ืชื ืกื•ืช,
01:27
plus resiliency in the face of near-universal criticism
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ื‘ืชื•ืกืคืช ื’ืžื™ืฉื•ืช ืืœ ืžื•ืœ ื”ื‘ื™ืงื•ืจืช
01:31
and rejection.
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ื•ื”ื“ื—ื™ื™ื” ืžื”ืขื•ืœื.
01:32
In our home, art was everywhere.
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ื‘ื‘ื™ืชื ื•, ื”ืื•ืžื ื•ืช ื ื›ื—ื” ื‘ื›ืœ ืžืงื•ื.
01:35
It was like oxygen,
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ื”ื™ื ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื›ืžื• ื—ืžืฆืŸ,
01:36
around us and necessary for life.
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ืžืงื™ืคื” ืื•ืชื ื• ื•ื—ื™ื•ื ื™ืช ืœื—ื™ื™ื ื•.
01:40
As I watched him paint,
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ื›ืฉืฆืคื™ืชื™ ื‘ื• ืžืฆื™ื™ืจ,
01:41
Dad taught me that art
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ืื‘ื ืœื™ืžื“ ืื•ืชื™ ืฉืื•ืžื ื•ืช
01:44
was not about being decorative,
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ืื™ื ื” ืขื•ืกืงืช ื‘ืงื™ืฉื•ื˜,
01:46
but was a different way of communicating ideas,
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ืืœื ื”ื™ื ื“ืจืš ื—ืœื•ืคื™ืช ืœื”ืขื‘ืจืช ืจืขื™ื•ื ื•ืช,
01:49
and in fact one that could bridge the worlds
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ืฉื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœื’ืฉืจ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืขื•ืœืžื•ืช
01:51
of knowledge and insight.
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ื”ื™ื“ืข ื•ื”ืชื•ื‘ื ื”.
01:54
Given this rich artistic environment,
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ื‘ื”ืชื—ืฉื‘ ื‘ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื” ื”ืืžื ื•ืชื™ืช ื‘ื” ื’ื“ืœืชื™,
01:56
you'd assume that I would have been compelled
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ื ื™ืชืŸ ื”ื™ื” ืœื”ื ื™ื— ืฉืื ื™ ืืžืฉื™ืš
01:58
to go into the family business,
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ื•ืืฆื˜ืจืฃ ืœืขืกืง ื”ืžืฉืคื—ืชื™,
02:00
but no.
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ืื‘ืœ ืœื.
02:03
I followed the path of most kids
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ืื ื™ ื‘ื—ืจืชื™ ื‘ื“ืจืš ืฉืœ ืจื•ื‘ ื”ื™ืœื“ื™ื
02:04
who are genetically programmed
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ืฉืžืชื•ื›ื ืชื™ื ืžื‘ื—ื™ื ื” ื’ื ื˜ื™ืช
02:06
to make their parents crazy.
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ืœืฉื’ืข ืืช ื”ื”ื•ืจื™ื.
02:08
I had no interest in becoming an artist,
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ืœื ื”ื‘ืขืชื™ ื›ืœ ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ืงืจื™ื™ืจื” ืืžื ื•ืชื™ืช,
02:10
certainly not a painter.
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ื‘ื˜ื— ืฉืœื ื‘ืฆื™ื•ืจ.
02:12
What I did love was electronics and machines --
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ืื ื™ ืื”ื‘ืชื™ ืืœืงื˜ืจื•ื ื™ืงื” ื•ืžื›ื•ื ื•ืช --
02:15
taking them apart, building new ones,
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ืœืคืจืง ืื•ืชื, ืœื‘ื ื•ืช ืžื—ื“ืฉ,
02:17
and making them work.
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ืœื’ืจื•ื ืœื”ื ืœืขื‘ื•ื“.
02:19
Fortunately, my family also had engineers in it,
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ืœืžื–ืœื™, ื”ื™ื• ื‘ืžืฉืคื—ืชื™ ื’ื ื›ืžื” ืžื”ื ื“ืกื™ื,
02:23
and with my parents,
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ื•ื™ื—ื“ ืขื ื”ื•ืจื™,
02:24
these were my first role models.
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ื”ื ื”ื™ื• ื”ืžื•ื“ืœื™ื ืœื—ื™ืงื•ื™ ืฉืœื™.
02:27
What they all had in common
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ืžื” ืฉื”ื™ื” ืžืฉื•ืชืฃ ืœื›ื•ืœื
02:28
was they worked very, very hard.
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ื”ื™ื” ืฉื”ื ืขื‘ื“ื• ืžืื“, ืžืื“ ืงืฉื”.
02:31
My grandpa owned and operated a sheet metal
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ืกื‘ื ืฉืœื™ ื”ื™ื” ื”ื‘ืขืœื™ื ื•ื”ืžืคืขื™ืœ ืฉืœ ืžืคืขืœ ืœื™ื™ืฆื•ืจ ืืจื•ื ื•ืช
02:33
kitchen cabinet factory in Brooklyn.
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ืžื˜ื‘ื— ืžืœื•ื—ื•ืช ืคื— ื‘ื‘ืจื•ืงืœื™ืŸ.
02:36
On weekends, we would go together to Cortlandt Street,
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ื‘ืกื•ืคื™ ื”ืฉื‘ื•ืข, ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ื”ื•ืœื›ื™ื ื—ื“ ืœืจื—ื•ื‘ ืงื•ืจื˜ืœื ื“ื˜,
02:39
which was New York City's radio row.
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ื‘ื• ื™ืฉื‘ื• ืชื—ื ื•ืช ื”ืจื“ื™ื• ืฉืœ ื”ืขื™ืจ ื ื™ื•-ื™ื•ืจืง.
02:42
There we would explore massive piles
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ืฉื ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ื ื•ื‘ืจื™ื ื‘ืขืจืžื•ืช ืขืฆื•ืžื•ืช
02:45
of surplus electronics,
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ืฉืœ ืคืกื•ืœืช ืืœืงื˜ืจื•ื ื™ืช,
02:46
and for a few bucks bring home treasures
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ื•ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืคืจื•ื˜ื•ืช ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ืžื‘ื™ืื™ื ื”ื‘ื™ืชื” ืื•ืฆืจ
02:48
like Norden bombsights
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ื›ืžื• ืžื—ืฉื‘ื™ ื”ื›ื•ื•ื ื” ืื ืœื•ื’ื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ืคืฆืฆื•ืช
02:50
and parts from the first IBM tube-based computers.
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ื•ื—ืœืงื™ื ืฉืœ ืžื—ืฉื‘ื™ ืžื ื•ืจื•ืช ืžืชื•ืฆืจืช IBM.
02:54
I found these objects both useful and fascinating.
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ืœื˜ืขืžื™, ื”ืžืฆื™ืื•ืช ื”ืœืœื• ื”ื™ื• ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉื™ื•ืช ื•ืžืจืชืงื•ืช.
02:57
I learned about engineering and how things worked,
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ืœืžื“ืชื™ ืขืœ ื”ื ื“ืกื” ื•ืขืœ ื”ื“ืจืš ื‘ื” ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื,
03:00
not at school
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ืœื ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืกืคืจ
03:01
but by taking apart and studying
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ืืœื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืคื™ืจื•ืง ื•ืœืžื™ื“ื”
03:03
these fabulously complex devices.
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ืฉืœ ืื•ืชื ืžืชืงื ื™ื ืืœืงื˜ืจื•ื ื™ื™ื ืžืกื•ื‘ื›ื™ื.
03:06
I did this for hours every day,
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ื‘ื™ืœื™ืชื™ ืฉืขื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื™ื•ื ื‘ืคืจื•ืง ืžืชืงื ื™ื,
03:08
apparently avoiding electrocution.
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ื•ื›ืคื™ ืฉืืชื ืจื•ืื™ื ืœื ื”ืชื—ืฉืžืœืชื™ ืœืžื•ื•ืช ื‘ืชื”ืœื™ืš.
03:11
Life was good.
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ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ื”ื™ื• ื ืคืœืื™ื.
03:13
However, every summer, sadly,
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ืื‘ืœ, ื‘ื›ืœ ืงื™ืฅ, ืœืžืจื‘ื” ื”ืขืฆื‘,
03:15
the machines got left behind
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ื ืืœืฆืชื™ ืœื–ื ื•ื— ืืช ื”ืžื›ื•ื ื•ืช
03:17
while my parents and I traveled overseas
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ื•ืœื ืกื•ืข ืขื ื”ื•ืจื™ ืืœ ืžืขื‘ืจ ืœื™ื
03:20
to experience history, art and design.
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ืขืœ ืžื ืช ืœื—ื•ื•ืช ืืช ืขื•ืœื ื”ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื”, ื”ืื•ืžื ื•ืช ื•ื”ืขื™ืฆื•ื‘.
03:23
We visited the great museums and historic buildings
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ื‘ื™ืงืจื ื• ื‘ืžื•ื–ื™ืื•ื ื™ื ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื ื‘ืขื•ืœื ื•ื‘ื‘ื ื™ื™ื ื™ื ื”ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื™ื
03:26
of both Europe and the Middle East,
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ืฉืœ ืื™ืจื•ืคื” ื•ื”ืžื–ืจื— ื”ืชื™ื›ื•ืŸ,
03:27
but to encourage my growing interest
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ืื‘ืœ ืขืœ ืžื ืช ืœืขื•ื“ื“ ืืช ื”ื”ืชืขื ื™ื™ื ื•ืช ืฉืœื™
03:30
in science and technology,
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ื‘ืžื“ืข ื•ื‘ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื”,
03:31
they would simply drop me off in places
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ื”ื”ื•ืจื™ื ืฉืœื™ ื”ื™ื• ืžืฉืื™ืจื™ื ืื•ืชื™ ื‘ืžืงื•ืžื•ืช
03:34
like the London Science Museum,
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ื›ืžื• ืžื•ื–ื™ืื•ืŸ ื”ืžื“ืข ืฉืœ ืœื•ื ื“ื•ืŸ,
03:36
where I would wander endlessly for hours by myself
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ืฉื ื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ืžืฉื•ื˜ื˜ ื‘ืžืฉืš ืฉืขืช ืœื‘ื“ื™,
03:40
studying the history of science and technology.
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ื•ืœื•ืžื“ ืืช ื”ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืžื“ืข ื•ื”ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื”.
03:44
Then, when I was about nine years old,
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ื•ืื–, ื›ืฉื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ื‘ืขืจืš ื‘ืŸ 9,
03:47
we went to Rome.
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ื ืกืขื ื• ืœืจื•ืžื.
03:49
On one particularly hot summer day,
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ื‘ื™ื•ื ืงื™ืฅ ื—ื ืžืื“ ืื—ื“,
03:51
we visited a drum-shaped building that from the outside
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ื‘ื™ืงืจื ื• ื‘ืžื‘ื ื” ื“ืžื•ื™ ืชื•ืฃ ืฉืžื‘ื—ื•ืฅ
03:54
was not particularly interesting.
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ืœื ื ืจืื” ืžืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“.
03:57
My dad said it was called the Pantheon,
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ืื‘ื™ ืืžืจ ืฉื”ืžื‘ื ื” ื ืงืจื ื”ืคื ืชืื•ืŸ,
03:59
a temple for all of the gods.
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ืžืงื“ืฉ ืœื›ืœ ื”ืืœื™ื.
04:01
It didn't look all that special from the outside,
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ื”ื‘ื ื™ื™ืŸ ืœื ื ืจืื” ืžืจืฉื™ื ืžื‘ื—ื•ืฅ,
04:04
as I said, but when we walked inside,
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ื›ืคื™ ืฉืฆื™ื™ื ืชื™, ืื‘ืœ ื›ืฉื ื›ื ืกื ื• ืคื ื™ืžื”,
04:06
I was immediately struck by three things:
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ืฉืœื•ืฉื” ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื”ืžืžื• ืื•ืชื™ ืžื™ื“:
04:09
First of all, it was pleasantly cool
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ืจืืฉื™ืช, ื”ื™ื” ื ืขื™ื ื•ืงืจื™ืจ ื‘ืชื•ืš ื”ื‘ื ื™ื™ืŸ
04:13
despite the oppressive heat outside.
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ืœืžืจื•ืช ื”ื—ื•ื ื”ืžืขื™ืง ื‘ื—ื•ืฅ.
04:15
It was very dark, the only source of light
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ื”ื™ื” ื—ืฉื•ืš ืžืื“, ืžืงื•ืจ ื”ืื•ืจ ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“
04:17
being an big open hole in the roof.
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ื”ื™ื” ืคืชื— ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื‘ื’ื’.
04:20
Dad explained that this wasn't a big open hole,
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ืื‘ื ื”ืกื‘ื™ืจ ืœื™ ืฉืœื ืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ื—ื•ืจ ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื•ืคืชื•ื—,
04:22
but it was called the oculus,
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ืืœื ื‘ืคืชื— ืฉืžื›ื•ื ื” 'ืื•ืงื•ืœื•ืก'
04:24
an eye to the heavens.
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ืขื™ืŸ ืœืฉืžื™ื™ื.
04:26
And there was something about this place,
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ื•ื”ื™ื” ืžืฉื”ื• ื ื•ืกืฃ ื‘ืžืงื•ื,
04:28
I didn't know why, that just felt special.
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ืœื ื™ื“ืขืชื™ ืœืžื”, ืื‘ืœ ื”ื•ื ื”ืจื’ื™ืฉ ืžื™ื•ื—ื“.
04:31
As we walked to the center of the room,
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ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ืฉื”ืœื›ื ื• ืœื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืžืจื›ื– ื”ื—ื“ืจ,
04:33
I looked up at the heavens through the oculus.
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ื”ื‘ื˜ืชื™ ืœืžืขืœื” ืœืฉืžื™ื™ื ื“ืจืš ื”ืื•ืงื•ืœื•ืก.
04:36
This was the first church that I'd been to
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ื–ื• ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื”ืคืขื ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ื‘ื” ืจืื™ืชื™ ื›ื ืกื™ื™ื”
04:39
that provided an unrestricted view
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ืฉืืคืฉืจื” ืงืฉืจ ืขื™ืŸ ื™ืฉื™ืจ
04:41
between God and man.
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ื‘ื™ืŸ ืืœื•ื”ื™ื ืœืื“ื.
04:44
But I wondered, what about when it rained?
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ืื‘ืœ ืื ื™ ืชื”ื™ืชื™, ืžื” ืงื•ืจื” ื›ืฉื™ื•ืจื“ ื’ืฉื?
04:47
Dad may have called this an oculus,
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ืื‘ื™ ืื•ืœื™ ืงื•ืจื” ืœืคืชื— ืื•ืงื•ืœื•ืก,
04:49
but it was, in fact, a big hole in the roof.
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ืื‘ืœ ืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ, ื‘ืคื•ืขืœ, ื‘ืคืชื— ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื‘ื’ื’.
04:52
I looked down and saw floor drains
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ื”ื‘ื˜ืชื™ ืœืžื˜ื”, ื•ืจืื™ืชื™ ืชืขืœื•ืช ื ื™ืงื•ื–
04:54
had been cut into the stone floor.
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ืฉื ื—ืฆื‘ื• ื‘ืจืฆืคืช ื”ืื‘ืŸ.
04:57
As I became more accustomed to the dark,
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ื›ื›ืœ ืฉื”ืชืจื’ืœืชื™ ืœื—ื•ืฉืš,
04:59
I was able to make out details of the floor
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ื”ืฆืœื—ืชื™ ืœืจืื•ืช ืขื•ื“ ืคืจื˜ื™ื ืฉืœ ืจืฆืคืช ื”ื‘ื ื™ื™ืŸ
05:01
and the surrounding walls.
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ื•ืืช ื”ืงื™ืจื•ืช ื”ืžืงื™ืคื™ื.
05:03
No big deal here, just the same statuary stuff
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ืœื ื”ื™ื• ื›ืืŸ ืคืจื˜ื™ื ืžืขื ื™ื™ื ื™ื, ืจืง ื”ืคืกืœื™ื ื”ืจื’ื™ืœื™ื
05:06
that we'd seen all over Rome.
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ืฉืจืื™ื ื• ื‘ืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื™ืจ ืจื•ืžื.
05:08
In fact, it looked like the Appian Way
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ืœืžืขืฉื”, ื ืจืื” ื›ืื™ืœื• ืื™ืฉ ื”ืžื›ื™ืจื•ืช ื”ืื‘ืŸ ืฉืœ ื”ื“ืจืš ื”ืจื•ืžื™ืช (ื•ื™ื” ืืคื™ื”)
05:09
marble salesman showed up
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ื”ื’ื™ืข ืœืžืงื“ืฉ
05:11
with his sample book, showed it to Hadrian,
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ืขื ืื•ืชืŸ ื“ื•ื’ืžืื•ืช ืฉึทื™ึดืฉ, ื”ืฆื™ื’ ืื•ืชืŸ ืœืงื™ืกืจ ืื“ืจื™ืื ื•ืก,
05:14
and Hadrian said, "We'll take all of it."
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ื•ืื“ืจื™ืื ื•ืก ืืžืจ, "ื ืจืื” ืœื™ ืฉื ื™ืงื— ื”ื›ืœ."
05:17
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
05:18
But the ceiling was amazing.
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ืชืงืจื” ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืžื“ื”ื™ืžื”.
05:22
It looked like a Buckminster Fuller geodesic dome.
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ื”ื™ื ื ืจืืชื” ื›ืžื•ื• ื”ื›ื™ืคื” ื”ื’ืื•ื“ื–ื™ืช (ื›ื™ืคืช ืžืฉื•ืœืฉื™ื) ืฉืœ ื”ืื“ืจื™ื›ืœ ื‘ืืงืžื™ื ืกื˜ืจ ืคื•ืœืจ.
05:24
I'd seen these before,
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ืจืื™ืชื™ ื›ื™ืคื•ืช ื›ืืœื” ื‘ืขื‘ืจ,
05:26
and Bucky was friends with my dad.
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ื•ื‘ืืงื™ ื”ื™ื” ื—ื‘ืจ ืฉืœ ืื‘ื™.
05:28
It was modern, high-tech, impressive,
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ื”ื›ื™ืคื•ืช ื”ื™ื• ืžื‘ื ื™ื ืžื•ื“ืจื ื™ื™ื, ืขืชื™ืจื™ ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื”, ืžืจืฉื™ืžื™ื,
05:31
a huge 142-foot clear span
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ื‘ืจื“ื™ื•ืก ืฉืœ 40 ืžื˜ืจ
05:34
which, not coincidentally, was exactly its height.
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ืฉืœื ื‘ืžืงืจื”, ื”ื™ื” ื’ื ื”ื’ื•ื‘ื” ืฉืœื”ืŸ.
05:37
I loved this place.
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ืื”ื‘ืชื™ ืืช ื”ืžื‘ื ื”.
05:38
It was really beautiful and unlike anything I'd ever seen before,
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ื”ื•ื ื”ื™ื” ื™ืคื”ืคื” ื•ืฉื•ื ื” ืžื›ืœ ืžื‘ื ื” ืฉืจืื™ืชื™ ืงื•ื“ื ืœื›ืŸ,
05:42
so I asked my dad, "When was this built?"
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ืื– ืฉืืœืชื™ ืืช ืื‘ื™, "ืžืชื™ ื‘ื ื• ืื•ืชื•?"
05:45
He said, "About 2,000 years ago."
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ื•ื”ื•ื ืขื ื”, "ืœืคื ื™ 2,000 ืฉื ื” ื‘ืขืจืš."
05:48
And I said, "No, I mean, the roof."
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ื•ืื ื™ ืืžืจืชื™, "ืœื, ื”ืชื›ื•ื•ื ืชื™ ืœื’ื’."
05:51
You see, I assumed that this was a modern roof
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ืืชื ืžื‘ื™ื ื™ื, ืื ื™ ื”ื ื—ืชื™ ืฉืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ื’ื’ ืžื•ื“ืจื ื™
05:53
that had been put on because the original
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ืฉื”ื•ืงื ืžืขืœ ื”ืžื‘ื ื” ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืฉื”ื’ื’ ื”ืžืงื•ืจื™ ื ื”ืจืก ื‘ืื—ืช ืžืžืœื—ืžื•ืช ื”ืขื‘ืจ.
05:55
was destroyed in some long-past war.
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05:58
He said, "It's the original roof."
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ืื‘ื™ ืืžืจ, "ื–ื” ื”ื’ื’ ื”ืžืงื•ืจื™."
06:02
That moment changed my life,
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ื”ืจื’ืข ื”ื–ื” ืฉื™ื ื” ืืช ื—ื™ื™,
06:04
and I can remember it as if it were yesterday.
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ื•ืื ื™ ื–ื•ื›ืจ ื–ืืช ื›ืื™ืœื• ื–ื” ืงืจื” ืืชืžื•ืœ.
06:07
For the first time, I realized people were smart
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ื‘ืคืขื ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ื‘ื—ื™ื™, ื”ื‘ื ืชื™ ืฉื”ื™ื• ืื ืฉื™ื ื—ื›ืžื™ื
06:10
2,000 years ago. (Laughter)
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ื›ื‘ืจ ืœืคื ื™ 2,000 ืฉื ื”. (ืฆื—ื•ืง)
06:12
This had never crossed my mind.
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ืืฃ ืคืขื ืœื ื—ืฉื‘ืชื™ ืขืœ ื–ื”.
06:14
I mean, to me, the pyramids at Giza,
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ืขื‘ื•ืจื™, ื”ืคื™ืจืžื™ื“ื•ืช ื‘ื’ื™ื–ื”,
06:18
we visited those the year before,
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ื‘ื™ืงืจื ื• ื‘ื”ืŸ ืฉื ื” ืงื•ื“ื,
06:20
and sure they're impressive, nice enough design,
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ื•ื”ืŸ ื”ื™ื• ืžืจืฉื™ืžื•ืช, ืขื ืขื™ืฆื•ื‘ ื™ืคื”,
06:23
but look, give me an unlimited budget,
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ืื‘ืœ ืชื‘ื™ื ื•, ืื ื”ื™ื• ื ื•ืชื ื™ื ืœื™ ืชืงืฆื™ื‘ ื‘ืœืชื™ ืžื•ื’ื‘ืœ,
06:25
20,000 to 40,000 laborers, and about 10 to 20 years
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20,000 ืขื“ 40,000 ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื, ื•ื‘ื™ืŸ 10 ืœ- 20 ืฉื ื”
06:29
to cut and drag stone blocks across the countryside,
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ืขืœ ืžื ืช ืœืกืชืช ื•ืœื’ืจื•ืจ ืืช ืœื‘ื ื™ ื”ืื‘ืŸ ืžืงืฆื•ืช ื”ืืจืฅ,
06:33
and I'll build you pyramids too.
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ื•ื’ื ืื ื™ ืื‘ื ื” ืคื™ืจืžื™ื“ื•ืช.
06:35
But no amount of brute force
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ืื‘ืœ ืฉื•ื ื›ื•ื— ืขืฆืžืชื™ ื‘ืขื•ืœื
06:38
gets you the dome of the Pantheon,
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ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื‘ื ื•ืช ืžื‘ื ื” ื›ืžื• ื›ื™ืคืช ื”ืคื ืชืื•ืŸ,
06:41
not 2,000 years ago, nor today.
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ืœื ืœืคื ื™ 2,000 ืฉื ื”, ืœื ื”ื™ื•ื.
06:44
And incidentally, it is still the largest
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ื•ื“ืจืš ืื’ื‘, ืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ื’ื ื›ื™ื•ื
06:47
unreinforced concrete dome that's ever been built.
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ื‘ื›ื™ืคืช ื”ื‘ื˜ื•ืŸ ื”ืœื ืžื–ื•ื™ืŸ ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉื ื‘ื ืชื” ืื™-ืคืขื.
06:51
To build the Pantheon took some miracles.
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ื‘ื ื™ื™ืช ื”ืคื ืชืื•ืŸ ื“ืจืฉื” ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ื ึดืกึดื™ื.
06:54
By miracles, I mean things that are
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ื•ื‘ื ืกื™ื, ืื ื™ ืžืชื›ื•ื•ืŸ ืœื“ื‘ืจื™ื
06:56
technically barely possible,
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ืฉืžื‘ื—ื™ื ื” ื˜ื›ื ื™ืช ื”ื ืงืจื•ื‘ ืœื‘ืœืชื™-ืืคืฉืจื™ื™ื,
06:59
very high-risk, and might not be
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ืกื™ื›ื•ืŸ ื’ื‘ื•ื” ืžืื“, ืฉืœื ื‘ื˜ื•ื—
07:02
actually accomplishable at this moment in time,
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ืฉื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื‘ืฆืข ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ื”ื–ื”,
07:04
certainly not by you.
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ื•ื‘ื˜ื— ืœื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ื›ื.
07:09
For example, here are some of the Pantheon's miracles.
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ืœื“ื•ื’ืžื”, ื”ื ื” ื›ืžื” ื ืกื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืคื ืชืื•ืŸ.
07:12
To make it even structurally possible,
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ืขืœ ืžื ืช ืœืืคืฉืจ ืืช ื‘ื ื™ื™ืช ื”ืžื‘ื ื”,
07:15
they had to invent super-strong concrete,
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ื”ื ื”ื™ื• ื—ื™ื™ื‘ื™ื ืœื”ืžืฆื™ื ื‘ื˜ื•ืŸ ื—ื–ืง ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“,
07:17
and to control weight,
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ื•ืœืฉืœื•ื˜ ื‘ืžืฉืงืœ,
07:19
varied the density of the aggregate
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ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ืฆืคื™ืคื•ืช ื”ืื’ืจื™ื’ื˜
07:21
as they worked their way up the dome.
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ื›ื›ืœ ืฉื”ื ื”ืชืงื“ืžื• ืขื ื’ื•ื‘ื” ื”ื›ื™ืคื”.
07:24
For strength and lightness, the dome structure
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ืขืœ ืžื ืช ืœืืคืฉืจ ื—ื•ื–ืง ื•ืงืœื•ืช ืžืฉืงืœ, ืฉืœื“ ื”ื›ื™ืคื”
07:26
used five rings of coffers,
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ื ื‘ื ื” ืžื—ืžืฉ ื˜ื‘ืขื•ืช ืฉืœ ืชืงืจืช ืงืกื˜ื”,
07:28
each of diminishing size,
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ื‘ืงื•ื˜ืจ ื”ื•ืœืš ื•ืงื˜ืŸ,
07:30
which imparts a dramatic forced perspective
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ืฉื ื•ืชืŸ ืืคืงื˜ ื“ืจืžื˜ื™
07:33
to the design.
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ืœืขื™ืฆื•ื‘ ื”ื›ื™ืคื”.
07:35
It was wonderfully cool inside
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ื”ื™ื” ืงืจื™ืจ ื•ื ืขื™ื ื‘ืชื•ืš ื”ืžื‘ื ื”
07:36
because of its huge thermal mass,
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ื‘ืฉืœ ื”ืžืกื” ื”ืชืจืžื™ืช ื”ืขืฆื•ืžื” ืฉืœื•,
07:39
natural convection of air rising up
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ื”ื•ืœื›ืช ื˜ื‘ืขื™ืช ืฉืœ ืื•ื™ืจ ื—ื ื›ืœืคื™ ืžืขืœื”
07:41
through the oculus,
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ื“ืจืš ื”ืื•ืงื•ืœื•ืก,
07:42
and a Venturi effect when wind blows across
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ื•ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืืคืงื˜ ื•ื ื˜ื•ืจื™ ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ืจื•ื— ื ื•ืฉื‘ืช
07:45
the top of the building.
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ืžืขืœ ืคื ื™ ืจืืฉ ื”ื‘ื ื™ื™ืŸ.
07:47
I discovered for the first time that light itself
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ื’ื™ืœื™ืชื™ ื‘ืคืขื ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืฉื”ืื•ืจ ืขืฆืžื•
07:51
has substance.
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ื”ื•ื ืžืžืฉื™.
07:53
The shaft of light beaming through the oculus
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ืขืžื•ื“ ื”ืื•ืจ ืฉืงืจืŸ ื“ืจืš ื”ืื•ืงื•ืœื•ืก
07:56
was both beautiful and palpable,
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ื”ื™ื” ื™ืคื” ื•ืžื•ื—ืฉื™ ื‘ืขืช ื•ื‘ืขื•ื ื” ืื—ืช,
07:58
and I realized for the first time
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ื•ืื ื™ ื”ื‘ื ืชื™ ื‘ืคืขื ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื”
08:00
that light could be designed.
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ืฉื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืขืฆื‘ ืื•ืจ.
08:02
Further, that of all of the forms of design,
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ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื›ืš, ื”ื‘ื ืชื™ ืฉืžื›ืœ ืฆื•ืจื•ืช ื”ืขื™ืฆื•ื‘,
08:07
visual design,
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ื”ืขื™ืฆื•ื‘ ื”ื ืจืื” ืœืขื™ืŸ,
08:08
they were all kind of irrelevant without it,
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ื”ืŸ ื—ืกืจื•ืช ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช ื‘ืœื™ ื”ืื•ืจ,
08:10
because without light, you can't see any of them.
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ืžื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉืœืœื ืื•ืจ, ืœื ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืจืื•ืช ืื•ืชืŸ.
08:14
I also realized that I wasn't the first person
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ื”ื‘ื ืชื™ ื’ื ืฉืœื ื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ื”ืื“ื ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ
08:17
to think that this place was really special.
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ืฉื—ืฉื‘ ืฉื”ืžืงื•ื ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ืžืื“.
08:20
It survived gravity, barbarians, looters, developers
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ื”ืžืงื•ื ืฉืจื“ ืืช ื ื–ืงื™ ื›ื•ื— ื”ื›ื‘ื™ื“ื”, ื”ื‘ืจื‘ืจื™ื, ืฉื•ื“ื“ื™ื, ืื ืฉื™ ืคื™ืชื•ื—
08:24
and the ravages of time to become
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ื•ืืช ื ื–ืงื™ ื”ื–ืžืŸ ืขื“ ืฉื”ืคืš
08:26
what I believe is the longest
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ืœืžื” ืฉืื ื™ ืžืืžื™ืŸ ืฉื”ื•ื ื”ื‘ื ื™ื™ืŸ
08:27
continuously occupied building in history.
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ื”ืžืื•ื›ืœืก ื‘ืžืฉืš ื”ื–ืžืŸ ื”ืืจื•ืš ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื”.
08:30
Largely because of that visit,
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ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืช ืื•ืชื• ื‘ื™ืงื•ืจ,
08:33
I came to understand that,
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ื”ื‘ื ืชื™,
08:34
contrary to what I was being told in school,
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ืฉื‘ื ื™ื’ื•ื“ ืœืžื” ืฉืœืžื“ืชื™ ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืกืคืจ,
08:37
the worlds of art and design
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ืขื•ืœืžื•ืช ื”ืื•ืžื ื•ืช ื•ื”ืขื™ืฆื•ื‘
08:39
were not, in fact, incompatible
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ืื™ื ื ืžืชื ื’ืฉื™ื
08:41
with science and engineering.
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ืขื ืขื•ืœืžื•ืช ื”ืžื“ืข ื•ื”ื”ื ื“ืกื”.
08:43
I realized, when combined,
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ื”ื‘ื ืชื™ ืฉื”ืฉื™ืœื•ื‘,
08:45
you could create things that were amazing
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ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืžื“ื”ื™ืžื™ื
08:47
that couldn't be done in either domain alone.
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ืฉืœื ื™ื›ืœื• ืœื”ืชืงื™ื™ื ื‘ืขื•ืœื ืื—ื“ ืœืœื ื”ืื—ืจ.
08:50
But in school, with few exceptions,
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ืื‘ืœ ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืกืคืจ, ืคืจื˜ ืœืžืกืคืจ ืžืงืจื™ื ื—ืจื™ื’ื™ื,
08:53
they were treated as separate worlds,
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ื”ืชื™ื™ื—ืกื• ืืœื™ื”ื ื›ืืœ ืขื•ืœืžื•ืช ื ืคืจื“ื™ื,
08:55
and they still are.
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ื•ืžืชื™ื™ื—ืกื™ื ืืœื™ื”ื ื›ืš ื’ื ื›ื™ื•ื.
08:57
My teachers told me that I had to get serious
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ื”ืžื•ืจื™ื ืฉืœื™ ืืžืจื• ืœื™ ืฉืื ื™ ื—ื™ื™ื‘ ืœื”ืชืจื›ื–
08:59
and focus on one or the other.
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ื•ืœื‘ื—ื•ืจ ืœืขืกื•ืง ื‘ืื—ื“ ืื• ื‘ืฉื ื™.
09:02
However, urging me to specialize
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ืื‘ืœ, ื”ื“ืจื™ืฉื” ืœื‘ื—ื•ืจ ื‘ืขื•ืœื ืื—ื“
09:05
only caused me to really appreciate those polymaths
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ืจืง ื’ืจืžื” ืœื™ ืœื”ืขืจื™ืš ื™ื•ืชืจ ืืช ืื•ืชื ืื ืฉื™ ืืฉื›ื•ืœื•ืช
09:08
like Michelangelo, Leonardo da Vinci,
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ื›ืžื• ืžื™ื›ืœืื ื’'ืœื•, ืœืื•ื ืจื“ื• ื“ื” ื•ื™ื ืฆ'ื™,
09:12
Benjamin Franklin,
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ื‘ื ื’'ืžื™ืŸ ืคืจื ืงืœื™ืŸ,
09:14
people who did exactly the opposite.
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ืื ืฉื™ื ืฉืขืฉื• ืืช ื”ื”ืคืš ื”ื’ืžื•ืจ.
09:16
And this led me to embrace
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ื•ื–ื” ื’ืจื ืœื™ ืœืงื‘ืœ ื‘ืื”ื‘ื” ืืช ื”ืงืฉื™ื™ื
09:19
and want to be in both worlds.
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ื•ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืฉื ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœืžื•ืช.
09:21
So then how do these projects of unprecedented creative vision and technical complexity
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ืื– ืื™ืš ืคืจื•ื™ืงื˜ื™ื ื”ืžืฆื™ื’ื™ื ื™ืฆื™ืจื•ืช ื—ื“ืฉื ื™ืช ื•ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ื•ืช ื˜ื›ื ื™ืช
09:27
like the Pantheon actually happen?
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ื›ืžื• ื”ืคื ืชืื•ืŸ ื‘ืื™ื ืœืขื•ืœื?
09:30
Someone themselves, perhaps Hadrian,
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ืžื™ืฉื”ื• ื‘ืขืฆืžื•, ืื•ืœื™ ื”ืงื™ืกืจ ืื“ืจื™ืื ื•ืก,
09:34
needed a brilliant creative vision.
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ื”ื™ื” ื‘ืขืœ ื—ื–ื•ืŸ ื™ืฆื™ืจืชื™.
09:37
They also needed the storytelling and leadership skills
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ื”ื ื ื–ืงืงื• ื’ื ืœื™ื›ื•ืœืช ืœืกืคืจ ืืช ื”ืกืคื•ืจ ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ืžืฉื›ื ืขืช ื•ืœื›ื™ืฉื•ืจื™ ื”ื ื”ื’ื”
09:40
necessary to fund and execute it,
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ืœืฉื ื’ื™ื•ืก ื”ืžืฉืื‘ื™ื ื•ื”ื”ื•ืฆืื” ืœืคื•ืขืœ ืฉืœ ื”ืคืจื•ื™ืงื˜,
09:42
and a mastery of science and technology
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ื”ื‘ื ื” ืฉืœ ืžืกืชืจื™ ื”ืžื“ืข ื•ื”ื˜ื›ื ืœื•ื’ื™ื”
09:45
with the ability and knowhow
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ื•ื”ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ื•ื”ื™ื“ืข
09:47
to push existing innovations even farther.
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ืœืคืชื— ืืช ื”ื—ื“ืฉื ื•ืช ื”ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ืช ืžืขื‘ืจ ืœื™ื“ืข ื”ืงื™ื™ื.
09:51
It is my belief that to create these rare game changers
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ืื ื™ ืžืืžื™ืŸ ืฉืขืœ ืžื ืช ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ืžื”ืœื›ื™ื ื—ื“ืฉื ื™ื™ื ื›ืœ ื›ืš
09:55
requires you to pull off at least five miracles.
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ื“ืจื•ืฉื™ื ืœืคื—ื•ืช ื—ืžื™ืฉื” ื ืกื™ื.
10:00
The problem is, no matter how talented,
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ื”ื‘ืขื™ื” ื”ื™ื, ืฉืœื ืžืฉื ื” ืขื“ ื›ืžื” ืืชื” ื›ืฉืจื•ื ื™,
10:02
rich or smart you are,
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ืขืฉื™ืจ ืื• ื—ื›ื,
10:04
you only get one to one and a half miracles.
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ืืชื” ื–ื•ื›ื” ืจืง ื‘ื ืก ืื• ื ืก ื•ื—ืฆื™.
10:07
That's it. That's the quota.
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ื•ื–ื”ื•. ื–ื• ื”ืžื›ืกื”.
10:09
Then you run out of time, money, enthusiasm,
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ื•ืื– ื ื’ืžืจื™ื ืœืš ื”ื–ืžืŸ, ื”ื›ืกืฃ, ื”ื”ืชืœื”ื‘ื•ืช,
10:11
whatever.
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ืžื” ืฉืœื ื™ื”ื™ื”.
10:13
Remember, most people can't even imagine
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ืชื–ื›ืจื•, ืจื•ื‘ ื”ืื ืฉื™ื ืืคื™ืœื• ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื“ืžื™ื™ืŸ
10:15
one of these technical miracles,
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ืื—ื“ ืžื”ื ืกื™ื ื”ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื™ื ื”ืœืœื•,
10:17
and you need at least five to make a Pantheon.
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ื•ื“ืจื•ืฉื™ื ืœืคื—ื•ืช ื—ืžื™ืฉื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื‘ื ื•ืช ืžื‘ื ื” ื›ืžื• ื”ืคื ืชืื•ืŸ.
10:20
In my experience, these rare visionaries
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ืžื ื™ืกื™ื•ื ื™, ืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ืื ืฉื™ ื—ื–ื•ืŸ ื ื“ื™ืจื™ื
10:23
who can think across the worlds of art,
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ืฉื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื—ืฉื•ื‘ ื‘ืžืงื‘ื™ืœ ืขืœ ืขื•ืœื ื”ืื•ืžื ื•ืช,
10:24
design and engineering
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ื”ืขื™ืฆื•ื‘ ื•ื”ื”ื ื“ืกื”
10:26
have the ability to notice
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ื•ื™ืฉ ืœื”ื ืืช ื”ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ืœื”ื‘ื—ื™ืŸ
10:28
when others have provided enough of the miracles
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ื‘ืื—ืจื™ื ืฉื”ืฆืœื™ื—ื• ืœืœื›ื•ื“ ืืช ื”ื ืกื™ื
10:31
to bring the goal within reach.
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ืขืœ ืžื ืช ืœื”ืฆืœื™ื— ื•ืœื™ื™ืฉื ืืช ืžื˜ืจืชื.
10:34
Driven by the clarity of their vision,
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ืื•ืชื ืื ืฉื™ื ืžื•ื ืขื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ื—ื–ื•ืŸ ืฉืœื”ื,
10:36
they summon the courage and determination
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ื”ื ืื•ื–ืจื™ื ืื•ืžืฅ ื•ื ื—ื™ืฉื•ืช
10:39
to deliver the remaining miracles
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ืขืœ ืžื ืช ืœื‘ืฆืข ืืช ื”ื ืกื™ื ื”ื ื•ืกืคื™ื ื”ื“ืจื•ืฉื™ื
10:41
and they often take what other people think to be
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ื•ื”ื ืœื ืžื”ืกืกื™ื ืœื”ืชืžื•ื“ื“ ืขื ืžื›ืฉื•ืœื™ื
10:44
insurmountable obstacles
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ืฉืื—ืจื™ื ื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ืฉื”ื ื‘ืœืชื™ ืขื‘ื™ืจื™ื
10:46
and turn them into features.
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ืขืœ ืžื ืช ืœื”ืคื•ืš ืื•ืชื ืœื—ืœืง ืžืชื›ื•ื ื•ืช ื”ื™ืฆื™ืจื”.
10:48
Take the oculus of the Pantheon.
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ืงื—ื• ื›ื“ื•ื’ืžื” ืืช ื”ืื•ืงื•ืœื•ืก ื‘ืคื ืชืื•ืŸ.
10:51
By insisting that it be in the design,
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ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช ื”ื”ืชืขืงืฉื•ืช ืœืขืฆื‘ ื›ื™ืคื” ืขื ืคืชื— ื‘ืจืืฉื”,
10:53
it meant you couldn't use much of the structural technology
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ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืฉืœื ื ื™ืชืŸ ื”ื™ื” ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ืจื•ื‘ ื”ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ื”ืžื‘ื ื™ืช
10:56
that had been developed for Roman arches.
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ืฉืคื•ืชื—ื” ืœืฉื ื‘ื ื™ื™ืช ื”ืงืฉืชื•ืช ื”ืจื•ืžื™ื•ืช.
10:59
However, by instead embracing it
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ืžื ื’ื“, ื‘ืžืงื•ื ืœืงื‘ืœ ืืช ื”ืงื•ืฉื™
11:02
and rethinking weight and stress distribution,
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ื•ืœื ืกื•ืช ืœืชื›ื ื ืŸ ืžื—ื“ืฉ ืืช ื”ืžืฉืงืœื™ื ื•ื—ืœื•ืงืช ื”ืขื•ืžืกื™ื,
11:04
they came up with a design that only works
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ืžืชื›ื ื ื™ ื”ืคื ืชืื•ืŸ ื”ืžืฆื™ืื• ืขื™ืฆื•ื‘ ื—ื“ืฉื ื™ ืฉื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ืชืงื™ื™ื
11:07
if there's a big hole in the roof.
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ืจืง ืื ื™ืฉ ืคืชื— ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื‘ืชืงืจื”.
11:09
That done, you now get the aesthetic
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ื‘ืจื’ืข ืฉื–ื” ื‘ื•ืฆืข, ืžืงื‘ืœื™ื ืžื‘ื ื” ืืกืชื˜ื™
11:12
and design benefits of light, cooling
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ืขื ื™ืชืจื•ื ื•ืช ื”ืขื™ืฆื•ื‘ ื”ื ื•ื‘ืขื™ื ืžื›ื ื™ืกืช ื”ืื•ืจ, ื”ืงื™ืจื•ืจ ื”ืžื•ื‘ื ื”
11:16
and that critical direct connection with the heavens.
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ื•ื”ืงืฉืจ ื”ื™ืฉื™ืจ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืื“ื ืœืฉืžื™ื ืžืขืœื™ื•.
11:19
Not bad.
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ืœื ืจืข.
11:21
These people not only believed
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ืื•ืชื ืื ืฉื™ื ื”ืืžื™ื ื• ืœื ืจืง
11:23
that the impossible can be done,
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ืฉื”ื‘ืœืชื™ ืืคืฉืจื™ ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ืชื‘ืฆืข,
11:26
but that it must be done.
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ืืœื ืฉื”ื•ื ื—ื™ื™ื‘ ืœื”ืชื‘ืฆืข.
11:28
Enough ancient history.
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ืžืกืคื™ืง ืœื“ื‘ืจ ืขืœ ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ืขืชื™ืงื”.
11:30
What are some recent examples of innovations
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ืžื”ืŸ ื”ื“ื•ื’ืžืื•ืช ืžื–ืžื ื ื• ืฉืœ ื—ื“ืฉื ื•ืช
11:34
that combine creative design
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ื”ืžืฉืœื‘ืช ืขื™ืฆื•ื‘ ื™ืฆื™ืจืชื™
11:35
and technological advances in a way so profound
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ื•ื”ืชืงื“ืžื•ืช ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ืช ื›ื” ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™ืช
11:39
that they will be remembered
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ืฉื ื–ื›ื•ืจ ืื•ืชืŸ
11:40
a thousand years from now?
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ื’ื ื‘ืขื•ื“ ืืœืฃ ืฉื ื”?
11:42
Well, putting a man on the moon was a good one,
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ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ, ื”ื ื—ืชืช ืื“ื ืขืœ ื”ื™ืจื— ื”ื™ื ื“ื•ื’ืžื” ื˜ื•ื‘ื”,
11:45
and returning him safely to Earth wasn't bad either.
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ื•ื”ื—ื–ืจืชื• ื‘ืฉืœื•ื ืœื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ ื”ื™ื ื“ื•ื’ืžื” ืœื ืจืขื” ื’ื ื›ืŸ.
11:48
Talk about one giant leap:
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ื•ืื ืžื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ืฆืขื“ื™ื ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื:
11:50
It's hard to imagine a more profound moment
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ืงืฉื” ื“ืžื™ื™ืŸ ืจื’ืข ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™
11:53
in human history
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ื‘ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ื”ืื ื•ืฉื™ืช
11:54
than when we first left our world
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ืžืืฉืจ ื”ืจื’ืข ื‘ื• ืขื–ื‘ื ื• ืœืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืืช ืขื•ืœืžื ื•
11:56
to set foot on another.
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ื•ื“ืจื›ื ื• ืขืœ ืื—ืจ.
11:58
So what came after the moon?
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ื•ืžื” ืงืจื” ืื—ืจื™ ื”ื ื—ื™ืชื” ืขืœ ื”ื™ืจื—?
12:01
One is tempted to say that today's pantheon
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ืื ื™ ืžืชืคืชื” ืœื”ื’ื™ื“ ืฉื”ืคื ืชืื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ื™ืžื™ื ื•
12:03
is the Internet,
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ื”ื•ื ืจืฉืช ื”ืื™ื ื˜ืจื ื˜,
12:05
but I actually think that's quite wrong,
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ืื‘ืœ ื ืจืื” ืœื™ ืฉื–ื• ื˜ืขื•ืช,
12:07
or at least it's only part of the story.
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ืื• ืœืคื—ื•ืช ืฉืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ื—ืœืง ืžื”ืกื™ืคื•ืจ.
12:10
The Internet isn't a Pantheon.
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ื”ืื™ื ื˜ืจื ื˜ ืื™ื ื• ืคื ืชืื•ืŸ.
12:13
It's more like the invention of concrete:
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ื–ื” ื“ื•ืžื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœื”ืžืฆืืช ื”ื‘ื˜ื•ืŸ:
12:15
important, absolutely necessary
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ื—ืฉื•ื‘, ื ื—ื•ืฅ ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืžื•ื—ืœื˜
12:18
to build the Pantheon,
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ืขืœ ืžื ืช ืœื‘ื ื•ืช ืืช ื”ืคื ืชืื•ืŸ,
12:19
and enduring,
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ื‘ืขืœ ื›ื•ืฉืจ ืขืžื™ื“ื”,
12:21
but entirely insufficient by itself.
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ืื‘ืœ ืœื—ืœื•ื˜ื™ืŸ ืœื ืžืกืคื™ืง ื‘ืคื ื™ ืขืฆืžื•.
12:24
However, just as the technology of concrete
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ืื‘ืœ, ืžืžืฉ ื›ืžื• ืฉื”ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ืฉืœ ื™ื™ืฆื•ืจ ื”ื‘ื˜ื•ืŸ
12:27
was critical in realization of the Pantheon,
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ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื”ื›ืจื—ื™ืช ืœืฉื ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ื”ืคื ืชืื•ืŸ,
12:30
new designers will use the technologies of the Internet
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ืžืขืฆื‘ื™ื ื—ื“ืฉื™ื ื™ืฉืชืžืฉื• ื‘ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื•ืช ื”ืื™ื ื˜ืจื ื˜
12:34
to create novel concepts that will endure.
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ืขืœ ืžื ืช ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ืจืขื™ื•ื ื•ืช ื—ื“ืฉื™ื ืฉื™ืฉืจื“ื• ืœืื•ืจืš ื–ืžืŸ ืจื‘.
12:37
The smartphone is a perfect example.
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ื”ื˜ืœืคื•ืŸ ื”ื—ื›ื ื”ื•ื ื“ื•ื’ืžื” ืžื•ืฉืœืžืช.
12:39
Soon the majority of people on the planet
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ื‘ืงืจื•ื‘, ืœืจื•ื‘ ื”ืื ืฉื™ื ืขืœ ืคื ื™ ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ
12:41
will have one,
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ื™ื”ื™ื” ื˜ืœืคื•ืŸ ื—ื›ื,
12:42
and the idea of connecting everyone
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ื•ื”ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ืฉื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืงืฉืจ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื›ืœ ื”ืื ืฉื™ื
12:44
to both knowledge and each other will endure.
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ื’ื ืœืžืื’ืจื™ ื™ื“ืข ื•ื’ื ืื—ื“ ืœืฉื ื™ ื™ื—ื–ื™ืง ืžืขืžื“ ืœืื•ืจืš ืฉื ื™ื.
12:48
So what's next?
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ื•ืžื” ื”ืฉืœื‘ ื”ื‘ื?
12:49
What imminent advance will be the equivalent of the Pantheon?
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ืื™ื–ื• ื”ืชืงื“ืžื•ืช ืžืžืชื™ื ื” ืœื ื• ืฉืชื”ื™ื™ื” ืžืงื‘ื™ืœื” ืœืคื ืชืื•ืŸ?
12:52
Thinking about this,
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ื›ืฉืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ ืขืœ ื›ืš,
12:54
I rejected many very plausible
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ืื ื™ ื“ื•ื—ื” ื”ืจื‘ื” ืืคืฉืจื•ื™ื•ืช
12:56
and dramatic breakthroughs to come,
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ื“ืจืžื˜ื™ื•ืช ืฉืขืฉื•ื™ื•ืช ืœื”ืชื’ืœื•ืช ื‘ืขืชื™ื“,
12:58
such as curing cancer.
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ื›ืžื• ืžืฆื™ืืช ืชืจื•ืคื” ืœืกืจื˜ืŸ.
13:00
Why? Because Pantheons are anchored
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ืœืžื”? ื›ื™ ืคื ืชืื•ื ื™ื ืžื‘ื•ืกืกื™ื
13:04
in designed physical objects,
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ืขืœ ืขื™ืฆื•ื‘ ืฉืœ ืขืฆืžื™ื ืคื™ื–ื™ื™ื,
13:07
ones that inspire by simply seeing
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ืขืฆืžื™ื ืฉื ื•ืชื ื™ื ื”ืฉืจืื” ื›ื‘ืจ ื›ืฉืืชื” ืจื•ืื” ืื•ืชื
13:09
and experiencing them,
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ื•ื—ื•ื•ื” ืื•ืชื,
13:10
and will continue to do so indefinitely.
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ื•ื”ื ื™ืžืฉื™ื›ื• ืœืขื•ืจืจ ื”ืฉืจืื” ืœื ืฆื—.
13:13
It is a different kind of language, like art.
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ืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ืฉืคื” ืžืกื•ื’ ืฉื•ื ื”, ื›ืžื• ืื•ืžื ื•ืช.
13:18
These other vital contributions that extend life
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ื”ื”ืžืฆืื•ืช ื”ื—ื™ื•ื ื™ื•ืช ื”ืื—ืจื•ืช ืฉืžืืจื™ื›ื•ืช ืืช ื—ื™ื™ื ื•
13:21
and relieve suffering are, of course, critical,
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ื•ืžืงืœื•ืช ืขืœ ืกื‘ืœ ื”ืŸ, ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ, ื—ื™ื•ื ื™ื•ืช,
13:23
and fantastic,
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ื•ืžื“ื”ื™ืžื•ืช,
13:25
but they're part of the continuum of
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ืŸ ื—ืœืง ืžืจืฆืฃ
13:27
our overall knowledge and technology,
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ืฉืœ ื”ื™ื“ืข ื”ื›ื•ืœืœ ื•ื”ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ืฉืœื ื•,
13:29
like the Internet.
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ื›ืžื• ื”ืื™ื ื˜ืจื ื˜.
13:32
So what is next?
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ืื– ืžื” ื”ืœืื”?
13:34
Perhaps counterintuitively,
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ืื•ืœื™ ื‘ื ื™ื’ื•ื“ ืœื”ื™ื’ื™ื•ืŸ,
13:36
I'm guessing it's a visionary idea
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ืื ื™ ืžื ื—ืฉ ืฉืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ื—ื–ื•ืŸ
13:38
from the late 1930s
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ืžืกื‘ื™ื‘ื•ืช ืฉื ืช 1930
13:40
that's been revived every decade since:
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ืฉื—ื–ืจ ืœื—ื™ื™ื ื›ืœ ืขืฉื•ืจ ืžืื– ื”ืžืฆืืชื•:
13:43
autonomous vehicles.
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ื›ืœื™ ืจื›ื‘ ืขืฆืžืื™ื™ื.
13:45
Now you're thinking, give me a break.
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ืืชื ื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื, ืขื–ื•ื‘ ืื•ืชื ื•.
13:47
How can a fancy version of cruise control
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ืื™ืš ืืชื” ื˜ื•ืขืŸ ืฉื’ืจืกื” ืžืชืงื“ืžืช ืฉืœ ื‘ืงืจืช ื”ืฉื™ื•ื˜
13:50
be profound?
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ืชืฉืคื™ืข ืขืœ ื—ื™ื™ื ื• ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืžื”ื•ืชื™?
13:52
Look, much of our world
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ืชืจืื•, ืจื•ื‘ ื”ืขื•ืœื ืฉืœื ื•
13:54
has been designed around roads and transportation.
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ืชื•ื›ื ืŸ ืกื‘ื™ื‘ ื›ื‘ื™ืฉื™ื ื•ืืžืฆืขื™ ืชื—ื‘ื•ืจื”.
13:58
These were as essential to the success
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ื”ื›ื‘ื™ืฉื™ื ื”ื™ื• ื—ื™ื•ื ื™ื™ื ืœื”ืฆืœื—ืช
14:00
of the Roman Empire
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ื”ืื™ืžืคืจื™ื” ื”ืจื•ืžื™ืช
14:01
as the interstate highway system
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ืžืžืฉ ื›ืžื• ืฉืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ื›ื‘ื™ืฉื™ื ื”ืžื”ื™ืจื™ื
14:03
to the prosperity and development
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ื—ื™ื•ื ื™ืช ืœืฉื’ืฉื•ื’ ื•ืœื”ืชืคืชื—ื•ืช
14:05
of the United States.
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ืฉืœ ืืจื”"ื‘.
14:07
Today, these roads that interconnect our world
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ื”ื™ื•ื, ื”ื›ื‘ื™ืฉื™ื ืฉืžืงืฉืจื™ื ืืช ืขื•ืœืžื ื•
14:10
are dominated by cars and trucks
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ื ืฉืœื˜ื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื›ื•ื ื™ื•ืช ื•ืžืฉืื™ื•ืช
14:12
that have remained largely unchanged
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ืฉื›ืžืขื˜ ื•ืœื ื”ืฉืชื ื•
14:14
for 100 years.
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ื‘- 100 ื”ืฉื ื™ื ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื•ืช.
14:17
Although perhaps not obvious today,
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ืœืžืจื•ืช ืฉื–ื” ืœื ื‘ืจื•ืจ ื›ื™ื•ื,
14:20
autonomous vehicles will be the key technology
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ื›ืœื™ ืจื›ื‘ ืขืฆืžืื™ื™ื ื™ื”ื™ื• ื”ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ื”ืจืืฉื™ืช
14:24
that enables us to redesign our cities
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ืฉืชืืคืฉืจ ืœื ื• ืœืขืฆื‘ ืžื—ื“ืฉ ืืช ื”ืขืจื™ื ืฉืœื ื•,
14:28
and, by extension, civilization.
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ื•ื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืช ื–ืืช, ืืช ื”ืชืจื‘ื•ืช ื”ืื ื•ืฉื™ืช.
14:30
Here's why:
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ื•ื–ื• ื”ืกื™ื‘ื”:
14:31
Once they become ubiquitous,
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ื‘ืจื’ืข ืฉืจื›ื‘ื™ื ืขืฆืžืื™ื™ื ื™ื”ืคื›ื• ืœื ื—ืœืช ื”ื›ืœืœ,
14:33
each year, these vehicles will save
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ื›ืœ ืฉื ื”, ื”ื ื™ืฆื™ืœื•
14:36
tens of thousands of lives in the United States alone
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ืืช ื—ื™ื™ื”ื ืฉืœ ืขืฉืจื•ืช ืืœืคื™ ืื ืฉื™ื ื‘ืืจื”"ื‘ ืœื‘ื“ื”
14:39
and a million globally.
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ื•ืžื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ื‘ืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื.
14:42
Automotive energy consumption and air pollution
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ืฆืจื™ื›ืช ื”ืื ืจื’ื™ื” ืฉืœ ืžืขืจื›ื•ืช ื”ืชื—ื‘ื•ืจื” ื•ื–ื™ื”ื•ื ื”ืื•ื™ืจ
14:45
will be cut dramatically.
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ื™ืฆื˜ืžืฆืžื• ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื“ืจืžื˜ื™.
14:47
Much of the road congestion
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ืจื•ื‘ ื”ืคืงืงื™ื ื‘ื›ื‘ื™ืฉื™ื
14:49
in and out of our cities will disappear.
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ื‘ืชื•ืš ื•ืžื—ื•ืฅ ืœืขืจื™ื, ื™ื™ืขืœืžื•.
14:52
They will enable compelling new concepts
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ื”ืŸ ื™ืืคืฉืจื• ื“ืจื›ื™ื ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช ื•ืžื•ืคืœืื•ืช
14:55
in how we design cities, work,
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ืœืขื™ืฆื•ื‘ ืžื—ื“ืฉ ืฉืœ ื”ืขืจื™ื, ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื”,
14:58
and the way we live.
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ื•ื”ื“ืจืš ื‘ื” ืื ื• ื—ื™ื™ื.
15:00
We will get where we're going faster
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ื ื’ื™ืข ืœื›ืœ ืžืงื•ื ืžื”ืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ
15:02
and society will recapture vast amounts
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ื•ื”ื—ื‘ืจื” ืชื”ื ื” ืžืขืœื™ื” ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™ืช ื‘ืคืจื™ื•ืŸ ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื”,
15:05
of lost productivity
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15:06
now spent sitting in traffic basically polluting.
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ืฉื”ื•ืœื›ืช ืœืื™ื‘ื•ื“ ื›ื™ื•ื ื‘ื™ืฉื™ื‘ื” ื‘ืคืงืงื™ื ืชื•ืš ื›ื“ื™ ื–ื™ื”ื•ื ื”ืื•ื•ื™ืจ.
15:10
But why now? Why do we think this is ready?
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ืื‘ืœ ืœืžื” ืขื›ืฉื™ื•? ืœืžื” ืื ื—ื ื• ื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ืฉื”ืžื”ืคื›ื” ื‘ืคืชื—?
15:13
Because over the last 30 years,
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ืžืคื ื™ ืฉื‘ืžื”ืœืš 30 ื”ืฉื ื” ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื•ืช,
15:15
people from outside the automotive industry
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ืื ืฉื™ื ืฉื‘ืื™ื ืžื—ื•ืฅ ืœืชืขืฉื™ื™ืช ื”ืจื›ื‘
15:18
have spent countless billions
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ื”ื•ืฆื™ืื• ืžื™ืœื™ืืจื“ื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื
15:20
creating the needed miracles,
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ืขืœ ืคื™ืชื•ื— ื”ื ืกื™ื ื”ื“ืจื•ืฉื™ื,
15:21
but for entirely different purposes.
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ืœืฆื•ืจืš ืžื˜ืจื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื•ืช ืœื’ืžืจื™.
15:24
It took folks like DARPA, universities,
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ืื ื ื‘ื—ืŸ ื’ื•ืคื™ื ื›ืžื• DARPA , ื”ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ืื•ืช,
15:27
and companies completely outside of the automotive industry
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ื•ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ืžืกื—ืจื™ื•ืช ืฉืื™ื ืŸ ื—ืœืง ืžืชืขืฉื™ื™ืช ื”ืจื›ื‘
15:30
to notice that if you were clever about it,
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœืฉื™ื ืœื‘ ืฉืื ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ืžืชื ื”ื’ื™ื ื‘ื—ื›ืžื”,
15:32
autonomy could be done now.
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ืจื›ื‘ื™ื ืขืฆืžืื™ื™ื ื™ื›ืœื• ืœื ืกื•ืข ื‘ื“ืจื›ื™ื ื›ื‘ืจ ื”ื™ื•ื.
15:35
So what are the five miracles needed for autonomous vehicles?
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ืื– ืžื”ื ื—ืžืฉืช ื”ื ืกื™ื ื”ื“ืจื•ืฉื™ื ืœืฉื ืจื›ื‘ื™ื ืขืฆืžืื™ื™ื?
15:38
One, you need to know
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ืื—ื“, ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื“ืขืช
15:40
where you are and exactly what time it is.
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ืื™ืคื” ืื ื—ื ื• ื•ืืช ื”ืฉืขื” ื”ืžื“ื•ื™ืงืช.
15:43
This was solved neatly by the GPS system,
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ื”ื‘ืขื™ื” ื”ื–ื• ื ืคืชืจื” ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžืขืจื›ืช ืœื•ื•ื™ื™ื ื™ ื”- GPS,
15:45
Global Positioning System,
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ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ืžื™ืงื•ื ื”ืขื•ืœืžื™ืช,
15:46
that the U.S. Government put in place.
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ืฉืžืžืฉืœืช ืืจื”"ื‘ ืฉื™ื’ืจื” ืœื—ืœืœ.
15:49
You need to know where all the roads are,
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ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื“ืขืช ื”ื™ื›ืŸ ื ืžืฆืื™ื ื›ืœ ื”ื›ื‘ื™ืฉื™ื,
15:52
what the rules are, and where you're going.
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ืžื” ื”ื ื—ื•ืงื™ ื”ืชื ื•ืขื”, ื•ืœืืŸ ืจื•ืฆื™ื ืœื ืกื•ืข.
15:54
The various needs of personal navigation systems,
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ื›ืœ ื”ืฆืจื›ื™ื ืฉืœ ืžืขืจื›ืช ื ื™ื•ื•ื˜ ืื™ืฉื™ืช,
15:57
in-car navigation systems,
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ืžืขืจื›ืช ื ื™ื•ื•ื˜ ืœืจื›ื‘,
15:59
and web-based maps address this.
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ื•ืžืคื•ืช ืžื‘ื•ืกืกื•ืช ืจืฉืช ืคื•ืชืจื•ืช ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ื‘ืขื™ื•ืช ื”ืœืœื•.
16:02
You must have near-continuous communication
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ื ื”ื™ื™ื” ื—ื™ื™ื‘ื™ื ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ืชืงืฉื•ืจืช ืจืฆื™ืคื”
16:04
with high-performance computing networks
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ืขื ืจืฉืชื•ืช ืžื—ืฉื•ื‘ ื‘ืขืœื•ืช ื‘ื™ืฆื•ืขื™ื ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื™ื
16:06
and with others nearby
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ื•ืขื ื›ืœื™ ื”ืจื›ื‘ ืฉืกื‘ื™ื‘ื ื•
16:08
to understand their intent.
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ืขืœ ืžื ืช ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืืช ื›ื•ื•ื ืชื.
16:11
The wireless technologies developed for mobile devices,
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ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื•ืช ื”ืืœื—ื•ื˜ ืฉืคื•ืชื—ื• ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื”ืžื›ืฉื™ืจื™ื ื”ื ื™ื™ื“ื™ื,
16:14
with some minor modifications,
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ืขื ืžืขื˜ ื”ืชืืžื•ืช,
16:16
are completely suitable to solve this.
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ืžืชืื™ืžื™ื ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ืœืคืชื•ืจ ืืช ื”ื‘ืขื™ื•ืช ื”ืœืœื•.
16:19
You'll probably want some restricted roadways
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ื™ื™ืชื›ืŸ ืฉื ืฆื˜ืจืš ืžืกืคืจ ื›ื‘ื™ืฉื™ื ืฉื™ื•ื’ื‘ืœื• ืœืชื ื•ืขืช ืจื›ื‘ื™ื ืขืฆืžืื™ื™ื
16:22
to get started
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ื‘ืชื—ื™ืœืช ื”ื“ืจืš
16:23
that both society and its lawyers
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ืขืœ ืžื ืช ืฉื”ื—ื‘ืจื” ื•ืขื•ืจื›ื™ ื”ื“ื™ืŸ
16:25
agree are safe to use for this.
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ื™ืกื›ื™ืžื• ืฉืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ืžืขืจื›ืช ื‘ื˜ื•ื—ื” ืœืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื”ื›ืœืœ.
16:27
This will start with the HOV lanes
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ื ืชื—ื™ืœ ื‘ื ืชื™ื‘ื™ ืชื—ื‘ื•ืจื” ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ืช
16:29
and move from there.
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ื•ื ืชืคืฉื˜ ืžืฉื.
16:31
But finally, you need to recognize
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ื•ืœืกื™ื•ื, ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืฉื”ืจื›ื‘ ื™ื“ืข ืœื–ื”ื•ืช
16:34
people, signs and objects.
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ืื ืฉื™ื, ืชืžืจื•ืจื™ื ื•ืขืฆืžื™ื.
16:36
Machine vision, special sensors, and high-performance computing
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ืจืื™ื™ืช ืžื›ื•ื ื”, ื—ื™ื™ืฉื ื™ื ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ื™ื, ืžืขืจื›ื•ืช ืžื—ืฉื•ื‘ ื—ื–ืงื•ืช
16:39
can do a lot of this,
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ืžืกื•ื’ืœื•ืช ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืืช ืจื•ื‘ ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื,
16:40
but it turns out a lot is not good enough
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ืื‘ืœ ืžืกืชื‘ืจ ืฉ'ืจื•ื‘ ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื' ืื™ื ื ืžืกืคื™ืง ื˜ื•ื‘ื™ื
16:43
when your family is on board.
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ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื”ืžืฉืคื—ื•ืช ื”ืคืจื˜ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœื ื•.
16:45
Occasionally, humans will need to do sense-making.
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ืžื“ื™ ืคืขื, ื‘ื ื™ ืื“ื ื™ืฆื˜ืจื›ื• ืœื”ืชืขืจื‘ ื‘ื—ื™ืฉื”.
16:48
For this, you might actually have to wake up
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ืœื›ืŸ, ื™ื™ืชื›ืŸ ืฉื™ื”ื™ื” ืฆื•ืจืš ืœื”ืขื™ืจ
16:52
your passenger and ask them what the hell
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ืืช ื”ื ื•ืกืขื™ื ื‘ืจื›ื‘ ื•ืœืฉืื•ืœ ืื•ืชื ืžื” ืœืขื–ืื–ืœ
16:54
that big lump is in the middle of the road.
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ื”ื’ื•ืฉ ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ ืฉืขื•ืžื“ ื‘ืืžืฆืข ื”ื›ื‘ื™ืฉ.
16:57
Not so bad, and it will give us a sense of purpose
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ืœื ืจืข, ื•ื–ื” ื™ื™ืชืŸ ืœื ื• ืชื—ื•ืฉื” ืฉืœ ืžื˜ืจื”
16:59
in this new world.
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ื‘ืขื•ืœื ื”ื—ื“ืฉ.
17:01
Besides, once the first drivers explain
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ืžืขื‘ืจ ืœื›ืš, ื‘ืจื’ืข ืฉื”ื ื”ื’ื™ื ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื ื™ืกื‘ื™ืจื•
17:04
to their confused car
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ืœืžื›ื•ื ื™ื•ืช ื”ืžื‘ื•ืœื‘ืœื•ืช ืฉืœื”ื
17:05
that the giant chicken at the fork in the road
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ืฉื”ืชืจื ื’ื•ืœ ื”ืขื ืงื™ ื‘ืฆื•ืžืช
17:08
is actually a restaurant,
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ื”ื•ื ื‘ืขืฆื ืžืกืขื“ื”,
17:09
and it's okay to keep driving,
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ื•ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื”ืžืฉื™ืš ื•ืœื ื”ื•ื’,
17:12
every other car on the surface of the Earth
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ื›ืœ ืฉืืจ ื”ืžื›ื•ื ื™ื•ืช ืขืœ ืคื ื™ ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ
17:15
will know that from that point on.
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ื™ื“ืขื• ื–ืืช ืžืื•ืชื• ืจื’ืข ื•ื”ืœืื”.
17:18
Five miracles, mostly delivered,
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ื—ืžื™ืฉื” ื ืกื™ื, ืจื•ื‘ื ืžื•ืžืฉื•,
17:20
and now you just need a clear vision
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ื•ื›ื™ื•ื ื“ืจื•ืฉ ืœื ื• ืจืง ื—ื–ื•ืŸ ื‘ืจื•ืจ
17:22
of a better world filled with autonomous vehicles
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ืฉืœ ื”ืขื•ืœื ื”ืขืชื™ื“ื™ ืฉื™ื”ื™ื” ืžืœื ื‘ืจื›ื‘ื™ื ืขืฆืžืื™ื™ื
17:25
with seductively beautiful and new functional designs
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ื‘ืขื™ืฆื•ื‘ ื™ืคื”, ืžืคืชื” ื•ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉื™
17:29
plus a lot of money and hard work
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ืคืœื•ืก ื”ืžื•ืŸ ื›ืกืฃ ื•ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืงืฉื”
17:31
to bring it home.
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ืขืœ ืžื ืช ืœื”ื‘ื™ื ืื•ืชื ืœื‘ืชื™ื ืฉืœื ื•.
17:33
The beginning is now only a handful of years away,
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ื”ื”ืชื—ืœื” ื ืžืฆืืช ืจืง ืฉื ื™ื ืกืคื•ืจืช ืœืคื ื™ื ื•,
17:36
and I predict that autonomous vehicles
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ื•ืื ื™ ืžืขืจื™ืš ืฉืจื›ื‘ื™ื ืขืฆืžืื™ื™ื
17:38
will permanently change our world
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ื™ืฉื ื• ืืช ื”ืขื•ืœื ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืงื‘ื•ืข
17:40
over the next several decades.
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ื‘ืขืฉื•ืจื™ื ื”ื‘ืื™ื.
17:44
In conclusion, I've come to believe
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ืœืกื™ื›ื•ื, ืื ื™ ื ื•ื˜ื” ืœื”ืืžื™ืŸ
17:47
that the ingredients for the next Pantheons
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ืฉื”ืžืจื›ื™ื‘ื™ื ืœื™ืฆื™ืจืช ื”ืคื ืชืื•ืŸ ื”ื‘ื
17:49
are all around us,
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ื ืžืฆืื™ื ื›ื‘ืจ ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื ื•,
17:50
just waiting for visionary people
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ืจืง ืžื—ื›ื™ื ืœื‘ืขืœื™ ื”ื—ื–ื•ืŸ ื‘ื™ื ื ื•
17:52
with the broad knowledge,
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ื‘ืขืœื™ ื”ื™ื“ืข ื”ื ืจื—ื‘,
17:54
multidisciplinary skills,
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ื›ื™ืฉื•ืจื™ื ื‘ืฉืœืœ ืชื—ื•ืžื™ื,
17:56
and intense passion
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ื•ืชืฉื•ืงื” ืœื•ื”ื˜ืช
17:58
to harness them to make their dreams a reality.
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ืขืœ ืžื ืช ืœืจืชื•ื ืื•ืชื ื•ืœื”ืคื•ืš ืืช ื”ื—ืœื•ื ืœืžืฆื™ืื•ืช.
18:03
But these people don't spontaneously
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ืื ืฉื™ื ื”ืœืœื• ืœื ืฆืฆื™ื
18:05
pop into existence.
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ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืกืคื•ื ื˜ื ื™ ืœืื•ื•ื™ืจ ื”ืขื•ืœื.
18:06
They need to be nurtured and encouraged
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ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื˜ืคื— ืื•ืชื ื•ืœืขื•ื“ื“ ืื•ืชื
18:08
from when they're little kids.
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ื”ื—ืœ ื‘ื™ืœื“ื•ืชื ื”ืžื•ืงื“ืžืช.
18:10
We need to love them and help them
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ืื ื—ื ื• ื—ื™ื™ื‘ื™ื ืœืื”ื•ื‘ ืื•ืชื ื•ืœืขื–ื•ืจ ืœื”ื
18:12
discover their passions.
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ืœื’ืœื•ืช ืืช ื”ืื”ื‘ื•ืช ืฉืœื”ื.
18:14
We need to encourage them to work hard
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœืขื•ื“ื“ ืื•ืชื ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ ืงืฉื”
18:16
and help them understand that failure
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ื•ืœืขื–ื•ืจ ืœื”ื ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืฉื›ืฉืœื•ืŸ
18:18
is a necessary ingredient for success,
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ื”ื•ื ืžืจื›ื™ื‘ ื—ื™ื•ื ื™ ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื”ืฆืœื—ื”,
18:21
as is perseverance.
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ื›ืžื• ื’ื ื”ืชืžื“ื”.
18:23
We need to help them to find their own role models,
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœืขื–ื•ืจ ืœื”ื ืœื’ืœื•ืช ืืช ื”ืžื•ื“ืœื™ื ืื•ืชื ื”ื ื™ื—ืงื•,
18:26
and give them the confidence to believe in themselves
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ื•ืœื˜ืขืช ื‘ืœื‘ื ื‘ื˜ื—ื•ืŸ ื•ืืžื•ื ื” ื‘ืขืฆืžื
18:29
and to believe that anything is possible,
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ื•ืืžื•ื ื” ืฉื”ื›ืœ ืืคืฉืจื™,
18:32
and just as my grandpa did when he took me shopping for surplus,
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ื•ืžืžืฉ ื›ืžื• ืฉืกื‘ื™ ืœืงื— ืื•ืชื™ ืœืงื ื•ืช ืฉืืจื™ื•ืช ืžื—ืฉื‘ื™ื,
18:35
and just as my parents did
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ื•ืžืžืฉ ื›ืžื• ืฉื”ื•ืจื™ ืขืฉื•
18:37
when they took me to science museums,
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ื›ืฉื”ื ืœืงื—ื• ืื•ืชื™ ืœืžื•ื–ื™ืื•ืŸ ื”ืžื“ืข,
18:39
we need to encourage them to find their own path,
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœืขื•ื“ื“ ืื•ืชื ืœืžืฆื•ื ืืช ื“ืจื›ื ื”ืขืฆืžืื™ืช,
18:43
even if it's very different from our own.
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ืืคื™ืœื• ืื ื”ื™ื ืฉื•ื ื” ืžืื“ ืžื“ืจื›ื ื•.
18:45
But a cautionary note:
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ืžื™ืœื” ืื—ืช ืฉืœ ืื–ื”ืจื”:
18:47
We also need to periodically pry them away
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืžื“ื™ ืคืขื ืœื ืชืง ืื•ืชื
18:49
from their modern miracles,
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ืžื”ื ืกื™ื ื”ืžื•ื“ืจื ื™ื™ื ืœื”ื ื”ื ืจื’ื™ืœื™ื,
18:50
the computers, phones, tablets,
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ื”ืžื—ืฉื‘ื™ื, ื”ื˜ืœืคื•ื ื™ื, ืžื—ืฉื‘ื™ ื”ืœื•ื—,
18:52
game machines and TVs,
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ืžื›ื•ื ื•ืช ื”ืžืฉื—ืง ื•ื”ื˜ืœื•ื•ื™ื–ื™ื•ืช,
18:54
take them out into the sunlight
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ืœื”ื•ืฆื™ื ืืชื ื”ื—ื•ืฆื” ืœืฉืžืฉ
18:56
so they can experience both the natural
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ืขืœ ืžื ืช ืฉื”ื ื™ื—ื•ื• ื’ื ืืช ื ืคืœืื•ืช ื”ื˜ื‘ืข
18:58
and design wonders of our world,
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ื•ื’ื ืืช ื ืคืœืื•ืช ื”ืขื™ืฆื•ื‘ ืฉืœ ืขื•ืœืžื ื•,
19:01
our planet and our civilization.
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ื”ื›ื•ื›ื‘ ืฉืœื ื• ื•ื”ืชืจื‘ื•ืช ืฉืœื ื•.
19:04
If we don't, they won't understand
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ืื ืœื ื ืขืฉื” ื–ืืช, ื”ื ืœื ื™ื‘ื™ื ื•
19:07
what these precious things are
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ืžื”ื ืื•ืชื ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื ืคืœืื™ื
19:08
that someday they will be resopnsible
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ืฉื™ื•ื ืื—ื“ ื™ื”ื™ื• ืชื—ืช ืื—ืจื™ื•ืชื.
19:11
for protecting and improving.
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19:13
We also need them to understand
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ืื ื—ื ื• ื—ื™ื™ื‘ื™ื ื’ื ืฉื”ื ื™ื‘ื™ื ื•
19:15
something that doesn't seem adequately appreciated
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ืžืฉื”ื• ืฉืื™ื ื ื• ืžื•ืขืจืš ืžืกืคื™ืง
19:18
in our increasingly tech-dependent world,
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ื‘ื—ื‘ืจื” ื”ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ืช ืฉืœ ื™ืžื™ื ื•,
19:20
that art and design
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ืฉืื•ืžื ื•ืช ื•ืขื™ืฆื•ื‘
19:22
are not luxuries,
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ืื™ื ืŸ ืžื•ืชืจื•ืช,
19:24
nor somehow incompatible
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ื•ืื™ื ืŸ ืžืฉื”ื• ืฉื ื•ื’ื“
19:26
with science and engineering.
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ืืช ืขืจื›ื™ ื”ืžื“ืข ื•ื”ื”ื ื“ืกื”.
19:28
They are in fact essential to what makes us special.
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ื”ืŸ ื‘ืขืฆื ื”ื’ื•ืจื ืฉื”ื•ืคืš ืื•ืชื ื• ืœืžื™ื•ื—ื“ื™ื.
19:33
Someday, if you get the chance,
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ื™ื•ื ืื—ื“, ืื ื™ื”ื™ื” ืœื›ื ื–ืžืŸ,
19:36
perhaps you can take your kids
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ืชื™ืงื—ื• ืื•ืœื™ ืืช ื”ื™ืœื“ื™ื ืฉืœื›ื
19:37
to the actual Pantheon,
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ืœื‘ืงืจ ื‘ืคื ืชืื•ืŸ ื”ืืžืชื™,
19:39
as we will our daughter Kira,
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ื›ืžื• ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ื ื™ืงื— ืืช ื‘ืชื ื• ืงื™ืจื”,
19:42
to experience firsthand
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ืขืœ ืžื ืช ืฉื™ื—ื•ื• ื‘ืขืฆืžื
19:44
the power of that astonishing design,
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ืืช ื”ืขืฆืžื” ื”ื˜ืžื•ื ื” ื‘ืขื™ืฆื•ื‘ ื”ืžื“ื”ื™ื ืฉืœื•
19:48
which on one otherwise unremarkable day in Rome,
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ืฉื‘ื™ื•ื ืจื’ื™ืœ ืื—ื“ ื‘ืขื™ืจ ืจื•ืžื,
19:52
reached 2,000 years into the future
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ื”ืฆืœื™ื—ื• ืœื’ืฉืจ ืขืœ ืคื ื™ 2,000 ืฉื ื”
19:55
to set the course for my life.
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ื•ืœืฉื ื•ืช ืืช ืžื”ืœืš ื—ื™ื™.
19:58
Thank you.
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ืชื•ื“ื” ืœื›ื.
20:00
(Applause)
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(ืžื—ื™ืื•ืช ื›ืคื™ื™ื)
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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