A new type of medicine, custom-made with tiny proteins | Christopher Bahl

80,970 views ใƒป 2020-02-19

TED


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

ืชืจื’ื•ื: Shir Ben Asher Kestin ืขืจื™ื›ื”: Ido Dekkers
00:13
I'm a protein designer.
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ืื ื™ ืžืขืฆื‘ ื—ืœื‘ื•ื ื™ื.
00:16
And I'd like to discuss a new type of medicine.
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ื•ืื ื™ ืจื•ืฆื” ืœื“ื‘ืจ ืขืœ ืกื•ื’ ื—ื“ืฉ ืฉืœ ืจืคื•ืื”.
00:19
It's made from a molecule called a constrained peptide.
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ืฉื‘ื ื•ื™ื” ืžืžื•ืœืงื•ืœื” ืฉื ืงืจืืช "ืคืคื˜ื™ื“ ื›ืคื•ื™".
00:24
There are only a few constrained peptide drugs available today,
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ื™ืฉ ืจืง ืชืจื•ืคื•ืช ืžืขื˜ื•ืช ืžืคืคื˜ื™ื“ื™ื ื›ืคื•ื™ื™ื ืฉื–ืžื™ื ื•ืช ื›ื™ื•ื,
00:27
but there are a lot that will hit the market in the coming decade.
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ืื‘ืœ ืชืจื•ืคื•ืช ืจื‘ื•ืช ื™ื’ื™ืขื• ืœืฉื•ืง ื‘ืขืฉื•ืจ ื”ืงืจื•ื‘.
00:30
Let's explore what these new medicines are made of,
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ื‘ื•ืื• ื ื—ืงื•ืจ ืžืžื” ื”ืชืจื•ืคื•ืช ื”ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช ื”ืืœื• ืขืฉื•ื™ื•ืช,
00:32
how they're different and what's causing this incoming tidal wave
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ื‘ืžื” ื”ืŸ ืฉื•ื ื•ืช, ื•ืžื” ื’ื•ืจื ืœื’ืœ ื”ื ื›ื ืก ื”ื–ื”
00:35
of new and exciting medicines.
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ืฉืœ ืชืจื•ืคื•ืช ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช ื•ืžืจื’ืฉื•ืช.
00:38
Constrained peptides are very small proteins.
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ืคืคื˜ื™ื“ื™ื ื›ืคื•ื™ื™ื ื”ื ื—ืœื‘ื•ื ื™ื ืžืื•ื“ ืงื˜ื ื™ื.
00:42
They've got extra chemical bonds that constrain the shape of the molecule,
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ืฉื™ืฉ ื‘ื”ื ืงืฉืจื™ื ื›ื™ืžื™ื™ื ื ื•ืกืคื™ื ืฉืžื’ื‘ื™ืœื™ื ืื•ืชื ื•ื›ื•ืคื™ื ืขืœื™ื”ื ืฆื•ืจื” ืžืกื•ื™ืžืช,
00:45
and this makes them incredibly stable
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ื•ื–ื” ื”ื•ืคืš ืื•ืชื ืœื™ืฆื™ื‘ื™ื ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืžื“ื”ื™ื
00:47
as well as highly potent.
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ื•ื’ื ืœืžืื•ื“ ืขื•ืฆืžืชื™ื™ื.
00:50
They're naturally occurring, our bodies actually produce a few of these
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ื”ื ื—ืœื‘ื•ื ื™ื ืฉืงื™ื™ืžื™ื ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื˜ื‘ืขื™, ื”ื’ื•ืฃ ืฉืœื ื• ืืคื™ืœื• ืžื™ื™ืฆืจ ื›ืžื” ื›ืืœื”
00:53
that help us to combat bacterial, fungal and viral infections.
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ืฉืขื•ื–ืจื™ื ืœื ื• ืœื”ื™ืœื—ื ื‘ื–ื™ื”ื•ืžื™ื ื—ื™ื™ื“ืงื™ื™ื, ืคื˜ืจื™ื™ืชื™ื™ื™ื ื•ื•ื™ืจืืœื™ื™ื.
00:56
And animals like snakes and scorpions
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ื•ื—ื™ื•ืช ื›ืžื• ื ื—ืฉื™ื ื•ืขืงืจื‘ื™ื
00:58
use constrained peptides in their venom.
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ืžืฉืชืžืฉื•ืช ื‘ืคืคื˜ื™ื“ื™ื ื›ืคื•ื™ื™ื ื‘ืืจืก ืฉืœื”ืŸ.
01:00
Drugs that are made of protein are called biologic drugs.
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ืชืจื•ืคื•ืช ืฉืขืฉื•ื™ื•ืช ืžื—ืœื‘ื•ื ื™ื ื ืงืจืื•ืช ืชืจื•ืคื•ืช ื‘ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื•ืช.
01:03
So this includes constrained peptides,
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ืื– ื–ื” ื›ื•ืœืœ ืืช ื”ืคืคื˜ื™ื“ื™ื ื”ื›ืคื•ื™ื™ื,
01:05
as well as medicines like insulin
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ื•ื’ื ืชืจื•ืคื•ืช ื›ืžื• ืื™ื ืกื•ืœื™ืŸ
01:08
or antibody drugs like Humira or Enbrel.
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ืื• ืชืจื•ืคื•ืช ื ื•ื’ื“ื ื™ื ื›ืžื• ื”ื•ืžื™ืจื” ืื• ืื ื‘ืจืœ.
01:11
And in general, biologics are great,
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ื•ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื›ืœืœื™, ืชืจื•ืคื•ืช ื‘ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื•ืช ื”ืŸ ื ื”ื“ืจื•ืช,
01:14
because they avoid several ways that drugs can cause side effects.
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ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืฉื”ืŸ ืžื•ื ืขื•ืช ื—ืœืง ืžื”ื“ืจื›ื™ื ื‘ื”ืŸ ืชืจื•ืคื•ืช ื’ื•ืจืžื•ืช ืœืชื•ืคืขื•ืช ืœื•ื•ืื™.
01:19
First, protein.
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ืจืืฉื™ืช, ื—ืœื‘ื•ืŸ.
01:20
It's a totally natural, nontoxic material in our bodies.
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ื–ื” ื—ื•ืžืจ ืœื’ืžืจื™ ื˜ื‘ืขื™, ืœื ืจืขื™ืœ ื‘ื’ื•ืฃ ืฉืœื ื•.
01:23
Our cells produce tens of thousands of different proteins,
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ื”ืชืื™ื ืฉืœื ื• ืžื™ื™ืฆืจื™ื ืขืฉืจื•ืช ืืœืคื™ ื—ืœื‘ื•ื ื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื
01:26
and basically, all of our food has protein in it.
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ื•ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื›ืœืœื™ ื‘ื›ืœ ื”ืžื–ื•ืŸ ืฉืœื ื• ื™ืฉ ื—ืœื‘ื•ืŸ.
01:29
And second, sometimes drugs interact with molecules in your body
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ื•ืฉื ื™ืช, ืœืคืขืžื™ื ืœืชืจื•ืคื•ืช ื™ืฉ ืื™ื ื˜ืจืืงืฆื™ื•ืช ืขื ืžื•ืœืงื•ืœื•ืช ื‘ื’ื•ืฃ ืฉืœื ื•
01:33
that you don't want them to.
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ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืœื ืžืขื•ื ื™ื™ื ื™ื ื‘ื”ืŸ.
01:34
Compared to small molecule drugs,
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ื‘ื”ืฉื•ื•ืื” ืœืชืจื•ืคื•ืช ืžืžื•ืœืงื•ืœื•ืช ืงื˜ื ื•ืช,
01:36
and by this I mean regular drugs, like aspirin,
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ื•ื‘ื›ืš ืื ื™ ืžืชื›ื•ื•ืŸ ืœืชืจื•ืคื•ืช ืจื’ื™ืœื•ืช, ื›ืžื• ืืกืคื™ืจื™ืŸ,
01:39
biologics are quite large.
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ื”ืชืจื•ืคื•ืช ื”ื‘ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื•ืช ื”ืŸ ื“ื™ ื’ื“ื•ืœื•ืช.
01:41
Molecules interact when they adopt shapes that fit together perfectly.
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ืžื•ืœืงื•ืœื•ืช ืขื•ื‘ืจื•ืช ืื™ื ื˜ืจืืงืฆื™ื” ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ืŸ ืžืงื‘ืœื•ืช ืฆื•ืจื•ืช ืฉืžืชืื™ืžื•ืช ื–ื• ืœื–ื• ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืžื•ืฉืœื.
01:45
Much like a lock and key.
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ื›ืžื• ืžื ืขื•ืœ ื•ืžืคืชื—.
01:46
Well, a larger key has more grooves,
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ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ, ืœืžืคืชื— ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื™ื•ืชืจ ื™ืฉ ื™ื•ืชืจ ื—ืจื™ืฆื™ื,
01:48
so it's more likely to fit into a single lock.
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ืœื›ืŸ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืกื‘ื™ืจ ืฉื™ืชืื™ื ืœืžื ืขื•ืœ ืื—ื“ ื‘ืœื‘ื“.
01:52
But most biologics also have a flaw.
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ืื‘ืœ ืœืจื•ื‘ ื”ืชืจื•ืคื•ืช ื”ื‘ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื•ืช ื™ืฉ ื’ื ืคื’ื.
01:54
They're fragile.
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ื”ืŸ ืฉื‘ื™ืจื•ืช.
01:56
So they're usually administered by injection,
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ืื– ื‘ื“ืจืš ื›ืœืœ ื ื•ืชื ื™ื ืื•ืชืŸ ื‘ื–ืจื™ืงื”,
01:58
because our stomach acid would destroy the medicine
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ื›ื™ ื”ื—ื•ืžืฆื” ื‘ืงื™ื‘ื” ืฉืœื ื• ืชื”ืจื•ืก ืื•ืชืŸ
02:00
if we tried to swallow it.
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ืื ื ื ืกื” ืœื‘ืœื•ืข ืื•ืชืŸ.
02:02
Constrained peptides are the opposite.
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ืคืคื˜ื™ื“ื™ื ื›ืคื•ื™ื™ื ื”ื ื”ื”ื™ืคืš ืžื–ื”.
02:04
They're really durable, like regular drugs.
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ื”ื ืžืื•ื“ ืขืžื™ื“ื™ื, ื›ืžื• ืชืจื•ืคื•ืช ืจื’ื™ืœื•ืช.
02:06
So it's possible to administer them using pills, inhalers, ointments.
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ื›ืŸ ืฉืืคืฉืจ ืœืชืช ืื•ืชื ื‘ื›ื“ื•ืจื™ื, ืžืฉืืคื™ื, ืžืฉื—ื•ืช.
02:11
This is what makes constrained peptides so desirable for drug development.
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ื–ื” ืžื” ืฉื”ื•ืคืš ืคืคื˜ื™ื“ื™ื ื›ืคื•ื™ื™ื ืœืชืจื•ืคื•ืช ื›ืœ ื›ืš ื ื—ืฉืงื•ืช ืœืคื™ืชื•ื—.
02:16
They combine some of the best features
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ื”ื ืžืฉืœื‘ื™ื ื›ืžื” ืžื”ืžืืคื™ื™ื ื™ื ื”ื›ื™ ื˜ื•ื‘ื™ื
02:17
of small-molecule and biologic drugs into one.
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ืฉืœ ืžื•ืœืงื•ืœื•ืช ืงื˜ื ื•ืช ื•ืชืจื•ืคื•ืช ื‘ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื•ืช.
02:21
But unfortunately, it's incredibly difficult
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ืื‘ืœ ืœืฆืขืจื ื•, ื–ื” ืžืื•ื“ ืžืื•ื“ ืงืฉื”
02:24
to reengineer the constrained peptides that we find in nature
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ืœื”ื ื“ืก ืžื—ื“ืฉ ืืช ื”ืคืคื˜ื™ื“ื™ื ื”ื›ืคื•ื™ื™ื ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืžื•ืฆืื™ื ื‘ื˜ื‘ืข
02:27
to become new drugs.
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ื›ืš ืฉื™ื”ืคื›ื• ืœืชืจื•ืคื•ืช ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช.
02:28
So this is where I come in.
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ื›ืืŸ ืื ื™ ื ื›ื ืก ืœืชืžื•ื ื”.
02:30
Creating a new drug is a lot like crafting a key
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ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ืชืจื•ืคื” ื—ื“ืฉื” ื–ื” ื“ื•ืžื” ืœื™ื™ืฆื•ืจ ืžืคืชื—
02:33
to fit a particular lock.
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ืฉื™ืชืื™ื ืœืžื ืขื•ืœ ืžืกื•ื™ื™ื.
02:36
We need to get the shape just right.
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ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื”ื’ื™ืข ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ืœืฆื•ืจื” ื”ื ื›ื•ื ื”.
02:37
But if we change the shape of a constrained peptide by too much,
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ืื‘ืœ ืื ืžืฉื ื™ื ืืช ื”ืฆื•ืจื” ืฉืœ ืคืคื˜ื™ื“ ื›ืคื•ื™ ื™ืชืจ ืขืœ ื”ืžื™ื“ื”,
02:40
those extra chemical bonds are unable to form
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ืื™ ืืคืฉืจ ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ืืช ื”ืงืฉืจื™ื ื”ื›ื™ืžื™ื™ื ื”ื ื•ืกืคื™ื
02:43
and the whole molecule falls apart.
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ื•ื›ืœ ื”ืžื•ืœืงื•ืœื” ืžืชืคืจืงืช.
02:45
So we needed to figure out how to gain control over their shape.
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ืื– ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื™ืš ืœืฉืœื•ื˜ ืขืœ ื”ืฆื•ืจื” ืฉืœื”ื.
02:48
I was part of a collaborative scientific effort
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ืื ื™ ื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ื—ืœืง ืžืฉื™ืชื•ืฃ ืคืขื•ืœื” ืžื“ืขื™
02:50
that spanned a dozen institutions across three continents
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ืฉื”ืงื™ืฃ ืชืจื™ืกืจ ืžื•ืกื“ื•ืช ื‘ืฉืœื•ืฉ ื™ื‘ืฉื•ืช
02:54
that came together and solved this problem.
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ืฉืคืขืœื• ื™ื—ื“ ื•ืคืชืจื• ืืช ื”ื‘ืขื™ื” ื”ื–ื•.
02:57
We took a radically different approach from previous efforts.
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ื ืงื˜ื ื• ื‘ื’ื™ืฉื” ืฉื•ื ื” ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืงื™ืฆื•ื ื™ ืžืžื” ืฉื ื•ืกื” ื‘ืขื‘ืจ.
03:00
Instead of making changes to the constrained peptides
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ื‘ืžืงื•ื ืœืฉื ื•ืช ืืช ื”ืคืคื˜ื™ื“ื™ื ื”ื›ืคื•ื™ื™ื
03:03
that we find in nature,
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ื”ืงื™ื™ืžื™ื ื‘ื˜ื‘ืข,
03:04
we figured out how to build new ones totally from scratch.
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ืžืฆืื ื• ื“ืจืš ืœื‘ื ื•ืช ืคืคื˜ื™ื“ื™ื ื—ื“ืฉื™ื ืžืืคืก.
03:07
To help us do this,
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ืขืœ ืžื ืช ืœืขื–ื•ืจ ืœื ื• ื‘ื›ืš,
03:08
we developed freely available open-source peptide-design software
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ืคื™ืชื—ื ื• ืชื•ื›ื ืช ืงื•ื“ ืคืชื•ื— ื—ื™ื ืžื™ืช ืœืขื™ืฆื•ื‘ ืคืคื˜ื™ื“ื™ื
03:12
that anyone can use to do this, too.
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ืฉื›ืœ ืื—ื“ ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ื”.
03:13
To test our method out,
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœื‘ื“ื•ืง ืืช ื”ืฉื™ื˜ื” ืฉืœื ื•,
03:15
we generated a series of constrained peptides
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ื™ืฆืจื ื• ืกื“ืจื” ืฉืœ ืคืคื˜ื™ื“ื™ื ื›ืคื•ื™ื™ื
03:18
that have a wide variety of different shapes.
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ื‘ืขืœื™ ืžื’ื•ื•ืŸ ืจื—ื‘ ืฉืœ ืฆื•ืจื•ืช.
03:20
Many of these had never been seen in nature before.
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ืจื‘ื™ื ืžื”ื ืžืขื•ืœื ืœื ื ืจืื• ื‘ื˜ื‘ืข ื‘ืขื‘ืจ.
03:22
Then we went into the laboratory and produced these peptides.
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ื•ืื– ื ื›ื ืกื ื• ืœืžืขื‘ื“ื” ื•ื™ื™ืฆืจื ื• ืืช ื”ืคืคื˜ื™ื“ื™ื ื”ืœืœื•.
03:25
Next, we determined their molecular structures,
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ืื—ืจ ื›ืš, ืงื‘ืขื ื• ืืช ื”ืžื‘ื ื” ื”ืžื•ืœืงื•ืœืจื™ ืฉืœื”ื.
03:28
using experiments.
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ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื ื™ืกื•ื™ื™ื.
03:29
When we compared our designed models
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ื•ื›ืฉื”ืฉื•ื•ื ื• ืืช ื”ืžื•ื“ืœื™ื ืฉืชื›ื ื ื•
03:31
with the real molecular structures,
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ืœืžื‘ื ื” ื”ืžื•ืœืงื•ืœืจื™ ื”ืืžื™ืชื™ ืฉืœื”ื,
03:33
we found that our software can position individual atoms
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ื’ื™ืœื™ื ื• ืฉื”ืชื•ื›ื ื” ืฉืœื ื• ืžืกื•ื’ืœืช ืœืžืงื ืื˜ื•ืžื™ื ื‘ื•ื“ื“ื™ื
03:36
with an accuracy that's at the limit of what's possible to measure.
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ื‘ืจืžืช ื“ื™ื•ืง ืฉื”ื™ื ืขืœ ื’ื‘ื•ืœ ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ื”ืžื“ื™ื“ื” ืฉืœื ื•.
03:39
Three years ago, this couldn't be done.
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ืœืคื ื™ 3 ืฉื ื™ื, ืœื ื”ื™ื” ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืืช ื–ื”.
03:42
But today, we have the ability to create designer peptides
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ื™ื•ื, ื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ืืช ื”ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ืคืคื˜ื™ื“ื™ื ืฉืขื•ืฆื‘ื• ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ื ื•
03:45
with shapes that are custom-tailored for drug development.
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ื‘ืฆื•ืจื•ืช ืฉืชืคื•ืจื•ืช ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืกืคืฆื™ืคื™ ืœืฆืจื›ื™ ืคื™ืชื•ื— ืชืจื•ืคื•ืช.
03:48
So where is this technology taking us?
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ืื– ืœืืŸ ื”ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ื”ื–ื• ืชื™ืงื— ืื•ืชื ื•?
03:51
Well, recently,
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ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ, ืœืื—ืจื•ื ื”,
03:52
my colleagues and I designed constrained peptides
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ื”ืขืžื™ืชื™ื ืฉืœื™ ื•ืื ื™ ืขื™ืฆื‘ื ื• ืคืคื˜ื™ื“ื™ื ื›ืคื•ื™ื™ื
03:54
that neutralize influenza virus,
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ืฉืžื ื˜ืจืœื™ื ืืช ื ื’ื™ืฃ ื”ืฉืคืขืช,
03:58
protect against botulism poisoning
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ืžื’ื ื™ื ืžื”ืจืขืœืช ื‘ื•ื˜ื•ืœื™ื ื™ื•ื
04:01
and block cancer cells from growing.
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ื•ืขื•ืฆืจื™ื ื’ื“ื™ืœื” ืฉืœ ืชืื™ ืกืจื˜ืŸ.
04:03
Some of these new drugs
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ื—ืœืง ืžื”ืชืจื•ืคื•ืช ื”ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช ื”ืืœื•
04:04
have been tested in preclinical trials with laboratory animals.
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ื ื‘ื“ืงื• ื‘ืžื—ืงืจื™ื ื˜ืจื•ื- ืงืœื™ื ื™ื™ื ื‘ื—ื™ื•ืช ืžืขื‘ื“ื”.
04:07
And so far, they're all safe and highly effective.
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ื•ืขื“ ื›ื” ื”ืŸ ื›ื•ืœืŸ ื‘ื˜ื•ื—ื•ืช ื•ืžืื•ื“ ื™ืขื™ืœื•ืช.
04:12
Constrained peptide design is a cutting-edge technology,
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ืขื™ืฆื•ื‘ ืคืคื˜ื™ื“ื™ื ื›ืคื•ื™ื™ื ื”ื•ื ื‘ื—ื•ื“ ื”ื—ื ื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื”,
04:15
and the drug development pipeline is slow and cautious.
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ื•ืžืกืœื•ืœ ืคื™ืชื•ื— ื”ืชืจื•ืคื•ืช ื”ื•ื ืื™ื˜ื™ ื•ื–ื”ื™ืจ.
04:17
So we're still three to five years out from human trials.
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ืื– ื™ืฉ ืขื•ื“ ืฉืœื•ืฉ ืขื“ ื—ืžืฉ ืฉื ื™ื ืœืคื ื™ ืฉื ืชื—ื™ืœ ื‘ื ื™ืกื•ื™ื™ื ื‘ื‘ื ื™ ืื“ื.
04:20
But during that time,
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ืื‘ืœ ืขื“ ืื–,
04:21
more constrained peptide drugs
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ื™ื™ื›ื ืกื• ืขื•ื“ ืคืคื˜ื™ื“ื™ื ื›ืคื•ื™ื™ื
04:23
are going to be entering the drug development pipeline.
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ืœืžืกืœื•ืœ ืฉืœ ืคื™ืชื•ื— ื”ืชืจื•ืคื•ืช.
04:25
And ultimately, I believe that designed peptide drugs
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ื•ื‘ืกื•ืคื• ืฉืœ ื“ื‘ืจ, ืื ื™ ืžืืžื™ืŸ ืฉืชืจื•ืคื•ืช ืคืคื˜ื™ื“ื™ื•ืช ืžืขื•ืฆื‘ื•ืช
04:30
are going to enable us all to break free
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ื™ืืคืฉืจื• ืœื›ื•ืœื ื• ืœื”ืฉืชื—ืจืจ
04:32
from the constraints of our diseases.
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ืžื›ื‘ืœื™ ื”ืžื—ืœื•ืช ืฉืœื ื•.
04:34
Thank you.
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ืชื•ื“ื”.
04:35
(Applause)
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(ืžื—ื™ืื•ืช ื›ืคื™ื™ื)
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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