A new type of medicine, custom-made with tiny proteins | Christopher Bahl

80,028 views ・ 2020-02-19

TED


μ•„λž˜ μ˜λ¬Έμžλ§‰μ„ λ”λΈ”ν΄λ¦­ν•˜μ‹œλ©΄ μ˜μƒμ΄ μž¬μƒλ©λ‹ˆλ‹€.

λ²ˆμ—­: dahee yun κ²€ν† : Jihyeon J. Kim
00:13
I'm a protein designer.
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μ €λŠ” λ‹¨λ°±μ§ˆμ„ μ„€κ³„ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:16
And I'd like to discuss a new type of medicine.
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신약에 κ΄€ν•΄ μ΄μ•ΌκΈ°ν•˜λ € ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€
00:19
It's made from a molecule called a constrained peptide.
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ꡬ속성 νŽ©ν‹°λ“œλΌκ³  λΆˆλ¦¬λŠ” λΆ„μžλ‘œ λ§Œλ“€μ–΄μ‘ŒλŠ”λ°
아직 ꡬ속성 νŽ©ν‹°λ“œλ₯Ό μ μš©ν•΄ λ§Œλ“€ 수 μžˆλŠ” μ•½μ˜ μˆ˜λŠ” μ μ§€λ§Œ
00:24
There are only a few constrained peptide drugs available today,
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μ•žμœΌλ‘œ 10λ…„ μ•ˆμ— 이λ₯Ό μ΄μš©ν•΄ λ§Žμ€ 신약이 개발될 κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€
00:27
but there are a lot that will hit the market in the coming decade.
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이제 신약듀은 λ¬΄μ—‡μœΌλ‘œ λ§Œλ“€μ–΄μ§€λŠ”μ§€,
00:30
Let's explore what these new medicines are made of,
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무엇이 νŠΉλ³„ν•œμ§€,
00:32
how they're different and what's causing this incoming tidal wave
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그리고 이 ν₯미둜운 신약이 κΈ‰μ¦ν•˜λŠ” 원인에 λŒ€ν•΄μ„œ λ§ν•΄λ³΄κ² μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:35
of new and exciting medicines.
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00:38
Constrained peptides are very small proteins.
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ꡬ속성 νŽ©ν‹°λ“œλŠ” 맀우 μž‘μ€ λ‹¨λ°±μ§ˆμ΄κ³ 
00:42
They've got extra chemical bonds that constrain the shape of the molecule,
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λΆ„μžμ˜ λͺ¨μ–‘을 μ œν•œν•˜λŠ” 화학적 결합을 ν•˜λŠ”λ°
00:45
and this makes them incredibly stable
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λ‹¨λ°±μ§ˆμ„ 맀우 μ•ˆμ •μ μ΄κ³ 
00:47
as well as highly potent.
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κ°•λ ₯ν•˜κ²Œ λ§Œλ“­λ‹ˆλ‹€
00:50
They're naturally occurring, our bodies actually produce a few of these
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ꡬ속성 νŽ©ν‹°λ“œλŠ” μžμ—°μ μœΌλ‘œ μƒμ‚°λ˜λ©° 우리 λͺΈμ—μ„œλ„ μ†ŒλŸ‰ μƒμ‚°λ˜λŠ”λ°
00:53
that help us to combat bacterial, fungal and viral infections.
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λ°•ν…Œλ¦¬μ•„, 진균증, λ°”μ΄λŸ¬μŠ€ 감염에 λŒ€ν•­ν•˜λŠ” 데 도움을 μ£Όλ©°
00:56
And animals like snakes and scorpions
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λ±€κ³Ό μ „κ°ˆ 같은 λ™λ¬Όμ˜ 독에도
00:58
use constrained peptides in their venom.
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ꡬ속성 νŽ©ν‹°λ“œκ°€ 있죠.
01:00
Drugs that are made of protein are called biologic drugs.
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λ‹¨λ°±μ§ˆλ‘œ λ§Œλ“€μ–΄μ§„ 약을 생물학적 제제라 ν•˜λŠ”λ°
01:03
So this includes constrained peptides,
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ꡬ속성 νŽ©ν‹°λ“œμ™€
01:05
as well as medicines like insulin
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인슐린 같은 μ•½,
01:08
or antibody drugs like Humira or Enbrel.
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ν•­μ²΄μ˜μ•½ν’ˆμΈ νœ΄λ―ΈλΌμ™€ μ—”λΈŒλ  λ˜ν•œ 생물학적 μ œμ œμ— ν¬ν•¨λ˜μ£ .
01:11
And in general, biologics are great,
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λŒ€μ²΄λ‘œ 생물학적 제제 약물은 ν›Œλ₯­ν•œλ°
01:14
because they avoid several ways that drugs can cause side effects.
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λͺ‡ 가지 방법을 톡해 μ•½λ¬Ό λΆ€μž‘μš©μ„ ν”Όν•  수 있기 λ•Œλ¬Έμ΄μ£ .
01:19
First, protein.
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λ¨Όμ € λ‹¨λ°±μ§ˆμ„ λ³΄κ² μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:20
It's a totally natural, nontoxic material in our bodies.
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μžμ—°μ—μ„œ μΆ”μΆœν•  수 있으며 λͺΈμ— 해둭지 μ•ŠμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:23
Our cells produce tens of thousands of different proteins,
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우리 λͺΈμ˜ μ„Έν¬λŠ” 무수히 λ§Žμ€ μ„œλ‘œ λ‹€λ₯Έ λ‹¨λ°±μ§ˆμ„ μƒμ„±ν•˜λ©°
01:26
and basically, all of our food has protein in it.
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기본적으둜 μš°λ¦¬κ°€ λ¨ΉλŠ” λͺ¨λ“  μŒμ‹μ—λ„ λ‹¨λ°±μ§ˆμ΄ ν¬ν•¨λ˜μ–΄ μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:29
And second, sometimes drugs interact with molecules in your body
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두 번째둜, μš°λ¦¬κ°€ μ›ν•œ 건 μ•„λ‹ˆμ§€λ§Œ
01:33
that you don't want them to.
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가끔 λͺΈμ— μžˆλŠ” λΆ„μžμ™€ 약이 μƒν˜Έ μž‘μš©μ„ ν•˜κ²Œ λ©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:34
Compared to small molecule drugs,
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일반 약인 μ•„μŠ€ν”Όλ¦°κ³Ό 같은
01:36
and by this I mean regular drugs, like aspirin,
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μ €λΆ„μžμ˜μ•½ν’ˆμ— λΉ„ν•΄
01:39
biologics are quite large.
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생물학적 제제의 λΆ„μž ν¬κΈ°λŠ” κ½€ 큰데
01:41
Molecules interact when they adopt shapes that fit together perfectly.
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λΆ„μž κ°„ λͺ¨μ–‘이 μ™„λ²½ν•˜κ²Œ λ§žμ„ λ•Œ μƒν˜Έ μž‘μš©ν•˜κ²Œ 되며
01:45
Much like a lock and key.
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μžλ¬Όμ‡ μ™€ μ—΄μ‡  같은 이치둜 μž‘μš©ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:46
Well, a larger key has more grooves,
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μ—΄μ‡ μ˜ 크기가 클수둝 ν™ˆμ˜ μˆ˜κ°€ λ§Žμ•„μ§€κ³ 
01:48
so it's more likely to fit into a single lock.
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ν•˜λ‚˜μ˜ μžλ¬Όμ‡ μ—λ§Œ λ§žμ„ ν™•λ₯ μ΄ 컀지죠.
01:52
But most biologics also have a flaw.
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ν•˜μ§€λ§Œ λŒ€λΆ€λΆ„ 생물학적 제제 λ˜ν•œ 결함을 가지고 μžˆλŠ”λ°
01:54
They're fragile.
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λΆ„ν•΄λ˜κΈ° μ‰½λ‹€λŠ” κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:56
So they're usually administered by injection,
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κ·Έλž˜μ„œ 주둜 μ£Όμ‚¬κΈ°λ‘œ νˆ¬μ—¬ν•˜λŠ”λ°
01:58
because our stomach acid would destroy the medicine
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약을 μ„­μ·¨ν•˜λ©΄
우리 λͺΈμ˜ μœ„μ‚°μ΄ 약을 λΆ„ν•΄ν•˜μ—¬ 효λŠ₯을 μ—†μ• κΈ° λ•Œλ¬Έμ΄μ£ .
02:00
if we tried to swallow it.
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ꡬ속성 νŽ©ν‹°λ“œλŠ” κ·Έ λ°˜λŒ€μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:02
Constrained peptides are the opposite.
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02:04
They're really durable, like regular drugs.
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일반 μ•½μ²˜λŸΌ 내ꡬ성이 κ°•ν•΄μ„œ
02:06
So it's possible to administer them using pills, inhalers, ointments.
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μ•Œμ•½, 호흑기, μ—°κ³ λ‘œλ„ μ‚¬μš©μ΄ κ°€λŠ₯ν•˜λ©°
02:11
This is what makes constrained peptides so desirable for drug development.
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κ·Έλž˜μ„œ ꡬ속성 νŽ©ν‹°λ“œκ°€ μ œμ•½μ‚°μ—…μ— 맀우 κ°€μΉ˜μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:16
They combine some of the best features
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μ €λΆ„μžμ™€ 생물학적 제제의 μž₯μ λ§Œμ„ λͺ¨μ•„
02:17
of small-molecule and biologic drugs into one.
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ν•˜λ‚˜λ‘œ λ§Œλ“€μ£ .
02:21
But unfortunately, it's incredibly difficult
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ν•˜μ§€λ§Œ μ•„μ‰½κ²Œλ„
μžμ—°μ—μ„œ μΆ”μΆœν•œ ꡬ속성 νŽ©ν‹°λ“œλ₯Ό μž¬μ„€κ³„ ν•˜μ—¬
02:24
to reengineer the constrained peptides that we find in nature
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02:27
to become new drugs.
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μ‹ μ•½μœΌλ‘œ κ°œλ°œν•˜κΈ°λŠ” 무척 νž˜λ“­λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:28
So this is where I come in.
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κ·Έ μ΄μœ κ°€ λ¬΄μ—‡μΌκΉŒμš”?
02:30
Creating a new drug is a lot like crafting a key
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신약을 κ°œλ°œν•˜λŠ” 것은
νŠΉμ • μžλ¬Όμ‡ μ— λ§žλŠ”μ—΄μ‡ λ₯Ό μ œμž‘ν•˜λŠ” 것과 κ°™μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:33
to fit a particular lock.
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02:36
We need to get the shape just right.
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λ”°λΌμ„œ ꡬ속성 νŽ©ν‹°λ“œμ˜ λͺ¨μ–‘을 μž¬μ„€κ³„ν•΄μ•Ό ν•΄μ•Ό ν•˜λŠ”λ°
02:37
But if we change the shape of a constrained peptide by too much,
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λͺ¨μ–‘을 λ„ˆλ¬΄ 많이 λ³€ν˜•ν•˜λ©΄
02:40
those extra chemical bonds are unable to form
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화학적 결합을 ν˜•μ„±ν•˜κΈ° νž˜λ“€μ–΄μ§€κ³ 
02:43
and the whole molecule falls apart.
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λͺ¨λ“  λΆ„μžκ°€ λΆ„ν•΄λ˜μ–΄ 버리죠.
02:45
So we needed to figure out how to gain control over their shape.
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κ·Έλž˜μ„œ λΆ„μž λͺ¨μ–‘을 ν†΅μ œν•  방법을 μ°Ύμ•„μ•Ό ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:48
I was part of a collaborative scientific effort
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μ„Έ 개의 λŒ€λ₯™μ„ 걸쳐 λ§Žμ€ 학ꡐ와 연ꡬ기관이
02:50
that spanned a dozen institutions across three continents
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이 문제λ₯Ό ν•΄κ²°ν•˜κΈ° μœ„ν•΄ λͺ¨μ˜€κ³ 
저도 κ·Έ 쀑 ν•œλͺ…μ΄μ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:54
that came together and solved this problem.
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02:57
We took a radically different approach from previous efforts.
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μ΄μ „κ³ΌλŠ” μ „ν˜€ λ‹€λ₯Έ λ°©λ²•μœΌλ‘œ μ ‘κ·Όν–ˆλŠ”λ°
03:00
Instead of making changes to the constrained peptides
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μžμ—°μ—μ„œ μΆ”μΆœν•œ ꡬ속성 νŽ©ν‹°λ“œμ˜ λͺ¨μ–‘에 λ³€ν™”λ₯Ό μ£ΌλŠ” λŒ€μ‹ 
03:03
that we find in nature,
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μ™„μ „νžˆ μƒˆλ‘œμš΄ ꡬ속성 νŽ©ν‹°λ“œλ₯Ό κ°œλ°œν•˜κΈ°λ‘œ ν•œ κ±°μ£ .
03:04
we figured out how to build new ones totally from scratch.
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03:07
To help us do this,
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그러기 μœ„ν•΄ μ €ν¬λŠ” λˆ„κ΅¬λ‚˜ μ‚¬μš© ν•  수 μžˆλŠ”
03:08
we developed freely available open-source peptide-design software
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νŽ©ν‹°λ“œ 섀계 무료 μ˜€ν”ˆμ†ŒμŠ€ μ†Œν”„νŠΈμ›¨μ–΄λ₯Ό κ°œλ°œν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:12
that anyone can use to do this, too.
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03:13
To test our method out,
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ν…ŒμŠ€νŠΈλ₯Ό μœ„ν•΄
03:15
we generated a series of constrained peptides
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맀우 λ‹€μ–‘ν•œ λͺ¨μ–‘을 가진
03:18
that have a wide variety of different shapes.
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일련의 ꡬ속성 νŽ©ν‹°λ“œλ₯Ό μ„€κ³„ν–ˆλŠ”λ°
03:20
Many of these had never been seen in nature before.
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λŒ€λΆ€λΆ„μ΄ μžμ—°μ—μ„œ μΆ”μΆœν•œ κ²ƒκ³ΌλŠ” 달리 처음 λ³΄λŠ” λͺ¨μ–‘μ΄μ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:22
Then we went into the laboratory and produced these peptides.
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μ‹€ν—˜μ‹€λ‘œ κ°€μ„œ 이 처음 λ³΄λŠ” ꡬ속성 νŽ©ν‹°λ“œλ₯Ό μƒμ‚°ν–ˆμ£ .
03:25
Next, we determined their molecular structures,
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κ·Έλ‹€μŒ, μ‹€ν—˜μ„ ν†΅ν•˜μ—¬ λΆ„μž ꡬ쑰λ₯Ό μ•Œμ•„λƒˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:28
using experiments.
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03:29
When we compared our designed models
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직접 μ„€κ³„ν•œ ꡬ쑰와 μ‹€μ œ λΆ„μž ꡬ쑰λ₯Ό λΉ„κ΅ν–ˆμ„ λ•Œ
03:31
with the real molecular structures,
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03:33
we found that our software can position individual atoms
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μ •ν™•ν•œ 츑정을 ν•  수 μžˆλŠ” λ²”μœ„λ‚΄μ—μ„œ
03:36
with an accuracy that's at the limit of what's possible to measure.
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μ†Œν”„νŠΈμ›¨μ–΄κ°€ μ›μžμ˜ μœ„μΉ˜λ₯Ό κ°œλ³„λ‘œ 지정할 수 μžˆλ‹€λŠ” 것을 μ•Œκ²Œ λ˜μ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:39
Three years ago, this couldn't be done.
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3λ…„ μ „μ—λŠ” μžˆμ„ 수 μ—†λŠ” μΌμ΄μ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:42
But today, we have the ability to create designer peptides
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ν•˜μ§€λ§Œ μ˜€λŠ˜λ‚  νŽ©ν‹°λ“œλ₯Ό λͺ¨μ–‘을 μ„€κ³„ν•˜μ—¬
λ§žμΆ€ν˜• μ‹ μ•½ κ°œλ°œμ„ ν•  수 있게 λ˜μ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:45
with shapes that are custom-tailored for drug development.
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03:48
So where is this technology taking us?
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이 기술둜 무엇을 ν•  수 μžˆμ„κΉŒμš”?
03:51
Well, recently,
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μ΅œκ·Όμ—
03:52
my colleagues and I designed constrained peptides
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저와 제 λ™λ£ŒλŠ” μΈν”Œλ£¨μ—”μž λ°”μ΄λŸ¬μŠ€λ₯Ό μ€‘ν™”μ‹œν‚€κ³ 
03:54
that neutralize influenza virus,
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03:58
protect against botulism poisoning
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λ³΄νˆ΄λ¦¬λˆ„μŠ€ μ€‘λ…μ¦μœΌλ‘œλΆ€ν„° λ³΄ν˜Έν•˜κ³ 
04:01
and block cancer cells from growing.
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암세포가 μžλΌμ§€ μ•Šλ„λ‘ λ§‰λŠ” ꡬ속성 νŽ©ν‹°λ“œλ₯Ό μ„€κ³„ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€
04:03
Some of these new drugs
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일뢀 신약은 μ‹€ν—˜μš© λ™λ¬Όλ‘œ μž„μƒμ‹œν—˜κΉŒμ§€ 마친 μƒνƒœκ³ 
04:04
have been tested in preclinical trials with laboratory animals.
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04:07
And so far, they're all safe and highly effective.
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μ§€κΈˆκΉŒμ§€λŠ” λͺ¨λ‘ μ•ˆμ „ν•˜κ³  효과적인 κ²°κ³Όλ₯Ό λƒˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:12
Constrained peptide design is a cutting-edge technology,
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ꡬ속성 νŽ©ν‹°λ“œ μ„€κ³„λŠ” μ΅œμ²¨λ‹¨ κΈ°μˆ μ΄μ§€λ§Œ
04:15
and the drug development pipeline is slow and cautious.
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μ‹ μ•½κ°œλ°œμ€ λ§Žμ€ μ‹œκ°„μ΄ 걸리고 μ‘°μ‹¬μŠ€λŸ½μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:17
So we're still three to five years out from human trials.
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κ·Έλž˜μ„œ μž„μƒ μ‹œν—˜μ΄ 3λ…„μ—μ„œ 5λ…„ 정도 걸리죠.
04:20
But during that time,
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ν•˜μ§€λ§Œ μž„μƒ μ‹œν—˜ 쀑에도
04:21
more constrained peptide drugs
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더 λ§Žμ€ ꡬ속성 νŽ©ν‹°λ“œκ°€ μ‹ μ•½κ°œλ°œμ— μ‚¬μš©λ  κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:23
are going to be entering the drug development pipeline.
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04:25
And ultimately, I believe that designed peptide drugs
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그리고 κ²°κ΅­μ—” μž¬μ„€κ³„λœ νŽ©ν‹°λ“œλ‘œ λ§Œλ“  약을 톡해
04:30
are going to enable us all to break free
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λͺ¨λ“  μ§ˆλ³‘μ—μ„œ 해방될 것이라고 λ―ΏμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:32
from the constraints of our diseases.
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2518
04:34
Thank you.
99
274625
1268
κ°μ‚¬ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:35
(Applause)
100
275917
4125
(λ°•μˆ˜)
이 μ›Ήμ‚¬μ΄νŠΈ 정보

이 μ‚¬μ΄νŠΈλŠ” μ˜μ–΄ ν•™μŠ΅μ— μœ μš©ν•œ YouTube λ™μ˜μƒμ„ μ†Œκ°œν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€. μ „ 세계 졜고의 μ„ μƒλ‹˜λ“€μ΄ κ°€λ₯΄μΉ˜λŠ” μ˜μ–΄ μˆ˜μ—…μ„ 보게 될 κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€. 각 λ™μ˜μƒ νŽ˜μ΄μ§€μ— ν‘œμ‹œλ˜λŠ” μ˜μ–΄ μžλ§‰μ„ 더블 ν΄λ¦­ν•˜λ©΄ κ·Έκ³³μ—μ„œ λ™μ˜μƒμ΄ μž¬μƒλ©λ‹ˆλ‹€. λΉ„λ””μ˜€ μž¬μƒμ— 맞좰 μžλ§‰μ΄ μŠ€ν¬λ‘€λ©λ‹ˆλ‹€. μ˜κ²¬μ΄λ‚˜ μš”μ²­μ΄ μžˆλŠ” 경우 이 문의 양식을 μ‚¬μš©ν•˜μ—¬ λ¬Έμ˜ν•˜μ‹­μ‹œμ˜€.

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