The freakonomics of McDonalds vs. drugs | Steven Levitt

2,336,683 views ใƒป 2007-01-16

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ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

ืžืชืจื’ื: Shlomo Adam ืžื‘ืงืจ: Yifat Adler
00:25
You'll be happy to know that I'll be talking not about my own tragedy,
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ืชืฉืžื—ื• ืœืฉืžื•ืข
ืฉืœื ืขืœ ืืกื•ื ื™ ื”ืื™ืฉื™ ืื“ื‘ืจ,
00:29
but other people's tragedy.
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ืืœื ืขืœ ืืกื•ื ื•ืชื™ื”ื ืฉืœ ืื—ืจื™ื.
00:31
It's a lot easier to be lighthearted about other people's tragedy
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ืงืœ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœื“ื•ืŸ ื‘ืงืœื™ืœื•ืช ื‘ืืกื•ื ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืื—ืจื™ื ืžืืฉืจ ื‘ืฉืœืš,
00:34
than your own,
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ื•ืื ื™ ืจื•ืฆื” ืœืฉืžื•ืจ ืขืœ ืจื•ื— ื”ื›ื ืก.
00:35
and I want to keep it in the spirit of the conference.
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ืื ืืชื ืžืืžื™ื ื™ื ืœื“ื™ื•ื•ื—ื™ ื”ืชืงืฉื•ืจืช,
00:40
So, if you believe the media accounts,
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00:42
being a drug dealer in the height of the crack cocaine epidemic
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ืกื•ื—ืจื™ ืกืžื™ื ื‘ืฉื™ื ืžื’ืคืช ื”ืงืจืืง-ืงื•ืงืื™ืŸ
00:46
was a very glamorous life, in the words of Virginia Postrel.
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ื–ื›ื• ืœื—ื™ื™-ื–ื•ื”ืจ, ื‘ืžื™ืœื•ืชื™ื” ืฉืœ ื•ื™ืจื’'ื™ื ื™ื” ืคื•ืกื˜ืจืœ.
00:50
There was money, there was drugs, guns, women,
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ื”ื™ื• ืฉื ื›ืกืฃ, ืกืžื™ื, ืจื•ื‘ื™ื, ื ืฉื™ื,
00:54
you know, you name it -- jewelry, bling-bling -- it had it all.
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ืžื” ืฉืชืจืฆื• - ื™ื”ืœื•ืžื™ื, ื ื•ืฆืฆื™ื - ื”ื™ื” ืœื”ื ื”ื›ืœ.
00:59
What I'm going to tell you today is that, in fact, based on 10 years of research,
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ื”ื™ื•ื ืืกืคืจ ืœื›ื ืฉืœืžืขืฉื”, ืขืœ ืกืžืš 10 ืฉื ื•ืช ืžื—ืงืจ,
01:04
a unique opportunity to go inside a gang --
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ื•ื”ื–ื“ืžื ื•ืช ื ื“ื™ืจื” ืœื—ื“ื•ืจ ืœืชื•ืš ื›ื ื•ืคื™ื” -
01:07
to see the actual books, the financial records of the gang --
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ื•ืœืจืื•ืช ืžืžืฉ ืืช ื”ืกืคืจื™ื, ืืช ื”ืจืฉื•ืžื•ืช ื”ืคื™ื ื ืกื™ื•ืช ืฉืœื” -
01:10
that the answer turns out not to be
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ืžืชื‘ืจืจ ืฉืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื—ืœืง ืžื›ื ื•ืคื™ื” ืœื ื‘ื”ื›ืจื— ืžื‘ื˜ื™ื— ื—ื™ื™-ื–ื•ื”ืจ.
01:12
that being in the gang was a glamorous life.
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01:16
But I think, more realistically, that being in a gang --
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ืืœื ืฉืœื“ืขืชื™, ื”ืžืฆื™ืื•ืช ื”ื™ื ืฉืœื”ื™ื•ืช --
01:18
selling drugs for a gang -- is perhaps the worst job in all of America.
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ืœืžื›ื•ืจ ืกืžื™ื ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื›ื ื•ืคื™ื”--
ื–ื” ืื•ืœื™ ื”ื’'ื•ื‘ ื”ื›ื™ ื’ืจื•ืข ื‘ืืžืจื™ืงื”.
01:22
And that's what I'd like to convince you of today.
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ื•ื‘ื–ื” ืื ื™ ืจื•ืฆื” ืœืฉื›ื ืข ืืชื›ื ื”ื™ื•ื.
01:25
So there are three things I want to do.
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ืื– ื™ืฉ ืฉืœื•ืฉื” ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉื‘ืจืฆื•ื ื™ ืœืขืฉื•ืช.
01:27
First, I want to explain how and why crack cocaine
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ืจืืฉื™ืช, ืœื”ืกื‘ื™ืจ ืื™ืš ื•ืžื“ื•ืข ื”ื™ืชื” ืœืงืจืืง-ืงื•ืงืื™ืŸ
01:31
had such a profound influence on inner-city gangs.
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ื”ืฉืคืขื” ื›ื” ืขืžื•ืงื” ืขืœ ื”ื›ื ื•ืคื™ื•ืช ื”ืขื™ืจื•ื ื™ื•ืช.
01:36
Secondly, I want to tell you
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ืฉื ื™ืช, ืœืกืคืจ ืœื›ื ืื™ืš ืžื™ืฉื”ื• ื›ืžื•ื ื™
01:38
how somebody like me came to be able to see
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ื–ื›ื” ืœืจืื•ืช ืืช ื”ืคืขื™ืœื•ืช ื”ืคื ื™ืžื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ื›ื ื•ืคื™ื”.
01:43
the inner workings of a gang -- an interesting story, I think.
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ื–ื”ื• ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ืžืขื ื™ื™ืŸ, ื›ืš ื ืจืื” ืœื™.
01:46
And then third, I want to tell you, in a very superficial way,
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ื•ืฉืœื™ืฉื™ืช, ื‘ืจืฆื•ื ื™ ืœืกืคืจ ืœื›ื ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ืฉื˜ื—ื™ืช ืžืื“
01:49
about some of the things we found
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ืขืœ ื›ืžื” ืžื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉื’ื™ืœื™ื ื• ื›ืฉื–ื›ื™ื ื• ืžืžืฉ ืœื”ื‘ื™ื˜
01:51
when we actually got to look at the financial records,
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ื‘ืจืฉื•ืžื•ืช ื”ืคื™ื ื ืกื™ื•ืช - ื‘ืกืคืจื™ื - ืฉืœ ื”ื›ื ื•ืคื™ื”.
01:54
the books, of the gang.
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01:55
So before I do that, just one warning,
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ื•ืœืคื ื™ ืฉืืขืฉื” ื–ืืช, ืื–ื”ืจื” ืื—ืช:
01:59
which is that this presentation has been rated 'R'
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ืžืฆื’ืช ื–ื• ื“ื•ืจื’ื” ืœืฆืคื™ื™ื” ืžืขืœ ื’ื™ืœ 16 ืข"ื™ ืื™ื’ื•ื“ ื”ืกืจื˜ื™ื ืฉืœ ืืจื”"ื‘ .
02:02
by the Motion Picture Association of America.
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02:05
It contains adult themes, adult language.
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ื”ื™ื ืžื›ื™ืœื” ื ื•ืฉืื™ื ื•ืฉืคื” ืฉืœ ืžื‘ื•ื’ืจื™ื.
02:08
Given who is up on the stage, you'll be delighted to know
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ื‘ื”ื™ื ืชืŸ ืžื™ ืฉื ืžืฆื ืขืœ ื”ื‘ืžื”, ืชืฉืžื—ื• ืœื“ืขืช ืฉืœืžืขืฉื”
02:11
that, in fact, there'll be no nudity --
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ืœื ื™ื”ื™ื” ืขื™ืจื•ื, ืžืœื‘ื“ --
[ืฆื—ื•ืง]
02:14
(Laughter)
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02:16
Unexpected wardrobe malfunctions aside.
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-- ืœื™ืงื•ื™ื™-ืชื™ืคืงื•ื“ ืœื ืฆืคื•ื™ื™ื ืžื‘ื—ื™ื ืช ื”ืžืœืชื—ื”.
02:19
(Laughter)
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[ืฆื—ื•ืง]
02:23
So let me start by talking about crack cocaine,
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ืชื—ื™ืœื” ืื“ื‘ืจ ืขืœ ื”ืงืจืืง-ืงื•ืงืื™ืŸ ื•ืื™ืš ื–ื” ืฉื™ื ื” ืืช ื”ื›ื ื•ืคื™ื”.
02:27
and how it transformed the gang.
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02:29
To do that, you have to actually go back to a time before crack cocaine,
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ืœืฉื ื›ืš ืฆืจื™ืš ื‘ืขืฆื ืœื—ื–ื•ืจ ืœืชืงื•ืคื” ืฉืœืคื ื™ ื”ืงืจืืง-ืงื•ืงืื™ืŸ,
ืืžืฆืข ืฉื ื•ืช ื”-80,
02:32
in the early '80s, and look at it from the perspective of a gang leader.
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ื•ืœื‘ื—ื•ืŸ ื–ืืช ืžื ืงื•ื“ืช ื”ืฉืงืคืชื• ืฉืœ ืจืืฉ ื”ื›ื ื•ืคื™ื”.
ืœื ื”ื™ื” ื”ื›ื™ ื’ืจื•ืข ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืจืืฉ-ื›ื ื•ืคื™ื” ืขื™ืจื•ื ื™ืช.
02:36
Being a gang leader in the inner city wasn't such a bad deal in the mid-'80s --
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ื‘ืืžืฆืข ืฉื ื•ืช ื”-80
02:42
the early '80s, let me say.
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ื™ืฉ ืžื™ ืฉื™ื’ื™ื“ื•, ืฉื‘ืชื—ื™ืœืช ืฉื ื•ืช ื”-80
02:43
Now, you had a lot of power, and you got to beat people up --
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ื”ื™ื” ืœืš ื”ืจื‘ื” ื›ื•ื— ื•ื–ื›ื™ืช ืœื”ืจื‘ื™ืฅ ืœืื ืฉื™ื -
02:46
you got a lot of prestige, a lot of respect.
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ื”ื™ืชื” ืœืš ื”ืžื•ืŸ ื™ื•ืงืจื”, ื”ื™ื” ื”ืจื‘ื” ื›ื‘ื•ื“.
02:49
But the thing is, there was no money in it.
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ืื‘ืœ ื–ื” ืœื ื”ื‘ื™ื ื›ืกืฃ, ื›ืŸ?
02:51
The gang had no way to make money.
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ืœื›ื ื•ืคื™ื” ืœื ื”ื™ืชื” ื“ืจืš ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื›ืกืฃ.
02:53
You couldn't charge dues to the people in the gang,
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ืื™-ืืคืฉืจ ื”ื™ื” ืœื’ื‘ื•ืช ื“ืžื™-ื”ืฉืชืชืคื•ืช ืžื—ื‘ืจื™ ื”ื›ื ื•ืคื™ื”
ื›ื™ ืœืื ืฉื™ื ื‘ื›ื ื•ืคื™ื” ืœื ื”ื™ื” ื›ืœืœ ื›ืกืฃ.
02:56
because the people in the gang didn't have any money.
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02:58
You couldn't really make any money selling marijuana --
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ืื™-ืืคืฉืจ ื”ื™ื” ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื›ืกืฃ ืžืžื›ื™ืจืช ืžืจื™ื—ื•ืื ื”.
ื”ืžืจื™ื—ื•ืื ื” ื”ื™ืชื” ื–ื•ืœื” ืžื“ื™, ื›ืš ื”ืชื‘ืจืจ.
03:01
marijuana's too cheap, it turns out.
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ืœื ื”ื™ื” ืฉื•ืง... ืื™ืŸ ืกื™ื›ื•ื™ ืœื”ืชืขืฉืจ ืžืžื›ื™ืจืช ืžืจื™ื—ื•ืื ื”.
03:03
You can't get rich selling marijuana.
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03:05
You couldn't sell cocaine;
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ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœืชื ืœืžื›ื•ืจ ืงื•ืงืื™ืŸ.
03:07
cocaine's a great product -- powdered cocaine --
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ืงื•ืงืื™ืŸ ื”ื•ื ืžื•ืฆืจ ื ื”ื“ืจ - ืงื•ืงืื™ืŸ ื‘ืื‘ืงื” -
03:09
but you've got to know rich white people.
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ืื‘ืœ ืขืœื™ื›ื ืœื”ื›ื™ืจ ืœื‘ื ื™ื ืขืฉื™ืจื™ื.
03:11
And most of the inner-city gang members didn't know any rich white people,
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ื•ืจื•ื‘ ื—ื‘ืจื™ ื”ื›ื ื•ืคื™ื•ืช ื”ืขื™ืจื•ื ื™ื•ืช ืœื ื”ื›ื™ืจื• ืฉื•ื ืœื‘ื ื™ื ืขืฉื™ืจื™ื -
ื”ื ืœื ื™ื›ืœื• ืœืžื›ื•ืจ ืœืฉื•ืง ื”ื–ื”.
03:15
so couldn't sell to that market.
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03:16
You couldn't really do petty crime, either.
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ื’ื ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœืชื ืœืขืกื•ืง ื‘ืคืฉื™ืขื” ื–ืขื™ืจื”.
ืžืกืชื‘ืจ ืฉืคืฉื™ืขื” ื–ืขื™ืจื” ื”ื™ื ื“ืจืš ืื™ื•ืžื” ืœื”ืชืคืจื ืก.
03:18
Turns out, petty crime's a terrible way to make a living.
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ืื– ื›ืชื•ืฆืื” ืžื›ืš,
03:21
As a result, as a gang leader, you had, you know, power --
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ื›ืžื ื”ื™ื’ ื›ื ื•ืคื™ื” ื”ื™ื” ืœืš ื›ื•ื—...
03:24
it's a pretty good life -- but the thing was, in the end,
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ืืœื• ื—ื™ื™ื ื‘ื›ืœืœ ืœื ืจืขื™ื.
ืื‘ืœ ื‘ืกื•ืคื• ืฉืœ ื“ื‘ืจ ืืชื” ื’ืจ ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ืฉืœ ืื™ืžื.
03:27
you were living at home with your mother.
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03:29
And so it wasn't really a career.
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ื›ืš ืฉื–ื• ืœื ื”ื™ืชื” ืžืžืฉ ืงืจื™ื™ืจื”.
ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ืžืฉื”ื• ืฉ --
03:31
There were limits to how powerful and important you could be
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ืคืฉื•ื˜ ื”ื™ื” ื’ื‘ื•ืœ ื›ืžื” ื—ื–ืง ื•ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืืคืฉืจ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช,
ืื ืืชื” ื ืืœืฅ ืœื’ื•ืจ ืืฆืœ ืื™ืžื ื‘ื‘ื™ืช.
03:34
if you had to live at home with your mother.
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03:36
Then along comes crack cocaine.
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ื•ืื– ื”ื•ืคื™ืข ื”ืงืจืืง-ืงื•ืงืื™ืŸ.
03:39
And in the words of Malcolm Gladwell,
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ื•ื‘ืžื™ืœื•ืชื™ื• ืฉืœ ืžืœืงื•ืœื ื’ืœื“ื•ื•ืœ, ื”ืงืจืืง-ืงื•ืงืื™ืŸ ื”ื™ื”
03:42
crack cocaine was the extra-chunky version of tomato sauce
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ื”ื’ื™ืจืกื” ื”ื›ื™ ืคืจื™ื›ื” ืฉืœ ืจื•ื˜ื‘-ืขื’ื‘ื ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืขื™ืจ.
03:46
for the inner city.
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03:47
(Laughter)
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[ืฆื—ื•ืง]
03:49
Because crack cocaine was an unbelievable innovation.
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ื›ื™ ื”ืงืจืืง-ืงื•ืงืื™ืŸ ื”ื™ื” ื—ื™ื“ื•ืฉ ื‘ืœืชื™-ื™ื™ืืžืŸ.
ืื™ืŸ ืœื™ ื–ืžืŸ ืœื“ื‘ืจ ืขืœ ื–ื” ื”ื™ื•ื.
03:51
I don't have time to talk about it today, but if you think about it,
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ืืš ืื ืชื—ืฉื‘ื• ืขืœ ื–ื”,
03:54
I would say that in the last 25 years,
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ื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ืื•ืžืจ ืฉื‘-25 ื”ืฉื ื™ื ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื•ืช,
03:56
of every invention or innovation that's occurred in this country,
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ืžื›ืœ ื”ื”ืžืฆืื•ืช ื•ื”ื—ื™ื“ื•ืฉื™ื ืฉื”ื•ืคื™ืขื• ื‘ืืจืฅ ื”ื–ื•,
03:59
the biggest one in terms of impact
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ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ, ืžื‘ื—ื™ื ืช ื”ื”ืฉืคืขื” ืขืœ ืื™ื›ื•ืช ื”ื—ื™ื™ื
04:01
on the well-being of people who live in the inner city,
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ืฉืœ ืžื™ ืฉื—ื™ ื‘ืžืจื›ื–ื™ ื”ืคืฉืข ื”ืขื™ืจื•ื ื™ื™ื,
04:05
was crack cocaine.
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ื”ื™ืชื” ื”ืงืจืืง-ืงื•ืงืื™ืŸ.
04:06
And for the worse -- not for the better, but for the worse.
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ื•ืœืจืขื”. ืœื ืœื˜ื•ื‘ื”, ืืœื ืœืจืขื”.
04:09
It had a huge impact on life.
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ื”ื™ืชื” ืœื–ื” ื”ืฉืคืขื” ืขืฆื•ืžื” ืขืœ ื”ื—ื™ื™ื.
04:10
So what was it about crack cocaine?
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ืื– ืžื” ื”ื™ื” ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ื‘ืงืจืืง-ืงื•ืงืื™ืŸ?
04:12
It was a brilliant way of getting the brain high.
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ื–ื• ื”ื™ืชื” ื“ืจืš ืžืขื•ืœื” ืœืžืกื˜ืœ ืืช ื”ืžื•ื—.
04:17
Because you could smoke crack cocaine -- you can't smoke powdered cocaine --
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ื›ื™ ืงืจืืง-ืงื•ืงืื™ืŸ ืืคืฉืจ ืœืขืฉืŸ, ื•ืื‘ืงืช ืงื•ืงืื™ืŸ - ืœื.
ื•ืขื™ืฉื•ืŸ ื”ื•ื ืžื ื’ื ื•ืŸ ืžื™ืกื˜ื•ืœ ื”ืจื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ื™ืขื™ืœ
04:23
and smoking is a much more efficient mechanism of delivering a high
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04:26
than snorting it.
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ืžืืฉืจ ื”ืกื ืคื”.
04:27
And it turned out there was this audience that didn't know it wanted crack cocaine,
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ื•ื”ืชื‘ืจืจ ืฉื™ืฉ ืงื”ืœ ืฉืœื ื™ื“ืข ืฉื”ื•ื ืจื•ืฆื” ืงืจืืง-ืงื•ืงืื™ืŸ,
04:32
but when it came, it really did.
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ืืš ื›ืฉื–ื” ื”ื•ืคื™ืข, ื”ื ืžืžืฉ ืจืฆื• ื–ืืช.
04:34
And it was a perfect drug;
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ื•ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ื”ืกื ื”ืžื•ืฉืœื. ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ืœืžื›ื•ืจ --
04:35
you could buy the cocaine that went into it for a dollar,
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ืœืงื ื•ืช ืืช ื”ืงื•ืงืื™ืŸ ืฉื–ื” ืžื›ื™ืœ ื‘ื“ื•ืœืจ ืื—ื“,
04:39
sell it for five dollars.
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ื•ืœืžื›ื•ืจ ื‘-5 ื“ื•ืœืจ.
04:41
Highly addictive -- the high was very short.
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ืžืื“ ืžืžื›ืจ - ื”ื˜ืจื™ืค ื”ื™ื” ืžืื“ ืงืฆืจ.
04:43
So for fifteen minutes, you get this great high,
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ื‘ืžืฉืš 15 ื“ืงื•ืช ื”ื™ื™ืช ื‘ื˜ืจื™ืค ื ื”ื“ืจ,
04:46
and then when you come down,
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ื•ื›ืฉื™ืฆืืช ืžืžื ื•, ืจืฆื™ืช ืจืง ืขื•ื“.
04:47
all you want to do is get high again.
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04:50
It created a wonderful market.
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ื–ื” ื™ืฆืจ ืฉื•ืง ื ืคืœื.
04:52
And for the people who were there running the gang,
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ื•ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื”ืื ืฉื™ื ืฉื ื™ื”ืœื• ืืช ื”ื›ื ื•ืคื™ื•ืช,
04:55
it was a great way, seemingly, to make a lot of money.
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ื–ื• ื ืจืืชื” ื“ืจืš ืžืฆื•ื™ื ืช ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื”ืžื•ืŸ ื›ืกืฃ.
04:59
At least for the people on the top.
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ืœืคื—ื•ืช ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื”ืื ืฉื™ื ืฉื‘ืฆืžืจืช.
05:01
So this is where we enter the picture.
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ื•ื›ืืŸ ืื ื• ื ื›ื ืกื™ื ืœืชืžื•ื ื”.
ืœื ืžืžืฉ ืื ื™. ืœื™ ื”ื™ื” ืชืคืงื™ื“ ื–ืขื™ืจ ื‘ื›ืœ ื–ื”.
05:03
Not really me -- I'm really a bit player in all this.
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05:05
My co-author, Sudhir Venkatesh, is the main character.
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ื—ื‘ืจื™ ืœื›ืชื™ื‘ื”, ืกื•ื“ื”ื™ืจ ื•ื•ื ืงื˜ืฉ, ื”ื•ื ื”ื“ืžื•ืช ื”ืจืืฉื™ืช.
05:08
He was a math major in college who had a good heart,
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ื”ื•ื ื”ื™ื” ื‘ื•ื’ืจ ืžืชืžื˜ื™ืงื” ื‘ืงื•ืœื’',
ืื™ืฉ ื˜ื•ื‘-ืœื‘ ืฉื”ื—ืœื™ื˜ ืฉื‘ืจืฆื•ื ื• ืœื”ืฉื™ื’ ืชื•ืืจ ื“ื•ืงื˜ื•ืจ ื‘ืกื•ืฆื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื”.
05:14
and decided he wanted to get a sociology PhD,
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05:16
came to the University of Chicago.
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ื•ื‘ื ืœืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ืช ืฉื™ืงื’ื•,
05:18
Now, the three months before he came to Chicago,
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ื•ืืช 3 ื”ื—ื•ื“ืฉื™ื ืœืคื ื™ ื‘ื•ืื• ืœืฉื™ืงื’ื•
ื”ื•ื ื‘ื™ืœื” ื‘ื”ื–ื“ื ื‘ื•ืช ืื—ืจื™ ื”"ื’ืจื™ื™ื˜ืคื•ืœ ื“ื“."
05:21
he had spent following the Grateful Dead.
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05:23
And in his own words, he "looked like a freak."
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ื•ื‘ืžื™ืœื•ืชื™ื• ืฉืœื•, ื”ื•ื ื ืจืื” "ื–ืจื•ืง ืœื’ืžืจื™".
05:27
He's a South Asian -- very dark-skinned South Asian.
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ื‘ืžื•ืฆืื• ื”ื•ื ื“ืจื•ื-ืืกื™ืืชื™. ื“ืจื•ื-ืืกื™ืืชื™ ืžืื“ ื›ื”ื”-ืขื•ืจ.
05:31
Big man, and he had hair, in his words, "down to his ass."
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ื’ื‘ืจ ืžื’ื•ื“ืœ, ื•ื”ื™ื” ืœื• ืฉื™ืขืจ, ื‘ืžื™ืœื•ืชื™ื•: "ืขื“ ื”ืชื—ืช".
05:35
Defied all kinds of boundaries:
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ื–ื” ื˜ื™ืฉื˜ืฉ ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ื’ื‘ื•ืœื•ืช: ืฉื—ื•ืจ ืื• ืœื‘ืŸ? ื’ื‘ืจ ืื• ืื™ืฉื”?
05:37
Was he black or white? Was he man or woman?
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05:39
He was really a curious sight to be seen.
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ื”ื•ื ื”ื™ื” ื‘ื”ื—ืœื˜ ืžื•ื–ืจ ืœืžืจืื”.
ื•ื”ื•ื ื”ื•ืคื™ืข ื‘ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ืช ืฉื™ืงื’ื•.
05:43
So he showed up at the University of Chicago,
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05:45
and the famous sociologist William Julius Wilson
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ื•ื”ืกื•ืฆื™ื•ืœื•ื’ ื”ืžืคื•ืจืกื ื•ื•ื™ืœื™ืื ื’'ื•ืœื™ื•ืก ื•ื•ื™ืœืกื•ืŸ,
05:47
was doing a book that involved surveying people all across Chicago.
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ืขื‘ื“ ืื– ืขืœ ืกืคืจ ืฉืกืงืจ ืื ืฉื™ื ืžื›ืœ ืจื—ื‘ื™ ืฉื™ืงื’ื•.
05:53
He took one look at Sudhir, who was going to go do some surveys for him,
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ื•ื”ื•ื ื ืชืŸ ืžื‘ื˜ ืื—ื“ ื‘ืกื•ื“ื”ื™ืจ, ืฉืขืžื“ ืœืฆืืช ืœืขืจื•ืš ืขื‘ื•ืจื• ืกืงืจื™ื,
05:57
and decided he knew exactly the place to send him,
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ื•ื”ื—ืœื™ื˜ ืฉื”ื•ื ื™ื•ื“ืข ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ืœืืŸ ืœืฉืœื•ื— ืื•ืชื•:
05:59
which was to one of the toughest, most notorious housing projects
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ืœืื—ืช ื”ืฉื›ื•ื ื•ืช ื”ื›ื™ ืงืฉื•ื—ื•ืช ื•ื™ื“ื•ืขื•ืช ืœืฉื™ืžืฆื” -
06:02
not just in Chicago, but in the entire United States.
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ืœื ืจืง ื‘ืฉื™ืงื’ื•, ืืœื ื‘ื›ืœ ืืจื”"ื‘.
ืื– ืกื•ื“ื”ื™ืจ - ื ืขืจ ื”ืคืจื‘ืจื™ื ืฉืžืขื•ืœื ืœื ืฉื”ื” ื‘ืœื‘-ื”ืขื™ืจ -
06:05
So Sudhir, the suburban boy who had never really been in the inner city,
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06:08
dutifully took his clipboard and walked down to this housing project,
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ืฆื™ื™ืช ื•ื™ืฆื ืขื ืœื•ื— ื”ื›ืชื™ื‘ื” ืฉืœื• ืœืฉื™ื›ื•ื ื™ื ื”ื”ื,
06:13
gets to the first building.
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ื•ื”ื•ื ืžื’ื™ืข ืœื‘ื ื™ื™ืŸ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ.
06:15
The first building? Well, there's nobody there.
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ื”ื‘ื ื™ื™ืŸ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ? ื˜ื•ื‘, ืื™ืŸ ืฉื ืื™ืฉ.
06:18
But he hears some voices up in the stairwell,
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ืืš ื”ื•ื ืฉื•ืžืข ืงื•ืœื•ืช ืžื”ืžื“ืจื’ื•ืช, ืื– ื”ื•ื ืžื˜ืคืก ื‘ืžื“ืจื’ื•ืช.
06:21
so he climbs up the stairwell, comes around the corner,
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ื•ื”ื•ื ืขื•ื‘ืจ ืืช ื”ืคื™ื ื” --
06:25
and finds a group of young African-American men playing dice.
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ื•ืžื•ืฆื ืงื‘ื•ืฆืช ืฆืขื™ืจื™ื ืืคืจื•-ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ื ืฉืžืฉื—ืงื™ื ืงื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช.
06:30
This is about 1990, peak of the crack epidemic.
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ื”ืฉื ื” ื”ื™ื ื‘ืขืจืš 1990: ืฉื™ื ืžื’ื™ืคืช ื”ืงืจืืง.
06:33
This is a very dangerous job, being in a gang.
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ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื‘ื›ื ื•ืคื™ื” ื”ื™ื ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืžืื“ ืžืกื•ื›ื ืช.
06:35
You don't like to be surprised.
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ืืชื” ืœื ืื•ื”ื‘ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžื•ืคืชืข.
ืืชื” ืœื ืื•ื”ื‘ ืฉืžืคืชื™ืขื™ื ืื•ืชืš ืื ืฉื™ื ืฉืฆืฆื™ื ืžืขื‘ืจ ืœืคื™ื ื”.
06:37
You don't like to be surprised by people who come around the corner.
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06:40
And the mantra was: shoot first; ask questions later.
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ื•ื”ืžื ื˜ืจื” ื”ื™ืชื”: ืงื•ื“ื ื™ื•ืจื™ื, ืื—"ื› ืฉื•ืืœื™ื ืฉืืœื•ืช.
06:43
Now, Sudhir was lucky -- he was such a freak,
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ืื‘ืœ ืœืกื•ื“ื”ื™ืจ ื”ื™ื” ืžื–ืœ: ื”ื•ื ื”ื™ื” ื›ื–ื” ื–ืจื•ืง -
06:46
and that clipboard probably saved his life,
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ื•ืœื•ื— ื”ื›ืชื™ื‘ื” ื›ื ืจืื” ื”ืฆื™ืœ ืืช ื—ื™ื™ื•:
06:48
because they figured no other rival gang member
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ื”ื ืœื ืชื™ืืจื• ืœืขืฆืžื ืฉื—ื‘ืจ ื›ื ื•ืคื™ื” ื™ืจื™ื‘ื”
06:50
would be coming up to shoot at them with a clipboard.
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ื™ื‘ื•ื ืœื™ืจื•ืช ื‘ื”ื ื•ื‘ื™ื“ื• ืœื•ื—-ื›ืชื™ื‘ื”.
[ืฆื—ื•ืง]
06:53
(Laughter)
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ืื– ื”ื•ื ืœื ื”ืชืงื‘ืœ ื‘ื—ืžื™ืžื•ืช ืจื‘ื” ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“,
06:54
So his greeting was not particularly warm, but they did say,
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ื ืืžืจื•, ื ื•, ื˜ื•ื‘,
06:57
well, OK -- let's hear your questions on your survey.
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ื‘ื•ื ื ืฉืžืข ืืช ื”ืฉืืœื•ืช ื‘ืกืงืจ ืฉืœืš.
07:01
So -- I kid you not --
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ื•ืื ื™ ืœื ืฆื•ื—ืง ืขืœื™ื›ื:
07:02
the first question on the survey that he was sent to ask was:
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ื”ืฉืืœื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ื‘ืกืงืจ ืฉืœื• ื”ื™ืชื”:
07:06
"How do you feel about being poor and Black in America?"
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"ืื™ืš ื”ื”ืจื’ืฉื” ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืขื ื™ ื•ื›ื•ืฉื™ ื‘ืืžืจื™ืงื”?"
07:09
(Laughter)
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[ืฆื—ื•ืง]
ืžืขื•ืจืจ ืชื”ื™ื•ืช ืœื’ื‘ื™ ื”ืืงื“ืžืื™ื ื”ืืœื”, ื ื›ื•ืŸ?
07:12
Makes you wonder about academics.
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07:13
(Laughter)
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[ืฆื—ื•ืง]
07:15
So the choice of answers were:
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ื•ื”ืชืฉื•ื‘ื•ืช ื”ืืคืฉืจื™ื•ืช ื”ื™ื•: ื˜ื•ื‘ ืžืื“, ื˜ื•ื‘, ืจืข, ื•ืจืข ืžืื“.
07:17
[A) Very Good B) Good C) Bad D) Very Bad]
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07:21
(Laughter)
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07:23
What Sudhir found out is, in fact, that the real answer was the following:
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ื•ืกื•ื“ื”ื™ืจ ื ื•ื›ื— ืœื“ืขืช ืฉื”ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ื”ืืžื™ืชื™ืช ื”ื™ื:
07:26
[A) Very Good B) Good C) Bad D) Very Bad E) Fuck you]
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"ืœืš ืชื–ื“ื™ื™ืŸ." [ืฆื—ื•ืง]
07:29
(Laughter)
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07:31
The survey was not, in the end, going to be what got Sudhir off the hook.
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ื‘ืกื•ืคื• ืฉืœ ื“ื‘ืจ, ืœื ื”ืกืงืจ ื”ื•ื ืฉื”ืฆื™ืœ ืืช ืกื•ื“ื”ื™ืจ.
07:35
He was held hostage overnight in the stairwell.
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ื”ื•ื ื”ื•ื—ื–ืง ื›ื‘ืŸ-ืขืจื•ื‘ื” ื‘ื—ื“ืจ ื”ืžื“ืจื’ื•ืช ื‘ืžืฉืš ื”ืœื™ืœื”.
07:38
There was a lot of gunfire,
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ื”ื™ื• ื”ืžื•ืŸ ื™ืจื™ื•ืช,
07:39
there were a lot of philosophical discussions he had with the gang members.
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ื”ื™ื• ืœื• ื”ืจื‘ื” ืฉื™ื—ื•ืช ืคื™ืœื•ืกื•ืคื™ื•ืช ืขื ื—ื‘ืจื™ ื”ื›ื ื•ืคื™ื”.
ื•ื‘ื‘ื•ืงืจ ื”ื’ื™ืข ืžื ื”ื™ื’ ื”ื›ื ื•ืคื™ื”.
07:43
By morning, the gang leader arrived,
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ื”ื•ื ื‘ื—ืŸ ืืช ืกื•ื“ื”ื™ืจ ื”ื—ืœื™ื˜ ืฉื”ื•ื ืœื ืžื”ื•ื•ื” ืื™ื•ื
07:45
checked out Sudhir, decided he was no threat,
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ื•ื”ื ืฉื™ื—ืจืจื• ืื•ืชื•.
07:47
and they let him go home.
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07:48
So Sudhir went home, took a shower, took a nap.
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ืื– ืกื•ื“ื”ื™ืจ ื”ืœืš ื”ื‘ื™ืชื”, ื”ืชืงืœื—, ืชืคืก ืชื ื•ืžื”.
07:51
And you and I, probably, faced with the situation, would think,
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ื•ื‘ืžืฆื‘ ื”ื–ื”, ืืชื ื•ืื ื™ ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ืื•ืœื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื:
07:56
"I guess I'm going to write my dissertation on The Grateful Dead,
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"ื ืจืื” ืœื™ ืฉืืช ืขื‘ื•ื“ืช-ื”ืžื—ืงืจ ืฉืœื™ ืื›ืชื•ื‘ ืขืœ ื”'ื’ืจื™ื™ื˜ืคื•ืœ ื“ื“'.
07:59
I've been following them for the last three months."
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"ืื—ืจื™ ื”ื›ืœ, ื”ื–ื“ื ื‘ืชื™ ืื—ืจื™ื”ื ื‘-3 ื—ื•ื“ืฉื™ื ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื™ื." [ืฆื—ื•ืง]
ืกื•ื“ื”ื™ืจ, ืœืขื•ืžืช ื–ืืช, ื—ื–ืจ ืœืฉื ื™ืฉืจ ืœืฉื™ื›ื•ืŸ ื”ื”ื•ื.
08:02
(Laughter)
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08:03
Sudhir, on the other hand,
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08:04
got right back, walked down to the housing project,
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08:06
went up to the second floor,
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ืขืœื” ืœืฉื, ืœืงื•ืžื” ื”ืฉื ื™ื”, ื•ืืžืจ: "ื”ื™ ื—ื‘ืจ'ื”.
08:08
and said: "Hey, guys, I had so much fun hanging out with you last night,
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"ื”ื™ื” ืœื™ ื›ื–ื” ื›ื™ืฃ ืื™ืชื›ื ืืชืžื•ืœ ื‘ืœื™ืœื”,
08:12
I wonder if I could do it again tonight."
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"ืื•ืœื™ ื ื•ื›ืœ ืœื—ื–ื•ืจ ืขืœ ื–ื” ื”ืœื™ืœื”."
08:14
And that was the beginning of what turned out to be a beautiful relationship
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ื•ื–ื• ื”ื™ืชื” ื”ื”ืชื—ืœื” ืฉืœ ืžื” ืฉื”ืชื’ืœื” ื›ื™ื—ืกื™ื ื ื”ื“ืจื™ื,
08:17
that involved Sudhir living in the housing project on and off for 10 years,
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ืฉื‘ืžื”ืœื›ื ืกื•ื“ื”ื™ืจ ื—ื™ ื‘ืฉื™ื›ื•ืŸ ื”ื”ื•ื ืœืกื™ืจื•ื’ื™ืŸ ื‘ืžืฉืš 10 ืฉื ื™ื:
08:21
hanging out in crack houses, going to jail with the gang members,
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ื‘ื™ืœื” ื‘ืžืื•ืจื•ืช-ืงืจืืง, ื”ืœืš ืœื›ืœื ืขื ื—ื‘ืจื™ ื”ื›ื ื•ืคื™ื”,
08:26
having the windows shot out of his car,
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ืคื•ืฆืฆื• ืœื• ื‘ื™ืจื™ื•ืช ืืช ื—ืœื•ื ื•ืช ื”ืžื›ื•ื ื™ืช,
08:28
having the police break into his apartment and steal his computer disks --
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ื”ืžืฉื˜ืจื” ืคืจืฆื” ืœื“ื™ืจืชื• ื•ื’ื ื‘ื” ืืช ื“ื™ืกืงื™ ื”ืžื—ืฉื‘ ืฉืœื• -
08:32
you name it.
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ืžื” ืฉืชืจืฆื•.
08:33
But ultimately, the story has a happy ending for Sudhir,
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ืืš ืœื‘ืกื•ืฃ, ืžื‘ื—ื™ื ืช ืกื•ื“ื”ื™ืจ, ื”ื™ื” ืœืกื™ืคื•ืจ ืกื•ืฃ ื˜ื•ื‘.
08:36
who became one of the most respected sociologists in the country.
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ื”ื•ื ื ืขืฉื” ืœืื—ื“ ื”ืกื•ืฆื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื ื”ืžื›ื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ืืจืฅ.
08:39
And especially for me,
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ื•ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ืžื‘ื—ื™ื ืชื™, ื›ืžื™ ืฉื™ืฉื‘ ื‘ืžืฉืจื“ ืขื ื”"ืืงืกืœ" ืคืชื•ื—,
08:41
as I sat in my office with my Excel spreadsheet open,
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08:44
waiting for Sudhir to come and deliver to me the latest load of data
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ื•ื—ื™ื›ื™ืชื™ ืฉืกื•ื“ื”ื™ืจ ื™ื—ื–ื•ืจ ื•ื™ืขื‘ื™ืจ ืœื™ ืืช ื”ื ืชื•ื ื™ื ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื™ื ืฉื”ืฉื™ื’ ืžื”ื›ื ื•ืคื™ื”.
08:47
that he would get from the gang.
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[ืฆื—ื•ืง]
08:49
(Laughter)
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08:53
It was one of the most unequal co-authoring relationships ever --
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ื–ื• ื”ื™ืชื” ืื—ืช ื”ืฉื•ืชืคื•ื™ื•ืช-ืœื›ืชื™ื‘ื” ื”ื›ื™ ืœื-ืฉื•ื•ื™ื•ื ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืขื•ืœื -
[ืฆื—ื•ืง]
08:57
(Laughter)
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08:58
But I was glad to be the beneficiary of it.
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- ืื‘ืœ ืฉืžื—ืชื™ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื–ื” ืฉืžืคื™ืง ืชื•ืขืœืช ืžืžื ื”.
09:01
So what did we find?
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ืื– ืžื” ืžืฆืื ื•? ืžื” ืžื•ืฆืื™ื ื‘ื›ื ื•ืคื™ื”?
09:03
What did we find in the gang?
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09:05
Well, let me say one thing:
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ื”ื‘ื” ื•ืื•ืžืจ ื›ืš.
09:07
We really got access to everybody in the gang.
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ื–ื›ื™ื ื• ื‘ื’ื™ืฉื” ืžืžืฉ ืœื›ืœ ืื—ื“ ื‘ื›ื ื•ืคื™ื”.
09:11
We got an inside look at the gang, from the very bottom up to the very top.
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ื–ื›ื™ื ื• ืœื”ืฆืฆื” ืœืชื•ืš ื”ื›ื ื•ืคื™ื”, ืžื”ืชื—ืชื™ืช ื•ืขื“ ืœืฆืžืจืช.
09:15
They trusted Sudhir, in ways that really no academic has ever --
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ื”ื ื ืชื ื• ืืžื•ืŸ ื‘ืกื•ื“ื”ื™ืจ, ื›ืžื• ืฉืฉื•ื ืืงื“ืžืื™ -
09:20
or really anybody, any outsider -- has ever earned the trust of these gangs,
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ื‘ืขืฆื ืืฃ ืื—ื“ ืžื‘ื—ื•ืฅ, ืœื ื–ื›ื” ืœืืžื•ืŸ ื”ื›ื ื•ืคื™ื•ืช ื”ืืœื”,
09:25
to the point where they actually opened up
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ืขื“ ื›ื“ื™ ื›ืš ืฉื”ื ืคืชื—ื• ืืช ืžื” ืฉื”ื›ื™ ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ืื•ืชื™:
09:27
what was most interesting for me -- their books,
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ืืช ืกืคืจื™ื”ื, ืืช ื”ืจืฉื•ืžื•ืช ื”ืคื™ื ื ืกื™ื•ืช ืฉื ื™ื”ืœื•.
09:29
the financial records they kept.
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09:31
They made them available to us, and we not only could study them,
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ื•ื ืชื ื• ืœื ื• ื’ื™ืฉื” ืืœื™ื”ืŸ.
ื•ื™ื›ื•ืœื ื• ืœื ืจืง ืœืœืžื•ื“ ืื•ืชืŸ, ืืœื ื’ื ืœืฉืื•ืœ ืฉืืœื•ืช ืœื’ื‘ื™ื”ืŸ.
09:34
but we could ask them questions about what was in them.
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ื•ืื ืขืœื™ ืœืกื›ื ื‘ื–ืจื™ื–ื•ืช, ื‘ืžืขื˜ ื”ื–ืžืŸ ืฉื ื•ืชืจ ืœื™,
09:37
So if I have to kind of summarize very quickly in the short time I have
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09:40
what the bottom line of what I take away from the gang is,
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ืžื” ื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืชื—ืชื•ื ื”, ืžื” ืœืžื“ืชื™ ืžื”ื›ื ื•ืคื™ื”.
09:44
it's that, if I had to draw a parallel between the gang
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ืื ื”ื™ื” ืขืœื™ ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื”ืงื‘ืœื” ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื›ื ื•ืคื™ื” ืœื‘ื™ืŸ ืืจื’ื•ืŸ ื›ืœืฉื”ื•,
09:47
and any other organization,
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09:49
it would be that the gang is just like McDonald's,
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ืื– ื”ื›ื ื•ืคื™ื” ื”ื™ื ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ื›ืžื• "ืžืง'ื“ื•ื ืœื“ืก".
09:52
in a lot of different respects -- the restaurant McDonald's.
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ื‘ื”ืžื•ืŸ ื”ื™ื‘ื˜ื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื - ืžืกืขื“ื•ืช "ืžืง'ื“ื•ื ืœื“ืก".
09:55
So first, in one way,
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ืจืืฉื™ืช, ื”ื™ื‘ื˜ ืื—ื“, ืฉืื•ืœื™ ืื™ื ื ื• ื”ืžืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ,
09:57
which isn't maybe the most interesting way, but it's a good way to start --
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ืืš ื˜ื•ื‘ ืœื”ืชื—ื™ืœ ืžืžื ื•, ื”ื•ื ืฆื•ืจืช ื”ืืจื’ื•ืŸ.
10:00
is in the way it's organized, the hierarchy of the gang,
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ื”ื”ื™ืจืจื›ื™ื” ื‘ื›ื ื•ืคื™ื”, ืื™ืš ื–ื” ื ืจืื”.
10:03
the way it looks.
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ื›ืš ื ืจืื” ื”ืชืจืฉื™ื ื”ืืจื’ื•ื ื™ ืฉืœ ืžื‘ื ื” ื”ื›ื ื•ืคื™ื”.
10:04
So here's what the org chart of the gang looks like.
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10:07
I don't know if you know much about org charts,
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ืื™ื ื™ ื™ื•ื“ืข ืื ืžื™ืฉื”ื• ืžื›ื ืžื›ื™ืจ ืชืจืฉื™ืžื™ื ืืจื’ื•ื ื™ื™ื,
ืืš ืื ืฆืจื™ืš ืœืฉืจื˜ื˜ ืชืจืฉื™ื ืืจื’ื•ื ื™ ืคืฉื•ื˜ ืฉืœ ืžืง'ื“ื•ื ืœื“ืก,
10:09
but if you were to assign a stripped-down and simplified McDonald's org chart,
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ื›ืš ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ื ืจืื”.
10:13
this is exactly what it would look like.
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ื•ื–ื” ืžื“ื”ื™ื, ืื‘ืœ ื”ืื ืฉื™ื ื‘ืจืžื” ื”ืขืœื™ื•ื ื” ืฉืœ ื”ื›ื ื•ืคื™ื”,
10:15
It's amazing, but the top level of the gang,
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10:17
they actually call themselves the "Board of Directors."
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ื”ื ืžืžืฉ ืžื›ื ื™ื ืขืฆืžื "ื—ื‘ืจ-ื”ืžื ื”ืœื™ื." [ืฆื—ื•ืง]
10:19
(Laughter)
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ืœื“ื‘ืจื™ ืกื•ื“ื”ื™ืจ,
10:21
And Sudhir says
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ืื™ืŸ ืœื—ื‘ืจ'ื” ื”ืืœื” ืื™ื–ื• ื”ืฉืงืคื” ืžืชื•ื—ื›ืžืช
10:23
it's not like these guys had a very sophisticated view
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10:26
of what happened in American corporate life,
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ืœื’ื‘ื™ ืžื” ืฉืงื•ืจื” ื‘ืขื•ืœื ื”ืชืื’ื™ื“ื™ ืฉืœ ืืžืจื™ืงื”,
10:29
but they had seen movies like "Wall Street,"
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ืืš ื”ื ืจืื• ืกืจื˜ื™ื ื›ืžื• "ื•ื•ืœ ืกื˜ืจื™ื˜", ื•ืื™ื›ืฉื”ื• ืœืžื“ื•
10:32
and they had learned a little bit about what it was like
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ืงืฆืช ืขืœ ื”ื”ืชื ื”ืœื•ืช ื‘ืขื•ืœื ื”ืืžื™ืชื™.
10:35
to be in the real world.
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10:37
Now, below that board of directors,
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ืžืชื—ืช ืœื—ื‘ืจ-ื”ืžื ื”ืœื™ื ื™ืฉ ืžืขื™ืŸ ืกื’ื ื™-ืžื ื”ืœ ืื–ื•ืจื™ื™ื -
10:39
you've got essentially what are regional VPs --
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10:41
people who control, say, the South Side of Chicago, or the West Side of Chicago.
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ืื ืฉื™ื ืฉืฉื•ืœื˜ื™ื ืœืžืฉืœ ื‘ื“ืจื•ื ืื• ื‘ืžืขืจื‘ ืฉื™ืงื’ื•.
10:45
Sudhir got to know very well the guy who had the unfortunate assignment
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ืกื•ื“ื”ื™ืจ ื”ื›ื™ืจ ื”ื™ื˜ื‘ ืืช ื–ื” ืฉื‘ื—ืœืงื• ื ืคืœื” ื”ืžืฉื™ืžื” ื”ืื•ืžืœืœื”
10:49
of trying to take the Iowa franchise,
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ืœื”ืฉื™ื’ ืืช ื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ืžื›ื™ืจื” ื‘ืื™ื•ื•ื”.
10:51
which, it turned out, for this black gang,
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[ืฆื—ื•ืง]
ื•ืœื›ื ื•ืคื™ื” ื”ืฉื—ื•ืจื” ื”ื–ื• ื”ืกืชื‘ืจ ืฉื–ื” ืœื ื”ืžื‘ืจื™ืง
10:53
was not one of the more brilliant financial endeavors they undertook.
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ื‘ืžื‘ืฆืขื™ื ื”ืคื™ื ื ืกื™ื™ื ืฉื”ื ืœืงื—ื• ืขืœ ืขืฆืžื.
10:57
(Laughter)
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[ืฆื—ื•ืง]
10:58
But the thing that really makes the gang seem like McDonald's is its franchisees.
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ืืš ืžื” ืฉื‘ืืžืช ืžื“ืžื” ืืช ื”ื›ื ื•ืคื™ื” ืœ"ืžืง'ื“ื•ื ืœื“ืก" ื”ื ื‘ืขืœื™ ื”ื–ื›ื™ื•ื ื•ืช,
11:03
The guys who are running the local gangs --
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ื”ื—ื‘ืจ'ื” ืฉืžื ื”ืœื™ื ืืช ื”ื›ื ื•ืคื™ื•ืช ื”ืžืงื•ืžื™ื•ืช --
11:07
the four-square-block by four-square-block areas --
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ืื–ื•ืจื™ื ืฉืœ ืืจื‘ืขื”-ืขืœ-ืืจื‘ืขื” ืจื—ื•ื‘ื•ืช --
11:10
they're just like the guys, in some sense, who are running the McDonald's.
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ื‘ืžื•ื‘ืŸ ืžืกื•ื™ื ื”ื ื›ืžื• ืืœื” ืฉืžื ื”ืœื™ื ืืช ืกื ื™ืคื™ "ืžืง'ื“ื•ื ืœื“ืก".
ืืœื” ื”ื ื”ื™ื–ืžื™ื.
11:14
They are the entrepreneurs.
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11:15
They get the exclusive property rights to control the drug-selling.
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ื”ื ืžืงื‘ืœื™ื ื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืœืขื“ื™ื•ืช ืœืฉืœื•ื˜ ื‘ืžื›ื™ืจืช ื”ืกืžื™ื.
11:19
They get the name of the gang behind them, for merchandising and marketing.
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ื”ื ืžื’ื•ื‘ื™ื ื‘ืฉืžื” ืฉืœ ื”ื›ื ื•ืคื™ื”, ื‘ืžื›ื™ืจื•ืช ื•ื‘ืฉื™ื•ื•ืง,
11:26
And they're the ones who basically make the profit or lose a profit,
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ื•ื”ื ืืœื” ืฉื‘ืขืฆื ืžืจื•ื•ื™ื—ื™ื ืื• ืžืคืกื™ื“ื™ื,
11:29
depending on how good they are at running the business.
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ื‘ืชืœื•ืช ื›ืžื” ื”ื ื˜ื•ื‘ื™ื ื‘ื ื™ื”ื•ืœ ื”ืขืกืง.
11:32
Now, the group I really want you to think about, though,
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ื•ื”ืงื‘ื•ืฆื” ื”ื‘ืืžืช ืžืขื ื™ื™ื ืช ื”ื™ื ืืœื” ืฉื‘ืชื—ืชื™ืช ื”ืกื•ืœื,
11:35
are the ones at the bottom -- the foot soldiers.
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ื”ื—ื™ื™ืœื™ื ื”ืจื’ืœื™ื™ื.
11:37
These are the teenagers, typically,
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ืืœื” ื‘ื“ืจืš ื›ืœืœ ื ืขืจื™ื,
11:39
who'd be standing out on the street corner, selling the drugs.
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ืฉืขื•ืžื“ื™ื ื‘ืคื™ื ืช ื”ืจื—ื•ื‘ ื•ืžื•ื›ืจื™ื ืืช ื”ืกืžื™ื.
11:42
Extremely dangerous work.
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ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืžืกื•ื›ื ืช ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ.
ื•ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืœืฆื™ื™ืŸ ืฉื›ืžืขื˜ ื›ืœ ื”ืžืกื”,
11:45
And important to note is that almost all of the weight, all of the people
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ื›ืœ ื”ืื ืฉื™ื ื‘ืืจื’ื•ืŸ ื”ื–ื” ืžืฆื•ื™ื™ื ื‘ืชื—ืชื™ืช.
11:50
in this organization are at the bottom -- just like McDonald's.
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ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ื›ืžื• ื‘"ืžืง'ื“ื•ื ืœื“ืก".
11:53
So in some sense, the foot soldiers are a lot like the people
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ืื– ื‘ืžื•ื‘ืŸ ืžืกื•ื™ื, ื—ื™ืœ ื”ืจื’ืœื™ื ื“ื•ืžื™ื ืžืื“ ืœืื ืฉื™ื
11:56
who are taking your order at McDonald's,
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ืฉืžืงื‘ืœื™ื ืžื›ื ืืช ื”ื”ื–ืžื ื” ื‘"ืžืง'ื“ื•ื ืœื“ืก".
11:58
and it's not just by chance that they're like them.
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ื•ืœื ื‘ืžืงืจื” ื”ื ื“ื•ืžื™ื ืœื”ื.
12:00
In fact, in these neighborhoods, they'd be the same people.
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ืœืžืขืฉื”, ื‘ืฉื›ื•ื ื•ืช ื”ืืœื” ืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ืื•ืชื ื”ืื ืฉื™ื.
12:03
So the same kids who are working in the gang were actually,
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ืื– ืื•ืชื ื”ื™ืœื“ื™ื ืฉืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืœ ื”ื›ื ื•ืคื™ื” ื”ื™ื• -
12:06
at the very same time, typically working part-time
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ื‘ืื•ืชื• ื”ื–ืžืŸ ืžืžืฉ, ื‘ื“"ื› ื’ื ืขื‘ื“ื• ื‘ืžืฉืจื” ื—ืœืงื™ืช
12:09
at a place like McDonald's.
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ื‘ืžืงื•ื ื›ืžื• "ืžืง'ื“ื•ื ืœื“ืก".
12:11
Which already foreshadows the main result that I've talked about,
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ืžื” ืฉืœื“ืขืชื™ ืžื‘ืœื™ื˜ ืืช ื”ืชื•ืฆืื” ื”ืขื™ืงืจื™ืช ืขืœื™ื” ื“ื™ื‘ืจืชื™:
12:14
about what a crappy job it was, being in the gang.
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ืื™ื–ื” ื’'ื•ื‘ ืžื—ื•ืจื‘ืŸ ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื‘ื›ื ื•ืคื™ื”.
12:17
Because obviously, if being in the gang were such a wonderful, lucrative job,
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ื›ื™ ื‘ืจื•ืจ ืฉืื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื‘ื›ื ื•ืคื™ื” ื”ื™ื” ื›ื–ื” ื’'ื•ื‘ ื ื”ื“ืจ ื•ืžืฉืชืœื,
12:21
why in the world would these guys moonlight at McDonald's?
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ืื– ืœืžื” ืœื—ื‘ืจ'ื” ื”ืืœื” ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ ืฉืขื•ืช ื ื•ืกืคื•ืช ื‘"ืžืง'ื“ื•ื ืœื“ืก"?
12:24
So what do the wages look like? You might be surprised.
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ืื™ืš ื ืจืื• ื”ืžืฉื›ื•ืจื•ืช ืฉืœื”ื?
ืชื•ืคืชืขื• ืœืฉืžื•ืข, ืื‘ืœ ืขืœ ืกืžืš ื–ื”
12:27
But based on being able to talk to them and to see their records,
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ืฉื“ื™ื‘ืจื ื• ืื™ืชื ื•ืจืื™ื ื• ืืช ื”ืกืคืจื™ื,
12:31
this is what it looks like in terms of the wages.
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ื›ืš ื ืจืื• ื”ืžืฉื›ื•ืจื•ืช ืฉืœื”ื.
12:33
The hourly wage the foot soldiers were earning was $3.50 an hour.
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ื”ืฉื›ืจ ืฉื”ื—ื™ื™ืœ ื”ืจื’ืœื™ ื”ืจื•ื•ื™ื— ืœืฉืขื” ื”ื™ื” 3.50 ื“ื•ืœืจ.
12:37
It was below the minimum wage. And this is well-documented.
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ืžืชื—ืช ืœืฉื›ืจ ื”ืžื™ื ื™ืžื•ื, ื•ื–ื” ืžืชื•ืขื“ ื”ื™ื˜ื‘.
12:41
It's easy to see by the patterns of consumption they have.
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ืงืœ ืœืจืื•ืช ื–ืืช, ืœืคื™ ืชื‘ื ื™ื•ืช ื”ืฆืจื™ื›ื” ืฉืœื”ื.
12:44
It really is not fiction -- it's fact.
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ื–ื• ืื™ื ื” ืื’ื“ื”, ืืœื ืขื•ื‘ื“ื”.
12:47
There was very little money in the gang, especially at the bottom.
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ื‘ื›ื ื•ืคื™ื” ื”ื™ื” ืžืขื˜ ืžืื“ ื›ืกืฃ, ื‘ืคืจื˜ ื‘ืชื—ืชื™ืช ื”ืกื•ืœื.
12:51
Now if you managed to rise up, say, and be that local leader,
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ืื ื”ืฆืœื—ืช ืœืขืœื•ืช ืžืฉื, ื ื ื™ื— ืœื“ืจื’ืช ืกื•ื—ืจ ืžืงื•ืžื™,
12:54
the guy who's the equivalent of the McDonald's franchisee,
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ืฉืžืงื‘ื™ืœ ืœื‘ืขืœ ื–ื›ื™ื•ืŸ ืฉืœ "ืžืง'ื“ื•ื ืœื“ืก" -
ื”ื™ื™ืช ืžืจื•ื•ื™ื— 100,000 ื“ื•ืœืจ ืœืฉื ื”.
12:57
you'd be making 100,000 dollars a year.
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ื•ื‘ืžื•ื‘ื ื™ื ืžืกื•ื™ืžื™ื ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ื”ื’'ื•ื‘ ื”ื›ื™ ื˜ื•ื‘ ืฉื™ื›ื•ืœืช ืœืงื•ื•ืช ืœื•,
12:59
And that, in some ways, was the best job you could hope to get
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13:02
if you were growing up in one of these neighborhoods as a young black male.
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ืื ื’ื“ืœืช ื‘ืฉื›ื•ื ื” ื›ื–ื• ื›ื–ื›ืจ ืฉื—ื•ืจ ืฆืขื™ืจ.
ืื ื”ืฆืœื—ืช ืœืขืœื•ืช ืžืžืฉ ืขื“ ืœืฆืžืจืช,
13:06
If you managed to rise to the very top,
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ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ืœืฆืคื•ืช ืœ-200,000 ืื• 400,000 ื“ื•ืœืจ ืœืฉื ื”.
13:08
200,000 or 400,000 dollars a year is what you'd hope to make.
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13:10
Truly, you would be a great success story.
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ื”ื™ื™ืช ื‘ืืžืช ื”ื•ืคืš ืœืกื™ืคื•ืจ ื”ืฆืœื—ื” ื’ื“ื•ืœ.
13:13
And one of the sad parts of this is that, indeed,
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ื•ื”ื™ื‘ื˜ ืขืฆื•ื‘ ืื—ื“ ื”ื•ื ืฉื‘ืืžืช, ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื”ืฉืœื›ื•ืช ื”ืจื‘ื•ืช
13:16
among the many other ramifications of crack cocaine
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ืฉืœ ื”ืงืจืืง-ืงื•ืงืื™ืŸ, ืฉื”ืžื•ื›ืฉืจื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ืงื”ื™ืœื•ืช ื”ืืœื” -
13:19
is that the most talented individuals in these communities --
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13:23
this is what they were striving for.
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ื–ื” ืžื” ืฉื”ื ืจืฆื• ืœื”ืฉื™ื’.
13:25
They weren't trying to make it in legitimate ways,
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ื”ื ืœื ื ื™ืกื• ืœื”ืฆืœื™ื— ื‘ื“ืจื›ื™ื ื—ื•ืงื™ื•ืช,
13:27
because there were no legitimate channels out.
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ื›ื™ ืœื ื”ื™ื• ืœื”ื ืขืจื•ืฆื™ื ื—ื•ืงื™ื™ื ืœืฆืืช ืžื–ื”.
ื–ื• ื”ื™ืชื” ื”ื“ืจืš ื”ื›ื™ ื˜ื•ื‘ื” ื”ื—ื•ืฆื”.
13:30
This was the best way out.
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13:31
And it actually was the right choice, probably,
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ื•ื–ื• ื”ื™ืชื” ื›ื ืจืื” ื”ื‘ื—ื™ืจื” ื”ื ื›ื•ื ื”, ืœื ืกื•ืช ืœื”ืฆืœื™ื— ื›ืš.
13:34
to try to make it out this way.
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13:38
You look at this,
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ื›ืฉื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ืขืœ ื–ื”,
13:39
the relationship to McDonald's breaks down here.
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ื›ืืŸ ืžืกืชื™ื™ื ื”ื“ืžื™ื•ืŸ ืœ"ืžืง'ื“ื•ื ืœื“ืก".
13:42
The money looks about the same.
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ืžื‘ื—ื™ื ืช ื”ื›ืกืฃ, ื–ื” ื ืจืื” ืื•ืชื• ื“ื‘ืจ.
13:44
Why is it such a bad job?
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ืžื“ื•ืข ื–ื” ื’'ื•ื‘ ื›ืœ ื›ืš ื’ืจื•ืข?
13:45
Well, the reason it's such a bad job is that there's somebody shooting at you
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ื”ืกื™ื‘ื” ืœื›ืš ืฉื–ื” ื’'ื•ื‘ ื›ื–ื” ื’ืจื•ืข ื”ื™ื,
ืฉื‘ื—ืœืง ื’ื“ื•ืœ ืžื”ื–ืžืŸ ื™ื•ืจื™ื ืขืœื™ืš.
13:49
a lot of the time.
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13:51
So, with shooting at you, what are the death rates?
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ื•ืื ื™ื•ืจื™ื ืขืœื™ืš, ืžื”ื ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ื”ืชืžื•ืชื”?
ื‘ื›ื ื•ืคื™ื” ืฉืœื ื• ืžืฆืื ื• - ื•ื™ืฉ ืœื”ื•ื“ื•ืช ืฉื–ื” ืœื ื”ื™ื” ื‘ืืžืช
13:54
We found, in our gang --
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13:55
and admittedly, this was not really a standard situation;
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ืžืฆื‘ ืจื’ื™ืœ.
13:58
this was a time of intense violence, of a lot of gang wars,
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ื–ื• ื”ื™ืชื” ืชืงื•ืคื” ืฉืœ ืืœื™ืžื•ืช ืจื‘ื”, ื”ืจื‘ื” ืžืœื—ืžื•ืช ื›ื ื•ืคื™ื•ืช -
14:02
as this gang actually became quite successful.
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ื”ื›ื ื•ืคื™ื” ื”ื–ื• ื”ืฆืœื™ื—ื” ืœืžื“ื™. ืื‘ืœ ื”ื™ื” ืœื›ืš ืžื—ื™ืจ.
14:05
But there were costs.
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14:06
And so the death rate --
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ื•ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ื”ืชืžื•ืชื” - ืฉืœื ืœื“ื‘ืจ ืขืœ ืžืกืคืจ ื”ืžืขืฆืจื™ื,
14:08
not to mention the rate of being arrested, sent to prison, being wounded --
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ืœื”ื™ืฉืœื— ืœื›ืœื, ืœื”ื™ืคืฆืข - ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ื”ืชืžื•ืชื” ื‘ื“ื’ื™ืžื” ืฉืœื ื•
14:13
the death rate in our sample was seven percent per person per year.
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ื”ื™ื• 7% ืœืื“ื ืœืฉื ื”.
14:18
You're in the gang for four years,
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ืื ืืชื” 4 ืฉื ื™ื ื‘ื›ื ื•ืคื™ื”, ืฆืคื” ืœืžื•ืช ื‘-25% ืกื‘ื™ืจื•ืช.
14:20
you expect to die with about a 25 percent likelihood.
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14:24
That is about as high as you can get.
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ืืœื” ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ื”ื›ื™ ืืจื•ื›ื™ื ืฉืชื•ื›ืœ ืœืงื•ื•ืช ืœื”ื.
14:26
So for comparison's purposes,
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ืœืžื˜ืจื•ืช ื”ืฉื•ื•ืื”, ื”ื‘ื” ื ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืขืœ ืฆื•ืจืช-ื—ื™ื™ื ืื—ืจืช
14:28
let's think about some other walk of life you may expect might be extremely risky.
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ืฉื‘ื” ืฆืคื•ื™ื™ื ืœืš ื—ื™ื™ื ืžืกื•ื›ื ื™ื ืขื“ ืงื™ืฆื•ื ื™ื•ืช.
14:33
Let's say that you were a murderer
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ื ื ื™ื— ืฉืืชื” ืจื•ืฆื—,
14:35
and you were convicted of murder, and you're sent to death row.
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ื•ื”ื•ืจืฉืขืช ื‘ื‘ื™ืฆื•ืข ืจืฆื— ื•ื ืฉืœื—ืช ืœืชืื™ ื”ื ื™ื“ื•ื ื™ื ืœืžื•ื•ืช.
14:38
It turns out, the death rates on death row from all causes, including execution:
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ืžืกืชื‘ืจ ืฉืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ื”ืชืžื•ืชื” ื‘ืชืื™ ื”ื ื™ื“ื•ื ื™ื ืœืžื•ื•ืช,
ืžื›ืœ ื”ืกื™ื‘ื•ืช, ื›ื•ืœืœ ื”ื•ืฆืื” ืœื”ื•ืจื’: 2% ื‘ืฉื ื”.
14:42
two percent a year.
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14:44
(Laughter)
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[ืฆื—ื•ืง]
14:45
So it's a lot safer being on death row
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ืื– ื”ืจื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ื˜ื•ื— ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืฉื ืžืืฉืจ ืœืžื›ื•ืจ ืกืžื™ื ื‘ืจื—ื•ื‘.
14:48
than it is selling drugs out on the street.
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14:51
That gives you some pause, for those of you who believe
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ื–ื” ื ื•ืชืŸ ื—ื•ืžืจ ืœืžื—ืฉื‘ื” ืœืžื™ ืฉืžืืžื™ืŸ
14:54
that a death penalty's going to have an enormous deterrent effect on crime.
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ืฉืœืขื•ื ืฉ ื”ืžื•ื•ืช ื™ื”ื™ื” ืื™ื–ืฉื”ื• ืืคืงื˜ ืžืจืชื™ืข ืขืœ ื”ืคื•ืฉืขื™ื.
ื•ื›ื“ื™ ืœืชืช ืœื›ื ืžื•ืฉื’ ื›ืžื” ืจืข ื”ื™ื” ื‘ืœื‘-ื”ืขื™ืจ ื‘ืชืงื•ืคืช ื”ืงืจืืง -
15:00
To give you a sense of just how bad the inner city was during crack --
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15:03
and I'm not really focusing on the negatives,
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ื•ืื ื™ ืœื ืžืชืžืงื“ ื‘ื”ื™ื‘ื˜ื™ื ื”ืฉืœื™ืœื™ื™ื,
15:06
but really, there's another story to tell you there --
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ืื‘ืœ... ื™ืฉ ื›ืืŸ ืขื•ื“ ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ืขื‘ื•ืจื›ื -
15:09
if you look at the death rates just of random, young black males
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ืื ืชืชื‘ื•ื ื ื• ื‘ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ื”ืชืžื•ืชื” -- ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ืืงืจืื™ืช,
ื–ื›ืจื™ื ืฉื—ื•ืจื™ื ืฆืขื™ืจื™ื ืฉื’ื“ืœื™ื ื‘ืœื‘-ื”ืขื™ืจ ื‘ืืจื”"ื‘ -
15:13
growing up in the inner city in the United States,
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15:15
the death rates during crack were about one percent.
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ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ื”ืชืžื•ืชื” ื‘ืชืงื•ืคืช ื”ืงืจืืง ื”ื™ื• ื›ืื—ื•ื– ืื—ื“.
15:18
That's extremely high.
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ื–ื” ื’ื‘ื•ื” ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ.
15:19
And this is violent death -- it's unbelievable, in some sense.
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ื•ืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ืžื•ื•ืช ืืœื™ื. ื–ื” ืœื ื™ืื•ืžืŸ, ื‘ืžื•ื‘ืŸ ืžืกื•ื™ื.
15:22
To put it into perspective: if you compare this to the soldiers in Iraq,
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ืœืฉื ื”ืคืจืกืคืงื˜ื™ื‘ื”, ื‘ืงืจื‘ ื”ื—ื™ื™ืœื™ื ื‘ืขื™ืจืง, ืœืžืฉืœ,
15:27
for instance, right now fighting the war: 0.5 percent.
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ืฉื ืœื—ืžื™ื ื‘ืจื’ืข ื–ื”: ื—ืฆื™ ืื—ื•ื–.
15:31
So in some very literal way,
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ื›ืœื•ืžืจ ื”ื’ื‘ืจื™ื ื”ืฉื—ื•ืจื™ื ื”ืฆืขื™ืจื™ื ืฉื’ื“ืœื• ื‘ืืจืฅ ื”ื–ื•, ืคืฉื•ื˜ื• ื›ืžืฉืžืขื•,
15:34
the young black men who were growing up in this country
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ื—ื™ื• ื‘ืื–ื•ืจ ืžืœื—ืžื”,
15:37
were living in a war zone,
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ืžืื“ ื‘ื“ื•ืžื” ืœื—ื™ื™ืœื™ื ืฉื ืœื—ืžื™ื ื‘ืขื™ืจืง.
15:39
very much in the sense that the soldiers over in Iraq are fighting in a war.
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15:45
So why in the world, you might ask,
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ืื•ืœื™ ืชืฉืืœื•, ืœืžื” ืœื›ืœ ื”ืจื•ื—ื•ืช
15:48
would anybody be willing to stand out on a street corner
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ืžื™ืฉื”ื• ืžื•ื›ืŸ ืœืขืžื•ื“ ื‘ืคื™ื ืช ืจื—ื•ื‘
15:52
selling drugs for $3.50 an hour,
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ื•ืœืžื›ื•ืจ ืกืžื™ื ืชืžื•ืจืช 3.50 ืœืฉืขื”,
15:55
with a 25 percent chance of dying over the next four years?
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ืขื 25% ืกื™ื›ื•ื™ ืœืžื•ืช ื‘ืืจื‘ืข ื”ืฉื ื™ื ื”ืงืจื•ื‘ื•ืช?
15:58
Why would they do that?
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ืœืžื” ืœื”ื ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื–ืืช? ืœื“ืขืชื™ ื™ืฉ ืžืกืคืจ ืชืฉื•ื‘ื•ืช.
15:59
And I think there are a couple answers.
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16:02
I think the first one is that they got fooled by history.
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ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื”, ืฉื”ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ื”ื™ื˜ืขืชื” ืื•ืชื.
16:08
It used to be the gang was a rite of passage;
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ืคืขื, ื‘ื›ื ื•ืคื™ื” ื”ื™ื” ื ื”ื•ื’ ืœื”ืขื‘ื™ืจ ืืช ื”ื›ืชืจ.
16:10
that the young people controlled the gang;
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ื”ืฆืขื™ืจื™ื ืฉืœื˜ื• ื‘ื›ื ื•ืคื™ื”, ื•ื›ืฉื”ื–ื“ืงื ืช,
16:12
that as you got older, you dropped out of the gang.
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ื™ืฆืืช ืžื”ื›ื ื•ืคื™ื”.
16:16
So what happened was,
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ืื– ืžื” ืฉืงืจื” ื”ื•ื,
16:17
the people who happened to be in the right place at the right time --
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ืฉื”ืื ืฉื™ื ืฉื”ื™ื• ื‘ืžืงื•ื ื”ื ื›ื•ืŸ ื•ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ื”ื ื›ื•ืŸ --
16:20
the people who happened to be leading the gang in the mid-to-late-'80s --
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ืžื™ ืฉื”ื ื”ื™ื’ื• ืืช ื”ื›ื ื•ืคื™ื•ืช ื‘ืืžืฆืข-ืขื“-ืกื•ืฃ ืฉื ื•ืช ื”-80 -
16:26
became very, very wealthy.
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ื”ืชืขืฉืจื• ืžืื“ ืžืื“.
16:28
And so the logical thing to think
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ืื– ื”ื”ื’ื™ื•ืŸ ืื•ืžืจ ืฉื”ื“ื•ืจ ื”ื‘ื -
16:30
was that they are going to age out of the gang
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ืฉื”ื ื™ื–ื“ืงื ื• ื•ื™ืขื–ื‘ื• ืืช ื”ื›ื ื•ืคื™ื”, ื›ืžื• ืฉืขืฉื• ื›ื•ืœื,
16:33
like everybody else has,
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16:34
and the next generation is going to take over and get the wealth.
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ื•ื”ื“ื•ืจ ื”ื‘ื ื™ืชืคื•ืก ื‘ื”ื’ื” ื•ื™ืงื‘ืœ ืœื™ื“ื™ื• ืืช ื”ืขื•ืฉืจ.
ื™ืฉ ื“ืžื™ื•ืŸ ืจื‘ ืœื“ืขืชื™ ืœืฉื’ืฉื•ื’ ืฉืœ ื”ืื™ื ื˜ืจื ื˜, ื ื›ื•ืŸ?
16:38
There are striking similarities, I think, to the Internet boom.
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ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ ืขืžืง ื”ืกื™ืœื™ืงื•ืŸ ื ืขืฉื• ืžืื“ ืžืื“ ืขืฉื™ืจื™ื.
16:41
The first set of people in Silicon Valley got very, very rich.
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16:44
And then all of my friends said, "Maybe I should go do that, too."
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ื•ืื– ื›ืœ ื—ื‘ืจื™ ืืžืจื•: ืื•ืœื™ ื’ื ืื ื™ ืฆืจื™ืš ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื–ืืช.
16:48
And they were willing to work very cheap for stock options that never came.
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ื•ื”ืกื›ื™ืžื• ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ ืžืื“ ื‘ื–ื•ืœ ื‘ืชืžื•ืจื” ืœืื•ืคืฆื™ื•ืช ืฉืœื ื”ื’ื™ืขื•.
16:53
In some sense, that's what happened, exactly,
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ื‘ืžื•ื‘ืŸ ืžืกื•ื™ื, ื–ื” ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ืžื” ืฉืงืจื” ืขื ื”ืื ืฉื™ื ืฉืกืงืจื ื•
16:55
to the set of people we were looking at.
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16:58
They were willing to start at the bottom,
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ืฉื”ื™ื• ืžื•ื›ื ื™ื ืœื”ืชื—ื™ืœ ื‘ืชื—ืชื™ืช ื”ืกื•ืœื.
17:01
just like, say, a first-year lawyer at a law firm
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ืžืžืฉ ื›ืžื• ืขื•"ื“ ื‘ืžืฉืจื“ ืขื•ืจื›ื™-ื“ื™ืŸ -
17:04
is willing to start at the bottom,
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ืขื•"ื“ ืฉืœ ื”ืฉื ื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืฉืฉืžื•ื›ืŸ ืœื”ืชื—ื™ืœ ื‘ืชื—ืชื™ืช ื”ืกื•ืœื,
17:06
work 80-hour weeks for not that much money,
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ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ 80 ืฉื‘ื•ืขื•ืช ืชืžื•ืจืช ืœื ื”ืจื‘ื” ื›ืกืฃ,
17:08
because they think they're going to make partner.
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ืžืชื•ืš ื”ื ื—ื” ืฉื™ื”ืคื•ืš ืœืฉื•ืชืฃ.
ืืš ื”ื—ื•ืงื™ื ื”ืฉืชื ื•, ื•ื”ื ืœื ื ืขืฉื• ืœืฉื•ืชืคื™ื.
17:10
But the rules changed, and they never got to make partner.
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17:13
Indeed, the same people who were running all of the major gangs in the late 1980s
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ื•ื‘ืืžืช, ืืœื” ืฉืขืžื“ื• ื‘ืจืืฉ ื”ื›ื ื•ืคื™ื•ืช ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื•ืฃ ืฉื ื•ืช ื”-80
17:17
are still running the major gangs in Chicago today.
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ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืžื ื”ืœื™ื ื›ื™ื•ื ืืช ื”ื›ื ื•ืคื™ื•ืช ื”ืขื™ืงืจื™ื•ืช ื‘ืฉื™ืงื’ื•.
17:19
They never passed on any of the wealth,
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ื”ื ืžืขื•ืœื ืœื ื”ืขื‘ื™ืจื• ื”ืœืื” ืืช ืขื•ืฉืจื.
17:21
So everybody got stuck at that $3.50-an-hour job,
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ืื– ื›ื•ืœื ื ืชืงืขื• ื‘ืจืžืช ื”-3.50 ืœืฉืขื”, ื•ื–ื” ื”ืชื‘ืจืจ ื›ืืกื•ืŸ.
17:24
and it turned out to be a disaster.
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17:27
The other thing the gang was very good at was marketing and trickery.
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ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ืฉื ื™ ืฉื”ื›ื ื•ืคื™ื” ื”ื™ืชื” ื˜ื•ื‘ื” ื‘ื•, ื”ื•ื ืฉื™ื•ื•ืง ื•ื ื•ื›ืœื•ืช.
17:31
And so for instance, one thing the gang would do is --
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ืœื“ื•ื’ืžื”, ืื—ื“ ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉื”ื›ื ื•ืคื™ื” ืขื•ืฉื” ื”ื•ื --
17:35
the gang leaders would have big entourages,
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ืืชื ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ืฉืœืžื ื”ื™ื’ื™ ื”ื›ื ื•ืคื™ื•ืช ื™ืฉ ืคืžืœื™ื•ืช ื’ื“ื•ืœื•ืช,
17:37
and they'd drive fancy cars and have fancy jewelry.
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ื•ืžื›ื•ื ื™ื•ืช ื•ืชื›ืฉื™ื˜ื™ื ืžื ืงืจื™-ืขื™ื ื™ื™ื,
17:40
So what Sudhir eventually realized as he hung out with them more,
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ื•ืžื” ืฉืกื•ื“ื”ื™ืจ ื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ื‘ืกื•ืฃ, ื›ื›ืœ ืฉื‘ื™ืœื” ืื™ืชื ื™ื•ืชืจ,
17:43
is that, really, they didn't own those cars -- they just leased them,
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ื”ื•ื ืฉื”ืžื›ื•ื ื™ื•ืช ืœื ื‘ืืžืช ื‘ื‘ืขืœื•ืชื.
ื”ื ืจืง ืฉื›ืจื• ืื•ืชืŸ, ื›ื™ ืœื ื™ื›ืœื• ืœื”ืจืฉื•ืชืŸ ืœืขืฆืžื.
17:47
because they couldn't afford to own the fancy cars.
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17:49
And they didn't really have gold jewelry, they had gold-plated jewelry.
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ื•ื”ืชื›ืฉื™ื˜ื™ื ืœื ื”ื™ื• ืžื–ื”ื‘, ืืœื ืžืฆื•ืคื™-ื–ื”ื‘.
ื–ื” ื—ื•ื–ืจ ืืœ ื”ืืžื™ืชื™-ืืžื™ืชื™ ืœืขื•ืžืช ื”ืžื–ื•ื™ืฃ-ืืžื™ืชื™.
17:53
It goes back to, you know, the real-real versus the fake-real.
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17:56
And really, they did all sorts of things to trick the young people
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ื•ื”ื ื‘ืืžืช ืขืฉื• ื›ืœ ืžื™ื ื™ ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื›ื“ื™ "ืœืขื‘ื•ื“" ืขืœ ื”ืฆืขื™ืจื™ื,
18:00
into thinking what a great deal the gang was going to be.
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ื›ื“ื™ ืฉื™ื—ืฉื‘ื• ืื™ื–ื” ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื–ื” ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื‘ื›ื ื•ืคื™ื”.
ืœื“ื•ื’ืžื”, ื”ื™ื• ื ื•ืชื ื™ื ืœื™ืœื“ ื‘ืŸ ืืจื‘ืข-ืขืฉืจื”
18:03
So for instance, they would give a 14-year-old kid
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ืœืฉืžื•ืจ ืขืœ ื—ื‘ื™ืœืช ืฉื˜ืจื•ืช,
18:06
a whole roll of bills to hold.
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18:09
That 14-year-old kid would say to his friends,
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ื•ื‘ืŸ ื”ืืจื‘ืข-ืขืฉืจื” ื”ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ืื•ืžืจ...
ื”ื™ื” ืื•ืžืจ ืœื—ื‘ืจื™ื•,
18:12
"Hey, look at all the money I got in the gang."
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"ืชืจืื• ื›ืžื” ื›ืกืฃ ืขืฉื™ืชื™ ื‘ื›ื ื•ืคื™ื”."
18:14
It wasn't his money -- until he spent it,
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ื–ื” ืœื ื”ื™ื” ื›ืกืคื•, ืขื“ ืฉื‘ื–ื‘ื– ืื•ืชื•,
18:16
and then he was in debt to the gang,
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ื•ืื– ื‘ืขืฆื ื”ื™ื” ื—ื™ื™ื‘ ืœื›ื ื•ืคื™ื”, ื•ืื– ื›ืื™ืœื• ืฉื•ืขื‘ื“ ืœื” ืœื–ืžืŸ-ืžื”.
18:18
and was sort of an indentured servant for a while.
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18:20
So I have a couple minutes.
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ื ื•ืชืจื• ืœื™ ืฉืชื™ ื“ืงื•ืช.
18:22
Let me do one last thing I hadn't thought I'd have time to do,
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ื”ื‘ื” ื•ืืขืฉื” ื“ื‘ืจ ืื—ืจื•ืŸ.
ืœื ื—ืฉื‘ืชื™ ืฉื™ื”ื™ื” ืœื™ ื–ืžืŸ ืœื›ืš, ืœื“ื‘ืจ ืขืœ ืžื” ืฉืœืžื“ื ื•
18:26
which is to talk about what we learned more generally about economics,
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ืขืœ ื”ื›ืœื›ืœื” ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื›ืœืœื™ ื™ื•ืชืจ, ืžื”ืžื—ืงืจ ืฉืœ ื”ื›ื ื•ืคื™ื”.
18:31
from the study of the gang.
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18:33
So, economists tend to talk in technical words.
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ื›ืœื›ืœื ื™ื ื ื•ื˜ื™ื ืœื“ื‘ืจ ื‘ืฉืคื” ื˜ื›ื ื™ืช, ื•ืœืขืชื™ื ืชื›ื•ืคื•ืช
18:37
Often, our theories fail quite miserably when we over the data,
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ื”ืชืื•ืจื™ื•ืช ืฉืœื ื• ื›ื•ืฉืœื•ืช ื‘ืื•ืจื— ืขืœื•ื‘ ืœื ื•ื›ื— ื”ื ืชื•ื ื™ื.
18:40
but what's kind of interesting is that in this setting,
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ืืš ื‘ืขืฆื, ื”ืžืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ื”ื•ื ืฉื‘ื ืกื™ื‘ื•ืช ื”ืืœื”
18:43
it turned out that some of the economic theories
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ื”ืกืชื‘ืจ ืฉื›ืžื” ืžื”ืชื™ืื•ืจื™ื•ืช, ืฉืœื ื›ืœ ื›ืš ื”ืฆืœื™ื—ื•
18:46
that worked not so well in the real economy
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ื‘ื›ืœื›ืœื” ื”ืืžื™ืชื™ืช, ื”ืฆืœื™ื—ื• ื™ืคื” ื‘ื›ืœื›ืœืช ื”ืกืžื™ื.
18:48
worked very well in the drug economy,
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ื‘ืžื•ื‘ืŸ ืžืกื•ื™ื, ื›ื™ ื–ื”ื• ืงืคื™ื˜ืœื™ื–ื ืคืจื•ืข.
18:50
in some sense, because it's unfettered capitalism.
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18:52
Here's an economic principle.
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ื”ืจื™ ืœื›ื ืขืงืจื•ืŸ ื›ืœื›ืœื™.
ื–ื”ื• ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ื‘ืกื™ืกื™ ื‘ื›ืœื›ืœืช ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ืฉืฉืžื• "ืคื™ืฆื•ื™ ืžืฉื•ื•ื”."
18:54
This is one of the basic ideas in labor economics,
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18:56
called a "compensating differential."
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18:58
It's the idea that the increment to wages that a worker requires
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ื”ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ื”ื‘ืกื™ืกื™ ื”ื•ื ืชื•ืกืคืช ื”ืฉื›ืจ ื”ื ื—ื•ืฆื” ืœืขื•ื‘ื“,
19:01
to leave him indifferent between performing two tasks,
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ื›ืš ืฉืœื ื™ื”ื™ื” ืœื• ืื™ื›ืคืช ืื™ื–ื• ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืžื‘ื™ืŸ ืฉืชื™ ืขื‘ื•ื“ื•ืช,
19:04
one which is more unpleasant than the other.
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ื›ืฉืื—ืช ืคื—ื•ืช ื ืขื™ืžื” ืžื”ืฉื ื™ื”.
ื–ื” ืžื” ืฉืžื›ื•ื ื” ืคื™ืฆื•ื™ ืžืฉื•ื•ื”. ื–ื• ื”ืกื™ื‘ื” ืฉืœื“ืขืชื ื•
19:06
Compensating differential -- it's why we think garbagemen might be paid more
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ืœืขื•ื‘ื“ื™-ื–ื‘ืœ ืื•ืœื™ ืžื’ื™ืข ื™ื•ืชืจ ื›ืกืฃ ืžืืฉืจ ืœืขื•ื‘ื“ื™-ืคืืจืงื™ื,
19:10
than people who work in parks.
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19:11
The words of one of the members of the gang, I think, make this clear.
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ื•ืœื“ืขืชื™ ืื—ื“ ืžื—ื‘ืจื™ ื”ื›ื ื•ืคื™ื” ื”ื‘ื”ื™ืจ ื–ืืช ื”ื™ื˜ื‘ ื›ืฉืืžืจ,
19:17
So it turns out -- I'm sort of getting ahead of myself --
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ืžืชื‘ืจืจ... ืื ื™ ืงืฆืช ืžืงื“ื™ื ืืช ืขืฆืžื™.
19:20
it turns out, in the gang, when there's a war going on,
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ืžืชื‘ืจืจ ืฉื‘ื›ื ื•ืคื™ื”, ื›ืฉื™ืฉ ืžืœื—ืžื”,
19:23
they actually pay the foot soldiers twice as much money.
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ื”ื ืื›ืŸ ืžืฉืœืžื™ื ื›ืคืœื™ื™ื ืœื—ื™ื™ืœื™ื ื”ืจื’ืœื™ื™ื.
19:26
It's exactly this concept.
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ื–ื• ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ื”ืชืคื™ืฉื” ื”ื–ืืช.
19:28
Because they're not willing to be at risk.
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ื›ื™ ื”ื ืœื ืจื•ืฆื™ื ืœื”ืกืชื›ืŸ.
19:30
And the words of a gang member capture it quite nicely, he says:
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ื•ื“ื‘ืจื™ื• ืฉืœ ื—ื‘ืจ-ื›ื ื•ืคื™ื” ืื—ื“ ืžื’ื“ื™ืจื™ื ื–ืืช ื™ืคื” ืžืื“:
19:33
"Would you stand around here when all this shit ..." -- the shooting --
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"ื”ืื ืชืขืžื•ื“ ื›ืืŸ ื›ืฉื›ืœ ื”ื—ืจื ื”ื–ื”" -ื”ื›ื•ื•ื ื” ืœื™ืจื™ื•ืช -
"ื›ืฉื›ืœ ื”ื—ืจื ื”ื–ื” ืงื•ืจื”? ืœื, ื ื›ื•ืŸ?"
19:37
"... if all this shit's going on? No, right?
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"ืื– ืื ืืชื” ืžื‘ืงืฉ ืžืžื ื™ ืœืกื›ืŸ ืช'ื—ื™ื™ื ืฉืœื™, ืชื‘ื™ื ื›ืกืฃ."
19:39
So if I gonna be asked to put my life on the line, then front me the cash, man."
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ืœื“ืขืชื™, ื—ื‘ืจ ื”ื›ื ื•ืคื™ื” ืžืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ื”ืจื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฆื™ื•ืจื™ืช
19:43
I think the gang member says it much more articulately
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ืืช ืžื” ืฉืงื•ืจื”, ืžืืฉืจ ื”ื›ืœื›ืœื ื™ื.
19:45
than the economist, about what's going on.
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[ืฆื—ื•ืง]
19:47
(Laughter)
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19:49
Here's another one.
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ื”ื ื” ืขื•ื“ ืื—ื“.
ื”ื›ืœื›ืœื ื™ื ืžื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ืชื•ืจืช ื”ืžืฉื—ืงื™ื -
19:51
Economists talk about game theory,
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19:52
that every two-person game has a Nash equilibrium.
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ื‘ื›ืœ ืžืฉื—ืง ื‘ื™ืŸ 2 ืื ืฉื™ื ื™ืฉ 'ืฉื™ื•ื•ื™-ืžืฉืงืœ ื ืืฉ'.
ืœื”ืœืŸ ื”ืชืจื’ื•ื ืœืฉืคืช ื”ื›ื ื•ืคื™ื”.
19:55
Here's the translation you get from the gang member.
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19:57
They're talking about the decision of why they don't go shoot --
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ื”ื ื“ื ื™ื ื‘ื”ื—ืœื˜ื” ืœื”ื™ืžื ืข ืžื™ืจื™ื•ืช --
20:00
One thing that turns out to be a great business tactic in the gang:
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ืžืชื‘ืจืจ ืฉื–ื• ื˜ืงื˜ื™ืงื” ืขืกืงื™ืช ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื” ื‘ื›ื ื•ืคื™ื”,
20:04
if you go and just shoot guns in the air in the other gang's territory --
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ืื ืืชื” ื™ื•ืจื” ืกืชื ื›ืš ื‘ืื•ื•ื™ืจ ื‘ืฉื˜ื—ื” ืฉืœ ื›ื ื•ืคื™ื” ืื—ืจืช,
20:08
people are afraid to go buy drugs there,
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ื›ื•ืœื ื™ืคื—ื“ื• ืœืœื›ืช ืœืงื ื•ืช ืฉื ืกืžื™ื,
20:10
they're going to come into your neighborhood.
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ื•ื™ื‘ื•ืื• ืœืฉื›ื•ื ื” ืฉืœืš.
20:12
Here's what he says about why they don't do that:
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ืื‘ืœ ื›ืืŸ ื”ื•ื ืžืกื‘ื™ืจ ืœืžื” ื”ื ื ืžื ืขื™ื ืžื›ืš.
"ืื ื ืชื—ื™ืœ ืœื™ืจื•ืช ืฉื" -ื‘ืฉื˜ื— ื”ื›ื ื•ืคื™ื” ื”ืื—ืจืช- "ืืฃ ืื—ื“,
20:15
"If we start shooting around there, the other gang's territory,
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"ืžืžืฉ ืืฃ ืื—ื“ ืœื ื™ื‘ื•ื ืœืฉื.
20:18
nobody, I mean, you dig it, nobody gonna step on their turf.
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"ืื‘ืœ ืื ื• ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœื”ื™ื–ื”ืจ,
20:21
But we gotta be careful,
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"ื›ื™ ื’ื ื”ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื‘ื•ื ืœื™ืจื•ืช ื›ืืŸ,
20:22
'cause they can shoot around here too and then we all fucked."
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"ื•ืื– ื›ื•ืœื ื• ื ื“ืคืงื ื•." [ืฆื—ื•ืง]
ื–ื”ื• ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ืื•ืชื• ื”ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ.
20:25
(Laughter)
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20:26
So that's the same concept.
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ืื‘ืœ ืœืคืขืžื™ื ื”ื›ืœื›ืœื ื™ื ื˜ื•ืขื™ื.
20:27
Then again, sometimes economists get it wrong.
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20:29
One thing we observed in the data is that it looked like --
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ืื—ื“ ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉืจืื™ื ื• ื‘ื ืชื•ื ื™ื --
20:34
the gang leader always got paid.
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ืžื ื”ื™ื’ ื”ื›ื ื•ืคื™ื” ืชืžื™ื“ ืžืงื‘ืœ ืชืฉืœื•ื, ื›ืŸ?
20:37
No matter how bad it was economically, he always got himself paid.
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ืœื ืžืฉื ื” ื›ืžื” ื”ืžืฆื‘ ื”ื›ืœื›ืœื™ ืจืข, ื”ื•ื ืชืžื™ื“ ืžืฉืœื ืœืขืฆืžื•.
ืื– ื”ื™ื• ืœื ื• ืชื™ืื•ืจื™ื•ืช ืขืœ ืชื–ืจื™ื ืžื–ื•ืžื ื™ื,
20:42
We had some theories related to cash flow,
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20:44
and lack of access to capital markets, and things like that.
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ื•ื”ืขื“ืจ-ื’ื™ืฉื” ืœืฉื•ื•ืงื™ ื”ื•ืŸ ื•ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื›ืืœื”,
20:47
Then we asked the gang member,
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ืื‘ืœ ืื– ืฉืืœื ื• ืืช ื—ื‘ืจ ื”ื›ื ื•ืคื™ื”,
20:48
"Why is it you always get paid and your workers don't always get paid?"
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"ืื™ืš ื–ื” ืฉืืชื” ืชืžื™ื“ ืžืงื‘ืœ ืชืฉืœื•ื ื•ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ืฉืœืš ืœื?"
ืขื ื”: "ื™ืฉ ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ื›ื•ืฉื™ื ืžืชื—ืชื™ืš ืฉืจื•ืฆื™ื ืืช ื”ื’'ื•ื‘ ืฉืœืš,
20:52
His response is,
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20:53
"You got all these niggers below you who want your job, you dig?
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"ืื ืชืชื—ื™ืœ ืœื”ืคืกื™ื“, ื™ื—ืฉื‘ื• ืฉืืชื” ื—ืœืฉ ื•ื›ืœ ื”ื—ืจื ื”ื–ื”."
20:56
If you start taking losses, they see you as weak and shit."
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ื—ืฉื‘ืชื™ ืขืœ ื–ื”, ื•ืืžืจืชื™,
20:59
And I thought about it and said,
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21:00
"CEOs often pay themselves million-dollar bonuses,
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ืžื ื›"ืœื™ื ืžืจื‘ื™ื ืœืฉืœื ืœืขืฆืžื ื‘ื•ื ื•ืกื™ื ืฉืœ ืžื™ืœื™ื•ื ื™ื,
21:04
even when companies are losing a lot of money.
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ื’ื ื›ืฉื”ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ืฉืœื”ื ื‘ื”ืคืกื“ื™ื.
21:06
And it never would really occur to an economist
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ื•ืžืขื•ืœื ืœื ืขืœื” ื‘ื“ืขืชื ืฉืœ ื”ื›ืœื›ืœื ื™ื ืฉื”ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ื”ื–ื”,
21:09
that this idea of 'weak and shit' could really be important."
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ืฉืœ "ื—ืœืฉ ื•ื›ืœ ื”ื—ืจื ื”ื–ื”", ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืืžืช ื—ืฉื•ื‘.
21:11
(Laughter)
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ืื‘ืœ ืื•ืœื™ -- [ืฆื—ื•ืง]
21:15
Maybe "weak and shit" is an important hypothesis that needs more analysis.
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ืื•ืœื™ "ื—ืœืฉ ื•ื›ืœ ื”ื—ืจื ื”ื–ื”" --
ื”ื™ื ื”ื™ืคื•ืชื–ื” ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื” ืฉื–ืงื•ืงื” ืœื ื™ืชื•ื— ื ื•ืกืฃ.
21:21
Thank you very much.
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ืชื•ื“ื” ืจื‘ื” ืœื›ื.
[ืžื—ื™ืื•ืช ื›ืคื™ื™ื]
21:22
(Applause)
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ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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