The freakonomics of McDonalds vs. drugs | Steven Levitt

2,228,232 views ใƒป 2007-01-16

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์•„๋ž˜ ์˜๋ฌธ์ž๋ง‰์„ ๋”๋ธ”ํด๋ฆญํ•˜์‹œ๋ฉด ์˜์ƒ์ด ์žฌ์ƒ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

๋ฒˆ์—ญ: Jae Wook Shim ๊ฒ€ํ† : Seo Rim Kim
00:25
You'll be happy to know that I'll be talking not about my own tragedy,
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์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์€ ์ œ๊ฐ€ ์ œ ์ž์‹ ์ด ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์˜ ๋น„๊ทน์„ ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐํ•œ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์—
00:29
but other people's tragedy.
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๋งˆ์Œ์ด ๋†“์ด์‹ค ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:31
It's a lot easier to be lighthearted about other people's tragedy
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์ž์‹ ์ด ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์˜ ๋น„๊ทน์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์–˜๊ธฐํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ํ›จ์”ฌ ๋งˆ์Œ์ด ํŽธํ•˜๊ฒ ์ฃ .
00:34
than your own,
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00:35
and I want to keep it in the spirit of the conference.
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ํ•™์ˆ ํšŒ์˜์˜ ๋ถ„์œ„๊ธฐ๋„ ์œ ์ง€ํ•ด์•ผ๊ฒ ๊ณ ์š”.
์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„๋“ค์ด ์–ธ๋ก ์—์„œ ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐํ•˜๋Š” ๋‚ด์šฉ์„ ๊ทธ๋Œ€๋กœ ๋ฏฟ๋Š”๋‹ค๋ฉด
00:40
So, if you believe the media accounts,
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00:42
being a drug dealer in the height of the crack cocaine epidemic
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ํฌ๋ž™์ฝ”์นด์ธ์ด ๋Œ€์œ ํ–‰์„ ํ•˜๋˜ ์‹œ๊ธฐ์— ๋งˆ์•ฝ์ƒ๋“ค์€
00:46
was a very glamorous life, in the words of Virginia Postrel.
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๋ฒ„์ง€๋‹ˆ์•„ ํฌ์ŠคํŠธ๋ ์ด ๋ฌ˜์‚ฌํ–ˆ๋˜ ๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ ์•„์ฃผ ๋ฉ‹์ง„ ์‚ถ์„ ์‚ด์•˜๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐํ•˜์‹ค ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:50
There was money, there was drugs, guns, women,
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์ด๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ๋Š” ๋ˆ, ๋งˆ์•ฝ, ์ด, ์—ฌ์ž๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์—ˆ์ฃ .
00:54
you know, you name it -- jewelry, bling-bling -- it had it all.
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๋˜ ๋ญ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์„๊นŒ์š”, ๋ณด์„์ด๋‚˜ ์žฅ์‹ ๊ตฌ, ์—†๋Š” ๊ฒŒ ์—†์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:59
What I'm going to tell you today is that, in fact, based on 10 years of research,
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์ œ๊ฐ€ ์˜ค๋Š˜ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„๋“ค๊ป˜ ๋ง์”€๋“œ๋ฆด ๋‚ด์šฉ์€ 10๋…„์— ๊ฑธ์นœ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์กฐ์‚ฌ์— ๊ธฐ์ดˆํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:04
a unique opportunity to go inside a gang --
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๊ฐฑ๋‹จ์˜ ๋‚ด๋ถ€๋ฅผ ๋ณผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๋…ํŠนํ•œ ๊ธฐํšŒ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์—ˆ๊ณ 
01:07
to see the actual books, the financial records of the gang --
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๊ฑฐ๊ธฐ์„œ ๊ฐฑ๋‹จ์˜ ์‹ค์ œ ์žฌ๋ฌด๊ธฐ๋ก์„ ๋ณผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:10
that the answer turns out not to be
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ๋ฐ ์กฐ์‚ฌ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ๋ณด๋ฉด ๊ฐฑ๋“ค์˜ ์‚ถ์ด ์ „ํ˜€ ๋ฉ‹์ง€์ง€ ์•Š๋”๊ตฐ์š”.
01:12
that being in the gang was a glamorous life.
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01:16
But I think, more realistically, that being in a gang --
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์˜คํžˆ๋ ค ์‹ค์ œ๋กœ ์ œ ์ƒ๊ฐ์—๋Š” ๊ฐฑ๋‹จ์— ๋“ค์–ด๊ฐ€๊ฑฐ๋‚˜
01:18
selling drugs for a gang -- is perhaps the worst job in all of America.
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๊ฐฑ ์กฐ์ง์„ ์œ„ํ•ด ๋งˆ์•ฝ์„ ํŒ๋งคํ•˜๋Š” ์ผ์€ ์•„๋งˆ๋„ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์—์„œ ์ตœ์•…์˜ ์ง์—…์ด ์•„๋‹๊นŒ ์ƒ๊ฐ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:22
And that's what I'd like to convince you of today.
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์˜ค๋Š˜ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์„ ์„ค๋“ํ•˜๋ ค๊ณ  ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:25
So there are three things I want to do.
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์„ธ ๊ฐ€์ง€ ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ์ค€๋น„ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:27
First, I want to explain how and why crack cocaine
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์ฒซ์งธ, ์™œ ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๋˜ ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ํ•ด์„œ ํฌ๋ž™ ์ฝ”์นด์ธ์ด
01:31
had such a profound influence on inner-city gangs.
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๋„์‹ฌ์˜ ๊ฐฑ ์กฐ์ง๋“ค์— ์ดํ† ๋ก ํฐ ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฏธ์น˜๊ฒŒ ๋˜์—ˆ๋Š”๊ฐ€ ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด๊ณ .
01:36
Secondly, I want to tell you
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๋‘˜์งธ, ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ์ €์™€ ๊ฐ™์€ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์ด
01:38
how somebody like me came to be able to see
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๊ฐฑ๋‹จ์˜ ๋‚ด๋ถ€ ์ƒํ™ฉ์„ ๊ด€์ฐฐํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ๋Š”๊ฐ€ ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ธ๋ฐ
01:43
the inner workings of a gang -- an interesting story, I think.
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01:46
And then third, I want to tell you, in a very superficial way,
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์ •๋ง ํฅ๋ฏธ๋กœ์šด ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
์…‹์งธ, ์ด๊ฑด ์ƒ๋‹นํžˆ ํ”ผ์ƒ์ ์ด๊ธด ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ
01:49
about some of the things we found
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์‹ค์ œ๋กœ ๊ฐฑ๋‹จ์˜ ์žฌ๋ฌด๊ธฐ๋ก, ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‹ˆ๊นŒ ๊ทธ๋“ค์˜ ์žฅ๋ถ€๋ฅผ ๋ณด๋ฉด์„œ
01:51
when we actually got to look at the financial records,
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๋ฐœ๊ฒฌํ•œ ๊ฒƒ๋“ค์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:54
the books, of the gang.
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01:55
So before I do that, just one warning,
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์‹œ์ž‘ํ•˜๊ธฐ์— ์•ž์„œ์„œ ๊ฒฝ๊ณ ๋“ค ๋“œ๋ ค์•ผ ํ•˜๋Š”๋ฐ,
01:59
which is that this presentation has been rated 'R'
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์˜ค๋Š˜ ์ œ ๋ฐœํ‘œ๋Š” ๋งํ•˜์ž๋ฉด "19๊ธˆ" ๋“ฑ๊ธ‰ ํŒ์ •์„ ๋ฐ›์•˜์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:02
by the Motion Picture Association of America.
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02:05
It contains adult themes, adult language.
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์ฃผ์ œ๋„ ํ‘œํ˜„๋„ ์„ฑ์ธ์šฉ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:08
Given who is up on the stage, you'll be delighted to know
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๋‹จ์ƒ์— ์„œ ์žˆ๋Š” ์ œ ๋ชจ์Šต์„ ๋ณด์‹œ๋ฉด
02:11
that, in fact, there'll be no nudity --
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๋…ธ์ถœ์”ฌ์ด ์—†๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ๋‹คํ–‰์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐํ•˜์‹œ๊ฒ ์ฃ .
๊ฐ‘์ž‘์Šค๋Ÿฝ๊ฒŒ
02:14
(Laughter)
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(์›ƒ์Œ)
02:16
Unexpected wardrobe malfunctions aside.
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์˜ท์ด ๋ฒ—๊ฒจ์ง€๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๋Š”๋‹ค๋ฉด ๋ง์ด์ฃ .
02:19
(Laughter)
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(์›ƒ์Œ)
02:23
So let me start by talking about crack cocaine,
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์ž ์ด์ œ ํฌ๋ž™ ์ฝ”์นด์ธ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด์„œ ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ด๊ฒƒ์ด ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ๊ฐฑ๋“ค์„ ๋ณ€๋ชจ์‹œ์ผฐ๋Š”์ง€์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด์„œ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ•˜์ฃ .
02:27
and how it transformed the gang.
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02:29
To do that, you have to actually go back to a time before crack cocaine,
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด์„œ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ํฌ๋ž™ ์ฝ”์นด์ธ์ด ๋“ฑ์žฅํ•˜๊ธฐ ์ „์ธ
02:32
in the early '80s, and look at it from the perspective of a gang leader.
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80๋…„๋Œ€ ์ดˆ๋ฐ˜์œผ๋กœ ๋Œ์•„๊ฐ€์„œ
02:36
Being a gang leader in the inner city wasn't such a bad deal in the mid-'80s --
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๊ฐฑ๋‹จ์˜ ๋ณด์Šค ์ž…์žฅ์—์„œ ์ƒ๊ฐ์„ ํ•ด ๋ด…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. 80๋…„๋Œ€ ์ดˆ์ค‘๋ฐ˜์—๋Š” ๋„์‹ฌ์˜ ๊ฐฑ๋‹จ์˜ ๋ณด์Šค๊ฐ€ ๋˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด
02:42
the early '80s, let me say.
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02:43
Now, you had a lot of power, and you got to beat people up --
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๊ทธ๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ๋‚˜์˜์ง€๋งŒ์€ ์•Š์•˜์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
๊ฐฑ๋‹จ์˜ ๋ณด์Šค๋Š” ๋ง‰๊ฐ•ํ•œ ๊ถŒ๋ ฅ๊ณผ ์ฃผ๋จน์„ ํœ˜๋‘˜๋ €์ฃ .
02:46
you got a lot of prestige, a lot of respect.
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๋†’์€ ์‹ ๋ง์„ ์–ป๊ณ  ์กด๊ฒฝ์„ ๋ฐ›์•˜๊ณ ์š”.
02:49
But the thing is, there was no money in it.
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ๋ฐ ๋ˆ์ด ์—†์—ˆ์–ด์š”.
02:51
The gang had no way to make money.
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๊ฐฑ๋“ค์ด ๋ˆ์„ ๋ฒŒ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์ด ์—†์—ˆ๊ฑฐ๋“ ์š”. ๋ถ€ํ•˜๋“ค๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ
02:53
You couldn't charge dues to the people in the gang,
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๋ˆ์„ ๋œฏ์–ด๋‚ผ์ˆ˜๋„ ์—†์—ˆ์–ด์š”.
02:56
because the people in the gang didn't have any money.
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๊ฐฑ๋‹จ์˜ ๋ˆ„๊ตฌ๋„ ๋ˆ์ด ์—†์—ˆ์œผ๋‹ˆ๊นŒ์š”.
02:58
You couldn't really make any money selling marijuana --
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๋งˆ๋ฆฌํ™”๋‚˜๋ฅผ ํŒ”์•„์„œ ๋ˆ์„ ๋ฒŒ ์ˆ˜๋„ ์—†์—ˆ์–ด์š”
03:01
marijuana's too cheap, it turns out.
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๋งˆ๋ฆฌํ™”๋‚˜๋Š” ๋„ˆ๋ฌด ๊ฐ’์ด ์‹ธ์„œ
03:03
You can't get rich selling marijuana.
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๊ทธ๊ฑธ ํŒ”์•„์„œ ๋ถ€์ž๊ฐ€ ๋  ์ˆ˜๋Š” ์—†์ฃ .
03:05
You couldn't sell cocaine;
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๊ทธ๋ ‡๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ฝ”์นด์ธ์„ ํŒ” ์ˆ˜๋„ ์—†์—ˆ์–ด์š”.
03:07
cocaine's a great product -- powdered cocaine --
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๊ฐ€๋ฃจ๋กœ ๋œ ์ฝ”์นด์ธ์€ ๋งค์šฐ ์ข‹์€ ์ƒํ’ˆ์ด๊ธด ํ•œ๋ฐ
03:09
but you've got to know rich white people.
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๋ถ€์œ ํ•œ ๋ฐฑ์ธ๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ ํŒ”์•„์•ผ ํ•˜๊ฑฐ๋“ ์š”.
03:11
And most of the inner-city gang members didn't know any rich white people,
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ๋ฐ ๋„์‹ฌ์˜ ๊ฐฑ๋“ค์ด ๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ ๋ถ€์œ ํ•œ ๋ฐฑ์ธ๋“ค์„ ์•Œ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์—†์ฃ .
03:15
so couldn't sell to that market.
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์ฝ”์นด์ธ์„ ํŒ” ์ˆ˜๋„ ์—†์—ˆ์ฃ .
03:16
You couldn't really do petty crime, either.
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์ž์งˆ๊ตฌ๋ ˆํ•œ ๋ฒ”์ฃ„๋กœ ๋ˆ์„ ๋ฒŒ๊ธฐ๋„ ์–ด๋ ค์› ์–ด์š”.
03:18
Turns out, petty crime's a terrible way to make a living.
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ ๋ฒ”์ฃ„๋ฅผ ํ•ด์„œ ์ƒ๊ณ„๋ฅผ ๊พธ๋ฆฌ๊ธฐ๋Š” ๋ถˆ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•˜์ฃ .
๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ
03:21
As a result, as a gang leader, you had, you know, power --
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๊ฐฑ๋‹จ์˜ ๋ณด์Šค๋“ค์€ ๊ถŒ๋ ฅ์ด ์žˆ์—ˆ๊ณ 
03:24
it's a pretty good life -- but the thing was, in the end,
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๊ดœ์ฐฎ์€ ์‚ถ์„ ์‚ฌ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ ๊ฐ™์•˜์ง€๋งŒ
๊ฒฐ๊ตญ ์ด๋“ค์€ ๋ถ€๋ชจํ•œํ…Œ ์–นํ˜€์‚ด์•˜์ฃ .
03:27
you were living at home with your mother.
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03:29
And so it wasn't really a career.
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์ข‹์€ ์ง์—…์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ๋ณผ ์ˆ˜๋Š” ์—†๋Š” ๊ฑฐ์ฃ .
03:31
There were limits to how powerful and important you could be
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์š”์•ฝํ•˜๋ฉด
๊ถŒ๋ จ์˜ ์ธก๋ฉด์—์„œ๋„ ๊ทธ๋ ‡๊ณ  ์ค‘์š”์„ฑ์˜ ์ธก๋ฉด์—์„œ๋„ ๊ทธ๋ ‡๊ณ 
03:34
if you had to live at home with your mother.
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๋ถ€๋ชจํ•œํ…Œ ์–นํ˜€ ์‚ด์•„์„œ๋Š” ๊ฒฐ์ •์ ์ธ ํ•œ๊ณ„๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฑฐ์ฃ 
03:36
Then along comes crack cocaine.
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์ด ๋•Œ ๊ฐ‘์ž๊ธฐ ํฌ๋ž™ ์ฝ”์นด์ธ์ด ๋“ฑ์žฅํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:39
And in the words of Malcolm Gladwell,
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๋ง์ฝค ๊ธ€๋ž˜๋“œ์›ฐ์˜ ํ‘œํ˜„์„ ๋นŒ๋ฆฌ์ž๋ฉด, ๋„์‹ฌ์—์„œ
03:42
crack cocaine was the extra-chunky version of tomato sauce
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ํฌ๋ž™ ์ฝ”์นด์ธ์€ ํŠน๋ณ„ํžˆ ์”นํžˆ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ๋งŽ์€ ์ŠคํŒŒ๊ฒŒํ‹ฐ์†Œ์Šค์™€ ๊ฐ™์€ ์กด์žฌ์˜€์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:46
for the inner city.
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03:47
(Laughter)
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(์›ƒ์Œ)
03:49
Because crack cocaine was an unbelievable innovation.
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ํฌ๋ž™ ์ฝ”์นด์ธ์€ ๋ฏฟ๊ธฐ ์–ด๋ ค์šธ๋งŒํผ ํ˜์‹ ์ ์ด์—ˆ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ด์ฃ .
03:51
I don't have time to talk about it today, but if you think about it,
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์˜ค๋Š˜์€ ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐํ•  ์‹œ๊ฐ„์ด ์—†์ง€๋งŒ
์ƒ๊ฐํ•ด๋ณด๋ฉด ์ง€๋‚œ 25๋…„๊ฐ„
03:54
I would say that in the last 25 years,
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03:56
of every invention or innovation that's occurred in this country,
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๋ฏธ๊ตญ์—์„œ ๋ฐœ๋ช…๋˜๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ํ˜์‹ ์„ ๋ถˆ๋Ÿฌ์˜จ ์‚ฌ๋ก€ ์ค‘
03:59
the biggest one in terms of impact
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๋„์‹ฌ์— ์‚ฌ๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์˜ ์•ˆ๋…•์— ๊ฐ€์žฅ ํฐ ์˜ํ–ฅ์„
04:01
on the well-being of people who live in the inner city,
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04:05
was crack cocaine.
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๋ผ์นœ ๊ฒƒ์€ ๋ฐ”๋กœ ํฌ๋ž™ ์ฝ”์นด์ธ์ด์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:06
And for the worse -- not for the better, but for the worse.
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๋ฌผ๋ก  ๋‚˜์œ ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋งํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฑฐ์ฃ .
04:09
It had a huge impact on life.
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04:10
So what was it about crack cocaine?
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ํฌ๋ž™ ์ฝ”์นด์ธ์€ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์˜ ์‚ถ์— ์—„์ฒญ๋‚œ ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ผ์ณค์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
๋„๋Œ€์ฒด ํฌ๋ž™ ์ฝ”์นด์ธ์˜ ์–ด๋–ค ์  ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ด์—ˆ์„๊นŒ์š”?
04:12
It was a brilliant way of getting the brain high.
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ํฌ๋ž™ ์ฝ”์นด์ธ์€ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์„ ํ™˜๊ฐ์ƒํƒœ๋กœ ๋งŒ๋“œ๋Š” ๋ฐ ๋งค์šฐ ํšจ๊ณผ์ ์ด์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:17
Because you could smoke crack cocaine -- you can't smoke powdered cocaine --
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๊ทธ ์ด์œ ๋Š” ์ฝ”์นด์ธ๊ณผ ๋‹ฌ๋ฆฌ ํฌ๋ž™ ์ฝ”์นด์ธ์€ ํก์—ฐํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ด์ฃ .
04:23
and smoking is a much more efficient mechanism of delivering a high
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ํก์—ฐ์€ ์ฝ”๋กœ ํก์ž…ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ๋ณด๋‹ค ํ›จ์”ฌ ๋” ํšจ๊ณผ์ ์œผ๋กœ
04:26
than snorting it.
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ํ™˜๊ฐ์ƒํƒœ๋ฅผ ์œ ๋ฐœํ•˜์ฃ .
04:27
And it turned out there was this audience that didn't know it wanted crack cocaine,
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ฒ˜์Œ์—๋Š” ๊ด€์‹ฌ์กฐ์ฐจ ์—†์—ˆ๋˜ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค๊นŒ์ง€๋„ ์ค‘๋…์‹œํ‚ฌ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์„ ์ •๋„๋กœ
04:32
but when it came, it really did.
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ํฌ๋ž™ ์ฝ”์นด์ธ์˜ ํšจ๋ ฅ์€ ์—„์ฒญ๋‚ฌ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:34
And it was a perfect drug;
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04:35
you could buy the cocaine that went into it for a dollar,
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์™„๋ฒฝํ•œ ๋งˆ์•ฝ์ด์—ˆ์ฃ .
1๋ถˆ ์–ด์น˜์˜ ์ฝ”์นด์ธ์„ ์žฌ๋ฃŒ๋กœ 5๋ถˆ ์–ด์น˜์˜ ํฌ๋ž™ ์ฝ”์นด์ธ์„ ๋งŒ๋“ค ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:39
sell it for five dollars.
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04:41
Highly addictive -- the high was very short.
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์ค‘๋…์„ฑ์ด ๋งค์šฐ ๊ฐ•ํ•œ๋ฐ๋‹ค๊ฐ€ ํ™˜๊ฐ์ƒํƒœ๋„ ๋งค์šฐ ์งง์•˜์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:43
So for fifteen minutes, you get this great high,
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ๋‹จ 15๋ถ„๋™์•ˆ ๊นŠ์€ ํ™˜๊ฐ์ƒํƒœ์— ๋น ์กŒ๋‹ค๊ฐ€
04:46
and then when you come down,
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04:47
all you want to do is get high again.
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์•ฝ๊ธฐ์šด์ด ๋–จ์–ด์ง€์ž๋งˆ์ž ๋‹ค์‹œ ์•ฝ์„ ์ฐพ๊ฒŒ ๋˜๋Š”๊ฑฐ์ฃ .
04:50
It created a wonderful market.
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ํฌ๋ž™ ์ฝ”์นด์ธ์€ ํ›Œ๋ฅญํ•œ ์‹œ์žฅ์„ ํ˜•์„ฑํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:52
And for the people who were there running the gang,
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๊ฐฑ๋‹จ์„ ์šด์˜ํ•˜๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ๋Š”
04:55
it was a great way, seemingly, to make a lot of money.
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๋†’์€ ์ˆ˜์ต์„ ์–ป์„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ์ข‹์€ ๊ธฐํšŒ๋กœ ์—ฌ๊ฒจ์กŒ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:59
At least for the people on the top.
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๋ฌผ๋ก  ๊ฐฑ๋‹จ์˜ ๋ณด์Šค๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ๋งŒ ๋ง์ด์ฃ .
05:01
So this is where we enter the picture.
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์–ด์จ‹๋“  ์ด๋Ÿฐ ์ƒํ™ฉ์— ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๋“ฑ์žฅํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:03
Not really me -- I'm really a bit player in all this.
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์‚ฌ์‹ค ์—ฌ๊ธฐ์—์„œ ์ œ ์—ญํ• ์€ ๊ทธ๋‹ค์ง€ ํฌ์ง€ ์•Š์•˜์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:05
My co-author, Sudhir Venkatesh, is the main character.
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์ €์™€ ๊ณต๋™์ €์ž์˜€๋˜ ์ˆ˜๋””๋ฅด ๋ฒค์นดํ…Œ์‹œ๊ฐ€ ์ฃผ์ธ๊ณต์ด์ฃ .
05:08
He was a math major in college who had a good heart,
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์ˆ˜๋””๋ฅด๋Š” ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต์—์„œ ์ˆ˜ํ•™์„ ์ „๊ณตํ•œ ๋งˆ์Œ์”จ ์ข‹์€ ์นœ๊ตฌ์˜€๋Š”๋ฐ
05:14
and decided he wanted to get a sociology PhD,
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์‚ฌํšŒํ•™ ๋ฐ•์‚ฌ๊ฐ€ ๋˜๊ณ  ์‹ถ์—ˆ๊ณ 
05:16
came to the University of Chicago.
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์‹œ์นด๊ณ  ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต์— ์™”์ฃ .
05:18
Now, the three months before he came to Chicago,
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๊ทธ๋Š” ์‹œ์นด๊ณ ๋กœ ์˜ค๊ธฐ ์ „ 3๊ฐœ์›”๋™์•ˆ
05:21
he had spent following the Grateful Dead.
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05:23
And in his own words, he "looked like a freak."
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๊ทธ๋ ˆ์ดํŠธํ’€๋ฐ๋“œ์˜ ์ฝ˜์„œํŠธ๋ฅผ ๋”ฐ๋ผ๋‹ค๋…”์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
๊ทธ์˜ ๋ง์„ ๋นŒ๋ฆฌ์ž๋ฉด ๊ทธ๋Š” "๊ดด์ƒํ•œ ๋ชจ์Šต"์ด์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:27
He's a South Asian -- very dark-skinned South Asian.
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๊ทธ๋Š” ๋งค์šฐ ์–ด๋‘์šด ํ”ผ๋ถ€์ƒ‰์˜ ๋‚จ์•„์‹œ์•„์ธ์ด์˜€์ฃ .
05:31
Big man, and he had hair, in his words, "down to his ass."
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๋ชธ์ง‘์ด ํฐ๋ฐ๋‹ค๊ฐ€ ๋จธ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๊ธธ์–ด์„œ ๊ทธ์˜ ๋ง์„ ๋นŒ๋ฆฌ์ž๋ฉด "๋จธ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์—‰๋ฉ์ด๋ฅผ ๋ฎ์—ˆ๋‹ค"๊ณ  ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:35
Defied all kinds of boundaries:
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๋ชจ๋“  ์ผ๋ฐ˜์ ์ธ ๊ฒฝ๊ณ„๋ฅผ ๋ฌด๋„ˆ๋œจ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์นœ๊ตฌ์˜€์ฃ . ํ‘์ธ์ธ์ง€ ๋ฐฑ์ธ์ธ์ง€, ๋‚จ์ž์ธ์ง€ ์—ฌ์ž์ธ์ง€ ๊ตฌ๋ถ„์ง“๊ธฐ ์–ด๋ ค์šธ ์ •๋„์˜€์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:37
Was he black or white? Was he man or woman?
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05:39
He was really a curious sight to be seen.
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๊ทธ์˜ ์™ธ๋ชจ๋Š” ์ •๋ง ํŠน์ดํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:43
So he showed up at the University of Chicago,
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๊ทธ๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ๊ทธ๋Š” ์‹œ์นด๊ณ  ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต์— ๋„์ฐฉํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:45
and the famous sociologist William Julius Wilson
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๋‹น์‹œ ์ €๋ช…ํ•œ ์‚ฌํšŒํ•™์ž์ธ ์œŒ๋ฆฌ์—„์Šค ์ค„๋ฆฌ์šฐ์Šค ์œŒ์Šจ์€
05:47
was doing a book that involved surveying people all across Chicago.
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์ฑ…์„ ํ•œ๊ถŒ ์“ฐ๊ณ  ์žˆ์—ˆ๋Š”๋ฐ ์ด ์ฑ…์—๋Š” ์‹œ์นด๊ณ  ์ „์—ญ์˜ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์„ ์กฐ์‚ฌํ•˜๋Š” ๋‚ด์šฉ์ด ์‹ค๋ ธ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:53
He took one look at Sudhir, who was going to go do some surveys for him,
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์ž์‹ ์„ ์œ„ํ•ด ์กฐ์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ์ง„ํ–‰ํ•  ์ˆ˜๋””๋ฅด๋ฅผ ํ•œ๋ฒˆ ๋ณด๊ณ  ์œŒ์Šจ์€
05:57
and decided he knew exactly the place to send him,
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๊ทธ๋ฅผ ์ •ํ™•ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์–ด๋””๋กœ ๋ณด๋‚ผ์ง€ ๊ฒฐ์ •ํ–ˆ์ฃ .
05:59
which was to one of the toughest, most notorious housing projects
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๊ฐ€์žฅ ์œ„ํ—˜ํ•˜๊ณ  ๊ฐ€์žฅ ์•…๋ช…๋†’์€ ๊ณต์˜์ฃผํƒ๋‹จ์ง€ ์ค‘์˜ ํ•˜๋‚˜์˜€์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:02
not just in Chicago, but in the entire United States.
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์‹œ์นด๊ณ ๋งŒ์ด ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ ์ „์ฒด๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ‹€์–ด์„œ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ์•…๋ช…๋†’์€ ์ง€์—ญ์ด์ฃ .
06:05
So Sudhir, the suburban boy who had never really been in the inner city,
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๋„์‹œ๊ทผ๊ต์—์„œ ์ž๋ž๊ณ  ๋„์‹ฌ์—๋Š” ํ•œ๋ฒˆ๋„ ๊ฐ€ ๋ณธ ์ ๋„ ์—†๋Š” ์ˆ˜๋””๋ฅด๋Š”
06:08
dutifully took his clipboard and walked down to this housing project,
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์ฑ…์ž„๊ฐ ์žˆ๊ฒŒ ํด๋ฆฝ๋ณด๋“œ๋ฅผ ๋“ค๊ณ  ๊ณต์˜์ฃผํƒ๋‹จ์ง€๋กœ ํ–ฅํ–ˆ๊ณ 
06:13
gets to the first building.
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์ฒซ๋ฒˆ์งธ ๊ฑด๋ฌผ์— ๋‹ค๋‹ฌ์•˜์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:15
The first building? Well, there's nobody there.
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ๋ฐ ๊ทธ ๊ฑด๋ฌผ์—๋Š” ์•„๋ฌด๋„ ์—†์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:18
But he hears some voices up in the stairwell,
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ๋ฐ ์œ„์ธต์—์„œ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค ์†Œ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๋“ค๋ ธ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ๊ณ„๋‹จ์„ ์˜ฌ๋ผ๊ฐ€์„œ
06:21
so he climbs up the stairwell, comes around the corner,
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์ฝ”๋„ˆ๋ฅผ ๋Œ์•„๊ฐ€๋‹ˆ
06:25
and finds a group of young African-American men playing dice.
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์ Š์€ ํ‘์ธ ๋ช‡๋ช…์ด ์ฃผ์‚ฌ์œ„ ๋†€์ด๋ฅผ ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:30
This is about 1990, peak of the crack epidemic.
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์ด ๋•Œ๋Š” 1990๋…„์ฏค์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ํฌ๋ž™ ์ฝ”์นด์ธ์ด ์ตœ๊ณ ๋กœ ์„ฑํ–ˆํ–ˆ๋˜ ์‹œ์ ˆ์ด์ฃ .
06:33
This is a very dangerous job, being in a gang.
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๊ฐฑ์œผ๋กœ ์‚ฌ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€ ๋งค์šฐ ์œ„ํ—˜ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ๋†€๋ž„ ์ผ์„ ๋ฐ˜๊ธธ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์—†์ฃ .
06:35
You don't like to be surprised.
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06:37
You don't like to be surprised by people who come around the corner.
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์ฝ”๋„ˆ๋ฅผ ๋Œ์•„์„œ ๊ฐ‘์ž๊ธฐ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚˜๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์—๊ฒŒ ๋†€๋ผ๋Š” ๊ฑด ๋”๋”์šฑ ์ข‹์•„ํ•  ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์—†์—ˆ์ฃ .
06:40
And the mantra was: shoot first; ask questions later.
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๊ทธ๋“ค์ด ๋”ฐ๋ฅด๋Š” ์›์น™์€ "์ด๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ๋จผ์ € ์˜๊ณ  ๊ทธ ๋‹ค์Œ์— ๋ฌผ์–ด๋ณด์ž"์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:43
Now, Sudhir was lucky -- he was such a freak,
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์ˆ˜๋””๋ฅด๋Š” ์šด์ด ์ข‹์•˜์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
์•„๋งˆ๋„ ๊ทธ์˜ ํฌํ•œํ•œ ์™ธ๋ชจ์™€
06:46
and that clipboard probably saved his life,
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ํด๋ฆฝ๋ณด๋“œ๊ฐ€ ๊ทธ์˜ ๋ชฉ์ˆจ์„ ๊ตฌํ–ˆ์„ ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๊ฐฑ๋‹จ์˜ ์กฐ์ง์›์ด
06:48
because they figured no other rival gang member
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ํด๋ฆฝ๋ณด๋“œ๋ฅผ ๋“ค๊ณ ์™€์„œ ๊ณต๊ฒฉํ• ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์—†์„ํ…Œ๋‹ˆ๊นŒ์š”.
06:50
would be coming up to shoot at them with a clipboard.
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(์›ƒ์Œ)
06:53
(Laughter)
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06:54
So his greeting was not particularly warm, but they did say,
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๊ฐฑ๋‹จ์ด ๊ทธ๋ฅผ ๋”ฐ๋œปํ•˜๊ฒŒ ํ™˜์˜ํ•œ ๊ฑด ์•„๋‹ˆ์˜€์ง€๋งŒ
06:57
well, OK -- let's hear your questions on your survey.
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์ˆ˜๋””๋ฅด๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์„ค๋ฌธ์กฐ์‚ฌ๋‚ด์šฉ์ด๋‚˜ ํ•œ๋ฒˆ ๋“ค์–ด๋ณด์ž๊ณ  ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:01
So -- I kid you not --
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07:02
the first question on the survey that he was sent to ask was:
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๋ฏฟ๊ธฐ ์–ด๋ ค์šฐ์‹œ๊ฒ ์ง€๋งŒ ์„ค๋ฌธ์กฐ์‚ฌ์˜ ์ฒซ๋ฒˆ์งธ ์งˆ๋ฌธ์€
07:06
"How do you feel about being poor and Black in America?"
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"๋‹น์‹ ์€ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์—์„œ ๊ฐ€๋‚œํ•œ ํ‘์ธ์œผ๋กœ ์‚ฌ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ์ƒ๊ฐํ•˜๋Š”๊ฐ€?"์˜€์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
(์›ƒ์Œ)
07:09
(Laughter)
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07:12
Makes you wonder about academics.
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07:13
(Laughter)
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ํ•™๊ณ„์˜ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ด ๋„๋Œ€์ฒด ์ƒ๊ฐ์ด ์žˆ๋Š”๊ฑด์ง€ ์˜๋ฌธ์ด ์ƒ๊ธฐ์ง€ ์•Š์Šต๋‹ˆ๊นŒ?
(์›ƒ์Œ)
07:15
So the choice of answers were:
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๋‹ต์€ "๋งค์šฐ ์ข‹๋‹ค, ์ข‹๋‹ค, ๋‚˜์˜๋‹ค, ๋งค์šฐ ๋‚˜์˜๋‹ค" ์ค‘ ํ•˜๋‚˜๋ฅผ ์„ ํƒํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:17
[A) Very Good B) Good C) Bad D) Very Bad]
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07:21
(Laughter)
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07:23
What Sudhir found out is, in fact, that the real answer was the following:
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์ˆ˜๋””๋ฅด๊ฐ€ ์•Œ์•„๋‚ธ ๊ฒƒ์€ ์ง„์งœ ๋‹ต๋ณ€์€ ๋‹ค์Œ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฑฐ์ฃ .
07:26
[A) Very Good B) Good C) Bad D) Very Bad E) Fuck you]
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(์›ƒ์Œ)
07:29
(Laughter)
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07:31
The survey was not, in the end, going to be what got Sudhir off the hook.
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์„ค๋ฌธ์กฐ์‚ฌ๋กœ ์ˆ˜๋””๋ฅด๊ฐ€ ํ’€๋ ค๋‚˜์ง„ ์•Š์•˜์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:35
He was held hostage overnight in the stairwell.
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์ˆ˜๋””๋ฅด๋Š” ๊ทธ ๊ณ„๋‹จ์—์„œ ๋ฐค์ƒˆ๋„๋ก ๋ถ™์žกํ˜€ ์žˆ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:38
There was a lot of gunfire,
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07:39
there were a lot of philosophical discussions he had with the gang members.
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์ˆ˜ ๋งŽ์€ ์ด์„ฑ์ด ๋“ค๋ ธ๊ณ 
๊ฐฑ ์กฐ์ง์›๋“ค๊ณผ์˜ ์ฒ ํ•™์ ์ธ ํ† ๋ก ๋„ ๊ณ„์†๋์ฃ .
07:43
By morning, the gang leader arrived,
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์•„์นจ์ด ๋˜์ž ๊ฐฑ๋‹น์˜ ๋ฆฌ๋”๊ฐ€ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ฌ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:45
checked out Sudhir, decided he was no threat,
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์ˆ˜๋””๋ฅด๋ฅผ ํ•œ๋ฒˆ ๋ณด๊ณ 
๊ทธ๊ฐ€ ์•„๋ฌด๋Ÿฐ ์œ„ํ˜‘์ด ๋˜์ž ์•Š๋Š”๋‹ค๊ณ  ํŒ๋‹จํ•˜๊ณ ๋Š” ๊ทธ๋ฅผ ํ’€์–ด์คฌ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:47
and they let him go home.
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07:48
So Sudhir went home, took a shower, took a nap.
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์ˆ˜๋””๋ฅด๋Š” ์ง‘์— ๊ฐ€์„œ ์ƒค์›Œ๋ฅผ ํ•˜๊ณ  ๋‚ฎ์ž ์„ ์žค์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:51
And you and I, probably, faced with the situation, would think,
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๋งŒ์ผ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ ์ƒํ™ฉ์„ ๊ฒช์—ˆ๋‹ค๋ฉด ์ด๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ์ƒ๊ฐํ•˜๊ฒ ์ฃ .
07:56
"I guess I'm going to write my dissertation on The Grateful Dead,
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"์Œ, ๋‚œ ์ด์ œ ๊ทธ๋ ˆ์ดํŠธํ’€๋ฐ๋“œ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ํ•™์œ„๋…ผ๋ฌธ์„ ์จ์•ผ๊ฒ ์–ด"
07:59
I've been following them for the last three months."
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"์ง€๋‚œ 3๊ฐœ์›”๊ฐ„ ๊ณต์—ฐ๋„ ๋”ฐ๋ผ๋‹ค๋…”์ž–์•„"๋ผ๊ณ  ๋งํ•˜๋ฉด์„œ ๋ง์ด์ฃ .
(์›ƒ์Œ)
08:02
(Laughter)
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ๋ฐ ์ˆ˜๋””๋ฅด๋Š” ๊ณง๋ฐ”๋กœ ๊ทธ ๊ณต์šฉ์ฃผํƒ๋‹จ์ง€๋กœ ๋Œ์•„๊ฐ”์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:03
Sudhir, on the other hand,
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08:04
got right back, walked down to the housing project,
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08:06
went up to the second floor,
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  2์ธต์œผ๋กœ ๊ฐ€์„œ "์•ˆ๋…•
08:08
and said: "Hey, guys, I had so much fun hanging out with you last night,
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์–ด์ ฏ๋ฐค ์—ฌ๊ธฐ์—์„œ ๋„ˆ๋ฌด ์žฌ๋ฏธ์žˆ์–ด์„œ
08:12
I wonder if I could do it again tonight."
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์˜ค๋Š˜ ๋ฐค์—๋„ ๋‹ค์‹œ ํ•œ๋ฒˆ ํ•ด๋ณด๋ฉด ์–ด๋–จ๊นŒ ํ•˜๋Š”๋ฐ ์–ด๋•Œ?" ๋ผ๊ณ  ๋งํ–ˆ์ฃ .
08:14
And that was the beginning of what turned out to be a beautiful relationship
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๊ทธ๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ์‹œ์ž‘๋œ ์•„๋ฆ„๋‹ค์šด ๊ด€๊ณ„๋Š”
08:17
that involved Sudhir living in the housing project on and off for 10 years,
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์ด ํ›„ 10์—ฌ๋…„๊ฐ„ ์ˆ˜๋””๋ฅด๊ฐ€ ๊ทธ ์ฃผํƒ๋‹จ์ง€์—์„œ ๊ฐ„๊ฐ„ํžˆ ์‚ด๋ฉด์„œ ์ง€์†๋์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:21
hanging out in crack houses, going to jail with the gang members,
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๊ทธ๋™์•ˆ ์ˆ˜๋””๋ฅด๋Š” ๋งˆ์•ฝ์†Œ๊ตด์—์„œ ์‹œ๊ฐ„์„ ๋ณด๋‚ด๊ธฐ๋„ ํ•˜๊ณ  ๊ฐฑ ์กฐ์ง์›๋“ค๊ณผ ๊ฐ์˜ฅ์—๋„ ๊ฐ€๊ณ 
08:26
having the windows shot out of his car,
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์ž๋™์ฐจ๊ฐ€ ์ด๊ฒฉ์„ ๋ฐ›๊ธฐ๋„ ํ•˜๊ณ 
08:28
having the police break into his apartment and steal his computer disks --
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๊ฒฝ์ฐฐ์ด ์ž์‹ ์˜ ์•„ํŒŒํŠธ์— ์ฐธ์ž…ํ•ด ์ปดํ“จํ„ฐ ๋””์Šคํฌ๋ฅผ ํ›”์ณ๊ฐ€๊ธฐ๋„ ํ•˜๋Š” ๋“ฑ
08:32
you name it.
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์•ˆ ๊ฒช์–ด๋ณธ ์ผ์ด ์—†์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:33
But ultimately, the story has a happy ending for Sudhir,
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ๋ฐ ๊ฒฐ๊ตญ ์ด ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐ๋Š” ์ˆ˜๋””๋ฅด์—๊ฒŒ๋Š” ํ•ดํ”ผ์•ค๋”ฉ์œผ๋กœ ๋๋‚˜๊ฒŒ ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:36
who became one of the most respected sociologists in the country.
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์ˆ˜๋””๋ฅด๋Š” ์ด์ œ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์—์„œ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ์กด๊ฒฝ๋ฐ›๋Š” ์‚ฌํšŒํ•™์ž๊ฐ€ ๋˜์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:39
And especially for me,
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ํŠนํžˆ ์‚ฌ๋ฌด์‹ค์— ์—‘์…€ ํ”„๋กœ๊ทธ๋žจ์„ ์ผœ๋†“๊ณ  ์•‰์•„
08:41
as I sat in my office with my Excel spreadsheet open,
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08:44
waiting for Sudhir to come and deliver to me the latest load of data
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์ˆ˜๋””๋ฅด๊ฐ€ ๊ฐฑ๋‹จ์œผ๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ๋ฐ›์€ ์ˆ˜๋งŽ์€ ์ตœ์‹  ์ •๋ณด๋ฅผ
08:47
that he would get from the gang.
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๋‚ ๋ผ๋‹ค์ฃผ๊ธธ ๊ธฐ๋‹ค๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์ €์—๊ฒŒ๋Š”
08:49
(Laughter)
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08:53
It was one of the most unequal co-authoring relationships ever --
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์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ์ •๋ง ์„ธ์ƒ์—์„œ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ๋ถˆํ‰๋“ฑํ•œ ๊ณต๋™์ €์ž ๊ด€๊ณ„์˜€์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:57
(Laughter)
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(์›ƒ์Œ)
08:58
But I was glad to be the beneficiary of it.
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์ด์ต์„ ๋ณด๋Š” ์ž…์žฅ์ธ ์ €์—๊ฒŒ๋Š” ์ •๋ง ์ข‹์€ ๊ด€๊ณ„์˜€์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:01
So what did we find?
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๊ฐฑ๋‹จ์œผ๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์•Œ์•„๋‚ธ ๊ฒƒ์€ ์ด๊ฒƒ์ด์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:03
What did we find in the gang?
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09:05
Well, let me say one thing:
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09:07
We really got access to everybody in the gang.
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๊ฐฑ๋‹จ์˜ ๋ชจ๋“  ์กฐ์ง์›๋“ค๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์ •๋ณด๋ฅผ ์–ป์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:11
We got an inside look at the gang, from the very bottom up to the very top.
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์ตœ๊ณ ์œ„์ธต๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์ตœํ•˜์œ„์ธต๊นŒ์ง€ ์กฐ์ง๋‚ด๋ถ€์˜ ๋ชจ๋“  ๊ฒƒ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์•Œ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:15
They trusted Sudhir, in ways that really no academic has ever --
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์ˆ˜๋””๋ฅด๋Š” ๊ทธ ๊ฐฑ๋‹จ์œผ๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ํ•™์ž๋Š” ๋ฌผ๋ก  ์กฐ์ง ์™ธ๋ถ€์˜ ์–ด๋Š ๋ˆ„๊ตฌ๋„
09:20
or really anybody, any outsider -- has ever earned the trust of these gangs,
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์–ป์ง€ ๋ชปํ•  ์ˆ˜์ค€์˜ ์‹ ๋ขฐ๋ฅผ ์–ป์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:25
to the point where they actually opened up
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์ œ๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ๊ด€์‹ฌ์žˆ์—ˆ๋˜ ๊ฒƒ๊นŒ์ง€ ๊ณต๊ฐœํ•  ์ •๋„์˜ ์‹ ๋ขฐ๋ฅผ ์–ป์—ˆ์ฃ .
09:27
what was most interesting for me -- their books,
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09:29
the financial records they kept.
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๊ฐฑ๋‹จ์˜ ์žฅ๋ถ€, ์žฌ๋ฌด๊ธฐ๋ก์„ ๋งํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:31
They made them available to us, and we not only could study them,
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๊ทธ๋“ค์€ ๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ ๊ฒƒ๋“ค์„ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ์—๊ฒŒ ๊ณต๊ฐœํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์„ ์—ฐ๊ตฌํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์„ ๋ฟ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ ๊ทธ ๋‚ด์šฉ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด์„œ ์งˆ๋ฌธ์„ ํ•  ์ˆ˜๋„ ์žˆ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:34
but we could ask them questions about what was in them.
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์‹œ๊ฐ„๊ด€๊ณ„์ƒ ์•„์ฃผ ์งง๊ฒŒ ์š”์ ๋งŒ ์„ค๋ช…ํ•˜์ž๋ฉด
09:37
So if I have to kind of summarize very quickly in the short time I have
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09:40
what the bottom line of what I take away from the gang is,
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‹ˆ๊นŒ ๊ฐฑ๋‹จ์œผ๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์–ป์€ ๊ฒฐ๋ก ์ด๋ผ๊ณ ๋‚˜ ํ• ๊นŒ์š”
09:44
it's that, if I had to draw a parallel between the gang
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๊ทธ๊ฑด ๊ฐฑ๋‹จ๊ณผ ํก์‚ฌํ•œ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์กฐ์ง์„ ๊ผฝ๋Š”๋‹ค๋ฉด
09:47
and any other organization,
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09:49
it would be that the gang is just like McDonald's,
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์ €๋Š” ๋งฅ๋„๋‚ ๋“œ ํ–„๋ฒ„๊ฑฐ๋ฅผ ๋“ค ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:52
in a lot of different respects -- the restaurant McDonald's.
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๊ทธ๊ฒƒ๋„ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ์ธก๋ฉด์—์„œ ๋ง์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:55
So first, in one way,
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๋ณ„๋กœ ์žฌ๋ฏธ์žˆ๋Š” ์ธก๋ฉด์€ ์•„๋‹ˆ์ง€๋งŒ
09:57
which isn't maybe the most interesting way, but it's a good way to start --
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๊ทธ ์ค‘ ํ•˜๋‚˜๋Š” ์กฐ์ง์˜ ๊ตฌ์„ฑํ˜•์‹์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:00
is in the way it's organized, the hierarchy of the gang,
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๊ฐฑ๋‹จ์˜ ๊ณ„๊ธ‰์ฒด๊ณ„ ๋ง์ด์ฃ .
10:03
the way it looks.
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10:04
So here's what the org chart of the gang looks like.
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์ด๊ฒƒ์ด ๊ทธ๋“ค์˜ ์กฐ์ง๋„ ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:07
I don't know if you know much about org charts,
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์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์ด ์กฐ์ง๋„์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์–ผ๋งˆ๋‚˜ ์•„๋Š”์ง€๋Š” ๋ชจ๋ฅด๊ฒ ์ง€๋งŒ
10:09
but if you were to assign a stripped-down and simplified McDonald's org chart,
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๋งฅ๋„๋‚ ๋“œ์‚ฌ์˜ ์กฐ์ง๋„๋ฅผ ๊ฐ„๋žตํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์ค„์ด๋ฉด
์ •ํ™•ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์ด ์กฐ์ง๋„์˜ ๋ชจ์–‘์ด ๋‚˜์˜ค๊ฒŒ ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:13
this is exactly what it would look like.
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10:15
It's amazing, but the top level of the gang,
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๋˜ ์‹ ๊ธฐํ•œ ๊ฑด ๊ฐฑ๋‹จ์˜ ๋ณด์Šค๋“ค์€
10:17
they actually call themselves the "Board of Directors."
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์Šค์Šค๋กœ๋ฅผ "์ด์‚ฌํšŒ"๋ผ๊ณ  ์นญํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:19
(Laughter)
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(์›ƒ์Œ)
10:21
And Sudhir says
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์ˆ˜๋””๋ฅด์˜ ๋ง์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅด๋ฉด ์ด๋“ค์ด ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์˜ ๊ธฐ์—…๋ฌธํ™”์—์„œ์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ
10:23
it's not like these guys had a very sophisticated view
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10:26
of what happened in American corporate life,
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์ˆ˜์ค€ ๋†’์€ ์•ˆ๋ชฉ์„ ๊ฐ€์ง„ ๊ฑด ์•„๋‹ˆ์˜€์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:29
but they had seen movies like "Wall Street,"
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๊ทธ๋ ‡๋”๋ผ๋„ ์ด๋“ค๋„ "์›”์ŠคํŠธ๋ฆฌํŠธ" ๊ฐ™์€ ์˜ํ™”๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด์„œ ํ˜„์‹ค ์„ธ๊ณ„๊ฐ€
10:32
and they had learned a little bit about what it was like
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์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ๋Œ์•„๊ฐ€๋Š”์ง€ ์กฐ๊ธˆ์€ ๋ฐฐ์› ์„ํ…Œ์ฃ .
10:35
to be in the real world.
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10:37
Now, below that board of directors,
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์ด์‚ฌํšŒ ๋ฐ‘์—๋Š” ์ง€์—ญ์˜ ๋ถ€์‚ฌ์žฅ๊ฒฉ์˜ ์กฐ์ง์›๋“ค์ด ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:39
you've got essentially what are regional VPs --
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10:41
people who control, say, the South Side of Chicago, or the West Side of Chicago.
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์˜ˆ๋ฅผ ๋“ค๋ฉด ์‹œ์นด๊ณ  ๋‚จ๋ถ€ ์ฑ…์ž„์ž, ์‹œ์นด๊ณ  ์„œ๋ถ€ ์ฑ…์ž„์ž ๋“ฑ์ด์ฃ .
10:45
Sudhir got to know very well the guy who had the unfortunate assignment
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์ˆ˜๋””๋ฅด๊ฐ€ ์ž˜ ์•Œ๊ฒŒ ๋œ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ ์ค‘์—๋Š” ๋ถˆํ–‰ํ•˜๊ฒŒ๋„
10:49
of trying to take the Iowa franchise,
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์•„์ด์˜ค์™€ ์ง€์—ญ์„ ๋งก๊ฒŒ ๋œ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋„ ์žˆ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:51
which, it turned out, for this black gang,
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(์›ƒ์Œ)
ํ‘์ธ๋“ค๋กœ๋งŒ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ๋œ ๊ฐฑ๋‹จ์ด ์‹œ๋„ํ•˜๊ธฐ์—๋Š”
10:53
was not one of the more brilliant financial endeavors they undertook.
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๊ฒฐ์ฝ” ํ˜„๋ช…ํ•œ ์‚ฌ์—…์ด ๋ชป๋ผ์ฃ .
10:57
(Laughter)
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10:58
But the thing that really makes the gang seem like McDonald's is its franchisees.
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(์›ƒ์Œ)
๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ๋ฐ ๊ฐฑ๋‹จ๊ณผ ๋งฅ๋„๋‚ ๋“œ์‚ฌ์˜ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ์œ ์‚ฌํ•œ ์ ์€ ํ”„๋žœ์ฐจ์ด์ฆˆ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:03
The guys who are running the local gangs --
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์ง€์—ญ๋‹จ์œ„์˜ ๊ฐฑ๋‹จ์„ ์šด์˜ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ณด์Šค๋“ค
11:07
the four-square-block by four-square-block areas --
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์˜ˆ๋ฅผ ๋“ค๋ฉด ๋„์‹ฌ์˜ ๋ช‡๊ฐœ ๊ตฌํš์„ ์šด์˜ํ•˜๋Š”
11:10
they're just like the guys, in some sense, who are running the McDonald's.
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์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์€ ์–ด๋–ค ์ธก๋ฉด์—์„œ๋ณด๋ฉด ๋งฅ๋„๋‚ ๋“œ๋ฅผ ์šด์˜ํ•˜๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค๊ณผ ๋˜‘๊ฐ™๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:14
They are the entrepreneurs.
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๊ทธ๋“ค์€ ๊ธฐ์—…๊ฐ€๋“ค์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:15
They get the exclusive property rights to control the drug-selling.
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๊ทธ๋“ค์€ ํ•ด๋‹น ๊ตฌ์—ญ์—์„œ์˜ ๋งˆ์•ฝ ํŒ๋งค ๋…์ ๊ถŒ์„ ๊ฐ–์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:19
They get the name of the gang behind them, for merchandising and marketing.
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๊ทธ๋“ค์€ ๊ฐฑ๋‹จ์˜ ์ด๋ฆ„์„ ์—…๊ณ  ๋งˆ์•ฝํŒ๋งค์™€ ๋งˆ์ผ€ํŒ…์„ ์ง„ํ–‰ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:26
And they're the ones who basically make the profit or lose a profit,
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๊ทธ๋“ค์ด ์ด์ต์„ ๋ณด๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ์†ํ•ด๋ฅผ ๋ณด๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€ ์ˆœ์ „ํžˆ
11:29
depending on how good they are at running the business.
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๊ทธ๋“ค์ด ์–ผ๋งˆ๋‚˜ ์‚ฌ์—…์„ ์ž˜ ์šด์˜ํ•˜๋Š”๊ฐ€์— ๋‹ฌ๋ ค์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:32
Now, the group I really want you to think about, though,
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ๊ฐ€ํ•˜๋ฉด ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„๋“ค๊ป˜ ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐํ•˜๊ณ  ์‹ถ์€ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์€ ์ตœํ•˜์œ„ ๊ณ„๊ธ‰๋“ค์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:35
are the ones at the bottom -- the foot soldiers.
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๋ณด๋ณ‘์ด๋ผ๊ณ ๋‚˜ ํ• ๊นŒ์š”.
11:37
These are the teenagers, typically,
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๊ทธ๋“ค์€ ๋Œ€๊ฐœ ์‹ญ๋Œ€๋“ค์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:39
who'd be standing out on the street corner, selling the drugs.
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๊ธธ ๋ชจํ‰์ด์— ์„œ์„œ ๋งˆ์•ฝ์„ ํŒŒ๋Š” ์•„์ด๋“ค์ด์ฃ .
11:42
Extremely dangerous work.
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๊ทน๋„๋กœ ์œ„ํ—˜ํ•œ ์ผ์ด์ฃ .
11:45
And important to note is that almost all of the weight, all of the people
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๋ฐ˜๋“œ์‹œ ์•Œ์•„์•ผ ํ•  ์ ์€ ์กฐ์ง์›์˜ ๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„์ด
11:50
in this organization are at the bottom -- just like McDonald's.
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์ด ์ตœํ•˜์œ„ ๊ณ„๊ธ‰์ด๋ผ๋Š” ์ ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
๊ทธ๋ ‡์ฃ . ๋งฅ๋„๋‚ ๋“œ์™€ ๋งˆ์ฐฌ๊ฐ€์ง€๋กœ ๋ง์ด์ฃ .
11:53
So in some sense, the foot soldiers are a lot like the people
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์–ด๋–ค ์ธก๋ฉด์—์„œ๋Š” ์ด๋“ค ๋ณด๋ณ‘๋“ค์€ ๋งฅ๋„๋‚ ๋“œ์—์„œ
11:56
who are taking your order at McDonald's,
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์ฃผ๋ฌธ์„ ๋ฐ›๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค ๊ฐ™์€ ์กด์žฌ์ฃ .
11:58
and it's not just by chance that they're like them.
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์‹ค์ œ๋กœ ์ด๋“ค ๋‘ ๊ทธ๋ฃน์ด ๋น„์Šทํ•œ ๊ฑด ์šฐ์—ฐ์ด ์•„๋‹™๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:00
In fact, in these neighborhoods, they'd be the same people.
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์ด๋Ÿฐ ๋„์‹ฌ ์ง€์—ญ์—์„œ ์‚ฌ์‹ค ๋‘ ๊ทธ๋ฃน์˜ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์€ ๋™์ผํ•œ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:03
So the same kids who are working in the gang were actually,
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๊ฐฑ๋‹จ์—์„œ ์ผ์„ ํ•˜๋Š” ์•„์ด๋“ค์ด ์‚ฌ์‹ค์ƒ
12:06
at the very same time, typically working part-time
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๋™์‹œ์— ๋งฅ๋„๋‚ ๋“œ๊ฐ™์€ ๊ณณ์—์„œ ํŒŒํŠธํƒ€์ž„์œผ๋กœ ์ผํ•˜๋Š”
12:09
at a place like McDonald's.
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์•„์ด๋“ค์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:11
Which already foreshadows the main result that I've talked about,
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์ด๊ฑด ๋ฒŒ์จ ์ œ๊ฐ€ ์•ž์„œ ๋ง์”€๋“œ๋ฆฐ ๊ฒฐ๋ก ์„ ์•”์‹œํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฑด๋ฐ์š”
12:14
about what a crappy job it was, being in the gang.
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๊ฐฑ ์กฐ์ง์›์ด๋ผ๋Š” ์ง์—…์ด ์ •๋ง ๋‚˜์œ ์ง์—…์ด๋ผ๋Š” ๊ฑฐ์ฃ .
12:17
Because obviously, if being in the gang were such a wonderful, lucrative job,
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์™œ๋ƒํ•˜๋ฉด ๊ฐฑ ์กฐ์ง์›์ด ์ˆ˜์ž…์ด ๋งŽ์€ ์ข‹์€ ์ง์—…์ด๋ผ๋ฉด
12:21
why in the world would these guys moonlight at McDonald's?
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์ด๋“ค์ด ๋งฅ๋„๋‚ ๋“œ์—์„œ ์•ผ๊ฐ„๊ทผ๋ฌด๋ฅผ ํ•  ์ด์œ ๊ฐ€ ์—†์ง€ ์•Š๊ฒ ์Šต๋‹ˆ๊นŒ?
12:24
So what do the wages look like? You might be surprised.
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๊ทธ๋Ÿผ ๊ธ‰์—ฌ๊ฐ€ ์–ผ๋งˆ๋‚˜ ๋ ๊นŒ์š”? ๋†€๋ผ์‹ค ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:27
But based on being able to talk to them and to see their records,
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๊ทธ๋“ค์ด ์‹ค์ œ๋กœ ๋ฐ›๋Š”
๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‹ˆ๊นŒ ๊ทธ๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ์„œ ์ง์ ‘ ๋“ฃ๊ณ  ์žฅ๋ถ€๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ๋ณธ ๊ทธ๋“ค์˜
12:31
this is what it looks like in terms of the wages.
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์ˆ˜์ž…์„ ์ผ๋ฐ˜์ ์ธ ๊ธ‰์—ฌ ํ˜•์‹์œผ๋กœ ๋ณด๋ฉด
12:33
The hourly wage the foot soldiers were earning was $3.50 an hour.
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์ด ๋ณด๋ณ‘๋“ค์˜ ์‹œ๊ฐ„๋‹น ๊ธ‰์—ฌ๋Š” 3๋‹ฌ๋Ÿฌ 50์„ผํŠธ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:37
It was below the minimum wage. And this is well-documented.
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์ตœ์ €์ž…๊ธˆ์—๋„ ๋ชป ๋ฏธ์น˜๋Š” ๊ฑฐ์ฃ . ์ด๊ฑด ์ด๋ฏธ ์•Œ๋ ค์ง„ ์‚ฌ์‹ค์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:41
It's easy to see by the patterns of consumption they have.
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๊ทธ๋“ค์˜ ์†Œ๋น„ ํŒจํ„ด์„ ๋ณด๋ฉด ์‰ฝ๊ฒŒ ์•Œ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์ฃ .
12:44
It really is not fiction -- it's fact.
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์ด๊ฑด ํ—ˆ๊ตฌ๊ฐ€ ์•„๋‹™๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๊ฑด ์‚ฌ์‹ค์ด์ฃ .
12:47
There was very little money in the gang, especially at the bottom.
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๊ฐฑ ์กฐ์ง์› ํŠนํžˆ ์ตœํ•˜์œ„ ๊ณ„๊ธ‰์˜ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์€ ๋งค์šฐ ๊ฐ€๋‚œํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:51
Now if you managed to rise up, say, and be that local leader,
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ๋ฐ ์ด๋“ค์ด ๊ณ„์† ์Šน์ง„ํ•ด์„œ ์˜ˆ๋ฅผ ๋“ค๋ฉด ์ง€์—ญ์˜ ๋ณด์Šค๊ฐ€ ๋˜๋ฉด
12:54
the guy who's the equivalent of the McDonald's franchisee,
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๋งํ•˜์ž๋ฉด ๋งฅ๋„๋‚ ๋“œ ์ง€์ ์žฅ ๊ฒฉ์ด ๋œ๋‹ค๋ฉด
12:57
you'd be making 100,000 dollars a year.
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์ด๋“ค์€ ์—ฐ๊ฐ„ ์‹ญ๋งŒ ๋‹ฌ๋Ÿฌ์ •๋„๋ฅผ ๋ฒŒ๊ฒŒ ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:59
And that, in some ways, was the best job you could hope to get
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๊ทธ๊ฑด ์–ด๋–ค ์ธก๋ฉด์—์„œ๋Š” ์ตœ๊ณ ์˜ ์ง์—…์„ ๊ฐ–๊ฒŒ ๋˜๋Š” ๊ฑฐ์ฃ .
13:02
if you were growing up in one of these neighborhoods as a young black male.
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๋งŒ์ผ ๋‹น์‹ ์ด ์ด๋Ÿฐ ์ง€์—ญ์—์„œ ์ž๋ž€ ์ Š์€ ํ‘์ธ ๋‚จ์„ฑ์ด๋ผ๋ฉด ๋ง์ด์ฃ .
13:06
If you managed to rise to the very top,
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๋งŒ์ผ ์ตœ๊ณ ์œ„ ๊ณ„๊ธ‰์œผ๋กœ ์˜ฌ๋ผ๊ฐˆ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค๋ฉด
13:08
200,000 or 400,000 dollars a year is what you'd hope to make.
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์•„๋งˆ ์ด์‹ญ์—์„œ ์‚ฌ์‹ญ๋งŒ ๋‹ฌ๋Ÿฌ ์ •๋„๋ฅผ ๋ฒŒ๊ฒŒ ๋  ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:10
Truly, you would be a great success story.
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ •๋ง ์—„์ฒญ๋‚œ ์„ฑ๊ณต์‹ ํ™”๊ฐ€ ๋˜๊ฒ ์ฃ .
13:13
And one of the sad parts of this is that, indeed,
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ด๊ฑด ํฌ๋ž™ ์ฝ”์นด์ธ์œผ๋กœ ์ธํ•ด ์•Œ๋ ค์ง„ ๋งŽ์€ ์‚ฌ์‹ค ์ค‘์— ์ •๋ง ์Šฌํ”ˆ ์ผ ์ค‘ ํ•˜๋‚œ๋ฐ์š”
13:16
among the many other ramifications of crack cocaine
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13:19
is that the most talented individuals in these communities --
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์ด๋Ÿฐ ์ง€์—ญ์—์„œ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ์ด‰๋ง๋ฐ›๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ด ๋ชฉํ‘œ๋กœ ํ•˜๋Š” ์ง์—…์ด
13:23
this is what they were striving for.
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๋ฐ”๋กœ ์ด๋Ÿฐ ์ง์—…์ด๋ผ๋Š” ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:25
They weren't trying to make it in legitimate ways,
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์ด๋“ค์€ ํ•ฉ๋ฒ•์ ์ธ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์œผ๋กœ ์„ฑ๊ณตํ•˜๋ ค๊ณ  ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์•˜์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:27
because there were no legitimate channels out.
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์™œ๋ƒํ•˜๋ฉด ํ•ฉ๋ฒ•์ ์ธ ๊ฒฝ๋กœ๊ฐ€ ์—†์—ˆ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ด์ฃ .
13:30
This was the best way out.
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์ด ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์ด ์ตœ์„ ์˜ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์ด์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:31
And it actually was the right choice, probably,
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์•„๋งˆ๋„ ์„ฑ๊ณตํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด์„œ๋Š” ์‚ฌ์‹ค ์ด ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์ด ์˜ณ์€ ์„ ํƒ์ด์˜€๊ณ ์š”.
13:34
to try to make it out this way.
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๋ณด์‹œ๋Š” ๋ฐ”์™€ ๊ฐ™์ด
13:38
You look at this,
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13:39
the relationship to McDonald's breaks down here.
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๋งฅ๋„๋‚ ๋“œ์™€์˜ ์œ ์‚ฌ์ ์€ ์—ฌ๊ธฐ๊นŒ์ง€์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:42
The money looks about the same.
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๋ˆ๊ณผ ๊ด€๋ จ๋œ ๋ถ€๋ถ„์€ ๊ฑฐ์˜ ๋™์ผํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:44
Why is it such a bad job?
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ๋ฐ ์™œ ๊ฐฑ ์กฐ์ง์›์ด ๋‚˜์œ ์ง์—…์ผ๊นŒ์š”?
13:45
Well, the reason it's such a bad job is that there's somebody shooting at you
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์™œ๋ƒํ•˜๋ฉด ์‹œ๋„ ๋•Œ๋„ ์—†์ด ๋ˆ„๊ตฐ๊ฐ€๊ฐ€ ๋‹น์‹ ์„ ํ–ฅํ•ด
13:49
a lot of the time.
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์ด์„ ์˜๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ด์ฃ .
13:51
So, with shooting at you, what are the death rates?
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๊ทธ๋Ÿผ ์ด ์ง์—…์—์„œ์˜ ์‚ฌ๋ง์œจ์€ ์–ด๋–จ๊นŒ์š”?
13:54
We found, in our gang --
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ ๊ฐฑ๋‹จ์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ๋ฅผ ๋ณด์ฃ . ๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ๋ฐ ์‚ฌ์‹ค ๋‹น์‹œ์˜ ์ƒํ™ฉ์€
13:55
and admittedly, this was not really a standard situation;
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์ผ๋ฐ˜์ ์ธ ์ƒํ™ฉ์€ ์•„๋‹ˆ์˜€์–ด์š”.
13:58
this was a time of intense violence, of a lot of gang wars,
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๋‹น์‹œ๋Š” ๊ฐฑ๋‹จ๊ฐ„์˜ ์ „์Ÿ์ด ๋งŽ์•˜๊ณ  ์ž”ํ˜นํ•œ ํญ๋ ฅ์ด ๋‚œ๋ฌดํ•˜๋Š” ๊ธฐ๊ฐ„์ด์˜€์ฃ .
14:02
as this gang actually became quite successful.
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์ด ๊ฐฑ๋‹จ์ด ์„ฑ๊ณตํ•œ ๋งŒํผ ๊ทธ ๋ฐ˜๋Œ€๋กœ ๋งŽ์€ ์†์‹ค๋„ ๋”ฐ๋ž์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
14:05
But there were costs.
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14:06
And so the death rate --
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์‚ฌ๋ง์œจ๋„ ๋†’์•„์กŒ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ฒดํฌ๋˜๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ์ˆ˜๊ฐ๋˜๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ
14:08
not to mention the rate of being arrested, sent to prison, being wounded --
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๋ถ€์ƒ๋‹นํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ๋„ ๋งŽ์•„์กŒ์ฃ . ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์กฐ์‚ฌํ•œ ์‚ฌ๋ง์œจ์€
14:13
the death rate in our sample was seven percent per person per year.
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ํ•œ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋‹น ์—ฐ๊ฐ„ 7ํผ์„ผํŠธ์˜€์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
14:18
You're in the gang for four years,
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๋งŒ์ผ ๋ˆ„๊ตฐ๊ฐ€๊ฐ€ 4๋…„๊ฐ„ ๊ฐฑ์กฐ์ง์— ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค๋ฉด ์‚ฌ๋งํ•  ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ์€ ์•ฝ 25ํผ์„ผํŠธ์ •๋„๊ฐ€ ๋˜์ฃ .
14:20
you expect to die with about a 25 percent likelihood.
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14:24
That is about as high as you can get.
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๋” ์ด์ƒ ๋†’์•„์ง„๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฑด ์ƒ์ƒํ•  ์ˆ˜์กฐ์ฐจ ์—†์ฃ .
14:26
So for comparison's purposes,
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์ด๊ฒŒ ์–ผ๋งˆ๋‚˜ ๋†’์€๊ฑด์ง€ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ํ™˜๊ฒฝ์— ์žˆ๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค๊ณผ ํ•œ๋ฒˆ ๋น„๊ตํ•ด๋ณด์ฃ .
14:28
let's think about some other walk of life you may expect might be extremely risky.
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๊ทน๋‹จ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์œ„ํ—˜ํ•œ ํ™˜๊ฒฝ์„ ์ƒ๊ฐํ•ด ๋ด…์‹œ๋‹ค
14:33
Let's say that you were a murderer
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์˜ˆ๋ฅผ ๋“ค์–ด ๋‹น์‹ ์ด ์‚ด์ธ์ž์ด๊ณ 
14:35
and you were convicted of murder, and you're sent to death row.
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์œ ์ฃ„ ํŒ๊ฒฐ์„ ๋ฐ›๊ณ  ์‚ฌํ˜•์ˆ˜๋กœ ์ง‘ํ–‰์„ ๊ธฐ๋‹ค๋ฆฐ๋‹ค๊ณ  ๊ฐ€์ •ํ•ฉ์‹œ๋‹ค.
14:38
It turns out, the death rates on death row from all causes, including execution:
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์‚ฌํ˜•์ˆ˜๋“ค์˜ ์‚ฌ๋ง์œจ์„ ๋ณด๋ฉด
์‚ฌํ˜•์„ ํฌํ•จํ•œ ๋ชจ๋“  ๊ฒฝ์šฐ๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ๋ง๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ์„ ๋”ฐ์กŒ์„ ๋•Œ ์—ฐ๊ฐ„ 2ํผ์„ผํŠธ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
14:42
two percent a year.
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14:44
(Laughter)
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(์›ƒ์Œ)
14:45
So it's a lot safer being on death row
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๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ์‚ฌํ˜•์ˆ˜๊ฐ€ ๋˜๋Š”๊ฒŒ ๊ธธ๊ฑฐ๋ฆฌ์—์„œ ๋งˆ์•ฝ์„ ํŒŒ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ๋ณด๋‹ค ๋” ์•ˆ์ „ํ•˜๋‹ค๋Š” ๋ง์ด์ฃ 
14:48
than it is selling drugs out on the street.
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14:51
That gives you some pause, for those of you who believe
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์‚ฌํ˜•์ œ๋„๊ฐ€ ๋ฒ”์ฃ„์— ์—„์ฒญ๋‚œ ํšจ๊ณผ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐํ•˜๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ด
14:54
that a death penalty's going to have an enormous deterrent effect on crime.
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ํ•œ๋ฒˆ ์ƒ๊ฐํ•ด ๋ด์•ผํ•  ์‚ฌ์‹ค์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
๋‚˜์œ ์ ๋งŒ ๋“ค์ถฐ๋‚ด๋ ค๊ณ  ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฑด ์•„๋‹ˆ์ง€๋งŒ ํฌ๋ž™ ์ฝ”์นด์ธ์ด ์„ฑํ–‰ํ•˜๋˜ ์‹œ์ ˆ
15:00
To give you a sense of just how bad the inner city was during crack --
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15:03
and I'm not really focusing on the negatives,
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๋„์‹ฌ์˜ ํ™˜๊ฒฝ์ด ์–ผ๋งˆ๋‚˜ ๋‚˜๋นด์—ˆ๋Š”์ง€๋ฅผ
15:06
but really, there's another story to tell you there --
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์ด์•ผ๊ธฐํ•˜์ž๋ฉด ์ด๋ ‡์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
15:09
if you look at the death rates just of random, young black males
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์ด ์‹œ์ ˆ์— ๋ฏธ๊ตญ ๋„์‹ฌ์—์„œ ์ž๋ž€
์ Š์€ ํ‘์ธ ๋‚จ์„ฑ์„ ๋ฌด์ž‘์œ„๋กœ ๋ฝ‘์•„๋ณธ๋‹ค๋ฉด
15:13
growing up in the inner city in the United States,
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15:15
the death rates during crack were about one percent.
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์ด๋“ค์˜ ์‚ฌ๋ง์œจ์€ ์—ฐ๊ฐ„ 1ํผ์„ผํŠธ์˜€์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
15:18
That's extremely high.
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15:19
And this is violent death -- it's unbelievable, in some sense.
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์—„์ฒญ๋‚˜๊ฒŒ ๋†’์€ ์ˆ˜์น˜์ฃ .
๊ฒŒ๋‹ค๊ฐ€ ์ด๊ฑด ์ž”ํ˜นํ•œ ์‚ฌ๋ง์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ฏฟ๊ธฐ ์–ด๋ ค์šธ ์ •๋„๋กœ ์ž”ํ˜นํ•œ ์‚ฌ๋ง๋“ค์ด์ฃ .
15:22
To put it into perspective: if you compare this to the soldiers in Iraq,
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๋˜ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๊ด€์ ์—์„œ ๋ณด์ž๋ฉด ๋งŒ์ผ ๋‹น์‹ ์ด ์ด๋ผํฌ ์ „์Ÿ์— ํˆฌ์ž…๋œ ๊ตฐ์ธ์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ๊ฐ€์ •ํ•˜๋ฉด
15:27
for instance, right now fighting the war: 0.5 percent.
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์ง€๊ธˆ ์ „์Ÿ ์ค‘์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ํ–ˆ์„ ๋•Œ ์‚ฌ๋ง์œจ์€ 0.5ํผ์„ผํŠธ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
15:31
So in some very literal way,
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๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์—์„œ ์ Š์€ ํ‘์ธ ๋‚จ์„ฑ์œผ๋กœ ์ž๋ž€๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€ ์‹ค์ œ๋กœ
15:34
the young black men who were growing up in this country
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์ „์Ÿํ„ฐ์—์„œ ์‚ฌ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ๊ณผ ๋งˆ์ฐฌ๊ฐ€์ง€๋ผ๋Š” ๋ง์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
15:37
were living in a war zone,
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15:39
very much in the sense that the soldiers over in Iraq are fighting in a war.
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์ด๋ผํฌ์—์„œ ์ „์Ÿ์ค‘์ธ ๊ตฐ์ธ๋“ค์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ ๋ง์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
15:45
So why in the world, you might ask,
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๊ทธ๋Ÿผ ๋„๋Œ€์ฒด ์ด ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ด ์™œ ์ด๋Ÿฐ ์ง€์—ญ์˜ ๊ธธ๊ฑฐ๋ฆฌ์— ์„œ์„œ
15:48
would anybody be willing to stand out on a street corner
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15:52
selling drugs for $3.50 an hour,
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์•ž์œผ๋กœ 4๋…„๊ฐ„ ์‚ฌ๋งํ•  ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ์ด 25ํผ์„ผํŠธ์— ์œก๋ฐ•ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ณณ์—์„œ
15:55
with a 25 percent chance of dying over the next four years?
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์‹œ๊ฐ„๋‹น 3๋‹ฌ๋Ÿฌ 50์„ผํŠธ๋ฅผ ๋ฐ›์•„๊ฐ€๋ฉฐ ๋งˆ์•ฝ์„ ํŒ”๊นŒํ•˜๋Š” ์˜๋ฌธ์ด ์ƒ๊ธธ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ฒ ์ฃ ?
15:58
Why would they do that?
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๊ทธ๋“ค์€ ์™œ ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋Š” ๊ฑธ๊นŒ์š”? ๋ช‡๊ฐ€์ง€ ์ด์œ ๋ฅผ ์ƒ๊ฐํ•ด ๋ณผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
15:59
And I think there are a couple answers.
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16:02
I think the first one is that they got fooled by history.
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ํ•˜๋‚˜๋Š” ์˜ˆ์ „์— ์žˆ์—ˆ๋˜ ์‚ฌ๋ก€๋“ค ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
16:08
It used to be the gang was a rite of passage;
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๊ณผ๊ฑฐ์—๋Š” ๊ฐฑ๋‹จ์— ๊ฐ€๋‹ดํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ์ž๋ผ๋ฉด์„œ ํ•œ๋ฒˆ์ฏค ๊ฒฝํ—˜ํ•˜๋Š” ๋‹น์—ฐํ•œ ๊ณผ์ •์ด์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
16:10
that the young people controlled the gang;
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์ Š์€์ด๋“ค์ด ๊ฐฑ ์กฐ์ง์„ ์šด์˜ํ–ˆ๊ณ  ๋‚˜์ด๊ฐ€ ๋“ค๋ฉด์„œ
16:12
that as you got older, you dropped out of the gang.
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์กฐ์ง์—์„œ ํƒˆํ‡ดํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋์ฃ .
16:16
So what happened was,
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16:17
the people who happened to be in the right place at the right time --
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋ฉด์„œ ์ผ์–ด๋‚ฌ๋˜ ์ผ์€
์šด์ด ์ข‹๊ฒŒ๋„ ๋ชจ๋“  ๊ฒƒ์ด ๋งž์•„๋–จ์–ด์กŒ๋˜ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‹ˆ๊นŒ
16:20
the people who happened to be leading the gang in the mid-to-late-'80s --
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80๋…„๋Œ€ ์ค‘๋ฐ˜๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ํ›„๋ฐ˜๊นŒ์ง€ ๊ฐฑ ์กฐ์ง์„ ์ด๋Œ๋˜ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์€
16:26
became very, very wealthy.
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๋งค์šฐ ๋ถ€์ž๊ฐ€ ๋œ ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
16:28
And so the logical thing to think
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ๋…ผ๋ฆฌ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ƒ๊ฐํ•ด๋ณด๋ฉด ํ˜„์žฌ์˜ ๊ฐฑ ๋ฆฌ๋”๋“ค์ด
16:30
was that they are going to age out of the gang
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16:33
like everybody else has,
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์ด์ „์˜ ๋ชจ๋“  ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ด ๊ทธ๋žฌ๋˜ ๊ฒƒ์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ ๋‚˜์ด๊ฐ€ ๋“ค์–ด ์กฐ์ง์„ ํƒˆํ‡ดํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋˜๋ฉด
16:34
and the next generation is going to take over and get the wealth.
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๋‹ค์Œ ์„ธ๋Œ€๊ฐ€ ์ฃผ๋„๊ถŒ์„ ์žก๊ณ  ๋ถ€๋ฅผ ์ด๋ฃฐ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์„ ๊ฒƒ ๊ฐ™์•˜์ฃ .
16:38
There are striking similarities, I think, to the Internet boom.
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์ด๋Ÿฐ ์ƒํ™ฉ์€ ์ธํ„ฐ๋„ท์˜ ๋ถ๊ณผ ๋งค์šฐ ํก์‚ฌํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
16:41
The first set of people in Silicon Valley got very, very rich.
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์‹ค๋ฆฌ์ฝ˜ ๋ฐธ๋ฆฌ์˜ 1์„ธ๋Œ€๋“ค์€ ๋งค์šฐ ํฐ ๋ถ€์ž๊ฐ€ ๋์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
16:44
And then all of my friends said, "Maybe I should go do that, too."
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ ๋‚˜์„œ ๋งŽ์€ ์ œ ์นœ๊ตฌ๋“ค์ด "๋‚˜๋„ ๊ทธ๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ํ•ด์•ผ๊ฒ ๋‹ค"๋ผ๊ณ  ํ–ˆ์ฃ .
16:48
And they were willing to work very cheap for stock options that never came.
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๋ฐ›์ง€๋„ ๋ชปํ•  ์Šคํ†ก์˜ต์…˜์„ ๊ธฐ๋Œ€ํ•˜๋ฉฐ ์ ์€ ์ž„๊ธˆ์„ ๋ฐ›์œผ๋ฉฐ ์ผํ–ˆ์ฃ .
16:53
In some sense, that's what happened, exactly,
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์–ด๋–ค ๋ฉด์—์„œ ๋ณด๋ฉด ๊ฐฑ ์กฐ์ง์›๋“ค์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ๋„ ๋งˆ์ฐฌ๊ฐ€์ง€์˜€์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
16:55
to the set of people we were looking at.
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16:58
They were willing to start at the bottom,
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์ด๋“ค๋„ ๋ฐ‘๋ฐ”๋‹ฅ์—์„œ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ•  ๊ฒฐ์‹ฌ์„ ํ•œ๊ฑฐ์ฃ .
17:01
just like, say, a first-year lawyer at a law firm
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๋ฒ•๋ฅ ์‚ฌ๋ฌด์†Œ์—์„œ ์ผํ•˜๋Š” ๋ณ€ํ˜ธ์‚ฌ์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ ๋ง์ด์ฃ .
17:04
is willing to start at the bottom,
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์‹ ์ž… ๋ณ€ํ˜ธ์‚ฌ๋Š” ๋ฐ‘๋ฐ”๋‹ฅ์—์„œ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ•  ๊ฒฐ์‹ฌ์„ ํ•˜์ฃ .
17:06
work 80-hour weeks for not that much money,
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ ๋งŽ์ง€ ์•Š์€ ์ž„๊ธˆ์„ ๋ฐ›์œผ๋ฉฐ ์ผ์ฃผ์ผ์— 80์‹œ๊ฐ„์”ฉ ์ผ์„ ํ•˜์ฃ .
17:08
because they think they're going to make partner.
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์–ธ์  ๊ฐ€๋Š” ํŒŒํŠธ๋„ˆ ๋ณ€ํ˜ธ์‚ฌ๊ฐ€ ๋  ๊ฑฐ๋ผ๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐํ•˜๋‹ˆ๊นŒ์š”.
17:10
But the rules changed, and they never got to make partner.
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ๋ฐ ์‹ค์ œ๋กœ๋Š” ์ƒํ™ฉ์ด ๋ณ€ํ•˜๊ณ  ๊ฒฐ๊ตญ ํŒŒํŠธ๋„ˆ๊ฐ€ ๋˜์ง€ ๋ชปํ•˜์ฃ .
17:13
Indeed, the same people who were running all of the major gangs in the late 1980s
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1980๋…„๋Œ€ ๋ง ๊ฑฐ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ฐฑ๋‹จ์„ ์šด์˜ํ–ˆ๋˜ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์€
17:17
are still running the major gangs in Chicago today.
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ํ˜„์žฌ๊นŒ์ง€๋„ ์‹œ์นด๊ณ ์˜ ๊ฑฐ๋Œ€ ๊ฐฑ์กฐ์ง์„ ์šด์˜ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
17:19
They never passed on any of the wealth,
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๊ทธ๋“ค์€ ์ž์‹ ๋“ค์˜ ๋ถ€๋ฅผ ๋ฌผ๋ ค์ฃผ์ง€ ์•Š์•˜์ฃ .
17:21
So everybody got stuck at that $3.50-an-hour job,
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๋‚˜๋จธ์ง€ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์€ ๊ณ„์†ํ•ด์„œ ์‹œ๊ฐ„๋‹น 3๋‹ฌ๋Ÿฌ 50์„ผํŠธ๋ฅผ ๋ฒŒ์–ด์•ผ ๋๋Š”๋ฐ ๊ทธ๊ฒŒ ๋งŒ์กฑ์Šค๋Ÿฌ์šธ ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์—†์ฃ .
17:24
and it turned out to be a disaster.
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17:27
The other thing the gang was very good at was marketing and trickery.
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์—ฌ๊ธฐ์—๋‹ค ๊ฐฑ๋‹จ์€ ๋งˆ์ผ€ํŒ…์ด๋‚˜ ์†์ž„์ˆ˜๋ฅผ ์ž˜ ์ผ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
17:31
And so for instance, one thing the gang would do is --
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์ด๋Ÿฐ ์˜ˆ๋ฅผ ํ•˜๋‚˜ ๋“ค์ž๋ฉด
17:35
the gang leaders would have big entourages,
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๊ฐฑ๋‹จ์˜ ๋ณด์Šค๋Š” ๋งŽ์€ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰์›๋“ค์„ ์ด๋Œ๊ณ 
17:37
and they'd drive fancy cars and have fancy jewelry.
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๊ฐ’๋น„์‹ผ ์ž๋™์ฐจ๋ฅผ ๋ชฐ๊ณ  ๊ฐ’๋น„์‹ผ ์žฅ์‹ ๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ์ฐฉ์šฉํ•˜๋Š”๋ฐ์š”
17:40
So what Sudhir eventually realized as he hung out with them more,
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์ˆ˜๋””๋ฅด๊ฐ€ ์ด๋“ค๊ณผ ์–ด์šธ๋ฆฌ๋ฉด์„œ ๊นจ๋‹ซ๊ฒŒ ๋œ ๊ฑด
17:43
is that, really, they didn't own those cars -- they just leased them,
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์ด ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ด ์‹ค์ œ๋กœ ๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ ์ž๋™์ฐจ๋ฅผ ์†Œ์œ ํ•˜์ง€๋Š” ์•Š๋Š”๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฑฐ์ฃ .
์ž„๋Œ€๋ฅผ ํ•˜์ฃ . ๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ ๋น„์‹ผ ์ฐจ๋ฅผ ์‚ด ๋ˆ์ด ์—†๊ฑฐ๋“ ์š”.
17:47
because they couldn't afford to own the fancy cars.
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17:49
And they didn't really have gold jewelry, they had gold-plated jewelry.
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๊ธˆ์œผ๋กœ ๋งŒ๋“  ์žฅ์‹ ๊ตฌ๊ฐ€ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ ๊ธˆ๋ฐ•์„ ํ•œ ์žฅ์‹ ๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ๋‹ฌ๊ณ  ๋‹ค๋…”์ฃ .
17:53
It goes back to, you know, the real-real versus the fake-real.
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์ง„์งœ๊ฐ™์€ ์ง„์งœ์™€ ์ง„์งœ๊ฐ™์€ ๊ฐ€์งœ์˜ ์ฐจ์ด์ธ ๊ฑฐ์ฃ .
17:56
And really, they did all sorts of things to trick the young people
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์ด๋“ค์€ ๊ฐฑ๋‹จ์— ๋“ค์–ด์˜ค๋Š” ๊ฒŒ ์—„์ฒญ๋‚˜๊ฒŒ ์ข‹์€ ์ผ์ธ ๊ฒƒ์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ
18:00
into thinking what a great deal the gang was going to be.
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์•„์ด๋“ค์„ ์†์ด๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ๋ณ„ ์ง“์„ ๋‹คํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
18:03
So for instance, they would give a 14-year-old kid
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์˜ˆ๋ฅผ ๋“ค๋ฉด 14์‚ด์งœ๋ฆฌ ์•„์ด์—๊ฒŒ
18:06
a whole roll of bills to hold.
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๋ˆ๋ญ‰์น˜๋ฅผ ์ฅ์–ด์ฃผ์ฃ .
18:09
That 14-year-old kid would say to his friends,
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๊ทธ 14์‚ด์งœ๋ฆฌ ์•„์ด๋Š”
18:12
"Hey, look at all the money I got in the gang."
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์นœ๊ตฌ๋“คํ•œํ…Œ ์ด๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ์ž๋ž‘์„ ํ•˜๊ฒ ์ฃ .
"์–˜๋“ค์•„, ์ด ๋ˆ ์ข€ ๋ด. ๋‚˜ ๊ฐฑ๋‹จ์— ๋“ค์–ด๊ฐ”์–ด."
18:14
It wasn't his money -- until he spent it,
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์‹ค์ œ๋กœ๋Š” ๊ทธ ์•„์ด์˜ ๋ˆ์ด ์•„๋‹ˆ์ฃ . ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๋งŒ์ผ ์“ฐ๊ฒŒ ๋˜๋ฉด
18:16
and then he was in debt to the gang,
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18:18
and was sort of an indentured servant for a while.
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์•„์ด๋Š” ๊ฐฑ๋‹จ์— ๋นš์„ ์ง€๊ฒŒ ๋˜๊ณ  ์ผ์ • ๊ธฐ๊ฐ„๋™์•ˆ ๊ณ„์•ฝ๋œ ๋…ธ์˜ˆ๊ฐ€ ๋˜๋Š” ๊ฑฐ์ฃ .
18:20
So I have a couple minutes.
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์ด์ œ ๋ช‡ ๋ถ„๋ฐ–์— ๋‚จ์ง€ ์•Š์•˜๊ตฐ์š”.
18:22
Let me do one last thing I hadn't thought I'd have time to do,
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๋งˆ์ง€๋ง‰์œผ๋กœ ์ด๊ฑธ ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐํ•˜์ฃ .
์ด๊ฒƒ๊นŒ์ง€ ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐํ•  ์‹œ๊ฐ„์ด ์—†์„ ์ค„ ์•Œ์•˜๋Š”๋ฐ์š”.
18:26
which is to talk about what we learned more generally about economics,
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๊ฐฑ๋‹จ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์กฐ์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ๊ฒฝ์ œํ•™์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ๋ฐฐ์šด ์ ์„ ๋ง์”€๋“œ๋ฆฌ๊ฒ ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
18:31
from the study of the gang.
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18:33
So, economists tend to talk in technical words.
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๊ฒฝ์ œํ•™์ž๋“ค์€ ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์ ์ธ ์šฉ์–ด๋กœ ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
18:37
Often, our theories fail quite miserably when we over the data,
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์ข…์ข… ์šฐ๋ฆฌ ๊ฒฝ์ œํ•™์ž๋“ค์˜ ์ด๋ก ๋“ค์ด ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ ์•ž์—์„œ ๋ฌด๋„ˆ์ง€๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์ฃ .
18:40
but what's kind of interesting is that in this setting,
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ๋ฐ ์‹ค์ œ๋กœ ์ด ์ƒํ™ฉ์ด ํฅ๋ฏธ๋กœ์šด ์ ์€
18:43
it turned out that some of the economic theories
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์‹ค์ œ ๊ฒฝ์ œ์™€๋Š” ๋งž์ง€ ์•Š๋˜ ๋ช‡ ๋ช‡ ๊ฒฝ์ œํ•™ ์ด๋ก ๋“ค์ด
18:46
that worked not so well in the real economy
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18:48
worked very well in the drug economy,
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๋งˆ์•ฝ ๊ฒฝ์ œ์—์„œ๋Š” ๋งค์šฐ ์ž˜ ๋“ค์–ด๋งž๋Š” ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
18:50
in some sense, because it's unfettered capitalism.
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์–ด๋–ค ๋ฉด์—์„œ๋Š” ์ž์œ ๋กœ์šด ์ž๋ณธ์ฃผ์˜ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ๋ด…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
18:52
Here's an economic principle.
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๊ฒฝ์ œํ•™ ์›์น™ ์ค‘์— ์ด๋Ÿฐ ๊ฒƒ์ด ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
18:54
This is one of the basic ideas in labor economics,
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๋…ธ๋™ ๊ฒฝ์ œํ•™์˜ ๊ธฐ์ดˆ ๊ฐœ๋… ์ค‘ "์ž„๊ธˆ๊ฒฉ์ฐจ"๋ผ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ์žˆ์ฃ .
18:56
called a "compensating differential."
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18:58
It's the idea that the increment to wages that a worker requires
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์ด ๊ฐœ๋…์€ ๊ธฐ๋ณธ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ด๋ ‡์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋‘ ๊ฐœ์˜ ์—…๋ฌด ์ค‘
19:01
to leave him indifferent between performing two tasks,
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์—…๋ฌด์˜ ์œ„ํ—˜์„ฑ์ด๋‚˜ ๋ถˆ์พŒํ•จ ๋“ฑ์˜ ์ด์œ ๋กœ ํ•˜๋‚˜์˜ ์—…๋ฌด๊ฐ€ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ํ•˜๋‚˜๋ณด๋‹ค ๋” ์ˆ˜ํ–‰ํ•˜๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ์–ด๋ ค์šธ๋•Œ
19:04
one which is more unpleasant than the other.
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์ด๋ฅผ ๋ณด์ „ํ•˜๊ธฐ์œ„ํ•ด ์ถ”๊ฐ€๋˜๋Š” ์ž„๊ธˆ
19:06
Compensating differential -- it's why we think garbagemen might be paid more
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์ด๋ฅผ ์ž„๊ธˆ๊ฒฉ์ฐจ๋ผ๊ณ  ํ•˜์ฃ .
๊ณต์›์—์„œ ์ผํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ๋ณด๋‹ค ์“ฐ๋ ˆ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ์ˆ˜๊ฑฐํ•˜๋Š” ์ผ์ด ์ž„๊ธˆ์ด ๋†’์„ ๊ฒƒ์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ์˜ˆ์ƒ๋˜๋Š” ์ด์œ ์ฃ .
19:10
than people who work in parks.
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19:11
The words of one of the members of the gang, I think, make this clear.
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๊ฐฑ ์กฐ์ง์› ํ•œ๋ช…์ด ์ด ๊ฐœ๋…์„ ๋ช…ํ™•ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์„ค๋ช…ํ–ˆ์ฃ .
19:17
So it turns out -- I'm sort of getting ahead of myself --
393
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์ œ๊ฐ€ ์กฐ๊ธˆ ์•ž์„œ ๋‚˜๊ฐ€๋Š” ๊ฒƒ ๊ฐ™๊ธฐ๋„ ํ•œ๋ฐ์š”.
19:20
it turns out, in the gang, when there's a war going on,
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์•Œ๊ณ ๋ณด๋‹ˆ ๊ฐฑ๋‹จ๊ฐ„์— ์ „์Ÿ์ด ๋ฒŒ์–ด์งˆ๋•Œ
19:23
they actually pay the foot soldiers twice as much money.
395
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์ด ๋ณด๋ณ‘๋“ค์€ ๋‘๋ฐฐ๋‚˜ ๋” ๋งŽ์€ ๋ณด์ƒ์„ ๋ฐ›๋”๋ผ๋Š” ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
19:26
It's exactly this concept.
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๋ฐ”๋กœ ์ž„๊ธˆ๊ฒฉ์ฐจ์˜ ๊ฐœ๋…์ด์ฃ .
19:28
Because they're not willing to be at risk.
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์ด๋“ค์€ ์œ„ํ—˜์„ ๊ฐ์ˆ˜ํ•˜๊ณ  ์‹ถ์ง€ ์•Š๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ด์ฃ .
19:30
And the words of a gang member capture it quite nicely, he says:
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๊ฐฑ ์กฐ์ง์› ํ•œ๋ช…์€ ์ด๋ฅผ ์ •ํ™•ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ํ‘œํ˜„ํ–ˆ์ฃ .
19:33
"Would you stand around here when all this shit ..." -- the shooting --
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"๋‹น์‹ ๊ฐ™์œผ๋ฉด ์ด๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ์ด์•Œ์ด ๋น—๋ฐœ์น˜๋Š” ๊ณณ์— ์„œ ์žˆ๊ฒ ์–ด?"
19:37
"... if all this shit's going on? No, right?
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"์ด๋Ÿฐ ๊ฑฐ์ง€๊ฐ™์€ ๋ฐ์„œ? ์•„๋‹ˆ์ž–์•„?"
19:39
So if I gonna be asked to put my life on the line, then front me the cash, man."
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"๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‹ˆ๊นŒ ๋‚ด๊ฐ€ ๋‚ด ๋ชฉ์ˆจ์„ ๊ฑธ์–ด์•ผ ๋œ๋‹ค๋ฉด ์„ ๊ธˆ์„ ๋‚ด๋†“์œผ๋ผ๋Š” ๊ฑฐ์ง€"
์ด ๊ฐฑ ์กฐ์ง์›์ด ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐํ•œ ๋‚ด์šฉ์ด ์‚ฌ์‹ค ๊ฒฝ์ œํ•™์ž๋“ค์ด ์„ค๋ช…ํ•œ
19:43
I think the gang member says it much more articulately
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๋‚ด์šฉ๋ณด๋‹ค ํ›จ์”ฌ ๋ช…ํ™•ํ•˜์ฃ .
19:45
than the economist, about what's going on.
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(์›ƒ์Œ)
19:47
(Laughter)
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19:49
Here's another one.
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์—ฌ๊ธฐ ๋˜ ํ•˜๋‚˜ ๋” ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
19:51
Economists talk about game theory,
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๊ฒฝ์ œํ•™์ž๋“ค์ด ๊ฒŒ์ž„์ด๋ก ์„ ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐํ•˜์ฃ .
19:52
that every two-person game has a Nash equilibrium.
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๋‘ ๋ช…์ด ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ชจ๋“  ๊ฒŒ์ž„์—๋Š” ๋‚ด์‰ฌ ๊ท ํ˜•์ด ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
19:55
Here's the translation you get from the gang member.
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๊ฐฑ ์กฐ์ง์›์€ ์ด๊ฑธ ์ด๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ์„ค๋ช…ํ•˜์ฃ .
19:57
They're talking about the decision of why they don't go shoot --
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๋งˆ๊ตฌ ์ด์„ ์“ฐ์ง€ ์•Š๋Š” ์ด์œ ๋ฅผ ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
20:00
One thing that turns out to be a great business tactic in the gang:
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์ด๋“ค์˜ ํ›Œ๋ฅญํ•œ ์‚ฌ์—…์ „๋žต ์ค‘ ํ•˜๋‚˜์ธ๋ฐ์š”,
20:04
if you go and just shoot guns in the air in the other gang's territory --
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๋งŒ์ผ ๋‹น์‹ ์ด ๊ณต์ค‘์— ์ด์„ ์˜๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๊ฐฑ๋‹จ์˜ ์ง€์—ญ์— ์ด์„ ์˜๊ฒŒ ๋˜๋ฉด
20:08
people are afraid to go buy drugs there,
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์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ด ๊ทธ ์ง€์—ญ์œผ๋กœ๋Š” ๋งˆ์•ฝ์„ ์‚ฌ๋Ÿฌ๊ฐ€์ง€ ์•Š์„ ๊ฑฐ๋ผ๋Š” ๊ฑฐ์ฃ .
20:10
they're going to come into your neighborhood.
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๋‹น์‹  ๊ตฌ์—ญ์œผ๋กœ ์˜ค๊ฒŒ๋˜์ฃ .
20:12
Here's what he says about why they don't do that:
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๊ฐฑ ์กฐ์ง์›์€ ์™œ ๊ทธ๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๋Š”์ง€๋ฅผ ๋‹ค์Œ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์ด ๋งํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
20:15
"If we start shooting around there, the other gang's territory,
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"์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๊ฐฑ๋‹จ์˜ ์ง€์—ญ์—์„œ ์ด์„ ์˜๊ธฐ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ•˜๋ฉด ์•„๋ฌด๋„, ๊ทธ ๋ˆ„๊ตฌ๋„,
20:18
nobody, I mean, you dig it, nobody gonna step on their turf.
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๊ทธ ์ชฝ์— ๊ฐ€๋ ค๊ณ  ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์„ ๊ฒŒ ๋ถ„๋ช…ํ•ด. ์•Œ๊ฒ ์–ด?
20:21
But we gotta be careful,
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ๋ฐ ์ฃผ์˜ํ•ด์•ผ ๋  ์ ์€
20:22
'cause they can shoot around here too and then we all fucked."
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๊ทธ ๊ฐฑ๋‹จ๋„ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ ๊ตฌ์—ญ์— ์™€์„œ ์ด์„ ์  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฑฐ์•ผ. ๊ทธ๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ๋˜๋ฉด ์šฐ๋ฆฌ ๋ชจ๋‘ ๋์žฅ๋‚˜๋Š” ๊ฑฐ์•ผ."
(์›ƒ์Œ)
20:25
(Laughter)
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๋ฐ”๋กœ ๊ฒŒ์ž„์ด๋ก ์ด์ฃ .
20:26
So that's the same concept.
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20:27
Then again, sometimes economists get it wrong.
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๊ฒฝ์ œํ•™์ž๋“ค์ด ํ‹€๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ๋„ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
20:29
One thing we observed in the data is that it looked like --
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์กฐ์‚ฌํ•œ ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ์—์„œ ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ๋˜ ๊ฑด
20:34
the gang leader always got paid.
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๊ฐฑ๋‹จ์˜ ๋ณด์Šค๋Š” ํ•ญ์ƒ ๋ณด์ƒ์„ ๋ฐ›๋”๊ตฐ์š”.
20:37
No matter how bad it was economically, he always got himself paid.
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์•„๋ฌด๋ฆฌ ๊ฒฝ์ œ์ƒํ™ฉ์ด ๋‚˜์˜๋”๋ผ๋„ ๋ณด์Šค๋Š” ํ•ญ์ƒ ์Šค์Šค๋กœ์—๊ฒŒ ๋ณด์ƒ์„ ํ–ˆ์ฃ .
20:42
We had some theories related to cash flow,
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ํ˜„๊ธˆํ๋ฆ„๊ณผ ๊ด€๋ จ๋œ ์ด๋ก ๋“ค์„ ์ƒ๊ฐํ•ด ๋ดค์ฃ .
20:44
and lack of access to capital markets, and things like that.
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์ž๋ณธ์‹œ์žฅ ์ ‘๊ทผ์„ฑ ์ƒ์‹ค ๋“ฑ์„ ํฌํ•จํ•ด์„œ ๋ง์ด์ฃ .
20:47
Then we asked the gang member,
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๋ณด์Šค์—๊ฒŒ ๋ฌผ์–ด๋ดค์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
20:48
"Why is it you always get paid and your workers don't always get paid?"
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"์™œ ๋ถ€ํ•˜๋“ค์ด ๋ณด์ƒ์„ ๋ฐ›์ง€ ์•Š์„ ๋•Œ๋„ ๋‹น์‹ ์€ ํ•ญ์ƒ ๋ณด์ƒ์„ ๋ฐ›๋Š”๊ฑฐ์ฃ ?"๋ผ๊ณ  ๋ง์ด์ฃ .
๊ทธ๋žฌ๋”๋‹ˆ ์ด๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ์–˜๊ธฐํ•˜๋”๊ตฐ์š”. "๋‚ด ๋ถ€ํ•˜๋“ค์ด ๋ชจ๋‘ ๋‚ด ์ž๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ–๊ณ  ์‹ถ์–ดํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฑด ์•Œ๊ฒ ์ง€?"
20:52
His response is,
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20:53
"You got all these niggers below you who want your job, you dig?
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๋‚ด๊ฐ€ ๋งŒ์ผ ์†์‹ค์„ ๋ณด๊ธฐ์‹œ์ž‘ํ•˜๋ฉด ๋‚ด ๋ถ€ํ•˜๋“ค์€ ๋‚˜๋ฅผ ์•ฝํ•ด๋น ์ง„ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์œผ๋กœ ์ƒ๊ฐํ• ๊ฒŒ ๋ป”ํ•ด."
20:56
If you start taking losses, they see you as weak and shit."
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20:59
And I thought about it and said,
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์ €๋Š” ์ด๋ง์„ ์ž ์‹œ ์ƒ๊ฐํ•ด๋ณด๊ณ  ์ด๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐํ–ˆ์ฃ .
21:00
"CEOs often pay themselves million-dollar bonuses,
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"CEO๋“ค์€ ํšŒ์‚ฌ๊ฐ€ ์†์‹ค์„ ๋ณด๋Š” ์™€์ค‘์—๋„ ์ข…์ข…
21:04
even when companies are losing a lot of money.
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์ˆ˜๋ฐฑ ๋งŒ ๋‹ฌ๋Ÿฌ์˜ ๋ณด๋„ˆ์Šค๋ฅผ ์ฑ™๊ธฐ์ง€.
21:06
And it never would really occur to an economist
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ๋ฐ ๊ฒฝ์ œํ•™์ž๋“ค์€ ํ•œ๋ฒˆ๋„ '์•ฝํ•ด๋น ์ง„ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ'์ด๋ผ๋Š” ๊ฐœ๋…์ด
21:09
that this idea of 'weak and shit' could really be important."
436
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21:11
(Laughter)
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์ด๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ์ค‘์š”ํ•˜๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐํ•ด ๋ณด์ง€ ๋ชปํ–ˆ์„๊ฑฐ์•ผ"๋ผ๊ณ  ๋ง์ด์ฃ .
์ด "์•ฝํ•ด๋น ์ง„ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ"์ด๋ผ๋Š”
21:15
Maybe "weak and shit" is an important hypothesis that needs more analysis.
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๊ฐœ๋…์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์ข€ ๋” ๊นŠ์ด ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๊ฐ€ ํ•„์š”ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๋‚˜ ์ƒ๊ฐ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
21:21
Thank you very much.
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๊ฐ์‚ฌํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
21:22
(Applause)
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์ด ์›น์‚ฌ์ดํŠธ ์ •๋ณด

์ด ์‚ฌ์ดํŠธ๋Š” ์˜์–ด ํ•™์Šต์— ์œ ์šฉํ•œ YouTube ๋™์˜์ƒ์„ ์†Œ๊ฐœํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ „ ์„ธ๊ณ„ ์ตœ๊ณ ์˜ ์„ ์ƒ๋‹˜๋“ค์ด ๊ฐ€๋ฅด์น˜๋Š” ์˜์–ด ์ˆ˜์—…์„ ๋ณด๊ฒŒ ๋  ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฐ ๋™์˜์ƒ ํŽ˜์ด์ง€์— ํ‘œ์‹œ๋˜๋Š” ์˜์–ด ์ž๋ง‰์„ ๋”๋ธ” ํด๋ฆญํ•˜๋ฉด ๊ทธ๊ณณ์—์„œ ๋™์˜์ƒ์ด ์žฌ์ƒ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋น„๋””์˜ค ์žฌ์ƒ์— ๋งž์ถฐ ์ž๋ง‰์ด ์Šคํฌ๋กค๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์˜๊ฒฌ์ด๋‚˜ ์š”์ฒญ์ด ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ์ด ๋ฌธ์˜ ์–‘์‹์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ฌธ์˜ํ•˜์‹ญ์‹œ์˜ค.

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