Let's clean up the space junk orbiting Earth | Natalie Panek

140,317 views ใƒป 2017-01-05

TED


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

ืžืชืจื’ื: Ido Dekkers ืžื‘ืงืจ: Nir Bibi
00:12
Our lives depend
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ื”ื—ื™ื™ื™ื ืฉืœื ื• ืชืœื•ื™ื™ื
00:14
on a world we can't see.
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ื‘ืขื•ืœื ืฉืื ื• ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืจืื•ืช.
00:16
Think about your week so far.
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ื—ืฉื‘ื• ืขืœ ื”ืฉื‘ื•ืข ืฉืœื›ื ืขื“ ืขื›ืฉื™ื•.
00:18
Have you watched TV, used GPS,
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ื”ืื ืฆืคื™ืชื ื‘ื˜ืœื•ื•ื™ื–ื™ื”, ื”ืฉืชืžืฉืชื ื‘ GPS,
00:22
checked the weather or even ate a meal?
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ื‘ื“ืงืชื ืืช ืžื–ื’ ื”ืื•ื•ื™ืจ ืื• ืืคื™ืœื• ืื›ืœืชื ืืจื•ื—ื”?
00:25
These many things that enable our daily lives
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ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื”ืจื‘ื™ื ื”ืืœื” ืฉืžืืคืฉืจื™ื ืืช ื—ื™ื™ื ื• ื”ื™ื•ื ื™ื•ืžื™ื™ื
00:28
rely either directly or indirectly
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ืžืกืชืžื›ื™ื ื™ืฉื™ืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืขืงื™ืคื™ืŸ
00:31
on satellites.
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ืขืœ ืœื•ื•ื™ื ื™ื.
00:33
And while we often take for granted
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ื•ื‘ืขื•ื“ ืฉืœืขื™ืชื™ื ืงืจื•ื‘ื•ืช ืื ื• ืœื•ืงื—ื™ื ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ ืžืืœื™ื•
ืืช ื”ืฉืจื•ืช ืฉืœื•ื•ื™ื ื™ื ืžืกืคืงื™ื ืœื ื•,
00:35
the services that satellites provide us,
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00:37
the satellites themselves deserve our attention
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ื”ืœื•ื•ื™ื ื™ื ืขืฆืžื ืจืื•ื™ื™ื ืœืชืฉื•ืžืช ื”ืœื‘ ืฉืœื ื•
00:40
as they are leaving a lasting mark
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ื›ืฉื”ื ืžืฉืื™ืจื™ื ืกื™ืžืŸ ืžืชืžืฉืš
00:42
on the space they occupy.
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ืขืœ ื”ื—ืœืœ ืื•ืชื• ื”ื ืชื•ืคืกื™ื.
00:44
People around the world rely on satellite infrastructure every day
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ืื ืฉื™ื ืžืกื‘ื™ื‘ ืœืขื•ืœื ืžืกืชืžื›ื™ื ืขืœ ืชืฉืชื™ืช ืœื•ื•ื™ื ื™ื ื›ืœ ื™ื•ื
00:48
for information, entertainment and to communicate.
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ืœืžื™ื“ืข, ื‘ื™ื“ื•ืจ ื•ืชืงืฉื•ืจืช.
00:52
There's agricultural and environmental monitoring,
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ื™ืฉ ื ื™ื˜ื•ืจ ื—ืงืœืื™ ื•ืกื‘ื™ื‘ืชื™,
00:55
Internet connectivity, navigation.
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ื—ื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ื•ืช ืื™ื ื˜ืจื ื˜, ื ื™ื•ื•ื˜.
00:58
Satellites even play a role
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ืœื•ื•ื™ื ื™ื ืืคื™ืœื• ืžืฉื—ืงื™ื ืชืคืงื™ื“
01:00
in the operation of our financial and energy markets.
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ื‘ืคืขื•ืœื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืฉื•ื•ืงื™ื ื”ืคื™ื ื ืกื™ื™ื ื•ื”ืื ืจื’ื˜ื™ื™ื.
01:04
But these satellites that we rely on
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ืื‘ืœ ืœืœื•ื•ื™ื ื™ื ื”ืืœื” ืขืœื™ื”ื ืื ื—ื ื• ืžืกืชืžื›ื™ื
01:06
day in and day out
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ื™ื•ื ืื—ืจื™ ื™ื•ื
01:07
have a finite life.
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ื™ืฉ ื—ื™ื™ื ืกื•ืคื™ื™ื.
01:09
They might run out of propellant,
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ืื•ืœื™ ื™ื’ืžืจ ืœื”ื ื”ื“ืœืง,
01:11
they could malfunction,
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ื”ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ืชืงืœืงืœ,
01:12
or they may just naturally reach the end of their mission life.
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ืื• ื”ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืืคื™ืœื• ืœื”ื’ื™ืข ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื˜ื‘ืขื™ ืœืกื•ืฃ ื—ื™ื™ ื”ืžืฉื™ืžื” ืฉืœื”ื.
01:16
At this point, these satellites effectively become space junk,
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ื‘ื ืงื•ื“ื” ื–ื•, ื”ืœื•ื•ื™ื ื™ื ื”ืืœื” ื”ื•ืคื›ื™ื ืืคืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™ืช ืœืคืกื•ืœืช ื—ืœืœ,
01:20
cluttering the orbital environment.
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ืžืœื›ืœื›ื™ื ืืช ื”ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื” ื”ืžืงื™ืคื” ืืช ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ.
01:23
So imagine you're driving down the highway on a beautiful, sunny day
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ืื– ื“ืžื™ื™ื ื• ืฉืืชื ื ื•ื”ื’ื™ื ื‘ื›ื‘ื™ืฉ ื”ืžื”ื™ืจ ื‘ื™ื•ื ื™ืคื” ื•ืฉืžืฉื™
01:27
out running errands.
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ื‘ื“ืจืš ืœื‘ืฆืข ืฉืœื™ื—ื•ื™ื•ืช.
01:28
You've got your music cranked,
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ื”ืžื•ื–ื™ืงื” ืฉืœื›ื ืจื•ืขืฉืช,
01:30
your windows rolled down,
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ื”ื—ืœื•ื ื•ืช ืžื•ืจื“ื™ื,
01:32
with the cool breeze blowing through your hair.
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ืขื ื”ื‘ืจื™ื–ื” ื”ืงืจื” ื ื•ืฉืคืช ื‘ืฉืขืจื›ื.
01:34
Feels nice, right?
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ืžืจื’ื™ืฉ ื˜ื•ื‘, ื ื›ื•ืŸ?
01:36
Everything is going smoothly
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ื”ื›ืœ ื”ื•ืœืš ื—ืœืง
01:39
until suddenly your car stutters and stalls
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ืขื“ ืฉืคืชืื•ื ื”ืžื›ื•ื ื™ืช ืฉืœื›ื ืžืงืจื˜ืขืช ื•ืžืคืกื™ืงื”
01:41
right in the middle of the highway.
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ืžืžืฉ ื‘ืืžืฆืข ื”ื›ื‘ื™ืฉ ื”ืžื”ื™ืจ.
01:44
So now you have no choice but to abandon your car
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ืื– ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ืื™ืŸ ืœื›ื ื‘ืจื™ืจื” ืืœื ืœื ื˜ื•ืฉ ืืช ื”ืžื›ื•ื ื™ืช ืฉืœื›ื
01:47
where it is on the highway.
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ื‘ืžืงื•ื ื‘ื• ื”ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ื‘ื™ืฉ ื”ืžื”ื™ืจ.
01:50
Maybe you were lucky enough
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ืื•ืœื™ ื”ื™ื” ืœื›ื ืžืกืคื™ืง ืžื–ืœ
01:51
to be able to move it out of the way and into a shoulder lane
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ืฉื”ื™ื™ืชื ืžืกื•ื’ืœื™ื ืœื”ื–ื™ื– ืืช ื”ืžื›ื•ื ื™ืช ืืœ ืฉื•ืœ ื”ื›ื‘ื™ืฉ
01:54
so that it's out of the way of other traffic.
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ื›ืš ืฉื”ื™ื ืœื ืชื”ื™ื” ื‘ื“ืจืš ืฉืœ ื”ืชื ื•ืขื”.
01:56
A couple of hours ago,
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ืœืคื ื™ ื›ืžื” ืฉืขื•ืช,
01:57
your car was a useful machine that you relied on in your everyday life.
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ื”ืžื›ื•ื ื™ืช ืฉืœื›ื ื”ื™ืชื” ืžื›ื•ื ื” ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉื™ืช ืฉื”ืกืชืžื›ืชื ืขืœื™ื” ื‘ื—ื™ื™ ื”ื™ื•ื ื™ื•ื.
02:03
Now, it's a useless hunk of metal
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื•, ื”ื™ื ืขืจืžื” ื—ืกืจืช ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ืฉืœ ืžืชื›ืช
02:05
taking up space in a valuable transportation network.
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ืฉืœื•ืงื—ืช ืžืงื•ื ื‘ืจืฉืช ืชื—ื‘ื•ืจื” ื‘ืขืœืช ืขืจืš.
02:09
And imagine international roadways all cluttered with broken down vehicles
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ื•ื“ืžื™ื™ื ื• ื“ืจื›ื™ื ื‘ื™ืŸ ืœืื•ืžื™ื•ืช ืžืœืื•ืช ื‘ืจื›ื‘ื™ื ืžืงื•ืœืงืœื™ื
02:14
that are just getting in the way of other traffic.
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ืฉืคืฉื•ื˜ ืžืคืจื™ืขื™ื ืœืชื ื•ืขื”.
02:17
And imagine the debris that would be strewn everywhere
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ื•ื“ืžื™ื™ื ื• ืืช ื”ืคืกื•ืœืช ืฉืชื”ื™ื” ืคื–ื•ืจื” ื‘ื›ืœ ืžืงื•ื
02:19
if a collision actually happened,
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ืขื ื”ืชื ื’ืฉื•ืช ื‘ืืžืช ืชืชืจื—ืฉ,
02:22
thousands of smaller pieces of debris
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ืืœืคื™ ืคื™ืกื•ืช ืงื˜ื ื•ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉืœ ืคืกื•ืœืช
02:24
becoming new obstacles.
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ื™ื”ืคื›ื• ืœืžื›ืฉื•ืœื™ื ื—ื“ืฉื™ื.
02:27
This is the paradigm of the satellite industry.
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ื–ื• ื”ืคืจื“ื™ื’ืžื” ืฉืœ ืชืขืฉื™ื™ืช ื”ืœื•ื•ื™ื ื™ื.
02:31
Satellites that are no longer working
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ืœื•ื•ื™ื ื™ื ืฉืœื ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ
02:33
are often left to deorbit over many, many years,
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ื”ืจื‘ื” ืคืขืžื™ื ืžื•ืฉืืจื™ื ืœื™ืคื•ืœ ืžื”ืžืกืœื•ืœ ื‘ืžืฉืš ื”ืจื‘ื” ื”ืจื‘ื” ืฉื ื™ื,
02:37
or only moved out of the way as a temporary solution.
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ืื• ืจืง ืžื•ื–ื–ื™ื ืžื”ื“ืจืš ื›ืคื™ืชืจื•ืŸ ื–ืžื ื™.
02:40
And there are no international laws in space
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ื•ืื™ืŸ ื—ื•ืงื™ื ื‘ื™ืŸ ืœืื•ืžื™ื™ื ื‘ื—ืœืœ
02:43
to enforce us to clean up after ourselves.
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ืœืื›ื•ืฃ ืขืœื™ื ื• ืœื ืงื•ืช ืื—ืจื™ื ื•.
02:46
So the world's first satellite, Sputnik I,
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ืื– ื”ืœื•ื•ื™ืŸ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ื‘ืขื•ืœื, ืกืคื•ื˜ื ื™ืง 1,
02:48
was launched in 1957,
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ืฉื•ื’ืจ ื‘ 1957,
02:51
and in that year, there were only a total of three launch attempts.
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ื•ื‘ืฉื ื” ื”ื–ื•, ื”ื™ื• ืจืง ืฉืœื•ืฉื” ื ืกื™ื•ื ื•ืช ืฉื™ื’ื•ืจ.
02:55
Decades later and dozens of countries from all around the world
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ืขืฉื•ืจื™ื ืžืื•ื—ืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ ื•ืขืฉืจื•ืช ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ืžื›ืœ ื”ืขื•ืœื
02:59
have launched thousands of more satellites into orbit,
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ืฉื™ื’ืจื• ืืœืคื™ ืœื•ื•ื™ื ื™ื ื ื•ืกืคื™ื ืœืžืกืœื•ืœ,
03:02
and the frequency of launches is only going to increase in the future,
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ื•ื”ืชื“ื™ืจื•ืช ืฉืœ ืฉื™ื’ื•ืจื™ื ืจืง ืขื•ืžื“ืช ืœื’ื“ื•ืœ ื‘ืขืชื™ื“,
03:06
especially if you consider things like the possibility
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ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ืื ืืชื ืฉื•ืงืœื™ื ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื›ืžื• ื”ืืคืฉืจื•ืช
03:08
of 900-plus satellite constellations being launched.
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ืœืฉื™ื’ื•ืจ ืฆื‘ื™ืจื™ ืœื•ื•ื™ื ื™ื ื‘ื ื™ 900 ืœื•ื•ื™ื ื™ื ื•ื™ื•ืชืจ.
03:13
Now, we send satellites to different orbits
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื•, ืื ื—ื ื• ืฉื•ืœื—ื™ื ืœื•ื•ื™ื ื™ื ืœืžืกืœื•ืœื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื
03:15
depending on what they're needed for.
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ืชืœื•ื™ ื‘ื“ืจื™ืฉื•ืช ืžื”ื.
03:17
One of the most common places we send satellites
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ืื—ื“ ื”ืžืงื•ืžื•ืช ื”ื›ื™ ื ืคื•ืฆื™ื ืืœื™ื• ืื ื—ื ื• ืฉื•ืœื—ื™ื ืœื•ื•ื™ื ื™ื
03:20
is the low Earth orbit,
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ื–ื” ืžืกืœื•ืœ ื”ืงืคื™ ื ืžื•ืš,
03:21
possibly to image the surface of Earth
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ืฉื ื™ืฉ ืืคืฉืจื•ืช ืœื“ืžื•ืช ืืช ืคื ื™ ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ
03:23
at up to about 2,000 kilometers altitude.
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ืขื“ ืœื’ื•ื‘ื” ืฉืœ 2,000 ืงื™ืœื•ืžื˜ืจ.
03:26
Satellites there are naturally buffeted by Earth's atmosphere,
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ืœื•ื•ื™ื ื™ื ืฉื ื ืื‘ืงื™ื ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื˜ื‘ืขื™ ื‘ืื˜ืžื•ืกืคื™ืจืช ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ,
03:30
so their orbits naturally decay,
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ืื– ื”ืžืกืœื•ืœื™ื•ืช ืฉืœื”ื ื“ื•ืขื›ืช ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื˜ื‘ืขื™,
03:32
and they'll eventually burn up,
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ื•ื”ื ื™ืฉืจืคื• ืœื‘ืกื•ืฃ,
03:33
probably within a couple of decades.
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ื›ื ืจืื” ืชื•ืš ื›ืžื” ืขืฉื•ืจื™ื.
03:36
Another common place we send satellites
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ืžืงื•ื ื ืคื•ืฅ ื ื•ืกืฃ ืืœื™ื• ืื ื—ื ื• ืฉื•ืœื—ื™ื ืœื•ื•ื™ื ื™ื
03:38
is the geostationary orbit
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ื”ื•ื ื”ืžืกืœื•ืœ ื”ื’ืื•ืกื˜ืฆื™ื•ื ืจื™
03:40
at about 35,000 kilometers altitude.
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ื‘ื’ื•ื‘ื” ืฉืœ ื‘ืขืจืš 35,000 ืงื™ืœื•ืžื˜ืจื™ื.
03:43
Satellites there remain in the same place above Earth as the Earth rotates,
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ืœื•ื•ื™ื ื™ื ืฉื ื ืฉืืจื™ื ื‘ืื•ืชื• ืžืงื•ื ืžืขืœ ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ ื›ืฉื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ ืžืกืชื•ื‘ื‘,
03:47
which enables things like communications or television broadcast, for example.
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ืžื” ืฉืžืืคืฉืจ ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื›ืžื• ืชืงืฉื•ืจืช ืื• ืฉื™ื“ื•ืจื™ ื˜ืœื•ื•ื™ื–ื™ื”, ืœื“ื•ื’ืžื”.
03:52
Satellites in high orbits like these could remain there for centuries.
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ืœื•ื•ื™ื ื™ื ื‘ืžืกืœื•ืœื™ื ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื™ื ื›ืžื• ืืœื” ื™ื•ื›ืœื• ืœื”ืฉืืจ ืฉื ื‘ืžืฉืš ืžืื•ืช.
03:57
And then there's the orbit coined "the graveyard,"
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ื•ืื– ื™ืฉ ืืช ื”ืžืกืœื•ืœ ืฉื ืงืจื "ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืงื‘ืจื•ืช,"
04:01
the ominous junk or disposal orbits,
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ืžืกืœื•ืœื™ ื–ื‘ืœ ืื• ืคืกื•ืœืช,
04:03
where some satellites are intentionally placed
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ืฉื ื›ืžื” ืœื•ื•ื™ื ื™ื ืžื•ืฉืžื™ื ื‘ื›ื•ื•ื ื”
04:06
at the end of their life
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ื‘ืกื•ืฃ ื—ื™ื™ื”ื
04:07
so that they're out of the way of common operational orbits.
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ื›ืš ืฉื”ื ืœื ื™ื”ื™ื• ื‘ื“ืจืš ืฉืœ ืžืกืœื•ืœื™ื ืชืคืขื•ืœื™ื™ื ื ืคื•ืฆื™ื.
04:12
Of the nearly 7,000 satellites launched since the late 1950s,
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ืžืชื•ืš ื‘ืขืจืš 7,000 ืœื•ื•ื™ื ื™ื ืฉืฉื•ื’ืจื• ืžืื– ืฉื ื•ืช ื” 50 ื”ืžืื•ื—ืจื•ืช,
04:17
only about one in seven is currently operational,
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ืจืง ื‘ืขืจืš ืื—ื“ ืžืฉื‘ืขื” ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืคืขื™ืœ,
04:21
and in addition to the satellites that are no longer working,
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ื•ื‘ื ื•ืกืฃ ืœืœื•ื•ื™ื ื™ื ืฉื›ื‘ืจ ืœื ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื,
04:24
there's also hundreds of thousands of marble-sized debris
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ื™ืฉ ื’ื ืžืื•ืช ืืœืคื™ ืฉื‘ืจื™ื ื‘ื’ื•ื“ืœ ื’ื•ืœื•ืช
04:27
and millions of paint chip-sized debris
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ื•ืžืœื™ื•ื ื™ ื—ืœืงื™ ืคืกื•ืœืช ื‘ื’ื•ื“ืœ ืฉื‘ื‘ื™ ืฆื‘ืข
04:30
that are also orbiting around the Earth.
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ืฉื’ื ืžืงื™ืคื™ื ืืช ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ.
04:32
Space debris is a major risk to space missions,
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ืคืกื•ืœืช ื—ืœืœ ื”ื™ื ืกื™ื›ื•ืŸ ื’ื“ื•ืœ ืœืžืฉื™ืžื•ืช ื—ืœืœ,
04:35
but also to the satellites that we rely on each and every day.
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ืื‘ืœ ื’ื ืœืœื•ื•ื™ื ื™ื ืฉื›ืœ ืื—ื“ ืžืื™ืชื ื• ืžืกืชืžืš ืขืœื™ื”ื ื›ืœ ื™ื•ื.
04:40
Now, because space debris and junk has become increasingly worrisome,
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื•, ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืฉืคืกื•ืœืช ื—ืœืœ ื”ืคื›ื” ืœื“ืื’ื” ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ื™ื•ืชืจ,
04:43
there have been some national and international efforts
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ื”ื™ื• ื›ืžื” ืžืืžืฆื™ื ืœืื•ืžื™ื™ื ื•ื‘ื™ืŸ ืœืื•ืžื™ื™ื
04:46
to develop technical standards
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ืœืคืชื— ืกื˜ื ื“ืจื˜ื™ื ื˜ื›ื ื™ื™ื
04:48
to help us limit the generation of additional debris.
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ืœืขื–ื•ืจ ืœื ื• ืœื”ื’ื‘ื™ืœ ืืช ื”ื™ืฆื•ืจ ืฉืœ ืคืกื•ืœืช ื ื•ืกืคืช.
04:51
So for example, there are recommendations
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ืื– ืœื“ื•ื’ืžื”, ื™ืฉ ื”ืžืœืฆื•ืช
04:53
for those low-Earth orbiting spacecraft
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ืœื›ืœื™ ื”ื—ืœืœ ื‘ืžืกืœื•ืœ ื ืžื•ืš
04:55
to be made to deorbit in under 25 years,
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ืฉื™ืขืฉื• ื›ืš ืฉื™ืจื“ื• ืžื”ืžืกืœื•ืœ ืชื•ืš ืคื—ื•ืช ืž 25 ืฉื ื”,
04:59
but that's still a really long time,
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ืื‘ืœ ื–ื” ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ื”ืจื‘ื” ื–ืžืŸ,
05:01
especially if a satellite hasn't been working for years.
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ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ืื ืœื•ื•ื™ืŸ ืœื ืขื‘ื“ ื‘ืžืฉืš ืฉื ื™ื.
05:05
There's also mandates for those dead geostationary spacecraft
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ื™ืฉ ื’ื ืžื ื“ื˜ื™ื ืœืœื•ื•ื™ื ื™ื ื”ื’ืื•ืกื˜ืฆื™ื•ื ืจื™ื
05:08
to be moved into a graveyard orbit.
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ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžื•ื–ื–ื™ื ืœืžืกืœื•ืœ ื‘ื™ืช ืงื‘ืจื•ืช.
05:11
But neither of these guidelines is binding under international law,
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ืื‘ืœ ืืฃ ืื—ืช ืžื”ื”ื ื—ื™ื•ืช ื”ืœืœื• ืœื ืžื—ื™ื™ื‘ืช ืชื—ืช ื”ื“ื™ืŸ ื”ื‘ื™ืŸ-ืœืื•ืžื™,
05:15
and the understanding is that they will be implemented through national mechanisms.
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ื•ื”ื”ื‘ื ื” ื”ื™ื ืฉื”ืŸ ื™ื”ื™ื• ืžื™ื™ื•ืฉืžื•ืช ื“ืจืš ืžื›ืื ื™ื–ื ืœืื•ืžื™.
05:20
These guidelines are also not long-term,
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ื”ื”ื ื—ื™ื•ืช ื”ืœืœื• ื”ืŸ ื’ื ืœื ืœื˜ื•ื•ื— ืืจื•ืš,
05:22
they're not proactive,
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ื”ืŸ ืœื ืคืจื• ืืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™ื•ืช,
05:23
nor do they address the debris that's already up there.
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ื•ื”ืŸ ื’ื ืœื ืžื˜ืคืœื•ืช ื‘ืคืกื•ืœืช ืฉื›ื‘ืจ ืฉื.
05:27
They're only in place to limit the future creation of debris.
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ื”ืŸ ืงื™ื™ืžื•ืช ืจืง ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื’ื‘ื™ืœ ืืช ื”ื™ืฆื™ืจื” ื”ืขืชื™ื“ื™ืช ืฉืœ ืคืกื•ืœืช.
05:31
Space junk is no one's responsibility.
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ืคืกื•ืœืช ื—ืœืœ ื”ื™ื ืœื ืื—ืจื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืืฃ ืื—ื“.
05:35
Now, Mount Everest is actually an interesting comparison
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื•, ื”ืจ ืื•ื•ืจืกื˜ ื”ื•ื ืœืžืขืฉื” ื”ืฉื•ื•ืื” ืžืขื ื™ื™ื ืช
05:38
of a new approach to how we interact with our environments,
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ืœื’ื™ืฉื” ื—ื“ืฉื” ืœืื™ืš ืœืคืขื•ืœ ืขื ื”ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื”,
05:41
as it's often given the dubious honor
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ื›ืฉื”ื•ื ืžืงื‘ืœ ื”ืจื‘ื” ืคืขืžื™ื ืืช ื”ื›ื‘ื•ื“ ื”ืžืคื•ืงืคืง
05:44
of being the world's highest garbage dump.
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ืฉืœ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื”ืžื–ื‘ืœื” ื”ื›ื™ ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื” ื‘ืขื•ืœื.
05:48
Decades after the first conquest of the world's highest peak,
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ืขืฉื•ืจื™ื ืื—ืจื™ ื”ื›ื™ื‘ื•ืฉ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ื”ืคืกื’ื” ื”ื›ื™ ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื”,
05:51
tons of rubbish left behind by climbers
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ื˜ื•ื ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืคืกื•ืœืช ืฉื”ื•ืฉืืจื” ืžืื—ื•ืจ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื˜ืคืกื™ื
05:53
has started to raise concern,
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ื”ืชื—ื™ืœื” ืœื”ืขืœื•ืช ื“ืื’ื•ืช,
05:55
and you may have read in the news that there's speculation
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ื•ืืชื ืื•ืœื™ ืงืจืืชื ื‘ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช ืฉื™ืฉ ืกืคืงื•ืœืฆื™ื•ืช
05:58
that Nepal will crack down on mountaineers
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ืฉื ืคืืœ ืชืคืขื™ืœ ืœื—ืฅ ืขืœ ืžื˜ืคืกื™ ื”ืจื™ื
06:00
with stricter enforcement of penalties and legal obligations.
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ืขื ืื›ื™ืคื” ืงืฉื•ื—ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉืœ ืงื ืกื•ืช ื•ืื—ืจื™ื•ืช ื—ื•ืงื™ืช.
06:04
The goal, of course, is to persuade climbers
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ื”ืžื˜ืจื”, ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ, ื”ื™ื ืœืฉื›ื ืข ืžื˜ืคืกื™ื
06:07
to clean up after themselves,
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ืœื ืงื•ืช ืื—ืจื™ื”ื,
06:09
so maybe local not-for-profits will pay climbers who bring down extra waste,
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ืื– ืื•ืœื™ ืืจื’ื•ื ื™ื ืœืœื ืžื˜ืจื•ืช ืจื•ื•ื— ืžืงื•ืžื™ื™ื ื™ืฉืœืžื• ืœืžื˜ืคืกื™ื ืฉืžื•ืจื™ื“ื™ื ืคืกื•ืœืช ื ื•ืกืคืช,
06:14
or expeditions might organize voluntary cleanup trips.
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ืื• ืžืฉืœื—ื•ืช ืื•ืœื™ ื™ืืจื’ื ื• ืžืกืขื•ืช ื ืงื™ื•ืŸ ื”ืชื ื“ื‘ื•ืชื™ื™ื.
06:18
And yet still many climbers feel
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ื•ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ื”ืจื‘ื” ืžื˜ืคืกื™ื ืžืจื’ื™ืฉื™ื
06:20
that independent groups should police themselves.
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ืฉืงื‘ื•ืฆื•ืช ืขืฆืžืื™ื•ืช ืฆืจื™ื›ื•ืช ืœืฉื˜ืจ ืืช ืขืฆืžืŸ.
06:24
There's no simple or easy answer,
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ืื™ืŸ ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ืคืฉื•ื˜ื” ืื• ืงืœื”,
06:26
and even well-intentioned efforts at conservation
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ื•ืืคื™ืœื• ืžืืžืฆื™ื ืขื ื›ื•ื•ื ื•ืช ื˜ื•ื‘ื•ืช ืœืฉื™ืžื•ืจ
06:30
often run into problems.
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ื”ืจื‘ื” ืคืขืžื™ื ื ืชืงืœื™ื ื‘ื‘ืขื™ื•ืช.
06:32
But that doesn't mean we shouldn't do everything in our power
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ืื‘ืœ ื–ื” ืœื ืื•ืžืจ ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืœื ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื›ืœ ืžื” ืฉื‘ื›ื•ื—ื ื•
06:35
to protect the environments that we rely and depend on,
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื’ืŸ ืขืœ ื”ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื•ืช ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืžืกืชืžื›ื™ื ื•ืชืœื•ื™ื™ื ื‘ื”ืŸ,
06:39
and like Everest, the remote location and inadequate infrastructure
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ื•ื›ืžื• ื”ืื•ื•ืจืกื˜, ื”ืžื™ืงื•ื ื”ืžืจื•ื—ืง ื•ื”ืชืฉืชื™ื•ืช ื”ืœื ืžืชืื™ืžื•ืช
06:43
of the orbital environment
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ืฉืœ ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื•ืช ืžืกืœื•ืœื™ื•ืช
06:44
make waste disposal a challenging problem.
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ื”ื•ืคื›ื•ืช ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ื‘ืคืกื•ืœืช ื‘ืขื™ื” ืžืืชื’ืจืช.
06:47
But we simply cannot reach new heights
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ืื‘ืœ ืื ื—ื ื• ืคืฉื•ื˜ ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ื’ื™ืข ืœื’ื‘ื”ื™ื ื—ื“ืฉื™ื
06:50
and create an even higher garbage dump,
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ื•ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ืžื–ื‘ืœื” ืืคื™ืœื• ื™ื•ืชืจ ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื”,
06:53
one that's out of this world.
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ืื—ืช ืฉื ืžืฆืืช ืžื—ื•ืฅ ืœืขื•ืœื ื”ื–ื”,
06:57
The reality of space
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ื”ืžืฆื™ืื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ื—ืœืœ
06:58
is that if a component on a satellite breaks down,
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ื”ื™ื ืฉืื ื”ืจื›ื™ื‘ื™ื ืขืœ ืœื•ื•ื™ืŸ ืžืชืงืœืงืœื™ื,
07:01
there really are limited opportunities for repairs,
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ื™ืฉ ื‘ืืžืช ื”ื–ื“ืžื ื•ื™ื•ืช ืžื•ื’ื‘ืœื•ืช ืœืชื™ืงื•ื ื™ื,
07:04
and only at great cost.
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ื•ืจืง ื‘ืžื—ื™ืจ ื’ื‘ื•ื”.
07:06
But what if we were smarter about how we designed satellites?
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ืื‘ืœ ืžื” ืื ื ื”ื™ื” ื—ื›ืžื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ืขืœ ืื™ืš ืœื•ื•ื™ื ื™ื ืžืชื•ื›ื ื ื™ื?
07:10
What if all satellites,
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ืžื” ืื ื›ืœ ื”ืœื•ื•ื™ื ื™ื,
07:11
regardless of what country they were built in,
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ืœื ืžืฉื ื” ื‘ืื™ื–ื” ืžื“ื™ื ื” ื”ื ื ื‘ื ื™ื,
07:13
had to be standardized in some way
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ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœืขืžื•ื“ ื‘ืชืงืŸ ื‘ื“ืจืš ืžืกื•ื™ื™ืžืช
07:15
for recycling, servicing
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ืœืžื—ื–ื•ืจ, ืฉืจื•ืช
07:18
or active deorbiting?
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ืื• ื”ืกืจื” ืืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™ืช ืžื”ืžืกืœื•ืœ?
07:20
What if there actually were international laws with teeth
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ืžื” ืื ื”ื™ื• ืœืžืขืฉื” ื—ื•ืงื™ื ื‘ื™ืŸ ืœืื•ืžื™ื ืขื ืฉื™ื ื™ื™ื
07:24
that enforced end-of-life disposal of satellites
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ืฉื™ื›ืคื• ื”ืคื˜ืจื•ืช ืกื•ืฃ ื—ื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ืœื•ื•ื™ื ื™ื
07:26
instead of moving them out of the way
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ื‘ืžืงื•ื ืœื”ื–ื™ื– ืื•ืชื ืžื”ื“ืจืš
07:29
as a temporary solution?
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ื›ืคืชืจื•ืŸ ื–ืžื ื™?
07:31
Or maybe satellite manufacturers need to be charged a deposit
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ืื• ืื•ืœื™ ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื’ื‘ื•ืช ืžื™ืฆืจื ื™ ืœื•ื•ื™ื ื™ื ืคื™ืงื“ื•ืŸ
07:34
to even launch a satellite into orbit,
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ื›ื“ื™ ื‘ื›ืœืœ ืœืฉื’ืจ ืœื•ื•ื™ืŸ ืœืžืกืœื•ืœ,
07:36
and that deposit would only be returned
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ื•ื”ืคื™ืงื“ื•ืŸ ื–ื” ื™ื•ื—ื–ืจ ืจืง
07:39
if the satellite was disposed of properly
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ืื ื™ืคืชืจื• ืžื”ืœื•ื•ื™ืŸ ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื ืื•ืช
07:41
or if they cleaned up some quota of debris.
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ืื• ืื ื”ื ื™ื ืงื• ื›ืžื•ืช ืžืกื•ื™ื™ืžืช ืฉืœ ืคืกื•ืœืช.
07:45
Or maybe a satellite needs to have technology on board
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ืื• ืืœื•ื™ ืœื•ื•ื™ืŸ ืฆืจื™ืš ืฉืชื”ื™ื” ืขืœื™ื• ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื”
07:48
to help accelerate deorbit.
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ืœืขื–ื•ืจ ืœื• ืœื”ืื™ืฅ ื ืคื™ืœื” ืžื”ืžืกืœื•ืœ.
07:50
There are some encouraging signs.
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ื™ืฉ ื›ืžื” ืกื™ืžื ื™ื ืžืขื•ื“ื“ื™ื.
07:53
The UK's TechDemoSat-1, launched in 2014, for example,
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TechDemoSat-1 ื”ืื ื’ืœื™ ืฉืฉื•ื’ืจ ื‘ 2014, ืœื“ื•ื’ืžื”,
07:57
was designed for end-of-life disposal
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ืชื•ื›ื ืŸ ืœื”ืคื˜ืจื•ืช ื‘ืกื•ืฃ ื”ื—ื™ื™ื
07:59
via a small drag sail.
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ื“ืจืš ืžืคืจืฉ ื’ืจืจ ืงื˜ืŸ.
08:01
This works for the satellite because it's small,
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ื–ื” ืขื•ื‘ื“ ืœืœื•ื•ื™ืŸ ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืฉื”ื•ื ืงื˜ืŸ,
08:04
but satellites that are higher or in larger orbits
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ืื‘ืœ ืœื•ื•ื™ื ื™ื ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ืื• ื‘ืžืกืœื•ืœื™ื ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ
08:07
or are larger altogether, like the size of school buses,
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ืื• ืคืฉื•ื˜ ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ, ื›ืžื• ื’ื•ื“ืœ ืฉืœ ืื•ื˜ื•ื‘ื•ืก,
08:10
will require other disposal options.
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ื™ื“ืจืฉื• ืคืชืจื•ื ื•ืช ื”ื™ืคื˜ืจื•ืช ืื—ืจื™ื.
08:13
So maybe you get into things like high-powered lasers
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ืื– ืื•ืœื™ ืืชื ื ื›ื ืกื™ื ืœื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื›ืžื• ืœื™ื™ื–ืจื™ื ื‘ื›ื•ื— ื’ื‘ื•ื”
08:16
or tugging using nets or tethers,
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ืื• ื’ืจื™ืจื” ื‘ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ืจืฉืชื•ืช ืื• ื—ื•ื˜ื™ื,
08:18
as crazy as those sound in the short term.
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ื›ืžื” ืžืฉื•ื’ืข ืฉื–ื” ื ืฉืžืข ื‘ื˜ื•ื•ื— ื”ืงืฆืจ.
08:21
And then one really cool possibility
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ืื‘ืœ ืื– ืืคืฉืจื•ืช ืื—ืช ืžืžืฉ ืžื’ื ื™ื‘ื”
08:23
is the idea of orbital tow trucks or space mechanics.
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ื”ื™ื ื”ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ื’ืจืจ ืžืกืœื•ืœื™ ืื• ืžื›ื•ื ืื™ื ื—ืœืœื™ื™ื.
08:26
Imagine if a robotic arm
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ื“ืžื™ื™ื ื• ื–ืจื•ืข ืจื•ื‘ื•ื˜ื™ืช
08:28
on some sort of space tow truck
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ืขืœ ืกื•ื’ ืฉืœ ืžืฉืื™ืช ื’ืจืจ ื—ืœืœื™ืช
08:30
could fix the broken components on a satellite,
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ืฉืชื•ื›ืœ ืœืชืงืŸ ืจื›ื™ื‘ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ืœื•ื•ื™ืŸ,
08:32
making them usable again.
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ืžื” ืฉืขื•ืฉื” ืื•ืชื• ืฉืžื™ืฉ ืฉื•ื‘.
08:35
Or what if that very same robotic arm
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ืื• ืžื” ืื ืื•ืชื” ื–ืจื•ืข ืจื•ื‘ื•ื˜ื™ืช
08:37
could refuel the propellant tank on a spacecraft
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ืชื•ื›ืœ ืœืชื“ืœืง ืืช ืžื™ื›ืœ ื”ื“ืœืง ืขืœ ื—ืœืœื™ืช
08:39
that relies on chemical propulsion
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ืฉืžืกืชืžื›ืช ืขืœ ื”ื ืขื” ื›ื™ืžื™ืช
08:41
just like you or I would refuel the fuel tanks on our cars?
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ื›ืžื• ืฉืืชื ืื• ืื ื™ ื ืชื“ืœืง ืืช ืžื™ื›ืœ ื”ื“ืœืง ื‘ืžื›ื•ื ื™ืช?
08:45
Robotic repair and maintenance
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ืชื™ืงื•ื ื™ื ื•ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœื™ื ืจื•ื‘ื•ื˜ื™ื™ื
08:47
could extend the lives of hundreds of satellites orbiting around the Earth.
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ื™ื•ื›ืœื• ืœื”ืืจื™ืš ืืช ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ืžืื•ืช ืœื•ื•ื™ื ื™ื ืฉืžืงื™ืคื™ื ืืช ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ.
08:52
Whatever the disposal or cleanup options we come up with,
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ืžื” ืฉืœื ื™ื”ื™ื• ืฉื™ื˜ื•ืช ื”ื”ืคื˜ืจื•ืช ืื• ื”ื ื™ืงื•ื™ ืฉื ื’ื™ืข ืืœื™ื”ืŸ,
08:55
it's clearly not just a technical problem.
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ื‘ืจื•ืจ ืฉืœื ืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ืจืง ื‘ืขื™ื” ื˜ื›ื ื™ืช.
08:58
There's also complex space laws and politics that we have to sort out.
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ื™ืฉ ื’ื ื—ื•ืงื™ ื—ืœืœ ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ื™ื ื•ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ืงื” ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœื˜ืคืœ ื‘ื”ื.
09:03
Simply put, we haven't found a way to use space sustainably yet.
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ื‘ืคืฉื˜ื•ืช, ืœื ืžืฆืื ื• ื“ืจืš ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ื—ืœืœ ื‘ืงื™ื™ืžื•ืช ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ.
09:08
Exploring, innovating to change the way we live and work
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ื—ืงืจ, ื—ื“ืฉื ื•ืช ืœืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ื”ื“ืจืš ื‘ื” ืื ื—ื ื• ื—ื™ื™ื ื•ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื
09:11
are what we as humans do,
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ื”ื ืžื” ืฉืื ื• ื‘ื ื™ ื”ืื“ื ืขื•ืฉื™ื,
09:13
and in space exploration,
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ื•ื‘ื—ืงืจ ื—ืœืœ,
09:15
we're literally moving beyond the boundaries of Earth.
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืžื™ืœื•ืœื™ืช ื ืขื™ื ืžืขื‘ืจ ืœื’ื‘ื•ืœื•ืช ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ.
09:18
But as we push thresholds in the name of learning and innovation,
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ืื‘ืœ ื›ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ื“ื•ื—ืคื™ื ืืช ื”ืกืฃ ื‘ืฉื ืœืžื™ื“ื” ื•ื—ื“ืฉื ื•ืช,
09:22
we must remember that accountability for our environments never goes away.
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ืื ื—ื ื• ื—ื™ื™ื‘ื™ื ืœื–ื›ื•ืจ ืฉืื—ืจื™ื•ืช ืœืกื‘ื™ื‘ื” ืฉืœื ื• ืœืขื•ืœื ืœื ื ืขืœืžืช.
09:28
There is without doubt congestion in the low Earth and geostationary orbits,
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ื™ืฉ ืœืœื ืกืคืง ืขื•ืžืก ื‘ืžืกืœื•ืœ ื ืžื•ืš ื•ื‘ืžืกืœื•ืœ ื”ื’ืื•ืกื˜ืฆื™ื•ื ืจื™,
09:32
and we cannot keep launching new satellites
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ื•ืื ื—ื ื• ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ืžืฉื™ืš ืœืฉื’ืจ ืœื•ื•ื™ื ื™ื ื—ื“ืฉื™ื
09:35
to replace the ones that have broken down
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื—ืœื™ืฃ ืืช ืืœื” ืฉื”ืชืงืœืงืœื•
09:37
without doing something about them first,
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ื‘ืœื™ ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืžืฉื”ื• ื‘ื ื•ื’ืข ืืœื™ื”ื ืงื•ื“ื,
09:39
just like we would never leave a broken down car
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ืžืžืฉ ื›ืžื• ืฉืœืขื•ืœื ืœื ื ืฉืื™ืจ ืžื›ื•ื ื™ืช ืžืงื•ืœืงืœืช
09:41
in the middle of the highway.
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ื‘ืืžืฆืข ื”ื›ื‘ื™ืฉ ื”ืžื”ื™ืจ.
09:43
Next time you use your phone,
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ื‘ืคืขื ื”ื‘ืื” ืฉืืชื ืžืฉืชืžืฉื™ื ื‘ื˜ืœืคื•ืŸ ืฉืœื›ื,
09:45
check the weather or use your GPS,
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ื‘ื•ื“ืงื™ื ืืช ืžื–ื’ ื”ืื•ื™ืจ ืื• ืžืชืžืฉื™ื ื‘ GPS,
09:47
think about the satellite technologies that make those activities possible.
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ื—ืฉื‘ื• ืขืœ ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื™ืช ื”ืœื•ื•ื™ื ื™ื ืฉื”ื•ืคื›ืช ืืช ืืœื” ืœืืคืฉืจื™ื™ื.
09:52
But also think about the very impact
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ืื‘ืœ ื—ืฉื‘ื• ื’ื ืขืœ ื”ื”ืฉืคืขื”
09:54
that the satellites have on the environment surrounding Earth,
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ืฉื™ืฉ ืœืœื•ื•ื™ื ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื” ืฉืžืงื™ืคื” ืืช ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ,
09:57
and help spread the message that together we must reduce our impact.
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ื•ืขื–ืจื• ืœื”ืคื™ืฅ ืืช ื”ืžืกืจ ืฉื™ื—ื“ ืื ื—ื ื• ื—ื™ื™ื‘ื™ื ืœื”ืคื—ื™ืช ืืช ื”ื”ืฉืคืขื” ืฉืœื ื•.
10:02
Earth orbit is breathtakingly beautiful
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ื”ืžืกืœื•ืœ ืกื‘ื™ื‘ ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ ื”ื•ื ื™ืคื™ืคื” ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืขื•ืฆืจ ื ืฉื™ืžื”
10:04
and our gateway to exploration.
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ื•ื”ืฉืขืจ ืฉืœื ื• ืœื—ืงืจ.
10:07
It's up to us to keep it that way.
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ื–ื” ืชืœื•ื™ ื‘ื ื• ืœืฉืžื•ืจ ืขืœื™ื• ื›ืš.
10:11
Thank you.
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ืชื•ื“ื” ืœื›ื.
10:12
(Applause)
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(ืžื—ื™ืื•ืช ื›ืคื™ื™ื)
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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