John Graham-Cumming: The greatest machine that never was

18,205 views ใƒป 2015-07-15

TED


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

00:00
Translator: Joseph Geni Reviewer: Morton Bast
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ืžืชืจื’ื: Yubal Masalker ืžื‘ืงืจ: Ido Dekkers
00:12
So the machine I'm going to talk you about
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ื”ืžื›ื•ื ื” ืฉืื ื™ ืขื•ืžื“ ืœื“ื‘ืจ ืขืœื™ื” ื”ื™ื ืžื” ืฉืื ื™ ืงื•ืจื
00:13
is what I call the greatest machine that never was.
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ื”ืžื›ื•ื ื” ื”ื›ื™ ื ืคืœืื” ืฉืžืขื•ืœื ืœื ื”ื™ืชื”.
00:15
It was a machine that was never built,
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ื–ื• ืžื›ื•ื ื” ืฉืžืขื•ืœื ืœื ื ื‘ื ืชื”,
00:17
and yet, it will be built.
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ืื‘ืœ, ื”ื™ื ืขื•ื“ ืชื™ื‘ื ื”.
00:19
It was a machine that was designed
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ื–ื• ื”ื™ืชื” ืžื›ื•ื ื” ืฉืชื•ื›ื ื ื” ื”ืจื‘ื” ืœืคื ื™
00:21
long before anyone thought about computers.
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ืฉืžื™ืฉื”ื• ื‘ื›ืœืœ ื—ืฉื‘ ืขืœ ืžื—ืฉื‘ื™ื.
00:23
If you know anything about the history of computers,
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ืžื™ ืฉืžื›ื™ืจ ืงืฆืช ืืช ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื™ืช ื”ืžื—ืฉื‘ื™ื,
00:26
you will know that in the '30s and the '40s,
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ื™ื•ื“ืข ืฉื‘ืฉื ื•ืช ื”30 ื•ื”-40,
00:28
simple computers were created
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ื™ืฆืจื• ืžื—ืฉื‘ื™ื ืคืฉื•ื˜ื™ื
00:31
that started the computer revolution we have today,
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ืืฉืจ ื”ื—ืœื• ืืช ืžื”ืคื›ืช ื”ืžื—ืฉื‘ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ื™ื•ื,
00:33
and you would be correct,
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ื•ื–ื” ืื›ืŸ ืžื“ื•ื™ื™ืง,
00:35
except for you'd have the wrong century.
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ืืœื ืฉื”ืžืื” ืœื ื ื›ื•ื ื”.
00:37
The first computer was really designed
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ื”ืžื—ืฉื‘ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ื ื•ืฆืจ
00:39
in the 1830s and 1840s, not the 1930s and 1940s.
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ื‘ืฉื ื•ืช ื”-30 ื•ื”-40 ืฉืœ ื”ืžืื” ื”-19 ื•ืœื ืฉืœ ืžืื” ื”-20.
00:43
It was designed, and parts of it were prototyped,
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ื”ื•ื ืชื•ื›ื ืŸ ื•ื—ืœืงื™ื ืžืžื ื• ืฉื™ืžืฉื• ื›ืื‘ื™-ื˜ื™ืคื•ืก,
00:45
and the bits of it that were built are here
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ื•ื—ืœืงื™ื ืžืžื ื• ื ืžืฆืื™ื ื›ืืŸ
00:47
in South Kensington.
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ื‘ื“ืจื•ื ืงื ืกื™ื ื’ื˜ื•ืŸ.
00:49
That machine was built by this guy, Charles Babbage.
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ื”ืžื›ื•ื ื” ื”ื”ื™ื ื ื‘ื ืชื” ืขืœ-ื™ื“ื™ ืื“ื ื–ื”, ืฆ'ืืจืœืก ื‘ืื‘ืื’'.
00:52
Now, I have a great affinity for Charles Babbage
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ื™ืฉ ืœื™ ื—ื™ื‘ื” ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ืœืฆ'ืืจืœืก ื‘ืื‘ืื’'
00:54
because his hair is always completely unkempt like this
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ืžื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉืฉื™ืขืจื• ืชืžื™ื“ ื”ื™ื” ืคืจื•ืข ื›ืžื• ื›ืืŸ,
00:57
in every single picture. (Laughter)
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ื‘ื›ืœ ืชืžื•ื ื” ื•ืชืžื•ื ื”. (ืฆื—ื•ืง)
00:59
He was a very wealthy man, and a sort of,
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ื”ื•ื ื”ื™ื” ืืžื™ื“ ืžืื•ื“ ื•ื‘ืžื•ื‘ืŸ ืžืกื•ื™ื™ื
01:01
part of the aristocracy of Britain,
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ื”ื™ื” ื—ืœืง ืžืืฆื•ืœืช ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื ื™ื”.
01:03
and on a Saturday night in Marylebone,
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ื‘ืœื™ืœื•ืช ื™ืžื™ ืฉื‘ืช ื‘ืžืจื™ืœื‘ื•ืŸ,
01:05
were you part of the intelligentsia of that period,
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ืื ื”ื™ื™ืช ืฉื™ื™ืš ืœืฉื›ื‘ืช ื”ืื™ื ื˜ืœื’ื ืฆื™ื” ืฉืœ ืื•ืชื” ืชืงื•ืคื”,
01:08
you would have been invited round to his house
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ื”ื™ื™ืช ืžื•ื–ืžืŸ ืœื—ืฆืจ ื‘ื™ืช ื–ื”
01:09
for a soiree โ€” and he invited everybody:
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ืœื ืฉืฃ -- ื•ื”ื•ื ื”ื–ืžื™ืŸ ืืช ื›ื•ืœื:
01:12
kings, the Duke of Wellington, many, many famous people โ€”
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ืžืœื›ื™ื, ืืช ื”ื“ื•ื›ืก ืžื•ื•ืœื™ื ื’ื˜ื•ืŸ ื•ื”ืžื•ืŸ ืžืคื•ืจืกืžื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื --
01:16
and he would have shown you one of his mechanical machines.
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ื•ื”ื•ื ื”ื™ื” ื ื•ื”ื’ ืœื”ืฆื™ื’ ืืช ืื—ืช ืžื”ืžื›ื•ื ื•ืช ืฉืœื•.
01:18
I really miss that era, you know, where you could
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ืื ื™ ื‘ืืžืช ืžืชื’ืขื’ืข ืœืื•ืชื” ืชืงื•ืคื” ืฉื‘ื” ื”ื™ื” ื ื™ืชืŸ
01:21
go around for a soiree and see a mechanical computer
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ืœืœื›ืช ืœื ืฉืฃ ื•ืœืจืื•ืช ืžื—ืฉื‘ ืžื™ื›ื ื™
01:23
get demonstrated to you. (Laughter)
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ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ืš. (ืฆื—ื•ืง)
01:25
But Babbage, Babbage himself was born
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ืื‘ืœ ื‘ืื‘ืื’' ืขืฆืžื• ื ื•ืœื“
01:28
at the end of the 18th century,
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ื‘ืกื•ืฃ ื”ืžืื” ื”-18,
01:30
and was a fairly famous mathematician.
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ื•ื”ื™ื” ืžืชืžื˜ื™ืงืื™ ื“ื™ ื™ื“ื•ืข.
01:32
He held the post that Newton held at Cambridge,
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ื”ื•ื ื ืฉื ื‘ืžื™ืฉืจื” ืฉื ื™ื•ื˜ื•ืŸ ื ืฉื ื‘ืงื™ื™ืžื‘ืจื™ื“ื’',
01:35
and that was recently held by Stephen Hawking.
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ื•ืฉืœืื—ืจื•ื ื” ื”ื—ื–ื™ืง ื‘ื” ืกื˜ื™ื‘ืŸ ื”ื•ืงื™ื ื’.
01:37
He's less well known than either of them because
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ื”ื•ื ืžื•ื›ืจ ืคื—ื•ืช ืžื›ืœ ืื—ื“ ืžื”ื
01:40
he got this idea to make mechanical computing devices
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ืžืื—ืจ ื•ื”ื•ื ืžืขื•ืœื ืœื ื™ื™ืฉื ืืช ืจืขื™ื•ื ื•
01:43
and never made any of them.
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ืœื‘ื ื™ื™ืช ืžื—ืฉื‘ื™ื ืžื™ื›ื ื™ื™ื.
01:46
The reason he never made any of them, he's a classic nerd.
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ื”ืกื™ื‘ื” ืฉื”ื•ื ืžืขื•ืœื ื‘ื ื” ื›ืืœื” ื”ื™ืชื” ืฉื”ื•ื ื”ื™ื” ื”ื—ื ื•ืŸ ื”ืงืœืืกื™.
01:49
Every time he had a good idea, he'd think,
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ื‘ื›ืœ ืคืขื ืฉื”ื™ื” ืœื• ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ื˜ื•ื‘, ื”ื•ื ื”ื™ื” ื—ื•ืฉื‘,
01:51
"That's brilliant, I'm going to start building that one.
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"ื–ื” ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ืžื‘ืจื™ืง, ืืชื—ื™ืœ ืœื‘ื ื•ืช ืืช ื–ื”.
01:52
I'll spend a fortune on it. I've got a better idea.
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ืื•ืฆื™ื ืขืœ ื–ื” ื”ื•ืŸ ืจื‘. ืื”, ื™ืฉ ืœื™ ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ื™ื•ืชืจ ื˜ื•ื‘.
01:55
I'm going to work on this one. (Laughter) And I'm going to do this one."
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ืืขื‘ื•ื“ ืขืœ ื–ื”. (ืฆื—ื•ืง) ื•ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ืืขืฉื” ืืช ื–ื”."
01:57
He did this until Sir Robert Peel, then Prime Minister,
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ื”ื•ื ืขืฉื” ื–ืืช ืขื“ ืืฉืจ ืกืจ ืจื•ื‘ืจื˜ ืคื™ืœ, ืจืืฉ-ื”ืžืžืฉืœื” ื“ืื–,
02:00
basically kicked him out of Number 10 Downing Street,
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ื‘ืขืฆื ืกื™ืœืง ืื•ืชื• ืืœ ืžื—ื•ืฅ ืœื“ืื•ื ื™ื ื’ 10,
02:03
and kicking him out, in those days, that meant saying,
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ื•ืœืกืœืง, ืคื™ืจื•ืฉ ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื‘ืื•ืชื ื”ื™ืžื™ื ื”ื™ื” ืœื•ืžืจ,
02:05
"I bid you good day, sir." (Laughter)
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"ืื ื™ ืžืื—ืœ ืœืš ื™ื•ื ื˜ื•ื‘, ืื“ื•ื ื™." (ืฆื—ื•ืง)
02:08
The thing he designed was this monstrosity here,
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ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ืฉื”ื•ื ื”ื’ื” ื”ื™ื” ื”ืžืคืœืฆืช ื”ื–ื• ื›ืืŸ,
02:10
the analytical engine. Now, just to give you an idea of this,
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ื”ืžื›ื•ื ื” ื”ืื ืœื™ื˜ื™ืช. ืจืง ื›ื“ื™ ืœืชืช ืœื›ื ืžื•ืฉื’ ืขืœื™ื”,
02:14
this is a view from above.
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ื–ื”ื• ืžื‘ื˜ ืžืœืžืขืœื”.
02:15
Every one of these circles is a cog, a stack of cogs,
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ื›ืœ ืื—ื“ ืžื”ืขื™ื’ื•ืœื™ื ื”ืืœื” ื”ื•ื ื’ืœื’ืœ-ืฉื™ื ื™ื™ื, ืขืจื™ืžืช ื’ืœื’ืœื™-ืฉื™ื ื™ื™ื,
02:19
and this thing is as big as a steam locomotive.
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ื•ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ื–ื” ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื›ืžื• ืงื˜ืจ ืงื™ื˜ื•ืจ.
02:22
So as I go through this talk, I want you to imagine
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ืœื›ืŸ ืœืื•ืจืš ื”ื”ืจืฆืื”, ืื‘ืงืฉ ืฉืชื“ืžื™ื™ื ื•
02:24
this gigantic machine. We heard those wonderful sounds
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ืืช ื”ืžื›ื•ื ื” ื”ืขื ืงื™ืช ื”ื–ื•. ืฉืžืขื ื• ืืช ื”ืงื•ืœื•ืช ื”ื ืคืœืื™ื ื”ื”ื
02:26
of what this thing would have sounded like.
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ืฉืœ ืื™ืš ืฉื”ืžื›ื•ื ื” ื”ื–ื• ืขืฉื•ื™ื” ื”ื™ืชื” ืœื”ื™ืฉืžืข.
02:28
And I'm going to take you through the architecture of the machine
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ืืงื— ืืชื›ื ืœืกื™ื•ืจ ื“ืจืš ืืจื›ื™ื˜ืงื˜ื•ืจืช ื”ืžื›ื•ื ื”
02:30
โ€” that's why it's computer architecture โ€”
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-- ืœื›ืŸ ืงื•ืจืื™ื ืœื–ื” ืืจื›ื™ื˜ืงื˜ื•ืจืช ืžื—ืฉื‘ื™ื --
02:31
and tell you about this machine, which is a computer.
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ื•ืืกืคืจ ืœื›ื ืขืœ ื”ืžื›ื•ื ื”, ืฉื”ื™ื ื‘ืขืฆื ืžื—ืฉื‘.
02:35
So let's talk about the memory. The memory
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ื”ื‘ื” ื ื“ื‘ืจ ืขืœ ื”ื–ื™ื›ืจื•ืŸ. ื”ื–ื™ื›ืจื•ืŸ ื“ื•ืžื” ืžืื•ื“
02:38
is very like the memory of a computer today,
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ืœื–ื™ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืžื—ืฉื‘ ืฉืœ ื”ื™ื•ื,
02:40
except it was all made out of metal,
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ืืœื ืฉื”ื•ื ื”ื™ื” ืขืฉื•ื™ ืžืžืชื›ืช,
02:43
stacks and stacks of cogs, 30 cogs high.
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ืขืจื™ืžื•ืช ืขืœ ื’ื‘ื™ ืขืจื™ืžื•ืช ืฉืœ ื’ืœื’ืœื™-ืฉื™ื ื™ื™ื, ื‘ื’ื•ื‘ื” 30 ื’ืœื’ืœื™-ืฉื™ื ื™ื™ื.
02:47
Imagine a thing this high of cogs,
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ืชื—ืฉื‘ื• ืขืœ ืžืฉื”ื• ืฉืขืฉื•ื™ ืžื’ืœื’ืœื™-ืฉื™ื ื™ื™ื ื‘ื’ื•ื‘ื” ื›ื–ื”,
02:49
hundreds and hundreds of them,
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ืžืื•ืช ืขืœ ื’ื‘ื™ ืžืื•ืช,
02:51
and they've got numbers on them.
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ื•ืขืœื™ื”ื ืจืฉื•ืžื™ื ืžืกืคืจื™ื.
02:52
It's a decimal machine. Everything's done in decimal.
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ื–ื•ื”ื™ ืžื›ื•ื ื” ืขืฉืจื•ื ื™ืช. ื”ื›ืœ ืžืชื‘ืฆืข ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืขืฉืจื•ื ื™.
02:55
And he thought about using binary. The problem
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ื”ื•ื ื—ืฉื‘ ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ืฉื™ื˜ื” ื”ื‘ื™ื ืืจื™ืช.
02:56
with using binary is that the machine would have been so
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ื”ื‘ืขื™ื” ื‘ืฉื™ื˜ื” ื–ื• ืฉื”ืžื›ื•ื ื” ื”ื™ืชื” ืื–
02:58
tall, it would have been ridiculous. As it is, it's enormous.
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ื›ืœ-ื›ืš ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื” ืฉื–ื” ืคืฉื•ื˜ ืœื ืžืฆื™ืื•ืชื™. ื’ื ื›ื›ื” ื”ื™ื ืขื ืงื™ืช.
03:01
So he's got memory.
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ื™ืฉ ื’ื ื–ื™ื›ืจื•ืŸ.
03:03
The memory is this bit over here.
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ื”ื–ื™ื›ืจื•ืŸ ื–ื• ื”ืคื™ืกื” ื”ื–ื• ื›ืืŸ.
03:06
You see it all like this.
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ื›ื•ืœื ื ืจืื™ื ื›ืš.
03:08
This monstrosity over here is the CPU, the chip, if you like.
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ื”ืžืคืœืฆืช ื”ื–ื• ื›ืืŸ ื–ื” ื”ืžืขื‘ื“, ื”ืฉื‘ื‘ ืื ืชืจืฆื•.
03:13
Of course, it's this big.
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ื’ื ื”ื•ื ื›ื–ื” ื’ื“ื•ืœ.
03:15
Completely mechanical. This whole machine is mechanical.
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ื”ื›ืœ ืžื™ื›ื ื™. ื›ืœ ื”ืžื—ืฉื‘ ื”ื•ื ืžื™ื›ื ื™.
03:18
This is a picture of a prototype for part of the CPU
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ื–ื•ื”ื™ ืชืžื•ื ืช ืื‘-ื˜ื™ืคื•ืก ืฉืœ ืจื›ื™ื‘ ืžื”ืžืขื‘ื“
03:22
which is in the Science Museum.
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ื”ื ืžืฆื ื”ื™ื•ื ื‘ืžื•ื–ื™ืื•ืŸ ื”ืžื“ืข.
03:24
The CPU could do the four fundamental functions of arithmetic --
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ื”ืžืขื‘ื“ ื™ื›ืœ ืœื‘ืฆืข ืืช ืืจื‘ืขืช ื”ืคืขื•ืœื•ืช ื”ื‘ืกื™ืกื™ื•ืช ื‘ื—ืฉื‘ื•ืŸ --
03:28
so addition, multiplication, subtraction, division --
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ื—ื™ื‘ื•ืจ, ื—ื™ืกื•ืจ, ื›ืคืœ ื•ื—ื™ืœื•ืง --
03:30
which already is a bit of a feat in metal,
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ืฉื–ื” ื›ื‘ืจ ื”ื™ืฉื’ ืœื‘ืฆืข ื–ืืช ืขื ืžืชื›ืช,
03:33
but it could also do something that a computer does
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ื•ื ื™ื›ืœ ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืขื•ื“ ืžืฉื”ื• ืฉืžื—ืฉื‘ ืขื•ืฉื”
03:36
and a calculator doesn't:
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ืื‘ืœ ืžื—ืฉื‘ื•ืŸ ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœ:
03:38
this machine could look at its own internal memory and make a decision.
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ืžื›ื•ื ื” ื–ื• ื™ื›ืœื” ืœื”ืกืชื›ืœ ืขืœ ื”ื–ื™ื›ืจื•ืŸ ื”ืคื ื™ืžื™ ืฉืœื” ื•ืœืงื‘ืœ ื”ื—ืœื˜ื•ืช.
03:42
It could do the "if then" for basic programmers,
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ื”ื™ื ื™ื›ืœื” ืœื‘ืฆืข ืืช ืชื ืื™ ื”"ืื ืื–" ืฉืœ ืžืชื›ื ืช ืžืชื—ื™ืœ,
03:44
and that fundamentally made it into a computer.
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ื•ื–ื” ื‘ืขื™ืงืจื•ืŸ ื”ืคืš ืื•ืชื” ืœืžื—ืฉื‘.
03:47
It could compute. It couldn't just calculate. It could do more.
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ื”ื™ื ื™ื›ืœื” ืœื—ืฉื‘ ื•ืœื ืจืง ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืคืขื•ืœื•ืช ื—ืฉื‘ื•ื ื™ื•ืช.
03:51
Now, if we look at this, and we stop for a minute,
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ืื ื ืขืฆื•ืจ ืœืจื’ืข ื•ื ื—ืฉื•ื‘
03:54
and we think about chips today, we can't
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ืขืœ ื”ืฉื‘ื‘ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ื™ื•ื,
03:56
look inside a silicon chip. It's just so tiny.
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ื”ืจื™ ืื™ื ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืจืื•ืช ืืœ ืชื•ืš ืฉื‘ื‘ ื”ืกื™ืœื™ืงื•ืŸ. ื”ื•ื ื›ืœ-ื›ืš ืงื˜ืŸ.
04:00
Yet if you did, you would see something
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ืื‘ืœ ืื ื‘ื›ืœ ื–ืืช ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื,
04:01
very, very similar to this.
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ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ืจื•ืื™ื ืžืฉื”ื• ืฉืžืื•ื“ ื“ื•ืžื” ืœื–ื”.
04:03
There's this incredible complexity in the CPU,
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ื™ืฉ ืืช ื”ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ื•ืช ื”ืžื“ื”ื™ืžื” ื‘ืžืขื‘ื“,
04:06
and this incredible regularity in the memory.
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ื•ืืช ื”ื—ื•ืงื™ื•ืช ื”ืžื“ื”ื™ืžื” ื‘ื–ื™ื›ืจื•ืŸ.
04:09
If you've ever seen an electron microscope picture,
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ืื ืจืื™ืชื ืคืขื ืชืžื•ื ื” ืฉืœ ืžื™ืงืจื•ืกืงื•ืค ืืœืงื˜ืจื•ื ื™,
04:10
you'll see this. This all looks the same,
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ื‘ื˜ื— ืจืื™ืชื ืืช ื–ื”. ื›ืœ ื–ื” ื ืจืื” ืื•ืชื• ื”ื“ื‘ืจ,
04:12
then there's this bit over here which is incredibly complicated.
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ื•ื™ืฉ ืืช ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ื–ื” ื›ืืŸ ืฉื”ื•ื ืžืื•ื“ ืžื•ืจื›ื‘.
04:15
All this cog wheel mechanism here is doing is what a computer does,
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ื›ืœ ื”ืžื ื’ื ื•ืŸ ื”ื–ื” ืฉืœ ื’ืœื’ืœื™-ื”ืฉื™ื ื™ื™ื ืขื•ืฉื” ืžื” ืฉืžื—ืฉื‘ ืขื•ืฉื”,
04:19
but of course you need to program this thing, and of course,
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ืื‘ืœ ื‘ืจื•ืจ ืฉืฆืจื™ืš ืœืชื›ื ืช ืื•ืชื•, ื•ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ,
04:21
Babbage used the technology of the day
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ืฉื‘ืื‘ืื’' ื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ื˜ื›ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ืฉืœ ืื–
04:24
and the technology that would reappear in the '50s, '60s and '70s,
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ื•ื‘ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ืฉืชื•ืคื™ืข ืฉื•ื‘ ื‘ืฉื ื•ืช ื”-50, ื”-60 ื•ื”-70 ืฉืœ ืžืื” ื”-20,
04:28
which is punch cards. This thing over here
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ืฉื–ื” ื›ืจื˜ื™ืกื™ ื ื™ืงื•ื‘. ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ื–ื” ื›ืืŸ
04:31
is one of three punch card readers in here,
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ื”ื•ื ืื—ื“ ืžืฉืœื•ืฉืช ืงื•ืจืื™ ื›ืจื˜ื™ืกื™ ื ื™ืงื•ื‘,
04:33
and this is a program in the Science Museum, just
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ื•ื–ื• ืชื•ื›ื ื” ื‘ืžื•ื–ื™ืื•ืŸ ื”ืžื“ืข,
04:37
not far from here, created by Charles Babbage,
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ืžืžืฉ ืœื ืจื—ื•ืง ืžื›ืืŸ, ืฉื™ืฆืจ ืฆ'ืืจืœืก ื‘ืื‘ืื’',
04:42
that is sitting there โ€” you can go see it โ€”
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ื”ืžื•ื ื—ืช ืฉื -- ืืคืฉืจ ืœืœื›ืช ื•ืœืจืื•ืช --
04:43
waiting for the machine to be built.
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ื•ืžืžืชื™ื ื” ืœืžื›ื•ื ื” ืฉืืžื•ืจื” ืœื”ื™ื‘ื ื•ืช.
04:46
And there's not just one of these, there's many of them.
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ื•ื™ืฉ ืฉื ืœื ืจืง ืื—ืช ื›ื–ื•, ื™ืฉ ื”ืจื‘ื” ื›ืืœื•.
04:49
He prepared programs anticipating this would happen.
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ื”ื•ื ื™ืฆืจ ืชื•ื›ื ื•ืช ื‘ืฆื™ืคื™ื™ื” ืฉื–ื” ื™ืงืจื”.
04:52
Now, the reason they used punch cards was that Jacquard,
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ื”ืกื™ื‘ื” ืฉื”ื ื”ืฉืชืžืฉื• ื‘ื›ืจื˜ื™ืกื™ ื ื™ืงื•ื‘ ื”ื™ืชื” ืฉื–ืืงืืจื“,
04:54
in France, had created the Jacquard loom,
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ื‘ืฆืจืคืช, ื™ืฆืจ ืืช ื”ื ื•ืœ ืฉืœ ื–ืืงืืจื“,
04:56
which was weaving these incredible patterns controlled by punch cards,
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ืฉืืจื’ ืืช ื”ืฆื•ืจื•ืช ื”ืžื“ื”ื™ืžื•ืช ื”ืœืœื• ื‘ืขื–ืจืช ืฉืœื™ื˜ื” ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื›ืจื˜ื™ืกื™ ื ื™ืงื•ื‘,
04:59
so he was just repurposing the technology of the day,
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ื›ืš ืฉื”ื•ื ืจืง ืžืฆื ื™ื™ืขื•ื“ ื—ื“ืฉ ืœื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ืฉืœ ืื•ืชื ื”ื™ืžื™ื,
05:02
and like everything else he did, he's using the technology
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ื•ื›ืžื• ื›ืœ ื“ื‘ืจ ืื—ืจ ืฉื”ื•ื ืขืฉื”, ื”ื•ื ื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื”
05:04
of his era, so 1830s, 1840s, 1850s, cogs, steam,
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ืฉืœ ืชืงื•ืคืชื• ื›ื’ื•ืŸ ื’ืœื’ืœื™-ืฉื™ื ื™ื™ื, ืงื™ื˜ื•ืจ, ืžื›ืฉื™ืจื™ื ืžื™ื›ื ื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ืฉื ื•ืช ื”-1830,
05:09
mechanical devices. Ironically, born the same year
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1840, 1850. ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืื™ืจื•ื ื™, ื‘ืื•ืชื” ืฉื ื” ื‘ื” ื ื•ืœื“ ื‘ืื‘ืื’',
05:13
as Charles Babbage was Michael Faraday,
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ื ื•ืœื“ ื’ื ืžื™ื™ืงืœ ืคืืจืื“ื™ื™,
05:15
who would completely revolutionize everything
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ืฉื’ืจื ืœืžื”ืคื™ื›ื” ืจื‘ืชื™ืช ื‘ื”ื›ืœ
05:17
with the dynamo, transformers, all these sorts of things.
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ืขื ื”ื“ื™ื ืžื•, ืฉื ืื™ื ื•ื›ื“ื•ืžื”.
05:20
Babbage, of course, wanted to use proven technology,
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ื‘ืื‘ืื’' ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ ืจืฆื” ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ืžื•ื›ื—ืช,
05:23
so steam and things.
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ื›ืžื• ืงื™ื˜ื•ืจ ื•ื›ื“ื•ืžื”.
05:25
Now, he needed accessories.
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ื”ื•ื ื ื–ืงืง ืœืื‘ื™ื–ืจื™ ืขื–ืจ.
05:26
Obviously, you've got a computer now.
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ื˜ื•ื‘, ื”ื™ื•ื ื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ืืช ื”ืžื—ืฉื‘.
05:28
You've got punch cards, a CPU and memory.
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ื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ื›ืจื˜ื™ืกื™ ื ื™ืงื•ื‘, ืžืขื‘ื“ ื•ื–ื™ื›ืจื•ืŸ.
05:30
You need accessories you're going to come with.
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ื™ืฉ ืฆื•ืจืš ื‘ืื‘ื™ื–ืจื™ ืขื–ืจ ืฉืืคืฉืจ ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ ืื™ืชื.
05:32
You're not just going to have that,
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ืืœื” ืœื ื‘ืื™ื ื‘ืงืœื•ืช.
05:34
So, first of all, you had sound. You had a bell,
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ื›ืš ืฉื‘ืชื—ื™ืœื” ื”ื™ื” ืฆืœื™ืœ. ื”ื™ื” ืคืขืžื•ืŸ,
05:37
so if anything went wrong โ€” (Laughter) โ€”
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ื›ืš ืฉืื ืžืฉื”ื• ืœื ื”ื™ื” ื›ืฉื•ืจื” -- (ืฆื—ื•ืง) --
05:39
or the machine needed the attendant to come to it,
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ืื• ืฉื”ืžื›ื•ื ื” ื”ื™ืชื” ื–ืงื•ืงื” ืœืžื˜ืคืœ ืฉื™ื™ื’ืฉ ืืœื™ื”,
05:41
there was a bell it could ring. (Laughter)
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ื”ื™ื” ืคืขืžื•ืŸ ืฉืืคืฉืจ ืœืฆืœืฆืœ. (ืฆื—ื•ืง)
05:43
And there's actually an instruction on the punch card
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ืœืžืขืฉื” ืงื™ื™ืžืช ื”ื•ืจืื” ืขืœ ื›ืจื˜ื™ืก ื”ื ื™ืงื•ื‘
05:45
which says "Ring the bell." So you can imagine this "Ting!"
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ื”ืื•ืžืจืช "ืฆืœืฆืœ ื‘ืคืขืžื•ืŸ". ืœื›ืŸ ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื“ืžื™ื™ืŸ ืืช ื”"ื˜ื™ื ื’!"
05:48
You know, just stop for a moment, imagine all those noises,
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ื”ื‘ื” ื ืขืฆื•ืจ ืœืจื’ืข ื•ื ื“ืžื™ื™ืŸ ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ืจืขืฉื™ื ื”ืœืœื•,
05:50
this thing, "Click, clack click click click,"
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ืืช ื”"ืงืœื™ืง, ืงืœืืง, ืงืœื™ืง, ืงืœื™ืง, ืงืœื™ืง."
05:51
steam engine, "Ding," right? (Laughter)
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ืžื ื•ืข ืงื™ื˜ื•ืจ, "ื“ื™ื ื’", ื ื›ื•ืŸ? (ืฆื—ื•ืง)
05:54
You also need a printer, obviously, and everyone needs a printer.
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ืฆืจื™ืš ื’ื ืžื“ืคืกืช, ื‘ืจื•ืจ, ื›ื•ืœื ื–ืงื•ืงื™ื ืœืžื“ืคืกืช.
05:56
This is actually a picture of the printing mechanism for
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ื–ื•ื”ื™ ืœืžืขืฉื” ืชืžื•ื ื” ืฉืœ ืžื ื’ื ื•ืŸ ื”ื“ืคืกื”
05:59
another machine of his, called the Difference Engine No. 2,
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ื‘ืžื›ื•ื ื” ืื—ืจืช ืฉืœื•, ื”ื ืงืจืืช ืžื›ื•ื ืช ื”ื”ืคืจืฉื™ื ืžืก' 2,
06:02
which he never built, but which the Science Museum
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ืฉื”ื•ื ืžืขื•ืœื ืœื ื‘ื ื”, ืื‘ืœ ื”ืžื•ื–ื™ืื•ืŸ ืœืžื“ืข
06:04
did build in the '80s and '90s.
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ื›ืŸ ื‘ื ื” ื‘ืฉื ื•ืช ื”-80 ื•ื”-90.
06:06
It's completely mechanical, again, a printer.
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ื”ื™ื ื›ื•ืœื” ืžื™ื›ื ื™ืช, ืฉื•ื‘, ืžื“ืคืกืช.
06:08
It prints just numbers, because he was obsessed with numbers,
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ื”ื™ื ืžื“ืคื™ืกื” ืจืง ืžืกืคืจื™ื, ื›ื™ ื”ื™ืชื” ืœื• ืื•ื‘ืกืกื™ื” ืœืžืกืคืจื™ื,
06:11
but it does print onto paper, and it even does word wrapping,
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ื™ื ื›ืŸ ืžื“ืคื™ืกื” ืขืœ ื ื™ื™ืจ ื•ืืคื™ืœื• ืžื‘ืฆืขืช ื”ื•ืจื“ืช ืฉื•ืจื”,
06:14
so if you get to the end of the line, it goes around like that.
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ื›ืš ืฉืื ืžื’ื™ืขื™ื ืœืกื•ืฃ ืฉื•ืจื”, ื”ื™ื ื™ื•ืจื“ืช ื›ื›ื”.
06:17
You also need graphics, right?
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ืฆืจื™ืš ื’ื ื’ืจืคื™ืงื”, ื ื›ื•ืŸ?
06:19
I mean, if you're going to do anything with graphics,
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ื›ืœื•ืžืจ, ืื ื‘ืจืฆื•ื ื›ื ืœื”ืชืขืกืง ืขื ื’ืจืคื™ืงื”,
06:20
so he said, "Well, I need a plotter. I've got a big piece of paper
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ืื– ื”ื•ื ืืžืจ, "ื˜ื•ื‘, ืื ื™ ืฆืจื™ืš ืžื“ืคืกืช ื’ืจืคื™ืช. ื™ืฉ ืœื™ ื—ืชื™ื›ืช ื ื™ื™ืจ ื’ื“ื•ืœื”,
06:23
and an ink pen and I'll make it plot."
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ืขื˜-ื“ื™ื• ื•ืืฆื™ื™ืจ ื’ืจืฃ."
06:25
So he designed a plotter as well,
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ืœื›ืŸ ื”ื•ื ื’ื ืชื›ื ืŸ ืžื“ืคืกืช ืœื’ืจืคื™ื,
06:27
and, you know, at that point, I think he got pretty much
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ื•ื‘ืฉืœื‘ ื–ื”, ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ ืฉื”ื™ืชื” ืœื•
06:31
a pretty good machine.
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ืžื›ื•ื ื” ื“ื™ ื˜ื•ื‘ื”.
06:32
Along comes this woman, Ada Lovelace.
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ื‘ืื•ืชื• ื–ืžืŸ ื”ื•ืคื™ืขื” ืื™ืฉื” ื–ื•, ืื“ื” ืœืื‘ืœืก.
06:35
Now, imagine these soirees, all these great and good comes along.
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ืชื ืกื• ืœื“ืžื™ื™ืŸ ืืช ื”ื ืฉืคื™ื, ื›ืœ ื”ืžื›ื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ืžื’ื™ืขื™ื.
06:38
This lady is the daughter of the mad, bad
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ืื™ืฉื” ื–ื• ื”ื™ื ื‘ืชื• ืฉืœ ืœื•ืจื“ ื‘ื™ื™ืจื•ืŸ
06:41
and dangerous-to-know Lord Byron,
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ื”ืžืฉื•ื’ืข, ื”ืจืข ื•ื”ืžืกื•ื›ืŸ,
06:43
and her mother, being a bit worried that she might have
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ื•ืื™ืžื”, ื‘ื”ื™ื•ืชื” ืงืฆืช ืžื•ื“ืื’ืช ืฉื‘ืชื” ืื•ืœื™
06:46
inherited some of Lord Byron's madness and badness,
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ื™ืจืฉื” ื—ืœืง ืžื”ืฉื™ื’ืขื•ืŸ ื•ื”ืจื•ืข ืฉืœ ืœื•ืจื“ ื‘ื™ื™ืจื•ืŸ,
06:49
thought, "I know the solution: Mathematics is the solution.
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ื—ืฉื‘ื”, "ื™ืฉ ืœื™ ืคื™ืชืจื•ืŸ: ืžืชืžื˜ื™ืงื” ื”ื™ื ื”ืคื™ืชืจื•ืŸ.
06:52
We'll teach her mathematics. That'll calm her down."
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ื ืœืžื“ ืื•ืชื” ืžืชืžื˜ื™ืงื”. ื–ื” ื™ืจื’ื™ืข ืื•ืชื”."
06:55
(Laughter) Because of course,
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง) ื›ื™ ื”ืจื™ ื‘ืจื•ืจ,
06:59
there's never been a mathematician that's gone crazy,
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ืืฃ ืคืขื ืœื ื”ื™ื” ืžืชืžื˜ื™ืงืื™ ืฉื”ืฉืชื’ืข,
07:03
so, you know, that'll be fine. (Laughter)
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ืœื›ืŸ ื”ื›ืœ ื™ื”ื™ื” ื‘ืกื“ืจ. (ืฆื—ื•ืง)
07:05
Everything'll be fine. So she's got this mathematical training,
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ื›ืš ื”ื™ื ืงื™ื‘ืœื” ื”ื›ืฉืจื” ืžืชืžื˜ื™ืช,
07:08
and she goes to one of these soirees with her mother,
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ื•ื”ื™ื ื”ื•ืœื›ืช ืœืื—ื“ ื”ื ืฉืคื™ื ืขื ืื™ืžื”,
07:11
and Charles Babbage, you know, gets out his machine.
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ื•ืฆ'ืืจืœืก ื‘ืื‘ืื’' ืžื•ืฆื™ื ื”ื—ื•ืฆื” ืืช ื”ืžื›ื•ื ื” ืฉืœื•.
07:14
The Duke of Wellington is there, you know,
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ื’ื ื”ื“ื•ื›ืก ืžื•ื•ืœื™ื ื’ื˜ื•ืŸ ืฉื.
07:16
get out the machine, obviously demonstrates it,
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ื”ื•ื ืžื•ืฆื™ื ืืช ื”ืžื›ื•ื ื”, ืžืฆื™ื’ ืืช ื‘ื™ืฆื•ืขื™ื”,
07:17
and she gets it. She's the only person in his lifetime, really,
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ื•ื”ื™ื ืคืชืื•ื ืชื•ืคืกืช ืืช ื–ื”. ื”ื™ื ื”ืื“ื ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ ื‘ื—ื™ื™ื•, ืžืžืฉ ื›ืš,
07:21
who said, "I understand what this does,
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ืฉืื•ืžืจ, "ืื ื™ ืžื‘ื™ื ื” ืžื” ื–ื” ืขื•ืฉื”,
07:22
and I understand the future of this machine."
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ื•ืื ื™ ืžื‘ื™ื ื” ืžื” ืฆื•ืคืŸ ื”ืขืชื™ื“ ืœืžื›ื•ื ื” ื–ื•."
07:24
And we owe to her an enormous amount because we know
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ืื ื• ื—ื‘ื™ื ืœื” ื”ืžื•ืŸ ื›ื™ ืื ื• ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื
07:28
a lot about the machine that Babbage was intending to build
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ื”ืจื‘ื” ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื”ืžื›ื•ื ื” ืฉื‘ืื‘ืื’' ื”ืชื›ื•ื•ืŸ ืœื‘ื ื•ืช,
07:31
because of her.
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ืืš ื•ืจืง ื‘ื’ืœืœื”.
07:32
Now, some people call her the first programmer.
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ื™ืฉ ื›ืืœื” ื”ืžื›ื ื™ื ืื•ืชื” ื”ืžืชื›ื ืชืช ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื”.
07:35
This is actually from one of -- the paper that she translated.
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ื–ื”ื• ืงื˜ืข ืžืื—ื“ ื”ืชืจื’ื•ืžื™ื ืฉืœื”.
07:38
This is a program written in a particular style.
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ื–ื•ื”ื™ ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื” ื‘ืกื’ื ื•ืŸ ืžื™ื•ื—ื“.
07:41
It's not, historically, totally accurate that she's the first programmer,
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ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ืช ื–ื” ื›ืœืœ ืœื ืžื“ื•ื™ื™ืง ืฉื”ื™ื ื”ืžืชื›ื ืชืช ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื”,
07:45
and actually, she did something more amazing.
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ืื‘ืœ ืœืžืขืฉื”, ื”ื™ื ืขืฉืชื” ืžืฉื”ื• ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื“ื”ื™ื.
07:47
Rather than just being a programmer,
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ืกืชื ืžืืฉืจ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžืชื›ื ืชืช,
07:48
she saw something that Babbage didn't.
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ื”ื™ื ืจืืชื” ืžืฉื”ื• ืฉื‘ืื‘ืื’' ืœื.
07:51
Babbage was totally obsessed with mathematics.
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ื‘ืื‘ืื’' ื”ื™ื” ืฉืงื•ืข ืœื—ืœื•ื˜ื™ืŸ ื‘ืžืชืžื˜ื™ืงื”.
07:54
He was building a machine to do mathematics,
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ื”ื•ื ื‘ื ื” ืžื›ื•ื ื” ืฉืชื‘ืฆืข ืคืขื•ืœื•ืช ืžืชืžื˜ื™ื•ืช,
07:58
and Lovelace said, "You could do more than mathematics
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ื•ืœืื‘ืœืก ืืžืจื”, "ืืคืฉืจ ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืžืชืžื˜ื™ืงื”
08:01
on this machine." And just as you do,
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ื‘ืžื›ื•ื ื” ื–ื•." ื•ื›ืžื• ืฉืืชื,
08:04
everyone in this room already's got a computer on them
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ืœื›ืœ ืื—ื“ ื›ืืŸ ื™ืฉ ืขืœื™ื• ืžื—ืฉื‘
08:05
right now, because they've got a phone.
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ืžืžืฉ ื›ืจื’ืข, ื›ื™ ื™ืฉ ืœื›ื ื˜ืœืคื•ืŸ (ื ื™ื™ื“).
08:07
If you go into that phone, every single thing in that phone
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ืื ืชื™ื›ื ืกื• ืœื˜ืœืคื•ืŸ, ื›ืœ ื“ื‘ืจ ื‘ืื•ืชื• ื˜ืœืคื•ืŸ,
08:10
or computer or any other computing device
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ืื• ืžื—ืฉื‘ ืื• ื›ืœ ืžื›ืฉื™ืจ ื—ื™ืฉื•ื‘ ืื—ืจ
08:12
is mathematics. It's all numbers at the bottom.
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ื–ื” ืžืชืžื˜ื™ืงื”. ื‘ืกื•ืคื• ืฉืœ ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ื›ืœ ืžืกืคืจื™ื.
08:14
Whether it's video or text or music or voice, it's all numbers,
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ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื ื–ื” ื•ื™ื“ืื• ืื• ื˜ืงืกื˜ ืื• ืžื•ื–ื™ืงื” ืื• ืงื•ืœ, ื”ื›ืœ ื–ื” ืžืกืคืจื™ื,
08:18
it's all, underlying it, mathematical functions happening,
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ืืฆืœ ื›ื•ืœื, ืžื•ื ื—ื•ืช ื‘ื™ืกื•ื“ื ืคื•ื ืงืฆื™ื•ืช ืžืชืžื˜ื™ื•ืช ืฉืคื•ืขืœื•ืช,
08:22
and Lovelace said, "Just because you're doing
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ื•ืœืื‘ืœืก ืืžืจื”, "ืจืง ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืฉืืชื ืžืชืขืกืงื™ื
08:25
mathematical functions and symbols
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ื‘ืคื•ื ืงืฆื™ื•ืช ื•ืกืžืœื™ื ืžืชืžื˜ื™ื™ื,
08:28
doesn't mean these things can't represent
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ืื™ืŸ ืคื™ืจื•ืฉ ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ืฉื”ื ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื™ื™ืฆื’
08:30
other things in the real world, such as music."
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ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื ืžื”ืขื•ืœื ื”ืžืžืฉื™, ื›ื’ื•ืŸ ืžื•ื–ื™ืงื”."
08:33
This was a huge leap, because Babbage is there saying,
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ื–ื• ื”ื™ืชื” ืงืคื™ืฆื” ืขื ืงื™ืช, ื›ื™ ื‘ืื‘ืื’' ืฉื ืื•ืžืจ,
08:36
"We could compute these amazing functions and print out
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"ืื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื—ืฉื‘ ืืช ื”ืคื•ื ืงืฆื™ื•ืช ื•ืœื”ื“ืคื™ืก
08:38
tables of numbers and draw graphs," โ€” (Laughter) โ€”
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ื˜ื‘ืœืื•ืช ืžืกืคืจื™ื ื•ืœืฆื™ื™ืจ ื’ืจืคื™ื," -- ืฆื—ื•ืง --
08:42
and Lovelace is there and she says, "Look,
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ื•ืœืื‘ืœืก ืขื•ืžื“ืช ืฉื ื•ืื•ืžืจืช, "ืชืจืื•,
08:44
this thing could even compose music if you
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ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ื–ื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืืคื™ืœื• ืœื”ืœื—ื™ืŸ ืžื•ื–ื™ืงื”
08:46
told it a representation of music numerically."
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ืื ืชื’ื™ื“ื• ืœื• ื›ื™ืฆื“ ืœื™ื™ืฆื’ ืžื•ื–ื™ืงื” ื‘ืžืกืคืจื™ื."
08:50
So this is what I call Lovelace's Leap.
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ื–ื” ืžื” ืฉืื ื™ ืงื•ืจื ืœื• ื”ืงืคื™ืฆื” ืฉืœ ืœืื‘ืœืก.
08:52
When you say she's a programmer, she did do some,
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ื›ืืฉืจ ืื•ืžืจื™ื ืฉื”ื™ื ืžืชื›ื ืชืช, ื”ื™ื ืื›ืŸ ืขืฉืชื” ื–ืืช,
08:55
but the real thing is to have said the future is going to be
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™ ื–ื” ืœื•ืžืจ ืฉื”ืขืชื™ื“ ื”ื•ืœืš ืœื”ื™ื•ืช
08:58
much, much more than this.
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ื”ืจื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื–ื”.
09:01
Now, a hundred years later, this guy comes along,
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ืžืื” ืฉื ื™ื ืžืื•ื—ืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ, ืื“ื ื–ื” ื”ื•ืคื™ืข,
09:03
Alan Turing, and in 1936, and invents the computer all over again.
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ืืœืŸ ื˜ื•ืจื™ื ื’, ื•ื‘-1936 ื”ืžืฆื™ื ืืช ื”ืžื—ืฉื‘ ืฉื•ื‘ ืžื—ื“ืฉ.
09:08
Now, of course, Babbage's machine was entirely mechanical.
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ื‘ืจื•ืจ ืฉื”ืžื›ื•ื ื” ืฉืœ ื‘ืื‘ืื’' ื”ื™ืชื” ื›ื•ืœื” ืžื™ื›ื ื™ืช.
09:11
Turing's machine was entirely theoretical.
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ื”ืžื›ื•ื ื” ืฉืœ ื˜ื•ืจื™ื ื’ ื”ื™ืชื” ื›ื•ืœื” ื‘ืชืื•ืจื™ื”.
09:13
Both of these guys were coming from a mathematical perspective,
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ืฉื ื™ ื”ืื ืฉื™ื ื”ืœืœื• ื‘ืื• ืžืชืคื™ืกื” ืžืชืžื˜ื™ืช,
09:16
but Turing told us something very important.
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ืื‘ืœ ื˜ื•ืจื™ื ื’ ืกื™ืคืจ ืœื ื• ืžืฉื”ื• ืžืื•ื“ ื—ืฉื•ื‘.
09:19
He laid down the mathematical foundations
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ื”ื•ื ื”ื ื™ื— ืืช ื™ืกื•ื“ื•ืช ื”ืžืชืžื˜ื™ืงื”
09:22
for computer science, and said,
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ื‘ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืžื“ืขื™ ื”ืžื—ืฉื‘ ื•ืืžืจ,
09:24
"It doesn't matter how you make a computer."
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"ืื™ืŸ ื–ื” ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ื›ื™ืฆื“ ื‘ื•ื ื™ื ืžื—ืฉื‘."
09:27
It doesn't matter if your computer's mechanical,
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ืื™ืŸ ื–ื” ืžืฉื ื” ืื ื”ืžื—ืฉื‘ ืฉืœื›ื ืžื™ื›ื ื™,
09:29
like Babbage's was, or electronic, like computers are today,
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ื›ืžื• ืฉืœ ื‘ืื‘ืื’', ืื• ืืœืงื˜ืจื•ื ื™, ื›ืžื• ื”ืžื—ืฉื‘ื™ื ื”ื™ื•ื,
09:33
or perhaps in the future, cells, or, again,
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ืื• ืื•ืœื™ ื‘ืขืชื™ื“ ื™ื”ื™ื” ืขืฉื•ื™ ืžืชืื™ื, ืื• ืฉื•ื‘,
09:36
mechanical again, once we get into nanotechnology.
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ืžื™ื›ื ื™, ื‘ืจื’ืข ืฉื ื™ื›ื ืก ืœื ื ื•-ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื”.
09:39
We could go back to Babbage's machine
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ื ื•ื›ืœ ืœื—ื–ื•ืจ ืœืžื›ื•ื ื” ืฉืœ ื‘ืื‘ืื’'
09:41
and just make it tiny. All those things are computers.
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ื•ืœื”ืคื›ื” ืœื–ืขื™ืจื”. ื›ืœ ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื”ืœืœื• ื”ื ืžื—ืฉื‘ื™ื.
09:44
There is in a sense a computing essence.
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ื™ืฉ ื‘ื‘ืกื™ืกื ืขื™ืงืจื•ืŸ ื—ื™ืฉื•ื‘ื™.
09:45
This is called the Churchโ€“Turing thesis.
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ื–ื” ื ืงืจื ืชื™ื–ืช ืฆ'ืจืฆ'-ื˜ื•ืจื™ื ื’.
09:47
And so suddenly, you get this link where you say
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ื•ืื– ืœืคืชืข, ื ื•ืฆืจ ื”ืงืฉืจ ื•ืื ื• ืื•ืžืจื™ื
09:50
this thing Babbage had built really was a computer.
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ืฉื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ื–ื” ืฉื‘ืื‘ืื’' ื‘ื ื” ื”ื™ื” ื‘ืืžืช ืžื—ืฉื‘.
09:52
In fact, it was capable of doing everything we do today
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ื‘ืขืฆื, ื”ื•ื ื”ื™ื” ืžืกื•ื’ืœ ืœืขืฉื•ืœ ื›ืœ ื“ื‘ืจ ืฉืื ื• ืขื•ืฉื™ื ื›ื™ื•ื
09:55
with computers, only really slowly. (Laughter)
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ืขื ืžื—ืฉื‘ื™ื, ืื‘ืœ ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ืžืื•ื“ ืื™ื˜ื™ืช. (ืฆื—ื•ืง)
10:00
To give you an idea of how slowly,
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœืชืช ืžื•ืฉื’ ืขื“ ื›ืžื” ืื™ื˜ื™,
10:02
it had about 1k of memory.
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ื”ื™ื” ืœื• ื–ื™ื›ืจื•ืŸ 1K.
10:06
It used punch cards, which were being fed in,
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ื”ื•ื ื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ื›ืจื˜ื™ืกื™ ื ื™ืงื•ื‘ ืฉื”ื•ื–ื ื• ืคื ื™ืžื”,
10:09
and it ran about 10,000 times slower the first ZX81.
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ื•ื”ื•ื ืคืขืœ ืคื™-10,000 ืœืื˜ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืืฉืจ ZX81 ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ.
10:15
It did have a RAM pack.
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ื”ื™ื” ืœื• ื–ื™ื›ืจื•ืŸ RAM.
10:16
You could add on a lot of extra memory if you wanted to.
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ื ื™ืชืŸ ื”ื™ื” ืœื”ื•ืกื™ืฃ ื”ืžื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื›ืจื•ืŸ ื ื•ืกืฃ ืื ืจืฆื• ื‘ื›ืš.
10:19
(Laughter) So, where does that bring us today?
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง) ืื–, ืœืืŸ ื–ื” ืžื‘ื™ื ืื•ืชื ื• ื”ื™ื•ื?
10:22
So there are plans.
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ื™ืฉ ืชื™ื›ื ื•ื ื™ื.
10:23
Over in Swindon, the Science Museum archives,
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ื‘ืกื•ื•ื™ื ื“ื•ืŸ, ื‘ืืจื›ื™ื•ื ื™ ืžื•ื–ื™ืื•ืŸ ื”ืžื“ืข,
10:26
there are hundreds of plans and thousands of pages
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ื™ืฉื ืŸ ื”ืžื•ืŸ ืชื•ื›ื ื™ื•ืช ื•ืืœืคื™ ื“ืคื™ื
10:28
of notes written by Charles Babbage about this analytical engine.
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ืฉืœ ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืฉื ื›ืชื‘ื• ืขืœ-ื™ื“ื™ ืฆ'ืืจืœืก ื‘ืื‘ืื’' ืขืœ ื”ืžื›ื•ื ื” ื”ืื ืœื™ื˜ื™ืช ื”ื–ื•.
10:31
One of those is a set of plans that we call Plan 28,
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ืื—ืช ืžื”ืŸ ื”ื™ื ืžืขืจืš ืฉืœ ืชื•ื›ื ื™ื•ืช ืฉืื ื• ืงื•ืจืื™ื ืœื” ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช 28,
10:35
and that is also the name of a charity that I started
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ื•ื–ื”ื• ื’ื ืฉืžื” ืฉืœ ืคืขื™ืœื•ืช ืฆื“ืงื” ืฉื™ื–ืžืชื™
10:38
with Doron Swade, who was the curator of computing
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ื‘ื™ื—ื“ ืขื ื“ื•ืจื•ืŸ ืกื•ื•ื™ื™ื“, ืฉื”ื™ื” ื”ืžืžื•ื ื” ืขืœ ืžื™ื—ืฉื•ื‘
10:40
at the Science Museum, and also the person who drove
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ื‘ืžื•ื–ื™ืื•ืŸ ื”ืžื“ืข, ื•ื’ื ื–ื” ืฉื”ื•ื‘ื™ืœ
10:43
the project to build a difference engine,
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ืืช ื”ืžื™ื–ื ืœื‘ื ื™ื™ืช ืžื›ื•ื ืช ื”ื”ืคืจืฉื™ื,
10:44
and our plan is to build it.
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ื•ืื ื• ืžืชื›ื ื ื™ื ืœื‘ื ื•ืชื”.
10:47
Here in South Kensington, we will build the analytical engine.
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ื›ืืŸ ื‘ื“ืจื•ื ืงื ืกื™ื ื’ื˜ื•ืŸ ื ื‘ื ื” ืืช ื”ืžื›ื•ื ื” ื”ืื ืœื™ื˜ื™ืช.
10:50
The project has a number of parts to it.
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ืœืžื™ื–ื ืžืกืคืจ ื—ืœืงื™ื.
10:52
One was the scanning of Babbage's archive.
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ืื—ื“ ื”ื™ื” ืกืจื™ืงืช ื”ืืจื›ื™ื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ื‘ืื‘ืื’'.
10:55
That's been done. The second is now the study
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ื–ื” ืžืชื‘ืฆืข. ื”ืฉื ื™ ื”ื•ื ื”ืœื™ืžื•ื“
10:57
of all of those plans to determine what to build.
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ืฉืœ ื›ืœ ืื•ืชืŸ ื”ืชื•ื›ื ื™ื•ืช ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื—ืœื™ื˜ ืžื” ืœื‘ื ื•ืช.
11:00
The third part is a computer simulation of that machine,
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ื”ื—ืœืง ื”ืฉืœื™ืฉื™ ื–ื” ื”ื“ืžื™ื™ืช ืžื—ืฉื‘ ืฉืœ ืื•ืชื” ืžื›ื•ื ื”,
11:04
and the last part is to physically build it at the Science Museum.
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ื•ื”ื—ืœืง ื”ืื—ืจื•ืŸ ื–ื” ืœื‘ื ื•ืช ืื•ืชื” ืคื™ื–ื™ืช ื‘ืžื•ื–ื™ืื•ืŸ ื”ืžื“ืข.
11:07
When it's built, you'll finally be able to understand how a computer works,
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ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ื™ื ืชื™ื‘ื ื”, ื ื•ื›ืœ ืกื•ืฃ, ืกื•ืฃ ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ื›ื™ืฆื“ ืขื•ื‘ื“ ืžื—ืฉื‘,
11:10
because rather than having a tiny chip in front of you,
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ื›ื™ ื‘ืžืงื•ื ืฉื™ื”ื™ื” ืœืคื ื™ื ื• ืฉื‘ื‘ ื–ืขื™ืจ,
11:12
you've got to look at this humongous thing and say, "Ah,
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ื ื•ื›ืœ ืœื”ืกืชื›ืœ ืขืœ ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ืขืฆื•ื ื”ื–ื” ื•ืœื•ืžืจ,
11:14
I see the memory operating, I see the CPU operating,
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"ืื”, ืื ื™ ืจื•ืื” ื–ื™ื›ืจื•ืŸ ื‘ืคืขื•ืœื”, ืื ื™ ืจื•ืื” ืžืขื‘ื“ ื‘ืคืขื•ืœื”,
11:18
I hear it operating. I probably smell it operating." (Laughter)
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ืื ื™ ืฉื•ืžืข ืื•ืชื ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื. ืื•ืœื™ ืื ื™ ืžืจื™ื— ืื•ืชื ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ืขื‘ื•ื“ืชื." (ืฆื—ื•ืง)
11:22
But in between that we're going to do a simulation.
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ืื‘ืœ ืœืคื ื™ ื–ื” ืื ื• ื”ื•ืœื›ื™ื ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื”ื“ืžื™ื”.
11:24
Babbage himself wrote, he said,
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ื‘ืื‘ืื’' ืขืฆืžื• ื›ืชื‘, ื”ื•ื ืืžืจ,
11:26
as soon as the analytical engine exists,
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ื‘ืจื’ืข ืฉื”ืžื›ื•ื ื” ื”ืื ืœื™ื˜ื™ืช ืชืชืงื™ื™ื,
11:28
it will surely guide the future course of science.
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ื”ื™ื ืœื‘ื˜ื— ืชืฆื‘ื™ืข ืขืœ ื”ืžืกืœื•ืœ ื”ืขืชื™ื“ื™ ืฉืœ ื”ืžื“ืข.
11:31
Of course, he never built it, because he was always fiddling
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ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ, ื”ื•ื ืืฃ ืคืขื ืœื ื‘ื ื” ืื•ืชื”, ื›ื™ ื”ื•ื ื›ืœ ื”ื–ืžืŸ ื”ืชืขืกืง
11:33
with new plans, but when it did get built, of course,
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ืขื ืชื›ื ื•ื ื™ื ื—ื“ืฉื™ื, ืื‘ืœ ื›ืืฉืจ ื›ืŸ ื‘ื ื• ืื•ืชื”,
11:35
in the 1940s, everything changed.
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ื‘ืฉื ื•ืช ื”-1940, ื”ื›ืœ ื”ืฉืชื ื”.
11:39
Now, I'll just give you a little taste of what it looks like
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื•, ืจืง ืขืœ ืงืฆื” ื”ืžื–ืœื’, ืืชืŸ ืœื›ื ืžื•ืฉื’
11:40
in motion with a video which shows
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ื›ื™ืฆื“ ื–ื” ื ืจืื” ื‘ืชื ื•ืขื” ื‘ืขื–ืจืช ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ื”ืžืจืื”
11:43
just one part of the CPU mechanism working.
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ืจืง ื—ืœืง ืื—ื“ ืžืžื ื’ื ื•ืŸ ื”ืžืขื‘ื“ ืฉืขื•ื‘ื“.
11:51
So this is just three sets of cogs,
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ืืœื” ืจืง 3 ืžืขืจื›ื™ื ืฉืœ ื’ืœื’ืœื™-ืฉื™ื ื™ื™ื,
11:54
and it's going to add. This is the adding mechanism
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ื•ื”ื ืขื•ืžื“ื™ื ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืคืขื•ืœืช ื—ื™ื‘ื•ืจ ืžืชืžื˜ื™. ื–ื”ื• ืžื ื’ื ื•ืŸ ื—ื™ื‘ื•ืจ ืžืชืžื˜ื™
11:57
in action, so you imagine this gigantic machine.
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ื‘ืคืขื•ืœื”, ื•ื›ืš, ืชื“ืžื™ื™ื ื• ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ืžื›ื•ื ื” ื”ืขื ืงื™ืช ื”ื–ื•.
11:59
So, give me five years.
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ืชื ื• ืœื™ 5 ืฉื ื™ื.
12:00
Before the 2030s happen, we'll have it.
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ืœืคื ื™ 2030, ืชื”ื™ื” ืœื ื• ืื•ืชื”.
12:03
Thank you very much. (Applause)
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ืชื•ื“ื” ืจื‘ื” ืœื›ื. (ืžื—ื™ืื•ืช ื›ืคื™ื™ื)
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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