John Graham-Cumming: The greatest machine that never was

Translator: Joseph Geni Reviewer: Morton Bast

Prevoditelj: Tanja Komarac Recezent: Tilen Pigac - EFZG

So the machine I'm going to talk you about

Dakle, uređaj o kojem ću danas govoriti

is what I call the greatest machine that never was.

zovem najvećim uređajem koji nije bio.

It was a machine that was never built,

Bio je to uređaj koji nije nikada izgrađen,

and yet, it will be built.

ali će ipak biti izgrađen.

It was a machine that was designed

Bio je to uređaj koji je dizajniran

long before anyone thought about computers.

davno prije nego što je itko razmišljao o računalima.

If you know anything about the history of computers,

Ako znate bilo što o povijesti računala,

you will know that in the '30s and the '40s,

znati ćete da su u tridesetim i četrdesetim

simple computers were created

stvorena jednostavna računala

that started the computer revolution we have today,

koja su započela računalnu revoluciju koju imamo danas

and you would be correct,

i biti ćete u pravu

except for you'd have the wrong century.

osim što imate pogrešno stoljeće.

The first computer was really designed

Prvo računalo je zapravo dizajnirano

in the 1830s and 1840s, not the 1930s and 1940s.

u 1830-ima i 1840-ima, a ne u 1930-ima i 1940-ima.

It was designed, and parts of it were prototyped,

Bilo je dizajnirano, a njegovi dijelovi prototipirani,

and the bits of it that were built are here

a komadići su napravljeni ovdje

in South Kensington.

u South Kensingtonu.

That machine was built by this guy, Charles Babbage.

Taj uređaj je napravio ovaj čovjek, Charles Babbage.

Now, I have a great affinity for Charles Babbage

Imam snažan afinitet prema Charlesu Babbageu

because his hair is always completely unkempt like this

zbog toga što je njegova kosa uvijek potpuno nepočešljana, ovako

in every single picture. (Laughter)

na svakoj pojedinoj fotografiji. (Smijeh)

He was a very wealthy man, and a sort of,

Bio je jako bogat čovjek, i na neki način

part of the aristocracy of Britain,

dio britanske aristokracije.

and on a Saturday night in Marylebone,

Subotom navečer u Maryleboneu

were you part of the intelligentsia of that period,

bili ste dio inteligencije tog doba

you would have been invited round to his house

i bili biste pozvani u njegovu kuću

for a soiree — and he invited everybody:

na soare --- i on je pozvao svakoga:

kings, the Duke of Wellington, many, many famous people —

kraljeve, Vojvodu od Wellingtona, mnoge, mnoge poznate ljude ---

and he would have shown you one of his mechanical machines.

i pokazao bi Vam jedan od svojih mehaničkih uređaja.

I really miss that era, you know, where you could

Stvarno mi nedostaje to doba, gdje ste mogli

go around for a soiree and see a mechanical computer

ići na soare i vidjeti demonstraciju mehaničkog računala.

get demonstrated to you. (Laughter)

(Smijeh)

But Babbage, Babbage himself was born

Ali Babbage, sam Babbage je rođen

at the end of the 18th century,

na kraju 18. stoljeća,

and was a fairly famous mathematician.

i bio je relativno poznati matematičar.

He held the post that Newton held at Cambridge,

Držao je Newtonovu poziciju na Cambridgeu,

and that was recently held by Stephen Hawking.

i koju je donedavno držao Stephen Hawking.

He's less well known than either of them because

Manje je poznat od njih oboje zbog toga što je

he got this idea to make mechanical computing devices

dobio ideju da napravi mehaničke računalne uređaje,

and never made any of them.

a nikada nije napravio niti jedan.

The reason he never made any of them, he's a classic nerd.

Razlog zašto nikada nije napravio niti jedan, jer je klasični šmokljan.

Every time he had a good idea, he'd think,

Svaki put kad je imao dobru ideju je mislio

"That's brilliant, I'm going to start building that one.

"To je sjajno, početi ću izrađivati baš to".

I'll spend a fortune on it. I've got a better idea.

Potrošiti ću bogatstvo na njega. Imam bolju ideju.

I'm going to work on this one. (Laughter) And I'm going to do this one."

Početi ću raditi na ovome. (Smijeh) I raditi ću na ovom.

He did this until Sir Robert Peel, then Prime Minister,

To je radio dok ga Sir Robert Peel, tadašnji premijer

basically kicked him out of Number 10 Downing Street,

zapravo nije izbacio s broja 10 u Downing Steetu,

and kicking him out, in those days, that meant saying,

što je tada značilo,

"I bid you good day, sir." (Laughter)

"Želim Vam ugodan dan Gospodine". (Smijeh)

The thing he designed was this monstrosity here,

Stvar koju je dizajnirao je ovo čudovište ovdje,

the analytical engine. Now, just to give you an idea of this,

analitički uređaj. Kako bih vam to predočio,

this is a view from above.

ovo je pogled odozgo.

Every one of these circles is a cog, a stack of cogs,

Svaki ovaj krug je zupčanik, gomila zupčanika,

and this thing is as big as a steam locomotive.

i ova je stvar velika poput parne lokomotive.

So as I go through this talk, I want you to imagine

Dakle kako idem kroz ovaj govor želim da zamislite

this gigantic machine. We heard those wonderful sounds

taj ogromni stroj. Čuli smo prekrasne zvukove

of what this thing would have sounded like.

kako bi ta stvar zvučala.

And I'm going to take you through the architecture of the machine

I provesti ću vas kroz arhitekturu tog stroja

— that's why it's computer architecture —

--- zbog toga je računalna arhitektura ---

and tell you about this machine, which is a computer.

i ispričati vam o tom stroju, koji je računalo.

So let's talk about the memory. The memory

Pričajmo o memoriji. Memorija

is very like the memory of a computer today,

je slična memoriji današnjih računala

except it was all made out of metal,

osim što je cijela napravljena od metala,

stacks and stacks of cogs, 30 cogs high.

gomile i gomile zupčanika. Visine 30 zupčanika.

Imagine a thing this high of cogs,

Zamislite tu visinu zupčanika,

hundreds and hundreds of them,

stotine i stotine njih

and they've got numbers on them.

s brojevima na njima.

It's a decimal machine. Everything's done in decimal.

To je decimalan uređaj. Sve se radi decimalno.

And he thought about using binary. The problem

Mislio je da koristi binarno. Problem

with using binary is that the machine would have been so

korištenja binarnog je da bi stroj bio tako

tall, it would have been ridiculous. As it is, it's enormous.

visok da bi bilo smiješno. Kao što je, ogroman je.

So he's got memory.

Dakle, ima memoriju.

The memory is this bit over here.

Memorija je ovaj dio ovdje.

You see it all like this.

Vidite ju poput ovog.

This monstrosity over here is the CPU, the chip, if you like.

Ovo čudovište ovdje je procesor (CPU), čip, ako vam se više sviđa.

Of course, it's this big.

Naravno ovako je velik.

Completely mechanical. This whole machine is mechanical.

Potpuno mehanički. Ovaj cijeli stroj je mehanički.

This is a picture of a prototype for part of the CPU

Ovo je slika prototipa jednog dijela procesora

which is in the Science Museum.

koji je u Znanstvenom muzeju.

The CPU could do the four fundamental functions of arithmetic --

Procesor može raditi četiri osnovne aritmetičke funkcije --

so addition, multiplication, subtraction, division --

zbrajanje, množenje, oduzimanje, dijeljenje --

which already is a bit of a feat in metal,

što je već mali podvig u metalu,

but it could also do something that a computer does

ali također može napraviti nešto što računalo

and a calculator doesn't:

i kalkulator ne mogu:

this machine could look at its own internal memory and make a decision.

može tražiti svoju internu memoriju i donositi odluke.

It could do the "if then" for basic programmers,

Može raditi "ako tada" za osnovne programere

and that fundamentally made it into a computer.

i to je na kraju u osnovi završilo u računalu.

It could compute. It couldn't just calculate. It could do more.

Moglo je računati. Nije samo izračunavalo. Moglo je učiniti više.

Now, if we look at this, and we stop for a minute,

Sada, ako pogledate, i stanemo na minutu

and we think about chips today, we can't

razmislimo o današnjim čipovima,

look inside a silicon chip. It's just so tiny.

ne možemo pogledati unutar silicijskog čipa. Tako je sićušan.

Yet if you did, you would see something

A ipak kada biste pogledali, vidjeli bi nešto

very, very similar to this.

vrlo, vrlo slično ovome.

There's this incredible complexity in the CPU,

Nevjerojatnu složenost procesora

and this incredible regularity in the memory.

i nevjerojatnu pravilnost u memoriji.

If you've ever seen an electron microscope picture,

Ako ste ikad vidjeli fofografiju elektronskog mikroskopa

you'll see this. This all looks the same,

vidjeli ste ovo. To sve izgleda isto

then there's this bit over here which is incredibly complicated.

a opet ovdje je dio koji je nevjerojatno kompliciran.

All this cog wheel mechanism here is doing is what a computer does,

Sav taj zupčanik-kotač mehanizam radi ono što radi računalo,

but of course you need to program this thing, and of course,

ali naravno trebate programirati tu stvar, i naravno

Babbage used the technology of the day

Babbage je koristio tehnologiju tog doba

and the technology that would reappear in the '50s, '60s and '70s,

i tehnologiju koja će se pojaviti 50-ih, 60-ih i 70-ih,

which is punch cards. This thing over here

bušene kartice. Ovo ovdje je

is one of three punch card readers in here,

jedan od tri čitača bušenih kartica.

and this is a program in the Science Museum, just

Ovo je program u Znanstvenom muzeju,

not far from here, created by Charles Babbage,

nedaleko odavde, kojeg je napravio Charles Babbage,

that is sitting there — you can go see it —

koji sjedi ondje --- možete ga ići pogledati ---

waiting for the machine to be built.

čekajući izgradnju stroja.

And there's not just one of these, there's many of them.

Nije samo jedan takav, mnogo ih je.

He prepared programs anticipating this would happen.

On je pripremao programe očekujući da će se ovo dogoditi.

Now, the reason they used punch cards was that Jacquard,

Razlog zbog kojeg su koristili bušene kartice je Jacquard

in France, had created the Jacquard loom,

u Francuskoj, koji je kreirao Jacquardov tkalački stan,

which was weaving these incredible patterns controlled by punch cards,

i koji je tkao te nevjerojatne uzorke koje su kontrolirale bušene kartice.

so he was just repurposing the technology of the day,

Dakle, on je samo promijenio svrhu tehnologije tog doba

and like everything else he did, he's using the technology

i kao sve drugo što je radio, koristio je tehnologiju

of his era, so 1830s, 1840s, 1850s, cogs, steam,

svog doba, dakle 1830-ih, 1840-ih, 1850-ih, zupčanike, paru,

mechanical devices. Ironically, born the same year

mehaničke uređaje. Ironično, rođen iste godine

as Charles Babbage was Michael Faraday,

kao i Charles Babbage je Michael Faraday,

who would completely revolutionize everything

koji će potpuno revolucionizirati sve

with the dynamo, transformers, all these sorts of things.

s dinamom, transformatorom i sve takve stvari.

Babbage, of course, wanted to use proven technology,

Babbage je naravno htio koristiti provjerenu tehnologiju

so steam and things.

dakle, paru i takve stvari.

Now, he needed accessories.

Tada je trebao dodatke.

Obviously, you've got a computer now.

Očito sada imate računalo.

You've got punch cards, a CPU and memory.

Imate bušene kartice, procesor i memoriju.

You need accessories you're going to come with.

Trebate dodatke koji idu s njima.

You're not just going to have that,

Neće samo to imati.

So, first of all, you had sound. You had a bell,

Dakle, prije svega imate zvuk. Imate zvono,

so if anything went wrong — (Laughter) —

pa ako nešto krene krivo --- (Smijeh) ---

or the machine needed the attendant to come to it,

ili stroj treba pomoćnika da dođe do njega,

there was a bell it could ring. (Laughter)

postojalo je zvono koje može zvoniti. (Smijeh)

And there's actually an instruction on the punch card

I zaista postoje upute na bušenoj kartici

which says "Ring the bell." So you can imagine this "Ting!"

koje kažu "Pozvoni zvono." Dakle možete zamisliti taj "Ting!"

You know, just stop for a moment, imagine all those noises,

Znate, stanite na trenutak i zamislite sve te zvukove

this thing, "Click, clack click click click,"

tu stvar, "Click, clack click click click,"

steam engine, "Ding," right? (Laughter)

parni uređaj, "Ding"? (Smijeh)

You also need a printer, obviously, and everyone needs a printer.

Također ste trebali pisač, naravno svatko treba pisač.

This is actually a picture of the printing mechanism for

Ovo je fotografija mehanizma pisača za

another machine of his, called the Difference Engine No. 2,

njegov drugi stroj, nazvan Difference Engine br. 2,

which he never built, but which the Science Museum

koji nikada nije napravio, ali koji je Znanstveni muzej

did build in the '80s and '90s.

napravio u 80-ima i 90-ima.

It's completely mechanical, again, a printer.

U potpunosti je mehanički, ponovno pisač.

It prints just numbers, because he was obsessed with numbers,

Ispisuje samo brojeve, zbog toga što je bio opsjednut brojevima,

but it does print onto paper, and it even does word wrapping,

ali ispisuje na papir, te također radi prijelom riječi.

so if you get to the end of the line, it goes around like that.

Ako dođete do kraja reda, ide ovako.

You also need graphics, right?

Također trebate grafiku, zar ne?

I mean, if you're going to do anything with graphics,

Mislim, ako ćete raditi bilo što s grafikom

so he said, "Well, I need a plotter. I've got a big piece of paper

tako je rekao "Trebam nacrt. Imam veliki komad papira

and an ink pen and I'll make it plot."

i tintnu olovku i napraviti ću nacrt."

So he designed a plotter as well,

Dizajnirao je također nacrt,

and, you know, at that point, I think he got pretty much

i znate, od tog trenutka mislim da je imao prilično,

a pretty good machine.

prilično dobar stroj.

Along comes this woman, Ada Lovelace.

Pored toga dolazi ova žena, Ada Lovelace.

Now, imagine these soirees, all these great and good comes along.

Sada zamislite te soaree, sve to dobro dolazi usput.

This lady is the daughter of the mad, bad

Ova dama je kći ludog, pokvarenog

and dangerous-to-know Lord Byron,

i opasnog lorda Byrona.

and her mother, being a bit worried that she might have

Njezina majka je bila pomalo zabrinuta da nije slučajno

inherited some of Lord Byron's madness and badness,

naslijedila ponešto ludila i zloće lorda Byrona,

thought, "I know the solution: Mathematics is the solution.

je mislila "Znam riješenje: matematika je riješenje.

We'll teach her mathematics. That'll calm her down."

Učiti ćemo ju matematici. To će je smiriti."

(Laughter) Because of course,

(Smijeh) Naravno

there's never been a mathematician that's gone crazy,

nikada nije postojao matematičar koji je poludio

so, you know, that'll be fine. (Laughter)

pa znate, to će biti u redu. (Smijeh)

Everything'll be fine. So she's got this mathematical training,

Sve će biti u redu. Ona ima taj matematički trening

and she goes to one of these soirees with her mother,

i odlazi na jednu od tih soarea sa svojom majkom,

and Charles Babbage, you know, gets out his machine.

gdje Charles Babbage, kao što znate, vadi van stroj.

The Duke of Wellington is there, you know,

Vojvoda od Wellingtona je ondje, znate,

get out the machine, obviously demonstrates it,

vadi stroj, naravno pokazuje ga

and she gets it. She's the only person in his lifetime, really,

i ona ga shvaća. Ona je zaista jedina osoba za vrijeme njegova životnog vijeka

who said, "I understand what this does,

koja je rekla "Razumijem što radi,

and I understand the future of this machine."

i razumijem budućnost tog stroja."

And we owe to her an enormous amount because we know

Mnogo toga joj dugujemo zbog toga što znamo

a lot about the machine that Babbage was intending to build

dosta o stroju kojeg je Babbage namjeravao izgraditi

because of her.

zbog nje.

Now, some people call her the first programmer.

Neki ljudi je zovu prvim programerom.

This is actually from one of -- the paper that she translated.

To je zapravo iz jednog --- rada kojeg je prevela.

This is a program written in a particular style.

Ovo je program pisan posebnim stilom.

It's not, historically, totally accurate that she's the first programmer,

Povijesno nije potpuno točno da je ona prvi programer,

and actually, she did something more amazing.

a zapravo je napravila nešto više nevjerojatno.

Rather than just being a programmer,

Umjesto da je bila samo programer,

she saw something that Babbage didn't.

ona je vidjela nešto što Babbage nije vidio.

Babbage was totally obsessed with mathematics.

Babbage je bio potpuno opsjednut matematikom.

He was building a machine to do mathematics,

Izrađivao je stroj da se bavi matematikom,

and Lovelace said, "You could do more than mathematics

a Lovelace je rekla "Možeš raditi mnogo više od matematike

on this machine." And just as you do,

na tom stroju." I kao što ga vi već koristite,

everyone in this room already's got a computer on them

svatko u ovoj prostoriji već ima računalo sa sobom,

right now, because they've got a phone.

upravo sada, zbog toga što imate mobitel.

If you go into that phone, every single thing in that phone

Ako pogledate u taj telefon, svaka pojedina stvar u tom telefonu

or computer or any other computing device

ili računalu ili bilo kojem drugom računalnom uređaju

is mathematics. It's all numbers at the bottom.

je matematika. Sve su to brojevi na kraju.

Whether it's video or text or music or voice, it's all numbers,

Bez obzira je li video ili tekst ili glazba ili glasovi, sve su to brojevi

it's all, underlying it, mathematical functions happening,

sve to podupiru matematičke funkcije.

and Lovelace said, "Just because you're doing

Lovelace je rekla "Samo zato što koristite

mathematical functions and symbols

matematičke funkcije i simbole

doesn't mean these things can't represent

ne znači da te stvari ne mogu predstavljati

other things in the real world, such as music."

druge stvari u stvarnom svijetu, poput glazbe."

This was a huge leap, because Babbage is there saying,

To je bio veliki korak jer Babbage je govorio

"We could compute these amazing functions and print out

"Možemo računati te prekrasne funkcije i ispisivati

tables of numbers and draw graphs," — (Laughter) —

tablice brojeva te crtati grafikone," --- (Smijeh) ---

and Lovelace is there and she says, "Look,

i Lovelace je ondje i govori "Gledaj

this thing could even compose music if you

te stvari mogu čak komponirati glazbu

told it a representation of music numerically."

ako glazbu prikažete brojčano."

So this is what I call Lovelace's Leap.

To je ono što ja zovem Lovelacein skok.

When you say she's a programmer, she did do some,

Kada kažete da je ona programer, radila je nešto od toga,

but the real thing is to have said the future is going to be

ali zapravo trebate reći da će budućnost biti

much, much more than this.

mnogo, mnogo više od toga.

Now, a hundred years later, this guy comes along,

Sada, stotinu godina kasnije dolazi ovaj čovjek

Alan Turing, and in 1936, and invents the computer all over again.

Alan Turning koji 1936. izumljuje računalo ponovno iz početka.

Now, of course, Babbage's machine was entirely mechanical.

Babbageov stroj je naravno bio potpuno mehanički.

Turing's machine was entirely theoretical.

Turningov stroj je bio potpuno teoretski.

Both of these guys were coming from a mathematical perspective,

Obojca ovih ljudi su došla iz matematičke perspektive stvari,

but Turing told us something very important.

ali Turning nam je rekao nešto vrlo važno.

He laid down the mathematical foundations

Postavio je matematički temelj

for computer science, and said,

za računalnu znanost i rekao je

"It doesn't matter how you make a computer."

"Nije važno kako napravite računalo."

It doesn't matter if your computer's mechanical,

Nije važno je li vaše računalo mehaničko

like Babbage's was, or electronic, like computers are today,

kao što je bilo Babbageovo, ili elektroničko kao što su računala danas

or perhaps in the future, cells, or, again,

ili čak u budućnosti, mobiteli ili ponovno

mechanical again, once we get into nanotechnology.

mehanički, kada krenemo u nanotehnologiju.

We could go back to Babbage's machine

Možemo se vratiti do Babbageovog stroja

and just make it tiny. All those things are computers.

i napraviti ga malenim. Sve te stvari su računala.

There is in a sense a computing essence.

U smislu stvari je računalna srž.

This is called the Church–Turing thesis.

To se zove Church--Turningova teza.

And so suddenly, you get this link where you say

I odjednom dobivate poveznicu gdje kažete

this thing Babbage had built really was a computer.

da ta stvar koju je Babbage radio je zapravo bila računalo.

In fact, it was capable of doing everything we do today

U stvari bilo je sposobno napraviti sve što mi radimo danas

with computers, only really slowly. (Laughter)

s računalima, samo stvarno sporije. (Smijeh)

To give you an idea of how slowly,

Da vam prikažem kako sporo

it had about 1k of memory.

imalo je oko 1k memorije.

It used punch cards, which were being fed in,

Koristilo je bušene kartice koje su se punile

and it ran about 10,000 times slower the first ZX81.

i okretalo se oko 10.000 puta sporije nego prvi ZX81.

It did have a RAM pack.

Imalo je radnu memoriju.

You could add on a lot of extra memory if you wanted to.

Mogli ste dodati dodatnu memoriju ako ste željeli.

(Laughter) So, where does that bring us today?

(Smijeh) Gdje nas to vodi danas?

So there are plans.

Postoje planovi.

Over in Swindon, the Science Museum archives,

U Swindonu u arhivu Znanstvenog muzeja

there are hundreds of plans and thousands of pages

postoje stotine planova i tisuće stranica

of notes written by Charles Babbage about this analytical engine.

bilješki koje je napisao Charles Babbage o tom analitičkom uređaju.

One of those is a set of plans that we call Plan 28,

Jedan od njih je plan koji zovemo Plan 28

and that is also the name of a charity that I started

i što je ujedno ime dobrotvorne ustanove koju sam osnovao

with Doron Swade, who was the curator of computing

s Doronom Swadeom, koji je bio kustos računalstva

at the Science Museum, and also the person who drove

u Znanstvenom muzeju i osoba koja je dovela

the project to build a difference engine,

do izgradnje projekta "difference engine"

and our plan is to build it.

i naš plan je izgraditi ga.

Here in South Kensington, we will build the analytical engine.

Ovdje u South Kensingtonu izgraditi ćemo analitički uređaj.

The project has a number of parts to it.

Projekt se sastoji od nekoliko dijelova.

One was the scanning of Babbage's archive.

Jedan je skeniranje Babbageove arhive.

That's been done. The second is now the study

To je napravljeno. Drugi dio je istražiti

of all of those plans to determine what to build.

sve te planove kako bi utvrdili što izraditi.

The third part is a computer simulation of that machine,

Treći dio je računalna simulacija tog stroja,

and the last part is to physically build it at the Science Museum.

a posljednji je dio fizička izgradnja u Znanstvenom muzeju.

When it's built, you'll finally be able to understand how a computer works,

Kada bude napravljen moći ćete konačno shvatiti kako radi računalo,

because rather than having a tiny chip in front of you,

jer rađe nego da imate maleni čip ispred sebe

you've got to look at this humongous thing and say, "Ah,

trebate pogledati tu čudovišnu stvar i reći "Ah

I see the memory operating, I see the CPU operating,

vidim kako radi memorije, vidim kako radi procesor

I hear it operating. I probably smell it operating." (Laughter)

čujem ga kako radi. Vjerojatno mirišem kako radi." (Smijeh)

But in between that we're going to do a simulation.

Ali između toga ćemo raditi simulaciju.

Babbage himself wrote, he said,

Sam Babbage je napisao, rekao je

as soon as the analytical engine exists,

dok got postoji analitički uređaj

it will surely guide the future course of science.

zasigurno će predvoditi budući smjer znanosti.

Of course, he never built it, because he was always fiddling

Naravno, nikada ga nije izgradio jer je uvijek petljao

with new plans, but when it did get built, of course,

s novim planovima, ali kada se izgradi

in the 1940s, everything changed.

u 1940-tima sve se mijenja.

Now, I'll just give you a little taste of what it looks like

Sada ću vam dati samo mali uvid u to kako izgleda

in motion with a video which shows

u kretanju, s videom koji pokazuje

just one part of the CPU mechanism working.

samo jedan dio procesora radi.

So this is just three sets of cogs,

Ovo su samo tri kompleta zupčanika

and it's going to add. This is the adding mechanism

i dodati će ga. Ovo je mehanizam dodavanja

in action, so you imagine this gigantic machine.

u akciji, pa zamislite taj ogromni stroj.

So, give me five years.

Dajte mi pet godina.

Before the 2030s happen, we'll have it.

Prije 2030-e ćemo ga imati.

Thank you very much. (Applause)

Puno vam hvala. (Pljesak)