The unexpected benefit of celebrating failure | Astro Teller

365,445 views ใƒป 2016-05-09

TED


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

ืžืชืจื’ื: Ido Dekkers ืžื‘ืงืจ: Zeeva Livshitz
00:12
In 1962 at Rice University,
0
12760
3320
ื‘ 1962 ื‘ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ืช ืจื™ื™ืก,
00:16
JFK told the country about a dream he had,
1
16760
4416
JFK ืืžืจ ืœืžื“ื™ื ื” ืขืœ ื—ืœื•ื ืฉื”ื™ื” ืœื•,
00:21
a dream to put a person on the moon by the end of the decade.
2
21200
3896
ื—ืœื•ื ืœืฉื™ื ืื“ื ืขืœ ื”ื™ืจื— ืขื“ ืกื•ืฃ ื”ืขืฉื•ืจ.
00:25
The eponymous moonshot.
3
25120
1400
ื”ืืคื•ื ื™ื ืžื•ื ืฉื•ื˜ (ืฉื™ื’ื•ืจ ืœื™ืจื—).
00:28
No one knew if it was possible to do
4
28120
2576
ืืฃ ืื—ื“ ืœื ื™ื“ืข ืื ื–ื” ืืคืฉืจื™
00:30
but he made sure a plan was put in place to do it if it was possible.
5
30720
4360
ืื‘ืœ ื”ื•ื ื“ืื’ ืฉืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช ืชื™ื‘ื ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืืช ื–ื” ืื ื–ื” ืืคืฉืจื™.
00:35
That's how great dreams are.
6
35560
1776
ื›ื›ื” ื”ื ื—ืœื•ืžื•ืช ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื.
00:37
Great dreams aren't just visions,
7
37360
2456
ื—ืœื•ืžื•ืช ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื ื”ื ืœื ืจืง ื—ื–ื•ืŸ,
00:39
they're visions coupled to strategies for making them real.
8
39840
3680
ื”ื ื—ื–ื•ืŸ ืžื—ื•ื‘ืจ ืขื ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ื” ืœื”ืคื™ื›ืชื ืœืืžื™ืชื™ื™ื.
00:44
I have the incredible good fortune to work at a moonshot factory.
9
44080
5416
ื™ืฉ ืœื™ ืžื–ืœ ืขืฆื•ื ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ ื‘ืžืคืขืœ ืžื•ื ืฉื•ื˜.
00:49
At X -- formerly called Google X --
10
49520
2296
ื‘ X -- ืœืฉืขื‘ืจ ื’ื•ื’ืœ X --
00:51
you'll find an aerospace engineer working alongside a fashion designer
11
51840
4696
ืืชื ืชื’ืœื• ืžื”ื ื“ืก ืื•ื•ื™ืจื•ื ืื•ื˜ื™ ืขื•ื‘ื“ ื™ื—ื“ ืขื ืžืขืฆื‘ ืื•ืคื ื”
00:56
and former military ops commanders brainstorming with laser experts.
12
56560
4720
ื•ืžืคืงื“ื™ ืžื‘ืฆืขื™ื ืžื”ืฆื‘ื ืœืฉืขื‘ืจ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ื™ื—ื“ ืขื ืžื•ืžื—ื™ ืœื™ื™ื–ืจ.
01:02
These inventors, engineers and makers are dreaming up technologies
13
62360
5176
ื”ืžืžืฆื™ืื™ื ื”ืืœื”, ืžื”ื ื“ืกื™ื ื•ื™ื•ืฆืจื™ื ื—ื•ืœืžื™ื ืขืœ ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื•ืช
01:07
that we hope can make the world a wonderful place.
14
67560
3760
ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืžืงื•ื•ื™ื ืฉื™ื•ื›ืœื• ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืืช ื”ืขื•ืœื ืžืงื•ื ื ืคืœื.
01:12
We use the word "moonshots" to remind us to keep our visions big --
15
72200
4536
ืื ื—ื ื• ืžืฉืชืžืฉื™ื ื‘ืžื™ืœื” "ืžื•ื ืฉื•ื˜" ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื–ื›ื™ืจ ืœื ื• ืœืฉืžื•ืจ ืขืœ ื”ื—ื–ื•ื ื•ืช ืฉืœื ื• ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื --
01:16
to keep dreaming.
16
76760
1696
ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืžืฉื™ืš ืœื—ืœื•ื.
01:18
And we use the word "factory" to remind ourselves
17
78480
4456
ืื ื—ื ื• ืžืฉืชืžืฉื™ื ื‘ืžื™ืœื” ืžืคืขืœ ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื–ื›ื™ืจ ืœืขืฆืžื ื•
01:22
that we want to have concrete visions --
18
82960
3096
ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืจื•ืฆื™ื ืฉื™ื”ื™ื• ืœื ื• ื—ื–ื•ื ื•ืช ืžื•ืฆืงื™ื --
01:26
concrete plans to make them real.
19
86080
3296
ืชื•ื›ื ื™ื•ืช ืžื•ืฆืงื•ืช ืœื”ืคื•ืš ืื•ืชื ืœืืžื™ืชื™ื™ื.
01:29
Here's our moonshot blueprint.
20
89400
1936
ื”ื ื” ืชื•ื›ื ื™ื•ืช ื”ืื‘ ืฉืœ ื”ืžื•ื ืฉื•ื˜ ืฉืœื ื•.
01:31
Number one:
21
91360
1216
ืžืกืคืจ ืื—ืช:
01:32
we want to find a huge problem in the world
22
92600
2416
ืื ื—ื ื• ืจื•ืฆื™ื ืœืžืฆื•ื ื‘ืขื™ื” ืขืฆื•ืžื” ื‘ืขื•ืœื
01:35
that affects many millions of people.
23
95040
2256
ืฉืžืฉืคื™ืขื” ืขืœ ื”ืจื‘ื” ืžืœื™ื•ื ื™ื ืฉืœ ืื ืฉื™ื.
01:37
Number two:
24
97320
1496
ืžืกืคืจ ืฉืชื™ื™ื:
01:38
we want to find or propose a radical solution for solving that problem.
25
98840
3800
ืื ื—ื ื• ืจื•ืฆื™ื ืœืžืฆื•ื ืื• ืœื”ืฆื™ืข ืคืชืจื•ืŸ ืจื“ื™ืงืœื™ ืœืคืชืจื•ืŸ ื”ื‘ืขื™ื” ื”ื–ื•.
01:43
And then number three:
26
103480
1376
ื•ืื– ืžืกืคืจ ืฉืœื•ืฉ:
01:44
there has to be some reason to believe
27
104880
2976
ืฆืจื™ื›ื” ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืกื™ื‘ื” ืœื”ืืžื™ืŸ
01:47
that the technology for such a radical solution
28
107880
3056
ืฉื”ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ืœื›ื–ื” ืคื™ืชืจื•ืŸ ืจื“ื™ืงืœื™
01:50
could actually be built.
29
110960
1440
ืชื•ื›ืœ ืœืžืขืฉื” ืœื”ื™ื‘ื ื•ืช.
01:53
But I have a secret for you.
30
113880
1616
ืื‘ืœ ื™ืฉ ืœื™ ืกื•ื“ ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืœื›ื.
01:55
The moonshot factory is a messy place.
31
115520
3240
ืžืคืขืœ ืžื•ื ืฉื•ื˜ ื”ื•ื ืžืงื•ื ืžื‘ื•ืœื’ืŸ.
01:59
But rather than avoid the mess,
32
119600
1816
ืื‘ืœ ื‘ืžืงื•ื ืœื”ืžื ืข ืžื”ื‘ืœื’ืŸ,
02:01
pretend it's not there,
33
121440
1536
ืœื”ืขืžื™ื“ ืคื ื™ื ืฉื”ื•ื ืœื ืฉื,
02:03
we've tried to make that our strength.
34
123000
1840
ื ื™ืกื™ื ื• ืœื”ืคื•ืš ืื•ืชื• ืœื—ื•ื–ืงื” ืฉืœื ื•.
02:06
We spend most of our time breaking things
35
126080
2816
ื‘ื™ืœื™ื ื• ืืช ืจื•ื‘ ื–ืžื ื ื• ื‘ืœืฉื‘ื•ืจ ื“ื‘ืจื™ื
02:08
and trying to prove that we're wrong.
36
128920
1960
ื•ื ื™ืกื™ื ื• ืœื”ื•ื›ื™ื— ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ื˜ื•ืขื™ื.
02:12
That's it, that's the secret.
37
132320
1640
ื–ื”ื•, ื–ื” ื”ืกื•ื“ ืฉืœื ื•.
02:14
Run at all the hardest parts of the problem first.
38
134680
3536
ื”ืชืžื•ื“ื“ื• ืขืœ ื›ืœ ื”ื—ืœืงื™ื ื”ืงืฉื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉืœ ื”ื‘ืขื™ื” ื‘ื”ืชื—ืœื”.
02:18
Get excited and cheer,
39
138240
2055
ื”ืชืจื’ืฉื• ื•ื”ืจื™ืขื•,
02:20
"Hey! How are we going to kill our project today?"
40
140320
2439
"ื”ื™ื™! ืื™ืš ื ื”ืจื•ื’ ืืช ื”ืคืจื•ื™ื™ืงื˜ ืฉืœื ื• ื”ื™ื•ื?"
02:25
We've got this interesting balance going
41
145920
2720
ื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ืืช ื”ืื™ื–ื•ืŸ ื”ืžืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ื”ื–ื” ืžืชืจื—ืฉ
02:29
where we allow our unchecked optimism to fuel our visions.
42
149560
5536
ื‘ื• ืื ื—ื ื• ืžืืคืฉืจื™ื ืœืื•ืคื˜ื™ืžื™ื•ืช ื”ืœื ืžื‘ื•ืงืจืช ืฉืœื ื• ืœืชื“ืœืง ืืช ื”ื—ื–ื•ืŸ ืฉืœื ื•.
02:35
But then we also harness enthusiastic skepticism
43
155120
4456
ืื‘ืœ ืื– ืื ื—ื ื• ื’ื ืจื•ืชืžื™ื ืืช ื”ืกืงืคื˜ื™ื•ืช ื”ื ืœื”ื‘ืช ืฉืœื ื•
02:39
to breathe life, breathe reality into those visions.
44
159600
3040
ื›ื“ื™ ืœื ืฉื•ืฃ ื—ื™ื™ื, ืœื ืฉื•ื ืžืฆื™ืื•ืช ืœื—ื–ื•ื ื•ืช ื”ืืœื•.
02:43
I want to show you a few of the projects
45
163320
1936
ืื ื™ ืจื•ืฆื” ืœื”ืจืื•ืช ืœื›ื ื›ืžื” ืžื”ืคืจื•ื™ื™ืงื˜ื™ื
02:45
that we've had to leave behind on the cutting room floor,
46
165280
2696
ืฉื”ื™ื™ื ื• ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœื”ืฉืื™ืจ ืžืื—ื•ืจ ืขืœ ืจืฆืคืช ื—ื“ืจ ื”ืขืจื™ื›ื”,
02:48
and also a few of the gems
47
168000
1576
ื•ื’ื ื›ืžื” ืžืื‘ื ื™ ื”ื—ืŸ
02:49
that at least so far, have not only survived that process,
48
169600
3696
ืฉืœืคื—ื•ืช ืขื“ ืขื›ืฉื™ื•, ืœื ืจืง ืฉืจื“ื• ืืช ื”ืชื”ืœื™ืš,
02:53
but have been accelerated by it.
49
173320
2760
ืืœื ื’ื ื”ื•ืืฆื• ืขืœ ื™ื“ื•.
02:56
Last year we killed a project in automated vertical farming.
50
176760
4416
ื‘ืฉื ื” ืฉืขื‘ืจื” ื”ืจื’ื ื• ืคืจื•ื™ื™ืงื˜ ื‘ื—ื•ื•ืื•ืช ืื ื›ื™ืช ืื•ื˜ื•ืžื˜ื™ืช.
03:01
This is some of the lettuce that we grew.
51
181200
2016
ื–ื” ื—ืœืง ืžื”ื—ืกื” ืฉื’ื™ื“ืœื ื•.
03:03
One in nine people in the world suffers from undernourishment.
52
183240
3576
ืื—ื“ ืžืชืฉืขื” ืื ืฉื™ื ื‘ืขื•ืœื ืกื•ื‘ืœ ืžืชืช ืชื–ื•ื ื”.
03:06
So this is a moonshot that needs to happen.
53
186840
3096
ืื– ื–ื” ืžื•ื ืฉื•ื˜ ืฉื”ื™ื” ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื”ืชืจื—ืฉ.
03:09
Vertical farming uses 10 times less water
54
189960
2656
ื—ื•ื•ืื•ืช ืื ื›ื™ืช ืžืฉืชืžืฉืช ื‘ืคื™ ืขืฉืจ ืคื—ื•ืช ืžื™ื
03:12
and a hundred times less land than conventional farming.
55
192640
4136
ื•ืคื™ ืžืื” ืคื—ื•ืช ืื“ืžื” ืžื—ื•ื•ืื•ืช ืงื•ื ื•ื•ื ืฆื™ื•ื ืœื™ืช.
03:16
And because you can grow the food close to where it's consumed,
56
196800
4160
ื•ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืฉืืชื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื’ื“ืœ ืืช ื”ืื•ื›ืœ ืงืจื•ื‘ ืœืžืงื•ื ื”ืฆืจื™ื›ื” ืฉืœื•,
03:22
you don't have to transport it large distances.
57
202200
2680
ืืชื ืœื ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœืฉื ืข ืื•ืชื• ืœืžืจื—ืงื™ื ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื.
03:27
We made progress in a lot of the areas
58
207160
2296
ื”ืชืงื“ืžื ื• ื‘ื”ืจื‘ื” ืชื—ื•ืžื™ื
03:29
like automated harvesting and efficient lighting.
59
209480
3616
ื›ืžื• ืื™ืกื•ืฃ ืื•ื˜ื•ืžื˜ื™ ื•ืชืื•ืจื” ื™ืขื™ืœื”.
03:33
But unfortunately,
60
213120
1456
ืื‘ืœ ืœืžืจื‘ื” ื”ืฆืขืจ,
03:34
we couldn't get staple crops like grains and rice to grow this way.
61
214600
4056
ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœื ื• ืœื’ืจื•ื ืœื™ื‘ื•ืœื™ื ื‘ืกื™ืกื™ื™ื ื›ืžื• ืชื‘ื•ืื” ื•ืื•ืจื– ืœื’ื“ื•ืœ ื‘ื“ืจืš ื–ื•.
03:38
So we killed the project.
62
218680
1520
ืื– ื”ืจื’ื ื• ืืช ื”ืคืจื•ื™ื™ืงื˜.
03:41
Here's another huge problem.
63
221120
1360
ื”ื ื” ื‘ืขื™ื” ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ืื—ืจืช.
03:43
We pay enormous costs in resources and environmental damage
64
223240
5176
ืื ื—ื ื• ืžืฉืœืžื™ื ื”ืžื•ืŸ ื‘ืžืฉืื‘ื™ื ื•ื ื–ืง ืกื‘ื™ื‘ืชื™
03:48
to ship goods worldwide.
65
228440
2216
ื›ื“ื™ ืœืฉื ืข ืกื—ื•ืจื•ืช ื‘ืขื•ืœื.
03:50
Economic development of landlocked countries
66
230680
2576
ื”ืชืคืชื—ื•ืช ื›ืœื›ืœื™ืช ืฉืœ ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ืœืœื ื’ื™ืฉื” ืœื™ื
03:53
is limited by lack of shipping infrastructure.
67
233280
3576
ืžื•ื’ื‘ืœืช ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื—ืกื•ืจ ื‘ืชืฉืชื™ื•ืช ืชืขื‘ื•ืจื”.
03:56
The radical solution?
68
236880
1616
ื”ืคืชืจื•ืŸ ื”ืจื“ื™ืงืœื™?
03:58
A lighter-than-air, variable-buoyancy cargo ship.
69
238520
4200
ืกืคื™ื ืช ืžื˜ืขืŸ ืงืœื” ืžื”ืื•ื™ืจ ืขื ื›ื•ืฉืจ ืฆื™ืคื” ืžืฉืชื ื”.
04:04
This has the potential to lower,
70
244240
3376
ื™ืฉ ืœื–ื” ืืช ื”ืคื•ื˜ื ืฆื™ืืœ ืœื”ืคื—ื™ืช,
04:07
at least overall,
71
247640
1616
ืœืคื—ื•ืช ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื›ืœืœื™,
04:09
the cost, time and carbon footprint of shipping
72
249280
4536
ืืช ื”ืขืœื•ืช, ื”ื–ืžืŸ ื•ืืช ืขืงื‘ืช ื”ืคื—ืžืŸ ืฉืœ ืกืคื ื•ืช
04:13
without needing runways.
73
253840
1280
ื‘ืœื™ ื”ืฆื•ืจืš ื‘ืžืกืœื•ืœื™ื.
04:15
We came up with this clever set of technical breakthroughs
74
255880
3056
ื”ื’ืขื ื• ืœืกื˜ ื—ื›ื ืฉืœ ืคืจื™ืฆื•ืช ื“ืจืš ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื•ืช
04:18
that together might make it possible for us to lower the cost enough
75
258960
4936
ืฉื™ื—ื“ ืื•ืœื™ ื™ืืคืฉืจื• ืœื ื• ืœื”ืคื—ื™ืช ืืช ื”ืขืœื•ืช ืžืกืคื™ืง
04:23
that we could actually make these ships --
76
263920
2136
ืฉื ื•ื›ืœ ืœืžืขืฉื” ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ืืช ื”ืกืคื™ื ื•ืช ื”ืืœื• --
04:26
inexpensively enough in volume.
77
266080
1640
ื‘ื–ื•ืœ ืžืกืคื™ืง ื•ื‘ื›ืžื•ืช.
04:28
But however cheap they would have been to make in volume
78
268760
3319
ืื‘ืœ ืœื ืžืฉื ื” ื›ืžื” ื–ื•ืœื•ืช ื”ืŸ ื™ื”ื™ื• ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ื”ืžื•ื ื™
04:33
it turned out that it was going to cost close to 200 million dollars
79
273320
3856
ืžืกืชื‘ืจ ืฉื–ื” ื™ืขืœื” ืงืจื•ื‘ ืœ 200 ืžืœื™ื•ืŸ ื“ื•ืœืจ
04:37
to design and build the first one.
80
277200
2120
ืœืชื›ื ืŸ ื•ืœื‘ื ื•ืช ืืช ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื”.
04:40
200 million dollars is just way too expensive.
81
280680
3656
200 ืžืœื™ื•ืŸ ื–ื” ืคืฉื•ื˜ ื™ืงืจ ืžื“ื™.
04:44
Because X is structured with these tight feedback loops
82
284360
3816
ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืฉื”ืžื‘ื ื” ืฉืœ X ืขื ืœื•ืœืื•ืช ื”ืžืฉื•ื‘ ื”ืงืฆืจื•ืช ื”ืืœื•
04:48
of making mistakes and learning and new designs,
83
288200
3656
ืฉืœ ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื˜ืขื•ื™ื•ืช ื•ืœืœืžื•ื“ ื•ืขื™ืฆื•ื‘ื™ื ื—ื“ืฉื™ื,
04:51
we can't spend 200 million dollars
84
291880
1736
ืื ื—ื ื• ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ื•ืฆื™ื 200 ืžืœื™ื•ืŸ ื“ื•ืœืจ
04:53
to get the first data point
85
293640
1736
ื›ื“ื™ ืœืงื‘ืœ ืืช ื ืงื•ื“ืช ื”ืžื™ื“ืข ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื”
04:55
about whether we're on the right track or not.
86
295400
2560
ื‘ื ื•ื’ืข ืœืื ืื ื—ื ื• ื‘ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ื”ื ื›ื•ืŸ ืื• ืœื.
04:58
If there's an Achilles' heel in one our projects,
87
298600
2336
ืื ื™ืฉ ืขืงื‘ ืื›ื™ืœืก ื‘ืื—ื“ ื”ืคืจื•ื™ื™ืงื˜ื™ื ืฉืœื ื•,
05:00
we want to know it now, up front, not way down the road.
88
300960
4296
ืื ื—ื ื• ืจื•ืฆื™ื ืœื“ืขืช ืืช ื–ื” ืขื›ืฉื™ื•, ืžื™ื“, ืœื ื”ืจื—ืง ื‘ืžื•ืจื“ ื”ื“ืจืš.
05:05
So we killed this project, too.
89
305280
1680
ืื– ื”ืจื’ื ื• ื’ื ืืช ื”ืคืจื•ื™ื™ืงื˜ ื”ื–ื”.
05:08
Discovering a major flaw in a project
90
308880
2736
ื’ื™ืœื•ื™ ื›ืฉืœ ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™ ื‘ืคืจื•ื™ื™ืงื˜
05:11
doesn't always mean that it ends the project.
91
311640
2136
ืœื ืชืžื™ื“ ืื•ืžืจ ืฉื–ื” ืžืกื™ื™ื ืืช ื”ืคืจื•ื™ื™ืงื˜.
05:13
Sometimes it actually gets us onto a more productive path.
92
313800
3176
ืœืคืขืžื™ื ื–ื” ืœืžืขืฉื” ืœื•ืงื— ืื•ืชื ื• ืœื“ืจืš ื™ื•ืชืจ ืคืจื•ื“ื•ืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™ืช.
05:17
This is our fully self-driving vehicle prototype,
93
317000
3936
ื–ื” ืื‘ ื”ื˜ื™ืคื•ืก ืฉืœ ื”ืจื›ื‘ ื”ื ื•ื”ื’ ื‘ืขืฆืžื• ืฉืœื ื•,
05:20
which we built without a steering wheel or break pedal.
94
320960
3160
ืฉื‘ื ื™ื ื• ื‘ืœื™ ื”ื’ื” ืื• ื“ื•ื•ืฉืช ื‘ืœื.
05:24
But that wasn't actually our goal when we started.
95
324800
2400
ืื‘ืœ ื–ื• ืœื ื”ื™ืชื” ื”ืžื˜ืจื” ืฉืœื ื• ื›ืฉื”ืชื—ืœื ื•.
05:27
With 1.2 million people dying on the roads globally every year,
96
327760
5896
ืขื 1.2 ืžืœื™ื•ืŸ ืื ืฉื™ื ืฉืžืชื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ื‘ื™ืฉื™ื ื’ืœื•ื‘ืœื™ืช ื›ืœ ืฉื ื”,
05:33
building a car that drives itself was a natural moonshot to take.
97
333680
3816
ื‘ื ื™ื™ืช ืžื›ื•ื ื™ืช ื ื”ื™ื’ื” ืขืฆืžื™ืช ื”ื™ื” ืžื•ื ืฉื•ื˜ ื˜ื‘ืขื™ ืœืงื—ืช.
05:37
Three and a half years ago,
98
337520
1600
ืœืคื ื™ ืฉืœื•ืฉ ื•ื—ืฆื™ ืฉื ื™ื,
05:39
when we had these Lexus, retrofitted, self-driving cars in testing,
99
339920
5576
ื›ืฉื”ื™ื• ืœื ื• ืืช ื”ืœืงืกื•ืกื™ื ื”ืืœื•, ืฉื”ื•ืชืืžื•, ืœื ื”ื™ื’ื” ืขืฆืžื™ืช ื‘ื ื™ืกื•ื™ื™ื
05:45
they were doing so well, we gave them out to other Googlers
100
345520
3656
ื”ืŸ ื”ืฆืœื™ื—ื• ื›ืœ ื›ืš, ืฉื ืชื ื• ืื•ืชืŸ ืœืื ืฉื™ ื’ื•ื’ืœ ืื—ืจื™ื
05:49
to find out what they thought of the experience.
101
349200
2240
ืœื’ืœื•ืช ืžื” ื”ื ื—ืฉื‘ื• ืขืœ ื”ื—ื•ื•ื™ื”.
05:52
And what we discovered
102
352000
1256
ื•ืžื” ืฉื’ื™ืœื™ื ื•
05:53
was that our plan to have the cars do almost all the driving
103
353280
4616
ื”ื™ื” ืฉื”ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช ืฉืœื ื• ืฉื”ืžื›ื•ื ื™ืช ืชืขืฉื” ื›ืžืขื˜ ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ื ื”ื™ื’ื”
05:57
and just hand over to the users in case of emergency
104
357920
3896
ื•ืชืฉืื™ืจ ืœื ื”ื’ ืจืง ืžืงืจื™ ื—ืจื•ื
06:01
was a really bad plan.
105
361840
3080
ื”ื™ืชื” ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช ืžืžืฉ ื’ืจื•ืขื”.
06:06
It wasn't safe
106
366200
1656
ื–ื” ืœื ื”ื™ื” ื‘ื˜ื•ื—
06:07
because the users didn't do their job.
107
367880
3136
ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืฉื”ืžืฉืชืžืฉื™ื ืœื ืขืฉื• ืืช ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืฉืœื”ื.
06:11
They didn't stay alert
108
371040
1440
ื”ื ืœื ื ืฉืืจื• ืขืจื ื™ื™ื
06:13
in case the car needed to hand control back to them.
109
373160
4056
ื‘ืžืงืจื” ืฉื”ืžื›ื•ื ื™ืช ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืฆืจื™ื›ื” ืœื”ื—ื–ื™ืจ ืืช ื”ืฉืœื™ื˜ื” ื—ื–ืจื” ืืœื™ื”ื.
06:17
This was a major crisis for the team.
110
377240
2016
ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ืžืฉื‘ืจ ืขื™ืงืจื™ ื‘ืฆื•ื•ืช.
06:19
It sent them back to the drawing board.
111
379280
2040
ื–ื” ืฉืœื— ืื•ืชื ื• ื—ื–ืจื” ืœืฉื•ืœื—ืŸ ื”ืฉืจื˜ื•ื˜.
06:22
And they came up with a beautiful, new perspective.
112
382320
3360
ื•ื”ื ื”ื’ื™ืขื• ืœืคืจืกืคืงื˜ื™ื‘ื” ื”ื—ื“ืฉื” ื•ื”ื™ืคื™ืคื™ื” ื”ื–ื•.
06:26
Aim for a car where you're truly a passenger.
113
386600
3720
ื›ื•ื•ื ื• ืœืžื›ื•ื ื™ืช ื‘ื” ืืชื ื‘ืืžืช ื”ื ื•ืกืขื™ื.
06:31
You tell the car where you want to go,
114
391280
2256
ืืชื ืื•ืžืจื™ื ืœืžื›ื•ื ื™ืช ืœืืŸ ืืชื ืจื•ืฆื™ื ืœื”ื’ื™ืข,
06:33
you push a button
115
393560
1256
ืืชื ืœื•ื—ืฆื™ื ืขืœ ื›ืคืชื•ืจ
06:34
and it takes you from point A to point B by itself.
116
394840
4160
ื•ื”ื™ื ืœื•ืงื—ืช ืืชื›ื ืžื ืงื•ื“ื” ื' ืœื ืงื•ื“ื” ื‘' ื‘ืขืฆืžื”.
06:39
We're really grateful
117
399720
1296
ืื ื—ื ื• ื‘ืืžืช ืืกื™ืจื™ ืชื•ื“ื”
06:41
that we had this insight as early on in the project as we did.
118
401040
3536
ืฉื”ื™ื” ืœื ื• ืืช ื”ื—ื–ื•ืŸ ืžื•ืงื“ื ื›ืœ ื›ืš ื‘ืคืจื•ื™ื™ืงื˜ ื›ืžื• ืฉื”ื™ื” ืœื ื•.
06:44
And it's shaped everything we've done since then.
119
404600
3960
ื•ื”ื™ื ืขื™ืฆื‘ื” ื›ืœ ืžื” ืฉืขืฉื™ื ื• ืžืื–.
06:49
And now our cars have self-driven more than 1.4 million miles,
120
409200
6336
ื•ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ื”ืžื›ื•ื ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœื ื• ื ื”ื’ื• ื‘ืขืฆืžืŸ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืž 2.25 ืžืœื™ื•ืŸ ืงื™ืœื•ืžื˜ืจ,
06:55
and they're out everyday
121
415560
1616
ื•ื”ืŸ ื‘ื—ื•ืฅ ื›ืœ ื™ื•ื
06:57
on the streets of Mountain View, California and Austin, Texas.
122
417200
4040
ืขืœ ื”ืจื—ื•ื‘ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืžืื•ื ื˜ื™ื™ืŸ ื•ื•ื™ื•, ืงืœื™ืคื•ืจื ื™ื” ื•ืื•ืกื˜ื™ืŸ ื˜ืงืกืก.
07:02
The cars team shifted their perspective.
123
422120
3856
ืฆื•ื•ืช ื”ืžื›ื•ื ื™ื•ืช ื”ื–ื™ื–ื• ืืช ื ืงื•ื“ืช ื”ืžื‘ื˜ ืฉืœื”ื.
07:06
This is one of X's mantras.
124
426000
2056
ื–ื• ืื—ืช ืžื”ืžื ื˜ืจื•ืช ืฉืœ X.
07:08
Sometimes shifting your perspective is more powerful than being smart.
125
428080
4800
ืœืคืขืžื™ื ื”ืกื˜ืช ื ืงื•ื“ืช ื”ืžื‘ื˜ ืฉืœื›ื ื”ื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ื—ื–ืงื” ืžืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื—ื›ืžื™ื.
07:13
Take wind energy.
126
433880
1496
ืงื—ื• ืื ืจื’ื™ืช ืจื•ื—.
07:15
It's one of my favorite examples of perspective shifting.
127
435400
3336
ื”ื™ื ืื—ืช ื”ื“ื•ื’ืžืื•ืช ื”ืื”ื•ื‘ื•ืช ืขืœื™ื ื• ืฉืœ ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ื ืงื•ื“ืช ื”ืžื‘ื˜.
07:18
There's no way that we're going to build
128
438760
2856
ืื™ืŸ ื“ืจืš ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ื ื‘ื ื”
07:21
a better standard wind turbine than the experts in that industry.
129
441640
4400
ื˜ื•ืจื‘ื™ื ืช ืจื•ื— ืกื˜ื ื“ืจื˜ื™ืช ื˜ื•ื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื”ืžื•ืžื—ื™ื ื‘ืชืขืฉื™ื” ื”ื–ื•.
07:26
But we found a way to get up higher into the sky,
130
446720
4896
ืื‘ืœ ื’ื™ืœื™ื ื• ื“ืจืš ืœื”ื’ื™ืข ื’ื‘ื•ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ืฉืžื™ื,
07:31
and so get access to faster, more consistent winds,
131
451640
3816
ื•ืœื”ืฉื™ื’ ื’ื™ืฉื” ืœืจื•ื—ื•ืช ืžื”ื™ืจื•ืช ื•ืขืงื‘ื™ื•ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ,
07:35
and so more energy without needing hundreds of tons of steel to get there.
132
455480
5656
ื•ื›ืš ื™ื•ืชืจ ืื ืจื’ื™ื” ื‘ืœื™ ืฆื•ืจืš ื‘ืžืื•ืช ื˜ื•ื ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืคืœื“ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื’ื™ืข ืœืฉื.
07:41
Our Makani energy kite rises up from its perch
133
461160
3336
ืขืคื™ืคื•ืŸ ื”ืื ืจื’ื™ื” ื”ืžืงื ื™ ืขื•ืœื” ืžืžื ื•ื—ืชื•
07:44
by spinning up those propellers along its wing.
134
464520
3016
ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืกื™ื‘ื•ื‘ ื”ืžื“ื—ืคื™ื ื”ืืœื• ืœืื•ืจืš ื”ื›ื ืฃ ืฉืœื•.
07:47
And it pulls out a tether as it rises,
135
467560
2320
ื•ื”ื•ื ืžื•ืฉืš ื›ื‘ืœ ื›ืฉื”ื•ื ืขื•ืœื”,
07:50
pulling energy up through the tether.
136
470640
1896
ืžื•ืฉืš ืื ืจื’ื™ื” ื“ืจืš ื”ื›ื‘ืœ.
07:52
Once the tether's all the way out,
137
472560
1856
ื‘ืจื’ืข ืฉื”ื›ื‘ืœ ืžืชื•ื— ืขื“ ื”ืกื•ืฃ,
07:54
it goes into crosswind circles in the sky.
138
474440
3160
ื”ื•ื ื ื›ื ืก ืœืกื™ื‘ื•ื‘ื™ื ืฉืœ ืจื•ื—ื•ืช ืฆื•ืœื‘ื•ืช ื‘ืฉืžื™ื.
07:58
And now those propellers that lifted it up have become flying turbines.
139
478320
5360
ื•ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ื”ืžื“ื—ืคื™ื ื”ืืœื• ืฉื”ืจื™ืžื• ืื•ืชื• ืœืžืขืœื” ื”ืคื›ื• ืœื˜ื•ืจื‘ื™ื ื•ืช ืžืขื•ืคืคื•ืช.
08:04
And that sends energy back down the tether.
140
484400
2680
ื•ื–ื” ืฉื•ืœื— ืื ืจื’ื™ื” ื—ื–ืจื” ื‘ืžื•ืจื“ ื”ื›ื‘ืœ.
08:07
We haven't yet found a way to kill this project.
141
487880
2856
ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืœื ื’ื™ืœื™ื ื• ื“ืจืš ืœื”ืจื•ื’ ืืช ื”ืคืจื•ื™ื™ืงื˜ ื”ื–ื”.
08:10
And the longer it survives that pressure, the more excited we get
142
490760
4096
ื•ื›ื›ืœ ืฉื”ื•ื ื™ืฉืจื•ื“ ืืช ื”ืœื—ืฅ, ืื ื—ื ื• ืžืชืจื’ืฉื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ
08:14
that this could become a cheaper and more deployable form
143
494880
4456
ืฉื–ื” ื™ื•ื›ืœ ืœื”ืคื•ืš ืœืฆื•ืจื” ื–ื•ืœื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ื•ืงืœื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœืคืจื™ืกื”
08:19
of wind energy for the world.
144
499360
1920
ืฉืœ ืื ืจื’ื™ืช ืจื•ื— ืœืขื•ืœื.
08:23
Probably the craziest sounding project we have is Project Loon.
145
503080
3480
ื›ื ืจืื” ื”ืคืจื•ื™ื™ืงื˜ ืฉื ืฉืžืข ื”ื›ื™ ืžื˜ื•ืจืฃ ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ื”ื•ื ืคืจื•ื™ื™ืงื˜ ืœื•ืŸ.
08:27
We're trying to make balloon-powered Internet.
146
507320
3536
ืื ื—ื ื• ืžื ืกื™ื ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ื ื˜ืจื ื˜ ืฉืคืจื•ืฉ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื›ื“ื•ืจื™ื ืคื•ืจื—ื™ื.
08:30
A network of balloons in the stratosphere
147
510880
3080
ืจืฉืช ืฉืœ ื‘ืœื•ื ื™ื ื‘ืกื˜ืจื˜ื•ืกืคื™ืจื”
08:34
that beam an internet connection down to rural and remote areas of the world.
148
514800
5096
ืฉืžืฉื’ืจืช ื—ื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ื•ืช ืื™ื ื˜ืจื ื˜ ืœืžื˜ื” ืœืื–ื•ืจื™ื ื›ืคืจื™ื™ื ื•ืžืจื•ื—ืงื™ื ื‘ืขื•ืœื.
08:39
This could bring online as many as four billion more people,
149
519920
3896
ื–ื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื‘ื™ื ืœืจืฉืช ื›ืžืขื˜ ืืจื‘ืขื” ืžื™ืœื™ืืจื“ ืื ืฉื™ื ื ื•ืกืคื™ื,
08:43
who today have little or no internet connection.
150
523840
2240
ืฉื”ื™ื•ื ื™ืฉ ืœื”ื ื—ื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ื•ืช ืžื•ืขื˜ื” ืื• ืœื ืงื™ื™ืžืช ื‘ื›ืœืœ.
08:47
But you can't just take a cell tower,
151
527120
2895
ืื‘ืœ ืืชื ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืคืฉื•ื˜ ืœืงื—ืช ืžืชืงืŸ ืกืœื•ืœืจื™,
08:50
strap it to a balloon and stick it in the sky.
152
530039
2897
ืœื—ื‘ืจ ืื•ืชื• ืœื‘ืœื•ืŸ ื•ืœืชืงื•ืข ืื•ืชื• ื‘ืฉืžื™ื™ื.
08:52
The winds are too strong, it would be blown away.
153
532960
2376
ื”ืจื•ื—ื•ืช ื—ื–ืงื•ืช ืžื“ื™, ื”ื•ื ื™ื•ืขืฃ.
08:55
And the balloons are too high up to tie it to the ground.
154
535360
4400
ื•ื”ื‘ืœื•ื ื™ื ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื™ื ืžื“ื™ ืœืงืฉื•ืจ ืœืงืจืงืข.
09:00
Here comes the crazy moment.
155
540800
1440
ืคื” ืžื’ื™ืข ื”ืจื’ืข ืžื˜ื•ืจืฃ.
09:03
What if, instead,
156
543000
2096
ืžื” ืื, ื‘ืžืงื•ื,
09:05
we let the balloons drift
157
545120
2216
ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื‘ืœื•ื ื™ื ืœื”ืกื—ืฃ
09:07
and we taught them how to sail the winds to go where the needed to go?
158
547360
3840
ื•ื ืœืžื“ ืื•ืชื ืื™ืš ืœื”ืคืœื™ื’ ื‘ืจื•ื—ื•ืช ืœืืŸ ืฉื”ื ื“ืจื•ืฉื™ื?
09:13
It turns out the stratosphere has winds
159
553560
3336
ืžืกืชื‘ืจ ืฉืœืกื˜ืจื˜ื•ืกืคื™ืจื” ื™ืฉ ืจื•ื—ื•ืช
09:16
that are going in quite different speeds and directions in thin strata.
160
556920
4096
ืฉืขื•ื‘ื“ื•ืช ื‘ืžื”ื™ืจื•ื™ื•ืช ื•ื›ื™ื•ื•ื ื™ื ื“ื™ ืฉื•ื ื™ื ื‘ืกื˜ืจื˜ื” ื”ื“ืงื”.
09:21
So we hoped that using smart algorithms and wind data from around the world,
161
561040
4880
ืื– ืื ื—ื ื• ืžืงื•ื•ื™ื ืฉื‘ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ืืœื’ื•ืจื™ืชืžื™ื ื—ื›ืžื™ื ื•ืžื™ื“ืข ืจื•ื—ื•ืช ืžืกื‘ื™ื‘ ืœืขื•ืœื,
09:26
we could maneuver the balloons a bit,
162
566800
2456
ื ื•ื›ืœ ืœืชืžืจืŸ ืืช ื”ื‘ืœื•ื ื™ื ืžืขื˜,
09:29
getting them to go up and down just a tiny bit in the stratosphere
163
569280
3096
ื•ืœื”ื‘ื™ื ืื•ืชื ืœืขืœื•ืช ื•ืœืจื“ืช ืžืžืฉ ืžืขื˜ ื‘ืกื˜ืจื˜ื•ืกืคื™ืจื”
09:32
to grab those winds going in those different directions and speeds.
164
572400
3616
ื›ื“ื™ ืœืชืคื•ืก ืืช ื”ืจื•ื—ื•ืช ื”ืืœื• ื‘ื›ื™ื•ื•ื ื™ื ื•ื”ืžื”ื™ืจื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ืฉื•ื ื™ื ื”ืืœื”.
09:36
The idea is to have enough balloons
165
576040
2296
ื”ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ื”ื•ื ืฉื™ื”ื™ื• ืœื ื• ืžืกืคื™ืง ื‘ืœื•ื ื™ื
09:38
so as one balloon floats out of your area,
166
578360
2856
ื›ืš ืฉื›ืฉื‘ืœื•ืŸ ืื—ื“ ื™ืฆื•ืฃ ืžื—ื•ืฅ ืœืฉื˜ื— ืฉืœื›ื,
09:41
there's another balloon ready to float into place,
167
581240
3736
ื™ืฉ ื‘ืœื•ืŸ ืื—ืจ ืžื•ื›ืŸ ืœืฆื•ืฃ ืœืžืงื•ื,
09:45
handing off the internet connection,
168
585000
2616
ื•ืœื”ืขื‘ื™ืจ ืืช ื—ื™ื‘ื•ืจ ื”ืื™ื ื˜ืจื ื˜,
09:47
just like your phone hands off between cell towers
169
587640
3456
ืžืžืฉ ื›ืžื• ืฉื”ื˜ืœืคื•ืŸ ืฉืœื›ื ืžื•ืขื‘ืจ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืขืžื•ื“ื™ื ืกืœื•ืœืจื™ื™ื
09:51
as you drive down the freeway.
170
591120
1640
ื›ืฉืืชื ื ื•ื”ื’ื™ื ื‘ืžื•ืจื“ ื”ื›ื‘ื™ืฉ ื”ืžื”ื™ืจ.
09:53
We get how crazy that vision sounds --
171
593760
4416
ืื ื—ื ื• ืžื‘ื™ื ื™ื ื›ืžื” ืžื˜ื•ืจืฃ ื”ื—ื–ื•ืŸ ื ืฉืžืข --
09:58
there's the name of the project to remind us of that.
172
598200
2736
ื™ืฉ ืืช ืฉื ื”ืคืงื•ื™ื™ืงื˜ ืœื”ื–ื›ื™ืจ ืœื ื• ืืช ื–ื”.
10:00
So since 2012,
173
600960
2336
ืื– ืžืื– 2012,
10:03
the Loon team has prioritized the work that seems the most difficult
174
603320
5776
ืฆื•ื•ืช ืœื•ืŸ ืชื™ืขื“ืฃ ืืช ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืฉื ืจืืชื” ื”ื›ื™ ืงืฉื”
10:09
and so the most likely to kill their project.
175
609120
3840
ื•ื›ืš ืขื ื”ืกื™ื›ื•ื™ ื”ื›ื™ ื’ื‘ื•ื” ืœื”ืจื•ื’ ืืช ื”ืคืจื•ื™ื™ืงื˜.
10:13
The first thing that they did
176
613920
1536
ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืฉื”ื ืขืฉื•
10:15
was try to get a Wi-Fi connection from a balloon in the stratosphere
177
615480
4216
ื”ื™ื” ืœื ืกื•ืช ืœืงื‘ืœ ื—ื™ื‘ื•ืจ ืืœื—ื•ื˜ื™ ืžื”ื‘ืœื•ืŸ ื‘ืกื˜ืจื˜ื•ืกืคื™ืจื”
10:19
down to an antenna on the ground.
178
619720
2120
ืขื“ ืœืื ื˜ื ื” ืขืœ ื”ืงืจืงืข.
10:22
It worked.
179
622720
1216
ื–ื” ืขื‘ื“.
10:23
And I promise you there were bets that it wasn't going to.
180
623960
2715
ื•ืื ื™ ืžื‘ื˜ื™ื— ืœื›ื ืฉื”ื™ื• ื”ื™ืžื•ืจื™ื ืฉื–ื” ืœื ื™ืขื‘ื•ื“.
10:26
So we kept going.
181
626699
1240
ืื– ื”ืžืฉื›ื ื•.
10:28
Could we get the balloon to talk directly to handsets,
182
628880
3376
ื”ืื ื ื•ื›ืœ ืœื’ืจื•ื ืœื‘ืœื•ืŸ ืœื“ื‘ืจ ื™ืฉื™ืจื•ืช ืขื ื”ื ื™ื™ื“ื™ื,
10:32
so that we didn't need the antenna as an intermediary receiver?
183
632280
3360
ื›ืš ืฉืœื ื ืฆื˜ืจืš ืืช ื”ืื ื˜ื ื” ื›ืžืงืœื˜ ื‘ื™ื ื™ื™ื?
10:36
Yeah.
184
636720
1200
ื›ืŸ.
10:38
Could we get the balloon bandwidth high enough
185
638680
2616
ื”ืื ื ื•ื›ืœ ืœื”ื’ื“ื™ืœ ืืช ืจื•ื—ื‘ ื”ืคืก ืฉืœ ื”ื‘ืœื•ืŸ ืžืกืคื™ืง
10:41
so it was a real Internet connection?
186
641320
2736
ื›ื“ื™ ืฉื–ื” ื™ื”ื™ื” ื—ื™ื‘ื•ืจ ืื™ื ื˜ืจื ื˜ ืืžื™ืชื™?
10:44
So that people could have something more than just SMS?
187
644080
4960
ื›ืš ืฉืื ืฉื™ื ื™ื•ื›ืœื• ืœืงื‘ืœ ืžืฉื”ื• ื™ื•ืชืจ ืž SMS?
10:49
The early tests weren't even a megabit per second,
188
649640
3816
ื”ืžื‘ื—ื ื™ื ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื ืœื ื”ื™ื• ืืคื™ืœื• ืžื’ื‘ื™ื˜ ืœืฉื ื™ื”,
10:53
but now we can do up to 15 megabits per second.
189
653480
3416
ืื‘ืœ ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ื’ื™ืข ืขื“ 15 ืžื’ื‘ื™ื˜ ืœืฉื ื™ื”.
10:56
Enough to watch a TED Talk.
190
656920
1320
ืžืกืคื™ืง ื›ื“ื™ ืœืฆืคื•ืช ื‘ื”ืจืฆืืช TED.
10:59
Could we get the balloons to talk to each other through the sky
191
659360
3576
ื”ืื ื ื•ื›ืœ ืœื’ืจื•ื ืœื‘ืœื•ื ื™ื ืœื“ื‘ืจ ืื—ื“ ืขื ื”ืฉื ื™ ื“ืจืš ื”ืฉืžื™ื™ื
11:02
so that we could reach our signal deeper into rural areas?
192
662960
4856
ื›ืš ืฉื ื•ื›ืœ ืœื”ื‘ื™ื ืืช ื”ืกื™ื’ื ืœ ืขืžื•ืง ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœืชื•ืš ืื–ื•ืจื™ื ืคืชื•ื—ื™ื?
11:07
Check.
193
667840
1536
ื”ืฆืœื—ื ื•.
11:09
Could we get balloons the size of a house to stay up for more than 100 days,
194
669400
6656
ื”ืื ื ื•ื›ืœ ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ื‘ืœื•ื ื™ื ื‘ื’ื•ื“ืœ ืฉืœ ื‘ื™ืช ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืฉืืจ ืœืžืขืœื” ืœื™ื•ืชืจ ืž 100 ื™ืžื™ื,
11:16
while costing less than five percent
195
676080
2296
ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ืฉื–ื” ื™ืขืœื” ืคื—ื•ืช ืžื—ืžื™ืฉื” ืื—ื•ื–ื™ื
11:18
of what traditional, long-life balloons have cost to make?
196
678400
3560
ืžื›ืžื” ืฉื‘ืœื•ื ื™ื ืžืกื•ืจืชื™ื™ื ื‘ืขืœื™ ื—ื™ื™ื ืืจื•ื›ื™ื ืžืกืคื™ืง ืขื•ืœื™ื?
11:23
Yes. In the end.
197
683640
1896
ื›ืŸ, ื‘ืกื•ืฃ.
11:25
But I promise you, you name it, we had to try it to get there.
198
685560
5040
ืื‘ืœ ืื ื™ ืžื‘ื˜ื™ื— ืœื›ื, ืื™ืš ืฉืชืงืจืื• ืœื–ื”, ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ื—ื™ื™ื‘ื™ื ืœื ืกื•ืช ืืช ื–ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื’ื™ืข ืœืฉื.
11:31
We made round, silvery balloons.
199
691480
2840
ื™ืฆืจื ื• ื‘ืœื•ื ื™ื ืขื’ื•ืœื™ื ื•ื›ืกื•ืคื™ื.
11:35
We made giant pillow-shaped balloons.
200
695200
3440
ื™ืฆืจื ื• ื‘ืœื•ื ื™ื ืขืฆื•ืžื™ื ื‘ืฆื•ืจืช ื›ืจื™ืช.
11:40
We made balloons the size of a blue whale.
201
700400
2880
ื™ืฆืจื ื• ื‘ืœื•ื ื™ื ื‘ื’ื•ื“ืœ ืฉืœ ืœื•ื•ื™ืชืŸ ื›ื—ื•ืœ.
11:44
We busted a lot of balloons.
202
704440
2936
ืคื•ืฆืฆื ื• ื”ืจื‘ื” ื‘ืœื•ื ื™ื.
11:47
(Laughter)
203
707400
1616
(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
11:49
Since one of the things that was most likely to kill the Loon project
204
709040
4056
ืžืื—ืจ ื•ืื—ื“ ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉื”ื™ื” ื‘ืกื™ื›ื•ื™ ื”ื›ื™ ื’ื‘ื•ื” ืœื”ืจื•ื’ ืืช ืคืจื•ื™ื™ืงื˜ ืœื•ืŸ
11:53
was whether we could guide the balloons through the sky,
205
713120
3056
ื”ื™ื” ืื ื ื•ื›ืœ ืœื”ื ื—ื•ืช ืืช ื”ื‘ืœื•ืŸ ื‘ืฉืžื™ื™ื
11:56
one of our most important experiments was putting a balloon inside a balloon.
206
716200
4760
ืื—ื“ ืžื”ื ื™ืกื•ื™ื™ื ื”ื›ื™ ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื™ื ื”ื™ื” ืœืฉื™ื ื‘ืœื•ืŸ ื‘ืชื•ืš ื‘ืœื•ืŸ.
12:02
So there are two compartments here, one with air and then one with helium.
207
722280
3800
ืื– ื™ืฉ ืฉื ื™ ืชืื™ื ืคื”, ืื—ื“ ืขื ืื•ื™ืจ ื•ื”ืื—ืจ ืขื ื”ืœื™ื•ื.
12:07
The balloon pumps air in to make itself heavier,
208
727360
3856
ื”ื‘ืœื•ืŸ ืฉื•ืื‘ ืื•ื™ืจ ืคื ื™ืžื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืืช ืขืฆืžื• ื›ื‘ื“ ื™ื•ืชืจ,
12:11
or lets air out to make it lighter.
209
731240
2360
ืื• ืžื•ืฆื™ื ืื•ื™ืจ ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืงืœ ื™ื•ืชืจ.
12:14
And these weight changes allow it to rise or fall,
210
734520
3296
ื•ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ ื”ืžืฉืงืœ ื”ืืœื• ืžืืคืฉืจื™ื ืœื• ืœืขืœื•ืช ื•ืœืจื“ืช,
12:17
and that simple movement of the balloon is its steering mechanism.
211
737840
3736
ื•ื”ืชื ื•ืขื” ื”ืคืฉื•ื˜ื” ื”ื–ื• ืฉืœ ื”ื‘ืœื•ืŸ ื”ื™ื ืžื ื’ื ื•ืŸ ื”ื”ื™ื’ื•ื™.
12:21
It floats up or down,
212
741600
1656
ื”ื•ื ืฆืฃ ืœืžืœืขืœื” ื•ืœืžื˜ื”,
12:23
hoping to grab winds going in the speed and direction that it wants.
213
743280
3920
ืžืงื•ื•ื” ืœืชืคื•ืฉ ืจื•ื—ื•ืช ืฉื ืขื•ืช ื‘ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ื•ื‘ืžื”ื™ืจื•ืช ืฉื”ื•ื ืจื•ืฆื”.
12:27
But is that good enough for it to navigate through the world?
214
747920
4200
ืื‘ืœ ื”ืื ื–ื” ืžืกืคื™ืง ื˜ื•ื‘ ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืœ ืœื ื•ื•ื˜ ื‘ืขื•ืœื?
12:32
Barely at first,
215
752800
2536
ื‘ืงื•ืฉื™ ื‘ื”ืชื—ืœื”,
12:35
but better all the time.
216
755360
1376
ืื‘ืœ ื˜ื•ื‘ ื™ื•ืชืจ ื›ืœ ื”ื–ืžืŸ.
12:36
This particular balloon, our latest balloon,
217
756760
2080
ื”ื‘ืœื•ืŸ ื”ืžืกื•ื™ื™ื ื”ื–ื”, ื”ื‘ืœื•ืŸ ื”ืื—ืจื•ืŸ ืฉืœื ื•,
12:39
can navigate a two-mile vertical stretch of sky
218
759680
3560
ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื ื•ื•ื˜ ืงื• ืื ื›ื™ ืฉืœ ืฉืœื•ืฉื” ืงื™ืœื•ืžื˜ืจ ื‘ืฉืžื™ื™ื
12:44
and can sail itself to within 500 meters of where it wants to go
219
764280
4056
ื•ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ืขื™ืฃ ืืช ืขืฆืžื• ืœืžืจื—ืง ืฉืœ 500 ืžื˜ืจ ืžื”ืžืงื•ื ื‘ื• ื”ื•ื ืจื•ืฆื” ืœื”ื™ื•ืช
12:48
from 20,000 kilometers away.
220
768360
2600
ืžืžืจื—ืง ืฉืœ 20,000 ืงื™ืœื•ืžื˜ืจ.
12:56
We have lots more to do
221
776360
2216
ื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ืขื•ื“ ื”ืจื‘ื” ืœืขืฉื•ืช
12:58
in terms of fine-tuning the system and reducing costs.
222
778600
4576
ื‘ืžื•ื ื—ื™ื ืฉืœ ื›ื•ื•ื ื•ืŸ ืขื“ื™ืŸ ืฉืœ ื”ืžืขืจื›ืช ื•ื”ืคื—ืชืช ืขืœื•ื™ื•ืช.
13:03
But last year, a balloon built inexpensively
223
783200
3016
ืื‘ืœ ื‘ืฉื ื” ืฉืขื‘ืจื”, ื‘ืœื•ืŸ ืฉื ื‘ื ื” ื‘ื–ื•ืœ
13:06
went around the world 19 times over 187 days.
224
786240
6136
ื”ืงื™ืฃ ืืช ื”ืขื•ืœื 19 ืคืขืžื™ื ื‘ืžืฉืš 187 ื™ืžื™ื.
13:12
So we're going to keep going.
225
792400
1440
ืื– ืื ื—ื ื• ืขื•ืžื“ื™ื ืœื”ืžืฉื™ืš.
13:15
(Applause)
226
795120
3320
(ืžื—ื™ืื•ืช ื›ืคื™ื™ื)
13:21
Our balloons today
227
801520
1256
ื”ื‘ืœื•ื ื™ื ืฉืœื ื• ื”ื™ื•ื
13:22
are doing pretty much everything a complete system needs to do.
228
802800
3360
ืขื•ืฉื™ื ืคื—ื•ืช ืื• ื™ื•ืชืจ ื›ืœ ืžื” ืฉืžืขืจื›ืช ืฉืœืžื” ืฆืจื™ื›ื” ืœืขืฉื•ืช.
13:27
We're in discussions with telcos around the world,
229
807160
2856
ืื ื—ื ื• ื‘ื“ื™ื•ื ื™ื ืขื ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ืชืงืฉื•ืจืช ืžืกื‘ื™ื‘ ืœืขื•ืœื,
13:30
and we're going to fly over places like Indonesia
230
810040
2336
ื•ืื ื—ื ื• ืขื•ืžื“ื™ื ืœืขื•ืฃ ืžืขืœ ืžืงื•ืžื•ืช ื›ืžื• ืื™ื ื“ื•ื ื–ื™ื”
13:32
for real service testing this year.
231
812400
2736
ืœื‘ื“ื™ืงื•ืช ืฉืจื•ืช ืืžื™ืชื™ ื”ืฉื ื”.
13:35
This probably all sounds too good to be true,
232
815160
2560
ื›ืœ ื–ื” ื›ื ืจืื” ื ืฉืžืข ื˜ื•ื‘ ืžื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืืžื™ืชื™,
13:38
and you're right.
233
818800
1200
ื•ืืชื ืฆื•ื“ืงื™ื.
13:41
Being audacious
234
821320
1736
ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื ื•ืขื–ื™ื
13:43
and working on big, risky things
235
823080
2656
ื•ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ ืขืœ ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื ื•ืžืกื•ื›ื ื™ื
13:45
makes people inherently uncomfortable.
236
825760
2480
ื’ื•ืจื ืœืื ืฉื™ื ื—ื•ืกืจ ื ื•ื—ื•ืช ืžื™ืกื•ื“ื•.
13:49
You cannot yell at people and force them to fail fast.
237
829040
5080
ืืชื ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืฆืขื•ืง ืขืœ ืื ืฉื™ื ื•ืœื’ืจื•ื ืœื”ื ืœื”ื›ืฉืœ ืžื”ืจ.
13:55
People resist. They worry.
238
835440
2096
ืื ืฉื™ื ืžืชื ื’ื“ื™ื. ื”ื ื“ื•ืื’ื™ื.
13:57
"What will happen to me if I fail?
239
837560
3056
"ืžื” ื™ืงืจื” ืœื™ ืื ืื ื™ ืื›ืฉืœ?
14:00
Will people laugh at me?
240
840640
1480
ื”ืื ืื ืฉื™ื ื™ืฆื—ืงื• ืขืœื™?
14:02
Will I be fired?"
241
842880
1440
ื”ืื ืื ื™ ืืคื•ื˜ืจ?"
14:05
I started with our secret.
242
845880
2696
ื”ืชื—ืœืชื™ ืขื ื”ืกื•ื“ ืฉืœื ื•.
14:08
I'm going to leave you with how we actually make it happen.
243
848600
2880
ืื ื™ ืืฉืื™ืจ ืืชื›ื ืขื ืื™ืš ืื ื—ื ื• ืœืžืขืฉื” ื’ื•ืจืžื™ื ืœื–ื” ืœืงืจื•ืช.
14:12
The only way to get people to work on big, risky things --
244
852920
5016
ื”ื“ืจืš ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ื” ืœื’ืจื•ื ืœืื ืฉื™ื ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ ืขืœ ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื ื•ืžืกื•ื›ื ื™ื --
14:17
audacious ideas --
245
857960
1736
ืจืขื™ื•ื ื•ืช ื ื•ืขื–ื™ื --
14:19
and have them run at all the hardest parts of the problem first,
246
859720
4936
ื•ืœื’ืจื•ื ืœื”ื ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ ืขืœ ื›ืœ ื”ื—ืœืงื™ื ื”ืงืฉื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ื‘ืขื™ื” ื‘ื”ืชื—ืœื”,
14:24
is if you make that the path of least resistance for them.
247
864680
3880
ื–ื” ืื ืชื”ืคื›ื• ืืช ื–ื” ืœื“ืจืš ืฉืœ ื”ื›ื™ ืคื—ื•ืช ื”ืชื ื’ื“ื•ืช ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืœื.
14:29
We work hard at X to make it safe to fail.
248
869360
3880
ืื ื—ื ื• ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ืงืฉื” ื‘ X ื›ื“ื™ ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืืช ื–ื” ื‘ื˜ื•ื— ืœื”ื›ืฉืœ.
14:34
Teams kill their ideas as soon as the evidence is on the table
249
874000
3936
ืฆื•ื•ืชื™ื ื”ื•ืจื’ื™ื ืจืขื™ื•ื ื•ืช ื‘ืจื’ืข ืฉื™ืฉ ืขื“ื•ืช ืขืœ ื”ืฉื•ืœื—ืŸ
14:37
because they're rewarded for it.
250
877960
2560
ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืฉื”ื ืžืชื•ื’ืžืœื™ื ืขืœ ื–ื”.
14:41
They get applause from their peers.
251
881160
2816
ื”ื ืžืงื‘ืœื™ื ืžื—ื™ืื•ืช ื›ืคื™ื™ื ืžืขืžื™ืชื™ื”ื.
14:44
Hugs and high fives from their manager, me in particular.
252
884000
3880
ื—ื™ื‘ื•ืงื™ื ื•ื›ื™ืคื™ื ืžื”ืžื ื”ืœ ืฉืœื”ื, ืžืžื ื™ ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“,
14:49
They get promoted for it.
253
889160
2496
ื”ื ืžืงื•ื“ืžื™ื ืขืœ ื–ื”.
14:51
We have bonused every single person on teams that ended their projects,
254
891680
6256
ื ืชื ื• ื‘ื•ื ื•ืก ืœื›ืœ ืื“ื ื‘ืฆื•ื•ืช ืฉื”ืจื’ ืืช ื”ืคืจื•ื™ื™ืงื˜ ืฉืœื•,
14:57
from teams as small as two to teams of more than 30.
255
897960
3016
ืžืฆื•ื•ืชื™ื ืงื˜ื ื™ื ืฉืœ ืฉื ื™ ืื ืฉื™ื ืœืฆื•ื•ืชื™ื ืฉืœ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืž 30.
15:01
We believe in dreams at the moonshot factory.
256
901000
2920
ืื ื—ื ื• ืžืืžื™ื ื™ื ื‘ื—ืœื•ืžื•ืช ื‘ืžืคืขืœ ืžื•ื ืฉื•ื˜.
15:04
But enthusiastic skepticism
257
904840
2496
ืื‘ืœ ืกืงืคื˜ื™ื•ืช ื ืœื”ื‘ืช
15:07
is not the enemy of boundless optimism.
258
907360
3456
ื”ื™ื ืœื ื”ืื•ื™ื™ื‘ ืฉืœ ืื•ืคื˜ื™ืžื™ื–ื ืื™ืŸ ืกื•ืคื™.
15:10
It's optimism's perfect partner.
259
910840
2680
ื–ื” ื”ืฉื•ืชืฃ ื”ืžื•ืฉืœื ืฉืœ ืื•ืคื˜ื™ืžื™ื–ื.
15:14
It unlocks the potential in every idea.
260
914280
4320
ื–ื” ืžืฉื—ืจืจ ืืช ื”ืคื•ื˜ื ืฆื™ืืœ ื‘ื›ืœ ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ.
15:19
We can create the future that's in our dreams.
261
919720
3760
ืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ืืช ื”ืขืชื™ื“ ืฉื‘ื—ืœื•ืžื•ืช ืฉืœื ื•.
15:24
Thank you very much.
262
924400
1296
ืชื•ื“ื” ืจื‘ื” ืœื›ื.
15:25
(Applause)
263
925720
6022
(ืžื—ื™ืื•ืช ื›ืคื™ื™ื)
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

https://forms.gle/WvT1wiN1qDtmnspy7