Mary Lou Jepsen: Could future devices read images from our brains?

Prevoditelj: Ivan Stamenković Recezent: Senzos Osijek

I had brain surgery 18 years ago,

Bila sam na operaciji mozga prije 18 godina,

and since that time, brain science has become

i otada je neuroznanost postala

a personal passion of mine.

moja strast.

I'm actually an engineer.

Ja sam zapravo inženjer.

And first let me say, I recently joined

Molim vas prvo mi dopustite da kažem da sam se nedavno pridružila

Google's Moonshot group,

Googleovoj Moonshot grupi

where I had a division,

gdje sam imala odjel,

the display division in Google X,

odjel za prikazivanje u Google X-u

and the brain science work I'm speaking about today

a neuroznanstvenim radom o kojem ću govoriti danas

is work I did before I joined Google

sam se bavila prije nego sam se pridružila Googleu

and on the side outside of Google.

i dok sam radila za Google to mi je bio projekt sa strane.

So that said, there's a stigma

Rekavši ovo, postoji stigma

when you have brain surgery.

za osobe koje su imale operaciju na mozgu.

Are you still smart or not?

Jeste li još pametni ili ne?

And if not, can you make yourself smart again?

A ako niste, možete li ponovno postati pametni?

After my neurosurgery,

Nakon operacije na mozgu,

part of my brain was missing,

nedostajao mi je jedan dio mozga,

and I had to deal with that.

i ja sam se jednostavno morala suočiti s tim.

It wasn't the grey matter, but it was the gooey part dead center

Nije to bila siva tvar, već je to bio ljigavi dio na sredini

that makes key hormones and neurotransmitters.

koji proizvodi ključne hormone i neurotransmitere.

Immediately after my surgery,

Odmah nakon operacije

I had to decide what amounts of each of over

morala sam odlučiti o dozama svakog

a dozen powerful chemicals to take each day,

od desetak jakih lijekova koje ću uzimati svaki dan

because if I just took nothing,

jer da ne uzimam ništa,

I would die within hours.

umrla bih unutar nekoliko sati.

Every day now for 18 years -- every single day --

Svaki dan već 18 godina -- svaki, baš svaki dan --

I've had to try to decide the combinations

morala sam pokušati odlučiti o kombinaciji

and mixtures of chemicals,

i mješavini lijekova,

and try to get them, to stay alive.

te ih nabaviti kako bih preživjela.

There have been several close calls.

Nekoliko puta sam izbjegla smrt za dlaku.

But luckily, I'm an experimentalist at heart,

Ali na sreću, ja sam eksperimentator u srcu,

so I decided I would experiment

pa sam odlučila eksperimentirati

to try to find more optimal dosages

kako bih pokušala naći optimalnu dozu

because there really isn't a clear road map

zato što ne postoje jasne upute

on this that's detailed.

za ovakve slučajeve koje su detaljno opisane

I began to try different mixtures,

Počela sam isprobavati različite mješavine,

and I was blown away by how

i šokiralo me kako

tiny changes in dosages

male promjene u doziranju

dramatically changed my sense of self,

dramatično mijenjaju moje poimanje same sebe,

my sense of who I was, my thinking,

poimanje tko sam ja, moje razmišljanje,

my behavior towards people.

moje ponašanje prema ljudima.

One particularly dramatic case:

Jedan posebno dramatičan slučaj:

for a couple months I actually tried dosages

nekoliko mjeseci sam koristila dozu

and chemicals typical of a man in his early 20s,

i lijekove karakteristične za muškarca u ranim 20-ima,

and I was blown away by how my thoughts changed.

i potpuno me šokiralo kako su se moje misli promijenile.

(Laughter)

(Smijeh)

I was angry all the time,

Bila sam ljuta cijelo vrijeme,

I thought about sex constantly,

stalno sam mislila o seksu,

and I thought I was the smartest person

i mislila sam da sam najpametnija osoba

in the entire world, and

na cijelom svijetu, i

—(Laughter)—

--(Smijeh)--

of course over the years I'd met guys kind of like that,

naravno tijekom godina sam upoznala dečke koji su na neki način takvi,

or maybe kind of toned-down versions of that.

ili koji su možda malo blaža verzija toga.

I was kind of extreme.

Bila sam pomalo ekstremna.

But to me, the surprise was,

Ali za mene je bilo iznenađujuće to

I wasn't trying to be arrogant.

što ja nisam pokušavala biti arogantna.

I was actually trying,

Zapravo sam pokušavala,

with a little bit of insecurity,

pomalo nesigurna,

to actually fix a problem in front of me,

zapravo riješiti problem koji se našao preda mnom

and it just didn't come out that way.

ali to jednostavno nije tako ispalo..

So I couldn't handle it.

Tako da to nisam mogla riješiti.

I changed my dosages.

Promijenila sam dozu.

But that experience, I think, gave me

Ali, mislim, da mi je to iskustvo donijelo

a new appreciation for men

novopronađeno poštovanje za muškarce

and what they might walk through,

i za ono što bi oni mogli proživljavati,

and I've gotten along with men

i mnogo se bolje slažem s muškarcima

a lot better since then.

otada.

What I was trying to do

Ono što sam pokušavala napraviti

with tuning these hormones

regulirajući ove hormone

and neurotransmitters and so forth

i neurotransmitere i slično

was to try to get my intelligence back

jest vratiti natrag inteligenciju

after my illness and surgery,

nakon bolesti i operacije,

my creative thought, my idea flow.

moje kreativne ideje, moj tijek ideja.

And I think mostly in images,

Ja razmišljam uglavnom u slikama

and so for me that became a key metric --

i zbog toga je to za mene postalo ključna mjera --

how to get these mental images

kako upotrijebiti ove mentalne slike

that I use as a way of rapid prototyping,

koje koristim kao vrstu brzog stvaranja prototipa,

if you will, my ideas,

jednostavno rečeno, moje ideje,

trying on different new ideas for size,

isprobavajući različite nove ideje,

playing out scenarios.

odigravajući različite scenarije.

This kind of thinking isn't new.

Ova vrsta razmišljanja nije ništa novo.

Philiosophers like Hume and Descartes and Hobbes

Filozofi poput Humea i Descartesa i Hobbesa

saw things similarly.

su slično gledali na stvari.

They thought that mental images and ideas

Oni su smatrali da su mentalne slike i ideje

were actually the same thing.

zapravo isto.

There are those today that dispute that,

Danas postoje oni koji to pobijaju,

and lots of debates about how the mind works,

i vodi se mnogo rasprava o tome kako mozak radi,

but for me it's simple:

ali za mene je to vrlo jednostavno:

Mental images, for most of us,

Mentalne slike, za većinu nas,

are central in inventive and creative thinking.

su ključne za inventivno i kreativno razmišljanje.

So after several years,

Tako nakon nekoliko godina,

I tuned myself up and I have lots of great,

podesila sam sve sustave i imam mnogo divnih,

really vivid mental images with a lot of sophistication

vrlo živih, vrlo sofisticiranih mentalnih slika

and the analytical backbone behind them.

koje imaju analitičku kičmu kao temelj.

And so now I'm working on,

I sada radim na tome da vidim

how can I get these mental images in my mind

na koji način mogu mentalne slike iz mozga

out to my computer screen faster?

brže prenijeti na zaslon računala?

Can you imagine, if you will,

Možete li zamisliti, molim vas,

a movie director being able to use

filmsku redateljicu koja je sposobna koristiti

her imagination alone to direct the world in front of her?

samo svoju maštu kako bi režirala svijet koji se nalazi ispred nje?

Or a musician to get the music out of his head?

Ili glazbenika kako bi prenio glazbu iz svoje glave?

There are incredible possibilities with this

Postoje nevjerovatne stvari koje možemo raditi s ovim

as a way for creative people

kako bi kreativni ljudi

to share at light speed.

mogli dijeliti svoje zamisli brzinom svjetlosti.

And the truth is, the remaining bottleneck

A istina je da je jedina preostala prepreka

in being able to do this

koja nas sprečava da ovo učinimo

is just upping the resolution of brain scan systems.

zapravo samo poboljšanje rezolucije sustava za skeniranje mozga.

So let me show you why I think we're pretty close to getting there

I dopustite da vam pokažem zašto mislim da smo blizu postizanja tog cilja

by sharing with you two recent experiments

i s vama podijelim dva eksperimenta koja su nedavno provele

from two top neuroscience groups.

dvije vrhunske neuroznanstvene grupe.

Both used fMRI technology --

Obje grupe su koristile fMRI --

functional magnetic resonance imaging technology --

tehnologiju funkcionalne magnentske rezonancija --

to image the brain,

kako bi snimili mozak

and here is a brain scan set from Giorgio Ganis

i ovdje imamo set slika Giorgia Ganisa

and his colleagues at Harvard.

i njegovih kolega sa Harvarda.

And the left-hand column shows a brain scan

A lijeva stupac pokazuje sliku mozga

of a person looking at an image.

osobe koja gleda nekakvu sliku.

The middle column shows the brainscan

u srednjem stupcu se nalazi slika mozga

of that same individual

istog pojedinca

imagining, seeing that same image.

dok zamišlja kako gleda istu sliku.

And the right column was created

A desni stupac je nastao

by subtracting the middle column from the left column,

oduzimanjem srednjeg stupca od lijevog stupca

showing the difference to be nearly zero.

te pokazuje da je razlika skoro ravna nuli

This was repeated on lots of different individuals

Ovaj eksperiment je ponovljen na velikom broju različitih osoba

with lots of different images,

i koristeći veliki broj različitih slika,

always with a similar result.

a rezultat je uvijek bio sličan.

The difference between seeing an image

Razlika između gledanja slike

and imagining seeing that same image

i zamišljanja gledanja te iste slike

is next to nothing.

je skoro nikakva.

Next let me share with you one other experiment,

Sad mi dopustite da s vama podijelim još jedan eksperiment,

this from Jack Gallant's lab at Cal Berkeley.

koji je proveo laboratorij Jacka Gallanta na Sveučilištu Berkley, Kalifornija.

They've been able to decode brainwaves

Oni su uspjeli dekodirati moždane valove

into recognizable visual fields.

u prepoznatljiva vizualna polja.

So let me set this up for you.

Da vam malo pojasnim ovo.

In this experiment, individuals were shown

U ovom eksperimentu, pojedincima su prikazivane

hundreds of hours of YouTube videos

stotine sati Youtube videa

while scans were made of their brains

a istovremeno su im rađeni snimci mozga

to create a large library of their brain reacting

kako bi se stvorila velika arhiva načina na koji njihov mozak reagira

to video sequences.

na video isječke.

Then a new movie was shown with new images,

Tada im je prikazan novi film s novim slikama,

new people, new animals in it,

novim ljudima, novim životinjama,

and a new scan set was recorded.

i snimljen je novi set snimaka.

The computer, using brain scan data alone,

Računalo, koristeći samo podatke snimaka mozga,

decoded that new brain scan

je dekodiralo da taj novi snimak mozga

to show what it thought the individual was actually seeing.

pokazuje ono što misli da pojedinac zapravo vidi.

On the right-hand side, you see the computer's guess,

Na desnoj strani, možete vidjeti pretpostavku računala,

and on the left-hand side, the presented clip.

a na lijevoj strani, isječak koji je prikazan.

This is the jaw-dropper.

Ovo je toliko zapanjujuće da će vam se zavrtiti glava.

We are so close to being able to do this.

Toliko smo blizu da ostvarimo ovo.

We just need to up the resolution.

samo trebamo poboljšati rezoluciju.

And now remember that when you see an image

I zapamtite da kad vidite sliku

versus when you imagine that same image,

naspram kad tu istu sliku zamislite,

it creates the same brain scan.

nastaje jednak snimak mozga.

So this was done with the highest-resolution

Ovo je napravljeno sa najvećom rezolucijom

brain scan systems available today,

koja je dostupna kod snimanja mozga danas,

and their resolution has increased really

a njihova rezolucija se poboljšala negdje

about a thousandfold in the last several years.

za tisuću puta u posljednijh nekoliko godina.

Next we need to increase the resolution

Sada moramo poboljšati rezoluciju

another thousandfold

za još tisuću puta

to get a deeper glimpse.

kako bi dobili bolji pogled.

How do we do that?

Kako to možemo učiniti?

There's a lot of techniques in this approach.

Postoji mnogo tehnika kod ovakvog pristupa.

One way is to crack open your skull and put in electrodes.

Jedan način je da rastvorimo lubanju i ubacimo elektrode.

I'm not for that.

Ja osobno nisam za to.

There's a lot of new imaging techniques

Mnogo novih tehnika snimanja

being proposed, some even by me,

predlaže se danas, a neke sam predložila i ja

but given the recent success of MRI,

ali s obzirom na nedavni uspjeh snimanja magnetskom rezonancom

first we need to ask the question,

prvo moramo postaviti pitanje,

is it the end of the road with this technology?

je li je to kraj za ovu tehnologiju?

Conventional wisdom says the only way

Konvecionalna mudrost kaže da je jedini način

to get higher resolution is with bigger magnets,

da se dobije viša rezolucija korištenje većih magneta,

but at this point bigger magnets

ali u ovom trenutku veći magneti bi

only offer incremental resolution improvements,

pridonijeli samo malom poboljšanju rezolucije

not the thousandfold we need.

ali ne i tisuću puta koliko mi trebamo.

I'm putting forward an idea:

Ja predlažem da:

instead of bigger magnets,

umjesto većih magneta,

let's make better magnets.

napravimo bolje magnete.

There's some new technology breakthroughs

Veliki napreci su postignuti u novoj tehnologiji

in nanoscience

poput nanoznanosti

when applied to magnetic structures

i njenoj primjeni u magnetskim strukturama

that have created a whole new class of magnets,

koji su stvorili skroz novu kategoriju magneta,

and with these magnets, we can lay down

i s ovakvim magnetima, možemo postaviti

very fine detailed magnetic field patterns

vrlo sitno detaljizirane uzorke magnetskih polja

throughout the brain,

kroz mozak

and using those, we can actually create

i koristeći ih možemo zapravo stvoriti

holographic-like interference structures

holografske interferencijske strukture

to get precision control over many patterns,

kako bi dobili preciznu kontrolu nad mnogim uzorcima,

as is shown here by shifting things.

kako je pokazano ovdje samo drugačijim pristupom.

We can create much more complicated structures

Možemo stvoriti mnogo kompliciranije strukture

with slightly different arrangements,

a koristeći tek malo promijenjen poredak

kind of like making Spirograph.

kao da radimo Spirograf.

So why does that matter?

I zašto je to bitno?

A lot of effort in MRI over the years

Mnogo truda u MRI-ju kroz godine

has gone into making really big,

je uloženo u proizvodnju zaista velikih,

really huge magnets, right?

ogromnih magneta, zar ne?

But yet most of the recent advances

Ali većina novijih otkrića

in resolution have actually come from

na području rezolucije je rezultat

ingeniously clever encoding and decoding solutions

genijalnih i inteligentnih rješenja kodiranja i dekodiranja

in the F.M. radio frequency transmitters and receivers

na odašiljačima i prijamnicima F.M. radio frekvencija

in the MRI systems.

u MRI sustavima.

Let's also, instead of a uniform magnetic field,

Također, umjesto uniformnih magnetskih polja

put down structured magnetic patterns

sastavimo strukturirane magnetske uzorke

in addition to the F.M. radio frequencies.

zajedno s F.M. radio frekvencijama.

So by combining the magnetics patterns

Tako koristeći ovakve magnetske uzorke

with the patterns in the F.M. radio frequencies

s uzorcima u obradi F.M. radio frekvencija

processing which can massively increase

možemo uvelike povećati

the information that we can extract

količinu informacija koju možemo izvući

in a single scan.

u jednom snimku.

And on top of that, we can then layer

I povrh svega toga, tada možemo još pridodati

our ever-growing knowledge of brain structure and memory

svoje rastuće znanje strukture mozga i sjećanja

to create a thousandfold increase that we need.

kako bismo stvorili tisuću puta veću jačinu koju trebamo.

And using fMRI, we should be able to measure

a koristeći fMRI, trebali bismo moći izmjeriti

not just oxygenated blood flow,

ne samo protok krvi obogaćene kisikom

but the hormones and neurotransmitters I've talked about

već i razinu hormona i neurotransmitera koje sam spomenula

and maybe even the direct neural activity,

a možda čak i izravnu neuro aktvnost

which is the dream.

poput snova.

We're going to be able to dump our ideas

Moći ćemo staviti svoje ideje

directly to digital media.

ravno na digitalne medije.

Could you imagine if we could leapfrog language

Možete li zamisliti kad bismo mogli zaobići jezik

and communicate directly with human thought?

i sporazumijevati se direktno ljudskom misli?

What would we be capable of then?

Za što bismo sve bili sposobni?

And how will we learn to deal

I kako bismo naučili nositi se s

with the truths of unfiltered human thought?

istinama nefiltrirane ljudske misli?

You think the Internet was big.

Mislite da je Internet velik.

These are huge questions.

Postoji mnogo velikih pitanja.

It might be irresistible as a tool

Ovo bi moglo biti neodoljivo kao alat

to amplify our thinking and communication skills.

za poboljšanje sposobnosti razmišljanja i sporazumijevanja.

And indeed, this very same tool

I zaista, ovaj isti alat

may prove to lead to the cure

bi se mogao pokazati kao put do lijeka

for Alzheimer's and similar diseases.

za Alzeheimerovu bolesti i druge slične bolesti.

We have little option but to open this door.

Nemamo izbora nego otvoriti vrata ove prilike.

Regardless, pick a year --

Bez obzira, izaberite godinu --

will it happen in five years or 15 years?

hoće li se to dogoditi za 5 ili 15 godina?

It's hard to imagine it taking much longer.

Teško mogu zamisliti da bi to trebalo trajati duže.

We need to learn how to take this step together.

Moramo naučiti kako napraviti ovaj korak zajednički.

Thank you.

Hvala vam.

(Applause)

(Pljesak)