Mary Lou Jepsen: Could future devices read images from our brains?

78,259 views ・ 2014-03-03

TED


μ•„λž˜ μ˜λ¬Έμžλ§‰μ„ λ”λΈ”ν΄λ¦­ν•˜μ‹œλ©΄ μ˜μƒμ΄ μž¬μƒλ©λ‹ˆλ‹€.

λ²ˆμ—­: Sungho Yoo κ²€ν† : Jun-yeon Choi
00:12
I had brain surgery 18 years ago,
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μ €λŠ” 18λ…„ 전에 λ‡Œ μˆ˜μˆ μ„ 받은 적이 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:15
and since that time, brain science has become
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κ·Έ ν›„λ‘œ, λ‡Œ 과학은
00:17
a personal passion of mine.
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μ €μ˜ 개인적인 관심 λΆ„μ•Όκ°€ λ˜μ—ˆμ£ .
00:19
I'm actually an engineer.
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사싀 μ €λŠ” κ³΅ν•™μžμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:21
And first let me say, I recently joined
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λ¨Όμ €, μ €λŠ” μ΅œκ·Όμ—
00:24
Google's Moonshot group,
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ꡬ글 λ¬Έμƒ· κ·Έλ£Ήμ—μ„œ
00:25
where I had a division,
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자리λ₯Ό 맑게 λ˜μ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:27
the display division in Google X,
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ꡬ글 X의 λ””μŠ€ν”Œλ ˆμ΄ 뢀문이죠.
00:29
and the brain science work I'm speaking about today
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였늘 μ œκ°€ λ°œν‘œν•˜λ €λŠ” λ‡Œ 과학은
00:31
is work I did before I joined Google
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μ œκ°€ ꡬ글에 ν•©λ₯˜ν•˜κΈ° 전에 ꡬ글 λ°–μ—μ„œ
00:34
and on the side outside of Google.
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μΌν•˜λ˜ μ£Όμ œμ˜€μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:37
So that said, there's a stigma
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자, κ·Έκ±Έ μ „μ œλ‘œ, λ‡Œ μˆ˜μˆ μ„ λ°›μœΌλ©΄
00:40
when you have brain surgery.
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ν•œκ°€μ§€ 낙인이 찍히게 λ©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:42
Are you still smart or not?
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μ—¬μ „νžˆ λ˜‘λ˜‘ν•œκ°€? μ•„λ‹ˆλ©΄ 더이상 λ˜‘λ˜‘ν•˜μ§€ μ•Šμ€κ°€?의 문제죠.
00:45
And if not, can you make yourself smart again?
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λ§Œμ•½ 더이상 λ˜‘λ˜‘ν•˜μ§€ μ•Šλ‹€λ©΄ λ‹€μ‹œ λ˜‘λ˜‘ν•˜κ²Œ λ§Œλ“€ 수 μžˆμ„κΉŒμš”?
00:49
After my neurosurgery,
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μ €λŠ” λ‡Œ μˆ˜μˆ μ„ λ°›κ³ 
00:51
part of my brain was missing,
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λ‡Œμ˜ 일뢀뢄을 μžƒμ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:53
and I had to deal with that.
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μ €λŠ” 그것을 κ°μˆ˜ν•΄μ•Ό ν–ˆμ–΄μš”.
00:55
It wasn't the grey matter, but it was the gooey part dead center
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그것은 νšŒλ°±μ§ˆμ€ μ•„λ‹ˆμ—ˆμ§€λ§Œ μ€‘μš” 호둜λͺ¬κ³Ό μ‹ κ²½ 전달 λ¬Όμ§ˆμ„ μƒμ‚°ν•˜λŠ”
00:58
that makes key hormones and neurotransmitters.
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이미 κ΄΄μ‚¬ν•œ λˆμ λˆμ ν•œ λΆ€μœ„μ˜€μ£ .
01:02
Immediately after my surgery,
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수술 직후,
01:04
I had to decide what amounts of each of over
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μ €λŠ” 열두 κ°œλ„ λ„˜λŠ” κ°•λ ₯ν•œ ν™”ν•™ 물질 쀑 맀일
01:06
a dozen powerful chemicals to take each day,
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무엇을 μ–Όλ§ˆλ§ŒνΌ λ³΅μš©ν•΄μ•Ό ν•˜λŠ”μ§€ κ²°μ •ν•΄μ•Ό ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:10
because if I just took nothing,
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μ™œλƒν•˜λ©΄ κ·Έ ν™”ν•™ λ¬Όμ§ˆλ“€μ„ 먹지 μ•ŠμœΌλ©΄
01:12
I would die within hours.
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μ €λŠ” 뢈과 λͺ‡μ‹œκ°„ μ•ˆμ— 죽게 λ˜λ‹ˆκΉŒμš”.
01:14
Every day now for 18 years -- every single day --
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μ§€κΈˆκΉŒμ§€ 18λ…„κ°„--ν•˜λ£¨λ„ λΉΌμ§€μ•Šκ³ --
01:18
I've had to try to decide the combinations
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살아남기 μœ„ν•΄ μ œκ°€ μ„­μ·¨ν•΄μ•Ό ν• 
01:21
and mixtures of chemicals,
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ν™”ν•™ λ¬Όμ§ˆλ“€μ˜ μ μ ˆν•œ λ°°ν•©κ³Ό ν˜Όν•© λΉ„μœ¨μ— λŒ€ν•΄
01:22
and try to get them, to stay alive.
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결정을 λ‚΄λ €μ•Ό ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:26
There have been several close calls.
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μ—¬λŸ¬ 번 μ € μ„ΈμƒμœΌλ‘œ 갈 λ»”ν•œ 적도 μžˆμ—ˆμ§€μš”.
01:29
But luckily, I'm an experimentalist at heart,
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λ‹€ν–‰νžˆ μ €λŠ” μ‹€ν—˜κ°€ κΈ°μ§ˆλ„ 있고
01:33
so I decided I would experiment
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이 ν™”ν•™ 물질의 μ„­μ·¨λŸ‰μ— λŒ€ν•œ
01:36
to try to find more optimal dosages
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λͺ…ν™•ν•œ 지침도 μ—†μ—ˆκΈ°μ—
01:38
because there really isn't a clear road map
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μ €λŠ” 졜적의 μ„­μ·¨λŸ‰μ„ μ°ΎκΈ° μœ„ν•΄
01:40
on this that's detailed.
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μ‹€ν—˜μ„ ν•΄λ³΄κΈ°λ‘œ 마음 λ¨Ήκ³ 
01:42
I began to try different mixtures,
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μ—¬λŸ¬ 가지 ν˜Όν•©μ„ μ‹œλ„ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:44
and I was blown away by how
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μ €λŠ” μ–΄λ–»κ²Œ λ³΅μš©λŸ‰μ˜ μž‘μ€ λ³€ν™”κ°€
01:47
tiny changes in dosages
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μ €μ˜ μžμ•„ μ˜μ‹, μ œκ°€ λˆ„κ΅¬μΈμ§€μ— λŒ€ν•œ 인식 정도,
01:49
dramatically changed my sense of self,
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그리고 λ‹€λ₯Έ μ‚¬λžŒμ„ ν–₯ν•œ μ €μ˜ 행동을
01:52
my sense of who I was, my thinking,
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κ·Έλ ‡κ²Œ 극적으둜 λ³€ν™”μ‹œν‚¬ 수 μžˆλŠ”μ§€μ—
01:54
my behavior towards people.
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맀우 λ†€λΌκ²Œ λ˜μ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:56
One particularly dramatic case:
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특히 ν•œ 가지 극적인 경우λ₯Ό λ“ λ‹€λ©΄,
01:59
for a couple months I actually tried dosages
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μ‹€μ œλ‘œ μ €λŠ” λͺ‡ 달 λ™μ•ˆ
02:00
and chemicals typical of a man in his early 20s,
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μ „ν˜•μ μΈ 20λŒ€ λ‚¨μžμ˜ λͺΈμ—μ„œ μƒμ‚°λ˜λŠ” ν™”ν•™ λ¬Όμ§ˆλ§Œμ„ λ³΅μš©ν•œ 적이 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:04
and I was blown away by how my thoughts changed.
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μ €λŠ” 이것이 μ €μ˜ 생각을 μ–Όλ§ˆλ‚˜ 많이 λ°”κΏ”λ†“λŠ”μ§€μ— 맀우 λ†€λΌκ²Œ λ˜μ—ˆμ£ .
02:07
(Laughter)
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(μ›ƒμŒ)
02:10
I was angry all the time,
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μ €λŠ” 항상 ν™”κ°€ λ‚˜ μžˆμ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:13
I thought about sex constantly,
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μ €λŠ” λŠμž„μ—†μ΄ μ„ΉμŠ€μ— λŒ€ν•œ 생각을 ν–ˆκ³ 
02:15
and I thought I was the smartest person
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μ œκ°€ 이 μ„Έμƒμ—μ„œ
02:18
in the entire world, and
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κ°€μž₯ λ˜‘λ˜‘ν•œ μ‚¬λžŒμ΄λΌκ³  μƒκ°ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:20
β€”(Laughter)β€”
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-(μ›ƒμŒ)-
02:23
of course over the years I'd met guys kind of like that,
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λ¬Όλ‘  μ €λŠ” μ§€λ‚œ λͺ‡ λ…„ λ™μ•ˆ 그런 λ₯˜μ˜ λ‚¨μžλ“€
02:26
or maybe kind of toned-down versions of that.
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λ˜λŠ” μ–΄μ©Œλ©΄ μ •λ„λ§Œ 쑰금 μ•½ν•œ λ‚¨μžλ“€λ„ λ§Œλ‚œ 적이 μžˆμ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:28
I was kind of extreme.
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μ €λŠ” κ·Έ 정도가 μ‹¬ν•œ μˆ˜μ€€μ΄μ—ˆμ£ .
02:30
But to me, the surprise was,
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ν•˜μ§€λ§Œ, λ†€λΌμ› λ˜ 점은
02:33
I wasn't trying to be arrogant.
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μ œκ°€ μ˜λ„μ μœΌλ‘œ κ±°λ§Œν•˜κ²Œ λ³΄μ΄λ €λŠ”κ²Œ μ•„λ‹ˆμ—ˆλ‹€λŠ” κ²ƒμ΄μ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:35
I was actually trying,
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μ €λŠ” μ‹€μ œλ‘œ
02:38
with a little bit of insecurity,
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μ•½κ°„μ˜ λΆˆμ•ˆκ°μ„ 가지고
02:40
to actually fix a problem in front of me,
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제 μ•žμ— λ‹₯친 λ¬Έμ œλ“€μ„ λ°”λ‘œμž‘μœΌλ € λ…Έλ ₯ν•˜κ³  μžˆμ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:43
and it just didn't come out that way.
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그것이 말처럼 μ‰½μ§€λŠ” μ•Šμ•˜μ–΄μš”.
02:45
So I couldn't handle it.
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κ²°κ΅­ μ €λŠ” κ·Έκ±Έ ν¬κΈ°ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:47
I changed my dosages.
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μ €λŠ” λ³΅μš©λŸ‰μ„ λ°”κΎΈμ—ˆμ§€μš”.
02:48
But that experience, I think, gave me
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ν•˜μ§€λ§Œ κ·Έ κ²½ν—˜μ€, μ œκ°€ 생각에,
02:51
a new appreciation for men
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μ œκ°€ λ‚¨μžλΌλŠ” 것과 또 λ‚¨μžλ“€μ΄ μ–΄λ–€ 일듀을
02:52
and what they might walk through,
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κ²ͺμ–΄μ•Ό 할지 λ”μš± 잘
02:54
and I've gotten along with men
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이해할 수 μžˆλ„λ‘ ν•΄μ£Όμ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:56
a lot better since then.
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κ·Έ ν›„λ‘œ μ €λŠ” λ‚¨μžλ“€κ³Ό 더 잘 지낼 수 있게 λ˜μ—ˆμ§€μš”.
02:58
What I was trying to do
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μ΄λ ‡κ²Œ 호둜λͺ¬κ³Ό μ‹ κ²½ 전달 물질 그리고 λ‹€λ₯Έ ν™”ν•™ λ¬Όμ§ˆλ“€μ˜
02:59
with tuning these hormones
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λ³΅μš©λŸ‰μ„ μ‘°μ •ν•¨μœΌλ‘œμ¨
03:01
and neurotransmitters and so forth
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μ œκ°€ 이루고자 ν–ˆλ˜ 것은
03:04
was to try to get my intelligence back
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μ €μ˜ 지성과 μ°½μ˜μ„±, μƒκ°μ˜ 흐름을
03:07
after my illness and surgery,
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병을 μ•“κ³  수술 λ°›κΈ° μ „μ˜ μƒνƒœλ‘œ
03:10
my creative thought, my idea flow.
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λ˜λŒλ €λ†“λŠ” κ²ƒμ΄μ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:12
And I think mostly in images,
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μ €λŠ” 주둜 이미지λ₯Ό λ– μ˜¬λ¦¬λ©° 생각을 ν•˜λŠ”λ°
03:15
and so for me that became a key metric --
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κ·Έλž˜μ„œ 머릿속에 λ– μ˜€λ₯΄λŠ” 이미지가
03:18
how to get these mental images
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λ°”λ‘œ μ €μ˜ 사고 방식이 λ©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:20
that I use as a way of rapid prototyping,
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λ– μ˜€λ₯Έ μ΄λ―Έμ§€λ“€λ‘œ 재빨리 ν”„λ‘œν† νƒ€μž…μ„ λ§Œλ“€μ–΄
03:23
if you will, my ideas,
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κ·Έ 아이디어듀을
03:25
trying on different new ideas for size,
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μ—¬λŸ¬ 가지 λ°©μ‹μœΌλ‘œ μ‹€ν—˜ν•΄λ³΄κ³ 
03:27
playing out scenarios.
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μ‹œλ‚˜λ¦¬μ˜€λ₯Ό νŽΌμ³λ‚˜κ°€λŠ” κ²λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:29
This kind of thinking isn't new.
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이런 사고 과정은 듣도 보지 λͺ»ν•œ μƒˆλ‘œμš΄ 것이 μ•„λ‹™λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:31
Philiosophers like Hume and Descartes and Hobbes
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ν„μ΄λ‚˜ 데카λ₯΄νŠΈ, ν™‰μŠ€μ™€ 같은 μ² ν•™μžλ“€μ€
03:34
saw things similarly.
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이와 μœ μ‚¬ν•œ 사고 과정을 μ‚¬μš©ν•˜μ˜€μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:35
They thought that mental images and ideas
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그듀은 심상과 μ•„μ΄λ””μ–΄λŠ”
03:38
were actually the same thing.
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μ‹€μ œλ‘œ 같은 것이라고 λ―Ώμ—ˆμ£ .
03:40
There are those today that dispute that,
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μ˜€λŠ˜λ‚  마음이 μž‘λ™ν•˜λŠ” 방법에 λŒ€ν•΄
03:43
and lots of debates about how the mind works,
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λ§Žμ€ 이듀이 μ—¬λŸ¬ λ…ΌμŸκ³Ό 토둠을 ν•˜κ³  μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:46
but for me it's simple:
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ν•˜μ§€λ§Œ μ €κ²Œ 이것은 κ°„λ‹¨ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:48
Mental images, for most of us,
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μš°λ¦¬λ“€ λŒ€λΆ€λΆ„μ—κ²Œ 심상은
03:50
are central in inventive and creative thinking.
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독창적이고 창의적인 생각에 맀우 μ€‘μš”ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:54
So after several years,
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κ·Έλž˜μ„œ λͺ‡λ…„ ν›„,
03:56
I tuned myself up and I have lots of great,
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μ €λŠ” νž˜μ„ λ˜μ°Ύμ•„ 뢄석에 κΈ°λ°˜ν•œ
03:59
really vivid mental images with a lot of sophistication
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맀우 μƒμƒν•œ 정신적 이미지듀을
04:02
and the analytical backbone behind them.
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μ—¬λŸ¬ 개 κ°–κ²Œ λ©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:05
And so now I'm working on,
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이제 μ €λŠ” μ–΄λ–»κ²Œ λ§ˆμŒμ†μ˜ 정신적인 이미지듀을
04:06
how can I get these mental images in my mind
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컴퓨터 화면에 λ”μš± μ‹ μ†ν•˜κ²Œ ν‘œν˜„ν•  수 μžˆλŠ”μ§€λ₯Ό
04:11
out to my computer screen faster?
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μ—°κ΅¬ν•˜κ³  μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:13
Can you imagine, if you will,
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μ—¬λŸ¬λΆ„μ€ μžμ‹ μ˜ 상상λ ₯ ν•˜λ‚˜μ—λ§Œ μ˜μ‘΄ν•΄
04:16
a movie director being able to use
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자기 μ•žμ— νŽΌμ³μ§„, μ„Έμƒμ΄λΌλŠ” μ˜ν™” ν•œ νŽΈμ„
04:18
her imagination alone to direct the world in front of her?
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κ°λ…ν•˜λŠ” 감독을 상상해 보신 적이 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆκΉŒ?
04:21
Or a musician to get the music out of his head?
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ν˜ΉλŠ” 머리 μ†μ—μ„œ μŒμ•…μ„ λ– μ˜¬λ¦¬λ €λŠ” μŒμ•…κ°€μ— λŒ€ν•΄ 상상해 보신적이 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆκΉŒ?
04:25
There are incredible possibilities with this
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그런 κ²ƒμ—λŠ” 창의적인 μ‚¬λžŒλ“€μ˜
04:27
as a way for creative people
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λ§ˆμŒμ†μ—μ„œ μΌμ–΄λ‚˜λŠ” 생각을 λΉ›μ˜ μ†λ„λ‘œ κ³΅μœ ν•  수 μžˆλŠ”
04:29
to share at light speed.
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μ—„μ²­λ‚œ κ°€λŠ₯성이 λ‚΄μž¬λ˜μ–΄ μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:32
And the truth is, the remaining bottleneck
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사싀, 이런 μž‘μ—…μ„ μˆ˜ν–‰ν•˜λŠ” 데에
04:34
in being able to do this
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λ‚¨μ•„μžˆλŠ” μž₯μ• λ¬Όμ΄λΌκ³ λŠ”
04:35
is just upping the resolution of brain scan systems.
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λ‡Œ μŠ€μΊ” μ‹œμŠ€ν…œμ˜ 해상도λ₯Ό λ†’μ΄λŠ” 정도 λΏμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:39
So let me show you why I think we're pretty close to getting there
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자, μ—¬λŸ¬λΆ„κ³Ό 두 개의 졜고 μ‹ κ²½ κ³Όν•™ 그룹이 μ‹€ν–‰ν•œ
04:42
by sharing with you two recent experiments
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μ‹€ν—˜ 2건을 ν†΅ν•΄μ„œ μ™œ μš°λ¦¬κ°€ 이런 것을 μ„±μ·¨ν•΄λ‚΄λŠ”λ°
04:44
from two top neuroscience groups.
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맀우 κ°€κΉŒμ›Œ μ‘Œλ‹€κ³  μƒκ°ν•˜λŠ”μ§€λ₯Ό μ„€λͺ…λ“œλ¦¬κ² μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:47
Both used fMRI technology --
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두 μ‹€ν—˜ λͺ¨λ‘ fMRI κΈ°μˆ μ„ μ‚¬μš©ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:49
functional magnetic resonance imaging technology --
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참고둜, fMRIλŠ” λ‡Œλ₯Ό μŠ€μΊ”ν•˜λŠ”
04:51
to image the brain,
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κΈ°λŠ₯μ„± 자기 곡λͺ… μ˜μƒ κΈ°μˆ μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:53
and here is a brain scan set from Giorgio Ganis
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이 사진은 μ‘°λ₯΄μ§€μ˜€ κ°œλ‹ˆμŠ€μ™€
04:56
and his colleagues at Harvard.
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그의 ν•˜λ²„λ“œ λŒ€ν•™ λ™λ£Œλ“€μ΄ 찍은 λ‡Œ μŠ€μΊ” μ‚¬μ§„μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:58
And the left-hand column shows a brain scan
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μ™Όμͺ½ 열은 이미지λ₯Ό 보고 μžˆλŠ” μ‚¬λžŒμ˜
05:01
of a person looking at an image.
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λ‡Œ μŠ€μΊ” μ‚¬μ§„μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
05:04
The middle column shows the brainscan
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쀑간 열은 λ™μΌν•œ μ‹€ν—˜ λŒ€μƒμ΄
05:06
of that same individual
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λ™μΌν•œ 사진듀을 보며 μƒμƒν•˜κ³  μžˆμ„ λ•Œμ˜
05:08
imagining, seeing that same image.
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λ‡Œ μŠ€μΊ” 사진이며,
05:11
And the right column was created
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였λ₯Έμͺ½ 열은
05:13
by subtracting the middle column from the left column,
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μ™Όμͺ½ μ—΄μ—μ„œ 쀑간 열을 λΊ€ κ·Έλ¦Όμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
05:17
showing the difference to be nearly zero.
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λ‘˜μ˜ 차이가 거의 0에 κ°€κΉλ‹€λŠ” 것을 보여주죠.
05:20
This was repeated on lots of different individuals
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이 μ‹€ν—˜μ€ 이듀 뿐만 μ•„λ‹ˆλΌ λ§Žμ€ μ‚¬λžŒλ“€μ—κ²Œ
05:22
with lots of different images,
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λ‹€μ–‘ν•œ 이미지듀을 μ΄μš©ν•˜μ—¬ μˆ˜ν–‰λ˜μ—ˆκ³ 
05:25
always with a similar result.
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κ²°κ³ΌλŠ” 항상 λΉ„μŠ·ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
05:27
The difference between seeing an image
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이미지λ₯Ό κ·Έμ € λ³΄λŠ” 것과
05:29
and imagining seeing that same image
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그와 같은 이미지λ₯Ό 보고 μƒμƒν•˜λŠ” κ²ƒμ˜
05:31
is next to nothing.
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μ°¨μ΄λŠ” 거의 μ—†μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€..
05:34
Next let me share with you one other experiment,
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λ‹€μŒμœΌλ‘œ μΊ˜λ¦¬ν¬λ‹ˆμ•„ λ²„ν΄λ¦¬λŒ€μ˜ 잭 κ°€λž€νŠΈ κ΅μˆ˜κ°€
05:36
this from Jack Gallant's lab at Cal Berkeley.
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μˆ˜ν–‰ν•œ λ‹€λ₯Έ μ‹€ν—˜μ„ λ³΄κ² μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
05:41
They've been able to decode brainwaves
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그듀은 λ‡ŒνŒŒλ₯Ό 눈으둜 λ³Ό 수 μžˆλ„λ‘
05:43
into recognizable visual fields.
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해독할 수 μžˆμ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
05:45
So let me set this up for you.
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자, μ—¬λŸ¬λΆ„κ»˜ 이 μ‹€ν—˜ 과정을 λ§μ”€λ“œλ¦¬κ² μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
05:47
In this experiment, individuals were shown
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μ‹€ν—˜μ—μ„œλŠ” μ‹€ν—˜ λŒ€μƒμžλ“€μ—κ²Œ
05:49
hundreds of hours of YouTube videos
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수백 μ‹œκ°„ λ™μ•ˆ 유튜브 λΉ„λ””μ˜€λ§Œ 보게 ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
05:51
while scans were made of their brains
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κ·Έλ™μ•ˆ μ΄λ“€μ˜ λ‡Œ μŠ€μΊ” 사진을 μ°μ—ˆμ–΄μš”.
05:53
to create a large library of their brain reacting
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이λ₯Ό 톡해 λ‡Œκ°€ μ—°μ†λœ μ˜μƒμ—
05:56
to video sequences.
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μ–΄λ–»κ²Œ λ°˜μ‘ν•˜λŠ”μ§€ κ΄€μ°°ν•˜κ³ μž ν–ˆμ£ .
05:59
Then a new movie was shown with new images,
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그런 λ‹€μŒ, μƒˆλ‘œμš΄ 이미지, μƒˆλ‘œμš΄ μ‚¬λžŒλ“€ 그리고 μƒˆλ‘œμš΄ 동물듀이 ν¬ν•¨λœ
06:02
new people, new animals in it,
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μƒˆλ‘œμš΄ μ˜ν™”λ₯Ό μ‹€ν—˜ λŒ€μƒμžλ“€μ—κ²Œ λ³΄μ—¬μ£Όμ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
06:04
and a new scan set was recorded.
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그리고 또 ν•œλ²ˆ μ‹€ν—˜ λŒ€μƒμžλ“€μ˜ λ‡Œ μŠ€μΊ” 사진을 μ°μ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
06:06
The computer, using brain scan data alone,
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μ»΄ν“¨ν„°λŠ” λ‡Œ μŠ€μΊ” μžλ£Œλ§Œμ„ μ‚¬μš©ν•˜μ—¬
06:09
decoded that new brain scan
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κ·Έ μ‹€ν—˜ λŒ€μƒμžλ“€μ΄ 각각 무엇을 μƒκ°ν•˜κ³  μžˆμ—ˆμ„ 것이라고
06:11
to show what it thought the individual was actually seeing.
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μ˜ˆμƒν•œ 것을 λ³΄μ—¬μ£Όμ—ˆμ§€μš”.
06:16
On the right-hand side, you see the computer's guess,
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였λ₯Έμͺ½μ€ μ»΄ν“¨ν„°μ˜ 좔츑이고
06:19
and on the left-hand side, the presented clip.
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μ™Όμͺ½μ€ μ‹€μ œλ‘œ λŒ€μƒμžλ“€μ—κ²Œ 보여쀀 λ™μ˜μƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
06:23
This is the jaw-dropper.
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κ²°κ³ΌλŠ” 맀우 λ†€λžμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
06:25
We are so close to being able to do this.
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μš°λ¦¬λŠ” 이런 것을 κ°€λŠ₯ν•˜κ²Œ ν•˜λŠ”λ° 맀우 κ°€κΉŒμ΄ 와 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
06:28
We just need to up the resolution.
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이제 μš°λ¦¬μ—κ²Œ ν•„μš”ν•œ 건 더 λ‚˜μ€ 해상도일 뿐이죠.
06:31
And now remember that when you see an image
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자, 이제 같은 이미지λ₯Ό κ·Έλƒ₯ λ³Ό λ•Œμ˜ λ‡Œ μŠ€μΊ” 이미지와
06:34
versus when you imagine that same image,
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λ™μΌν•œ 이미지λ₯Ό 보며 상상할 λ•Œμ˜
06:36
it creates the same brain scan.
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λ‡Œ μŠ€μΊ” 이미지가 λ™μΌν•˜λ‹€λŠ” 것을 κΈ°μ–΅ν•˜μ„Έμš”.
06:40
So this was done with the highest-resolution
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이 μ‹€ν—˜μ€ μ˜€λŠ˜λ‚  κ°€λŠ₯ν•œ
06:42
brain scan systems available today,
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졜고의 κ³ ν™”μ§ˆ μ˜μƒμ„ μ΄μš©ν•΄ μˆ˜ν–‰λ˜μ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
06:45
and their resolution has increased really
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그리고 μ˜μƒ ν™”μ§ˆμ€ 졜근 λͺ‡ λ…„λ™μ•ˆ
06:46
about a thousandfold in the last several years.
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μ‹€μ œλ‘œ 천 λ°° 정도 λ°œμ „ν–ˆμ£ .
06:50
Next we need to increase the resolution
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μ•žμœΌλ‘œλŠ” 더 μžμ„Ένžˆ κ΄€μ°°ν•˜κΈ° μœ„ν•΄
06:52
another thousandfold
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해상도λ₯Ό λ‹€μ‹œ 천 λ°° 정도
06:54
to get a deeper glimpse.
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높일 ν•„μš”κ°€ μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
06:56
How do we do that?
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이것을 μ–΄λ–»κ²Œ 이뀄낼 수 μžˆμ„κΉŒμš”?
06:57
There's a lot of techniques in this approach.
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이런 μ ‘κ·Ό λ°©λ²•μ—λŠ” μˆ˜λ§Žμ€ κΈ°μˆ λ“€μ΄ μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
07:00
One way is to crack open your skull and put in electrodes.
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첫번째 방법은 μ‚¬λžŒμ˜ λ‘κ°œκ³¨μ„ μ—΄κ³  전극을 λ„£λŠ” κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
07:03
I'm not for that.
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μ €λŠ” κ·Έ 방법엔 λ³„λ‘œ μ°¬μ„±ν•˜μ§€ μ•Šμ•„μš”.
07:05
There's a lot of new imaging techniques
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μƒˆλ‘œμš΄ μ˜μƒν™” 기법듀이 많이 μ œμ‹œλ˜κ³  μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
07:08
being proposed, some even by me,
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μΌλΆ€λŠ” μ œκ°€ μ œμ•ˆν•œ 것도 μžˆμ–΄μš”.
07:10
but given the recent success of MRI,
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ν•˜μ§€λ§Œ MRI의 졜근 성곡을 κ°μ•ˆν•  λ•Œ,
07:13
first we need to ask the question,
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μš°λ¦¬λŠ” 일단 κ³Όμ—° 이것이 기술 λ°œμ „μ˜ 끝인가?
07:15
is it the end of the road with this technology?
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λΌλŠ” μ§ˆλ¬Έμ„ λ¨Όμ € 던져 보아야 ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
07:17
Conventional wisdom says the only way
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톡념에 λ”°λ₯΄λ©΄, 더 높은 해상도λ₯Ό
07:20
to get higher resolution is with bigger magnets,
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μ–»κΈ° μœ„ν•œ μœ μΌν•œ 방법은 λŒ€ν˜• μžμ„μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
07:22
but at this point bigger magnets
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ν•˜μ§€λ§Œ 이 μ‹œμ μ—μ„œ 더 큰 μžμ„μ€
07:24
only offer incremental resolution improvements,
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μš°λ¦¬κ°€ ν•„μš”λ‘œ ν•˜λŠ” 1,000 배의 ν™”μ§ˆ ν–₯상을 λ³΄λ‹€λŠ”
07:28
not the thousandfold we need.
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μ•½κ°„μ˜ 해상도 κ°œμ„ λ§Œ μ œκ³΅ν•΄μ€„ λΏμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
07:30
I'm putting forward an idea:
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μ €λŠ” μƒˆλ‘œμš΄ 아이디어λ₯Ό μ œμ‹œν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
07:32
instead of bigger magnets,
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더 큰 μžμ„ λŒ€μ‹ 
07:34
let's make better magnets.
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더 λ‚˜μ€ μžμ„μ„ λ§Œλ“€μ–΄ λ΄…μ‹œλ‹€.
07:36
There's some new technology breakthroughs
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λ‚˜λ…Έ κ³Όν•™μ—λŠ”
07:38
in nanoscience
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μžμ„ ꡬ쑰에
07:40
when applied to magnetic structures
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μ μš©ν–ˆμ„ λ•Œ,
07:42
that have created a whole new class of magnets,
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μ•„μ£Ό μƒμ„Έν•œ λ‡Œμ˜
07:45
and with these magnets, we can lay down
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자기μž₯ νŒ¨ν„΄μ„ 수 놓을 수 μžˆλŠ”,
07:47
very fine detailed magnetic field patterns
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μ™„μ „νžˆ μƒˆλ‘œμš΄ ν’ˆμ§ˆμ˜ μžμ„μ„ λ§Œλ“€μ–΄ λ‚Έ
07:49
throughout the brain,
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λͺ‡κ°€μ§€ 기술 ν˜μ‹ μ΄ μžˆμ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€
07:51
and using those, we can actually create
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그런 것듀을 μ΄μš©ν•΄, μš°λ¦¬λŠ” ν™€λ‘œκ·Έλž¨κ³Ό 같은
07:54
holographic-like interference structures
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μΆ”λ‘  ꡬ쑰λ₯Ό λ§Œλ“€μ–΄ λ‚Ό 수 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
07:57
to get precision control over many patterns,
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이 그림으둜 보여진 κ²ƒμ²˜λŸΌ,
08:00
as is shown here by shifting things.
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μ΄λŸ¬ν•œ μΆ”λ‘  ꡬ쑰λ₯Ό 톡해 더 μ •ν™•ν•œ νŒ¨ν„΄μ„ νŒŒμ•…ν•  수 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
08:03
We can create much more complicated structures
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μ•½κ°„μ˜ λ‹€λ₯Έ 배열을 톡해
08:06
with slightly different arrangements,
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λ”μš± λ³΅μž‘ν•œ ꡬ쑰λ₯Ό λ§Œλ“€ 수 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
08:08
kind of like making Spirograph.
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마치 μŠ€ν”Όλ‘œκ·Έλž˜ν”„λ₯Ό λ§Œλ“œλŠ” 것과 κ°™μ•„μš”.
08:11
So why does that matter?
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그럼 이것이 μ™œ μ€‘μš”ν• κΉŒμš”?
08:13
A lot of effort in MRI over the years
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수 년에 걸쳐 MRI에 듀인 λ…Έλ ₯은
08:16
has gone into making really big,
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λͺ¨λ‘ 크고, κ±°λŒ€ν•œ μžμ„μ„
08:19
really huge magnets, right?
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μƒμ‚°ν•˜λŠ”λ° μ§‘μ€‘λ˜μ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
08:21
But yet most of the recent advances
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ν•˜μ§€λ§Œ MRI μ—μ„œ
08:24
in resolution have actually come from
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졜근 해상도 λ°œμ „μ˜ λŒ€λΆ€λΆ„μ€
08:26
ingeniously clever encoding and decoding solutions
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F.M. λΌλ””μ˜€ 주파수 전솑기 및 μˆ˜μ‹ κΈ°μ˜
08:30
in the F.M. radio frequency transmitters and receivers
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μ˜λ¦¬ν•œ 인코딩 및 λ””μ½”λ”© μ†”λ£¨μ…˜μ„ 톡해
08:33
in the MRI systems.
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이루어 λ‚Ό 수 μžˆμ—ˆμ£ .
08:36
Let's also, instead of a uniform magnetic field,
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κ· μΌν•œ 자기μž₯ λŒ€μ‹ μ—
08:39
put down structured magnetic patterns
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F.M. λΌλ””μ˜€ μ£ΌνŒŒμˆ˜μ™€
08:42
in addition to the F.M. radio frequencies.
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κ΅¬μ‘°ν™”λœ 자기 νŒ¨ν„΄μ„ μ΄μš©ν•˜λŠ” κ²λ‹ˆλ‹€.
08:45
So by combining the magnetics patterns
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κ·Έλž˜μ„œ 자기 νŒ¨ν„΄μ„ F.M. λΌλ””μ˜€
08:47
with the patterns in the F.M. radio frequencies
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주파수 νŒ¨ν„΄κ³Ό κ²°ν•©μ‹œν‚€λ©΄
08:50
processing which can massively increase
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ν•œ 번의 μŠ€μΊ”μ—μ„œ μš°λ¦¬κ°€
08:52
the information that we can extract
206
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μΆ”μΆœν•  수 μžˆλŠ” 정보λ₯Ό μ—„μ²­λ‚˜κ²Œ μ¦κ°€μ‹œν‚¬ 수 μžˆλŠ”
08:54
in a single scan.
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해상도λ₯Ό 생산해 λ‚Ό 수 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
08:57
And on top of that, we can then layer
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뿐만 μ•„λ‹ˆλΌ, 여기에 맀일 λ°œμ „ν•˜λŠ” 우리의 λ‘λ‡Œ ꡬ쑰와
08:59
our ever-growing knowledge of brain structure and memory
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κΈ°μ–΅ ꡬ쑰에 λŒ€ν•œ 지식을 λ”ν•˜λ©΄, μš°λ¦¬κ°€ ν•„μš”λ‘œ ν•˜λŠ”
09:03
to create a thousandfold increase that we need.
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1,000배의 해상도 증가λ₯Ό κ°€λŠ₯ν•˜κ²Œ ν•  수 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
09:07
And using fMRI, we should be able to measure
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그리고 fMRIλ₯Ό μ‚¬μš©ν•˜μ—¬ μš°λ¦¬λŠ” μ‚°μ†Œν™”λœ ν˜ˆμ•‘μ˜
09:10
not just oxygenated blood flow,
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흐름 뿐만 μ•„λ‹ˆλΌ,
09:12
but the hormones and neurotransmitters I've talked about
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μ œκ°€ μ–˜κΈ°ν–ˆλ˜ 호λ₯΄λͺ¬κ³Ό μ‹ κ²½ 전달 물질
09:15
and maybe even the direct neural activity,
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μ•„λ‹ˆλ©΄ μ‹¬μ§€μ–΄λŠ” 우리의 κΏˆμ΄λ‚˜ λ§ˆμ°¬κ°€μ§€μΈ
09:17
which is the dream.
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직접적인 μ‹ κ²½ ν™œλ™μ˜ 흐름 λ˜ν•œ κ΄€μ°°ν•  수 μžˆμ„ κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
09:19
We're going to be able to dump our ideas
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μš°λ¦¬λŠ” 우리의 생각듀을 디지털 λ―Έλ””μ–΄λ₯Ό 톡해
09:21
directly to digital media.
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μ§μ ‘μ μœΌλ‘œ ν‘œν˜„ν•  수 μžˆμ„ κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
09:24
Could you imagine if we could leapfrog language
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μ—¬λŸ¬λΆ„λ“€μ€ μš°λ¦¬κ°€ μ–Έμ–΄λ₯Ό λ„˜μ–΄μ„œ 생각을 톡해
09:26
and communicate directly with human thought?
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직접적인 μ˜μ‚¬μ†Œν†΅μ„ ν•  수 μžˆλŠ” 세상을 상상할 수 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆκΉŒμš”?
09:31
What would we be capable of then?
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그땐 λ„λŒ€μ²΄ 무엇이 κ°€λŠ₯ν• κΉŒμš”?
09:34
And how will we learn to deal
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그리고 μ œλŒ€λ‘œ κ±ΈλŸ¬μ§€μ§€ μ•Šμ€ μƒκ°μ˜ 진싀을
09:36
with the truths of unfiltered human thought?
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λ‹€λ£¨λŠ” 법을 μ–΄λ–»κ²Œ 배우게 λ κΉŒμš”?
09:41
You think the Internet was big.
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μ—¬λŸ¬λΆ„μ€ 인터넷이 μ—„μ²­λ‚œ λ°œμ „μ΄μ—ˆλ‹€κ³  μƒκ°ν•˜μ‹œκ² μ£ .
09:43
These are huge questions.
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이것듀도 맀우 μ€‘μš”ν•œ μ§ˆλ¬Έλ“€μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
09:46
It might be irresistible as a tool
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이 μƒˆλ‘œμš΄ 발λͺ…ν’ˆμ€ 우리의 사고와 μ˜μ‚¬μ†Œ 톡 λŠ₯λ ₯을
09:48
to amplify our thinking and communication skills.
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μ¦ν­μ‹œν‚€κΈ° μœ„ν•΄μ„œλŠ” κ±°λΆ€ν•  수 μ—†λŠ” 도ꡬ일지도 λͺ¨λ¦…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
09:52
And indeed, this very same tool
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그리고 참으둜, 이 도ꡬ가
09:54
may prove to lead to the cure
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μΉ˜λ§€μ™€ μœ μ‚¬ν•œ μ§ˆλ³‘λ“€μ˜
09:56
for Alzheimer's and similar diseases.
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치료λ₯Ό λ„μšΈ 수 μžˆμ„μ§€λ„ λͺ¨λ¦…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
09:59
We have little option but to open this door.
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μš°λ¦¬μ—κ² 이 문을 μ—¬λŠ” 것 λ§κ³ λŠ” λ‹€λ₯Έ μ„ νƒκΆŒμ΄ μ—†μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
10:03
Regardless, pick a year --
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κ·Έλƒ₯ 찍어 λ³΄μ„Έμš”.
10:04
will it happen in five years or 15 years?
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이런 발λͺ…이 κ³Όμ—° 5 λ…„μ—μ„œ 15 λ…„ 사이에 μΌμ–΄λ‚ κΉŒμš”?
10:06
It's hard to imagine it taking much longer.
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그보닀 더 였래걸릴 것이라고 μƒμƒν•˜κΈ°λŠ” μ–΄λ ΅μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
10:11
We need to learn how to take this step together.
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μš°λ¦¬λŠ” 이 단계λ₯Ό ν•¨κ»˜ λ„˜μ–΄κ°€λŠ” 방법을 λ°°μ›Œμ•Όλ§Œ ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
10:15
Thank you.
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κ°μ‚¬ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
10:17
(Applause)
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(λ°•μˆ˜)
이 μ›Ήμ‚¬μ΄νŠΈ 정보

이 μ‚¬μ΄νŠΈλŠ” μ˜μ–΄ ν•™μŠ΅μ— μœ μš©ν•œ YouTube λ™μ˜μƒμ„ μ†Œκ°œν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€. μ „ 세계 졜고의 μ„ μƒλ‹˜λ“€μ΄ κ°€λ₯΄μΉ˜λŠ” μ˜μ–΄ μˆ˜μ—…μ„ 보게 될 κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€. 각 λ™μ˜μƒ νŽ˜μ΄μ§€μ— ν‘œμ‹œλ˜λŠ” μ˜μ–΄ μžλ§‰μ„ 더블 ν΄λ¦­ν•˜λ©΄ κ·Έκ³³μ—μ„œ λ™μ˜μƒμ΄ μž¬μƒλ©λ‹ˆλ‹€. λΉ„λ””μ˜€ μž¬μƒμ— 맞좰 μžλ§‰μ΄ μŠ€ν¬λ‘€λ©λ‹ˆλ‹€. μ˜κ²¬μ΄λ‚˜ μš”μ²­μ΄ μžˆλŠ” 경우 이 문의 양식을 μ‚¬μš©ν•˜μ—¬ λ¬Έμ˜ν•˜μ‹­μ‹œμ˜€.

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