Mary Lou Jepsen: Could future devices read images from our brains?

78,997 views ใƒป 2014-03-03

TED


์•„๋ž˜ ์˜๋ฌธ์ž๋ง‰์„ ๋”๋ธ”ํด๋ฆญํ•˜์‹œ๋ฉด ์˜์ƒ์ด ์žฌ์ƒ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

๋ฒˆ์—ญ: Sungho Yoo ๊ฒ€ํ† : Jun-yeon Choi
00:12
I had brain surgery 18 years ago,
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์ €๋Š” 18๋…„ ์ „์— ๋‡Œ ์ˆ˜์ˆ ์„ ๋ฐ›์€ ์ ์ด ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:15
and since that time, brain science has become
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๊ทธ ํ›„๋กœ, ๋‡Œ ๊ณผํ•™์€
00:17
a personal passion of mine.
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์ €์˜ ๊ฐœ์ธ์ ์ธ ๊ด€์‹ฌ ๋ถ„์•ผ๊ฐ€ ๋˜์—ˆ์ฃ .
00:19
I'm actually an engineer.
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์‚ฌ์‹ค ์ €๋Š” ๊ณตํ•™์ž์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:21
And first let me say, I recently joined
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๋จผ์ €, ์ €๋Š” ์ตœ๊ทผ์—
00:24
Google's Moonshot group,
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๊ตฌ๊ธ€ ๋ฌธ์ƒท ๊ทธ๋ฃน์—์„œ
00:25
where I had a division,
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์ž๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ๋งก๊ฒŒ ๋˜์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:27
the display division in Google X,
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๊ตฌ๊ธ€ X์˜ ๋””์Šคํ”Œ๋ ˆ์ด ๋ถ€๋ฌธ์ด์ฃ .
00:29
and the brain science work I'm speaking about today
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์˜ค๋Š˜ ์ œ๊ฐ€ ๋ฐœํ‘œํ•˜๋ ค๋Š” ๋‡Œ ๊ณผํ•™์€
00:31
is work I did before I joined Google
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์ œ๊ฐ€ ๊ตฌ๊ธ€์— ํ•ฉ๋ฅ˜ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์ „์— ๊ตฌ๊ธ€ ๋ฐ–์—์„œ
00:34
and on the side outside of Google.
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์ผํ•˜๋˜ ์ฃผ์ œ์˜€์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:37
So that said, there's a stigma
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์ž, ๊ทธ๊ฑธ ์ „์ œ๋กœ, ๋‡Œ ์ˆ˜์ˆ ์„ ๋ฐ›์œผ๋ฉด
00:40
when you have brain surgery.
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ํ•œ๊ฐ€์ง€ ๋‚™์ธ์ด ์ฐํžˆ๊ฒŒ ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:42
Are you still smart or not?
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์—ฌ์ „ํžˆ ๋˜‘๋˜‘ํ•œ๊ฐ€? ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ฉด ๋”์ด์ƒ ๋˜‘๋˜‘ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์€๊ฐ€?์˜ ๋ฌธ์ œ์ฃ .
00:45
And if not, can you make yourself smart again?
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๋งŒ์•ฝ ๋”์ด์ƒ ๋˜‘๋˜‘ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๋‹ค๋ฉด ๋‹ค์‹œ ๋˜‘๋˜‘ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋งŒ๋“ค ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์„๊นŒ์š”?
00:49
After my neurosurgery,
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์ €๋Š” ๋‡Œ ์ˆ˜์ˆ ์„ ๋ฐ›๊ณ 
00:51
part of my brain was missing,
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๋‡Œ์˜ ์ผ๋ถ€๋ถ„์„ ์žƒ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:53
and I had to deal with that.
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์ €๋Š” ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์„ ๊ฐ์ˆ˜ํ•ด์•ผ ํ–ˆ์–ด์š”.
00:55
It wasn't the grey matter, but it was the gooey part dead center
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๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์€ ํšŒ๋ฐฑ์งˆ์€ ์•„๋‹ˆ์—ˆ์ง€๋งŒ ์ค‘์š” ํ˜ธ๋กœ๋ชฌ๊ณผ ์‹ ๊ฒฝ ์ „๋‹ฌ ๋ฌผ์งˆ์„ ์ƒ์‚ฐํ•˜๋Š”
00:58
that makes key hormones and neurotransmitters.
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์ด๋ฏธ ๊ดด์‚ฌํ•œ ๋ˆ์ ๋ˆ์ ํ•œ ๋ถ€์œ„์˜€์ฃ .
01:02
Immediately after my surgery,
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์ˆ˜์ˆ  ์งํ›„,
01:04
I had to decide what amounts of each of over
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์ €๋Š” ์—ด๋‘ ๊ฐœ๋„ ๋„˜๋Š” ๊ฐ•๋ ฅํ•œ ํ™”ํ•™ ๋ฌผ์งˆ ์ค‘ ๋งค์ผ
01:06
a dozen powerful chemicals to take each day,
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๋ฌด์—‡์„ ์–ผ๋งˆ๋งŒํผ ๋ณต์šฉํ•ด์•ผ ํ•˜๋Š”์ง€ ๊ฒฐ์ •ํ•ด์•ผ ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:10
because if I just took nothing,
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์™œ๋ƒํ•˜๋ฉด ๊ทธ ํ™”ํ•™ ๋ฌผ์งˆ๋“ค์„ ๋จน์ง€ ์•Š์œผ๋ฉด
01:12
I would die within hours.
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์ €๋Š” ๋ถˆ๊ณผ ๋ช‡์‹œ๊ฐ„ ์•ˆ์— ์ฃฝ๊ฒŒ ๋˜๋‹ˆ๊นŒ์š”.
01:14
Every day now for 18 years -- every single day --
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์ง€๊ธˆ๊นŒ์ง€ 18๋…„๊ฐ„--ํ•˜๋ฃจ๋„ ๋นผ์ง€์•Š๊ณ --
01:18
I've had to try to decide the combinations
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์‚ด์•„๋‚จ๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ์ œ๊ฐ€ ์„ญ์ทจํ•ด์•ผ ํ• 
01:21
and mixtures of chemicals,
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ํ™”ํ•™ ๋ฌผ์งˆ๋“ค์˜ ์ ์ ˆํ•œ ๋ฐฐํ•ฉ๊ณผ ํ˜ผํ•ฉ ๋น„์œจ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด
01:22
and try to get them, to stay alive.
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๊ฒฐ์ •์„ ๋‚ด๋ ค์•ผ ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:26
There have been several close calls.
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์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ๋ฒˆ ์ € ์„ธ์ƒ์œผ๋กœ ๊ฐˆ ๋ป”ํ•œ ์ ๋„ ์žˆ์—ˆ์ง€์š”.
01:29
But luckily, I'm an experimentalist at heart,
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๋‹คํ–‰ํžˆ ์ €๋Š” ์‹คํ—˜๊ฐ€ ๊ธฐ์งˆ๋„ ์žˆ๊ณ 
01:33
so I decided I would experiment
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์ด ํ™”ํ•™ ๋ฌผ์งˆ์˜ ์„ญ์ทจ๋Ÿ‰์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ
01:36
to try to find more optimal dosages
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๋ช…ํ™•ํ•œ ์ง€์นจ๋„ ์—†์—ˆ๊ธฐ์—
01:38
because there really isn't a clear road map
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์ €๋Š” ์ตœ์ ์˜ ์„ญ์ทจ๋Ÿ‰์„ ์ฐพ๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด
01:40
on this that's detailed.
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์‹คํ—˜์„ ํ•ด๋ณด๊ธฐ๋กœ ๋งˆ์Œ ๋จน๊ณ 
01:42
I began to try different mixtures,
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์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ๊ฐ€์ง€ ํ˜ผํ•ฉ์„ ์‹œ๋„ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:44
and I was blown away by how
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์ €๋Š” ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ๋ณต์šฉ๋Ÿ‰์˜ ์ž‘์€ ๋ณ€ํ™”๊ฐ€
01:47
tiny changes in dosages
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์ €์˜ ์ž์•„ ์˜์‹, ์ œ๊ฐ€ ๋ˆ„๊ตฌ์ธ์ง€์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ธ์‹ ์ •๋„,
01:49
dramatically changed my sense of self,
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์„ ํ–ฅํ•œ ์ €์˜ ํ–‰๋™์„
01:52
my sense of who I was, my thinking,
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๊ทธ๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ๊ทน์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋ณ€ํ™”์‹œํ‚ฌ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š”์ง€์—
01:54
my behavior towards people.
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๋งค์šฐ ๋†€๋ผ๊ฒŒ ๋˜์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:56
One particularly dramatic case:
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ํŠนํžˆ ํ•œ ๊ฐ€์ง€ ๊ทน์ ์ธ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ๋ฅผ ๋“ ๋‹ค๋ฉด,
01:59
for a couple months I actually tried dosages
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์‹ค์ œ๋กœ ์ €๋Š” ๋ช‡ ๋‹ฌ ๋™์•ˆ
02:00
and chemicals typical of a man in his early 20s,
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์ „ํ˜•์ ์ธ 20๋Œ€ ๋‚จ์ž์˜ ๋ชธ์—์„œ ์ƒ์‚ฐ๋˜๋Š” ํ™”ํ•™ ๋ฌผ์งˆ๋งŒ์„ ๋ณต์šฉํ•œ ์ ์ด ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:04
and I was blown away by how my thoughts changed.
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์ €๋Š” ์ด๊ฒƒ์ด ์ €์˜ ์ƒ๊ฐ์„ ์–ผ๋งˆ๋‚˜ ๋งŽ์ด ๋ฐ”๊ฟ”๋†“๋Š”์ง€์— ๋งค์šฐ ๋†€๋ผ๊ฒŒ ๋˜์—ˆ์ฃ .
02:07
(Laughter)
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(์›ƒ์Œ)
02:10
I was angry all the time,
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์ €๋Š” ํ•ญ์ƒ ํ™”๊ฐ€ ๋‚˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:13
I thought about sex constantly,
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์ €๋Š” ๋Š์ž„์—†์ด ์„น์Šค์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ƒ๊ฐ์„ ํ–ˆ๊ณ 
02:15
and I thought I was the smartest person
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์ œ๊ฐ€ ์ด ์„ธ์ƒ์—์„œ
02:18
in the entire world, and
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๊ฐ€์žฅ ๋˜‘๋˜‘ํ•œ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:20
โ€”(Laughter)โ€”
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-(์›ƒ์Œ)-
02:23
of course over the years I'd met guys kind of like that,
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๋ฌผ๋ก  ์ €๋Š” ์ง€๋‚œ ๋ช‡ ๋…„ ๋™์•ˆ ๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ ๋ฅ˜์˜ ๋‚จ์ž๋“ค
02:26
or maybe kind of toned-down versions of that.
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๋˜๋Š” ์–ด์ฉŒ๋ฉด ์ •๋„๋งŒ ์กฐ๊ธˆ ์•ฝํ•œ ๋‚จ์ž๋“ค๋„ ๋งŒ๋‚œ ์ ์ด ์žˆ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:28
I was kind of extreme.
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์ €๋Š” ๊ทธ ์ •๋„๊ฐ€ ์‹ฌํ•œ ์ˆ˜์ค€์ด์—ˆ์ฃ .
02:30
But to me, the surprise was,
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ, ๋†€๋ผ์› ๋˜ ์ ์€
02:33
I wasn't trying to be arrogant.
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์ œ๊ฐ€ ์˜๋„์ ์œผ๋กœ ๊ฑฐ๋งŒํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋ณด์ด๋ ค๋Š”๊ฒŒ ์•„๋‹ˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:35
I was actually trying,
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์ €๋Š” ์‹ค์ œ๋กœ
02:38
with a little bit of insecurity,
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์•ฝ๊ฐ„์˜ ๋ถˆ์•ˆ๊ฐ์„ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ 
02:40
to actually fix a problem in front of me,
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์ œ ์•ž์— ๋‹ฅ์นœ ๋ฌธ์ œ๋“ค์„ ๋ฐ”๋กœ์žก์œผ๋ ค ๋…ธ๋ ฅํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:43
and it just didn't come out that way.
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๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์ด ๋ง์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ ์‰ฝ์ง€๋Š” ์•Š์•˜์–ด์š”.
02:45
So I couldn't handle it.
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๊ฒฐ๊ตญ ์ €๋Š” ๊ทธ๊ฑธ ํฌ๊ธฐํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:47
I changed my dosages.
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์ €๋Š” ๋ณต์šฉ๋Ÿ‰์„ ๋ฐ”๊พธ์—ˆ์ง€์š”.
02:48
But that experience, I think, gave me
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ๊ทธ ๊ฒฝํ—˜์€, ์ œ๊ฐ€ ์ƒ๊ฐ์—,
02:51
a new appreciation for men
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์ œ๊ฐ€ ๋‚จ์ž๋ผ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ๊ณผ ๋˜ ๋‚จ์ž๋“ค์ด ์–ด๋–ค ์ผ๋“ค์„
02:52
and what they might walk through,
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๊ฒช์–ด์•ผ ํ• ์ง€ ๋”์šฑ ์ž˜
02:54
and I've gotten along with men
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์ดํ•ดํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋„๋ก ํ•ด์ฃผ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:56
a lot better since then.
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๊ทธ ํ›„๋กœ ์ €๋Š” ๋‚จ์ž๋“ค๊ณผ ๋” ์ž˜ ์ง€๋‚ผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ฒŒ ๋˜์—ˆ์ง€์š”.
02:58
What I was trying to do
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์ด๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ํ˜ธ๋กœ๋ชฌ๊ณผ ์‹ ๊ฒฝ ์ „๋‹ฌ ๋ฌผ์งˆ ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ํ™”ํ•™ ๋ฌผ์งˆ๋“ค์˜
02:59
with tuning these hormones
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๋ณต์šฉ๋Ÿ‰์„ ์กฐ์ •ํ•จ์œผ๋กœ์จ
03:01
and neurotransmitters and so forth
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์ œ๊ฐ€ ์ด๋ฃจ๊ณ ์ž ํ–ˆ๋˜ ๊ฒƒ์€
03:04
was to try to get my intelligence back
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์ €์˜ ์ง€์„ฑ๊ณผ ์ฐฝ์˜์„ฑ, ์ƒ๊ฐ์˜ ํ๋ฆ„์„
03:07
after my illness and surgery,
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๋ณ‘์„ ์•“๊ณ  ์ˆ˜์ˆ  ๋ฐ›๊ธฐ ์ „์˜ ์ƒํƒœ๋กœ
03:10
my creative thought, my idea flow.
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๋˜๋Œ๋ ค๋†“๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:12
And I think mostly in images,
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์ €๋Š” ์ฃผ๋กœ ์ด๋ฏธ์ง€๋ฅผ ๋– ์˜ฌ๋ฆฌ๋ฉฐ ์ƒ๊ฐ์„ ํ•˜๋Š”๋ฐ
03:15
and so for me that became a key metric --
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ๋จธ๋ฆฟ์†์— ๋– ์˜ค๋ฅด๋Š” ์ด๋ฏธ์ง€๊ฐ€
03:18
how to get these mental images
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๋ฐ”๋กœ ์ €์˜ ์‚ฌ๊ณ  ๋ฐฉ์‹์ด ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:20
that I use as a way of rapid prototyping,
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๋– ์˜ค๋ฅธ ์ด๋ฏธ์ง€๋“ค๋กœ ์žฌ๋นจ๋ฆฌ ํ”„๋กœํ† ํƒ€์ž…์„ ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด
03:23
if you will, my ideas,
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๊ทธ ์•„์ด๋””์–ด๋“ค์„
03:25
trying on different new ideas for size,
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์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ๊ฐ€์ง€ ๋ฐฉ์‹์œผ๋กœ ์‹คํ—˜ํ•ด๋ณด๊ณ 
03:27
playing out scenarios.
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์‹œ๋‚˜๋ฆฌ์˜ค๋ฅผ ํŽผ์ณ๋‚˜๊ฐ€๋Š” ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:29
This kind of thinking isn't new.
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์ด๋Ÿฐ ์‚ฌ๊ณ  ๊ณผ์ •์€ ๋“ฃ๋„ ๋ณด์ง€ ๋ชปํ•œ ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ๊ฒƒ์ด ์•„๋‹™๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:31
Philiosophers like Hume and Descartes and Hobbes
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ํ„์ด๋‚˜ ๋ฐ์นด๋ฅดํŠธ, ํ™‰์Šค์™€ ๊ฐ™์€ ์ฒ ํ•™์ž๋“ค์€
03:34
saw things similarly.
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์ด์™€ ์œ ์‚ฌํ•œ ์‚ฌ๊ณ  ๊ณผ์ •์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์˜€์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:35
They thought that mental images and ideas
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๊ทธ๋“ค์€ ์‹ฌ์ƒ๊ณผ ์•„์ด๋””์–ด๋Š”
03:38
were actually the same thing.
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์‹ค์ œ๋กœ ๊ฐ™์€ ๊ฒƒ์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ๋ฏฟ์—ˆ์ฃ .
03:40
There are those today that dispute that,
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์˜ค๋Š˜๋‚  ๋งˆ์Œ์ด ์ž‘๋™ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด
03:43
and lots of debates about how the mind works,
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๋งŽ์€ ์ด๋“ค์ด ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ๋…ผ์Ÿ๊ณผ ํ† ๋ก ์„ ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:46
but for me it's simple:
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์ €๊ฒŒ ์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ๊ฐ„๋‹จํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:48
Mental images, for most of us,
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋“ค ๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„์—๊ฒŒ ์‹ฌ์ƒ์€
03:50
are central in inventive and creative thinking.
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๋…์ฐฝ์ ์ด๊ณ  ์ฐฝ์˜์ ์ธ ์ƒ๊ฐ์— ๋งค์šฐ ์ค‘์š”ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:54
So after several years,
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ๋ช‡๋…„ ํ›„,
03:56
I tuned myself up and I have lots of great,
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์ €๋Š” ํž˜์„ ๋˜์ฐพ์•„ ๋ถ„์„์— ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜ํ•œ
03:59
really vivid mental images with a lot of sophistication
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๋งค์šฐ ์ƒ์ƒํ•œ ์ •์‹ ์  ์ด๋ฏธ์ง€๋“ค์„
04:02
and the analytical backbone behind them.
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์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ๊ฐœ ๊ฐ–๊ฒŒ ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:05
And so now I'm working on,
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์ด์ œ ์ €๋Š” ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ๋งˆ์Œ์†์˜ ์ •์‹ ์ ์ธ ์ด๋ฏธ์ง€๋“ค์„
04:06
how can I get these mental images in my mind
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์ปดํ“จํ„ฐ ํ™”๋ฉด์— ๋”์šฑ ์‹ ์†ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ํ‘œํ˜„ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š”์ง€๋ฅผ
04:11
out to my computer screen faster?
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์—ฐ๊ตฌํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:13
Can you imagine, if you will,
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์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์€ ์ž์‹ ์˜ ์ƒ์ƒ๋ ฅ ํ•˜๋‚˜์—๋งŒ ์˜์กดํ•ด
04:16
a movie director being able to use
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์ž๊ธฐ ์•ž์— ํŽผ์ณ์ง„, ์„ธ์ƒ์ด๋ผ๋Š” ์˜ํ™” ํ•œ ํŽธ์„
04:18
her imagination alone to direct the world in front of her?
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๊ฐ๋…ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฐ๋…์„ ์ƒ์ƒํ•ด ๋ณด์‹  ์ ์ด ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๊นŒ?
04:21
Or a musician to get the music out of his head?
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ํ˜น๋Š” ๋จธ๋ฆฌ ์†์—์„œ ์Œ์•…์„ ๋– ์˜ฌ๋ฆฌ๋ ค๋Š” ์Œ์•…๊ฐ€์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์ƒ์ƒํ•ด ๋ณด์‹ ์ ์ด ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๊นŒ?
04:25
There are incredible possibilities with this
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ ๊ฒƒ์—๋Š” ์ฐฝ์˜์ ์ธ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์˜
04:27
as a way for creative people
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๋งˆ์Œ์†์—์„œ ์ผ์–ด๋‚˜๋Š” ์ƒ๊ฐ์„ ๋น›์˜ ์†๋„๋กœ ๊ณต์œ ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š”
04:29
to share at light speed.
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์—„์ฒญ๋‚œ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ์ด ๋‚ด์žฌ๋˜์–ด ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:32
And the truth is, the remaining bottleneck
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์‚ฌ์‹ค, ์ด๋Ÿฐ ์ž‘์—…์„ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐ์—
04:34
in being able to do this
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๋‚จ์•„์žˆ๋Š” ์žฅ์• ๋ฌผ์ด๋ผ๊ณ ๋Š”
04:35
is just upping the resolution of brain scan systems.
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๋‡Œ ์Šค์บ” ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์˜ ํ•ด์ƒ๋„๋ฅผ ๋†’์ด๋Š” ์ •๋„ ๋ฟ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:39
So let me show you why I think we're pretty close to getting there
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์ž, ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„๊ณผ ๋‘ ๊ฐœ์˜ ์ตœ๊ณ  ์‹ ๊ฒฝ ๊ณผํ•™ ๊ทธ๋ฃน์ด ์‹คํ–‰ํ•œ
04:42
by sharing with you two recent experiments
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์‹คํ—˜ 2๊ฑด์„ ํ†ตํ•ด์„œ ์™œ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์ด๋Ÿฐ ๊ฒƒ์„ ์„ฑ์ทจํ•ด๋‚ด๋Š”๋ฐ
04:44
from two top neuroscience groups.
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๋งค์šฐ ๊ฐ€๊นŒ์›Œ ์กŒ๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐํ•˜๋Š”์ง€๋ฅผ ์„ค๋ช…๋“œ๋ฆฌ๊ฒ ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:47
Both used fMRI technology --
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๋‘ ์‹คํ—˜ ๋ชจ๋‘ fMRI ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:49
functional magnetic resonance imaging technology --
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์ฐธ๊ณ ๋กœ, fMRI๋Š” ๋‡Œ๋ฅผ ์Šค์บ”ํ•˜๋Š”
04:51
to image the brain,
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๊ธฐ๋Šฅ์„ฑ ์ž๊ธฐ ๊ณต๋ช… ์˜์ƒ ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:53
and here is a brain scan set from Giorgio Ganis
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์ด ์‚ฌ์ง„์€ ์กฐ๋ฅด์ง€์˜ค ๊ฐœ๋‹ˆ์Šค์™€
04:56
and his colleagues at Harvard.
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๊ทธ์˜ ํ•˜๋ฒ„๋“œ ๋Œ€ํ•™ ๋™๋ฃŒ๋“ค์ด ์ฐ์€ ๋‡Œ ์Šค์บ” ์‚ฌ์ง„์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:58
And the left-hand column shows a brain scan
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์™ผ์ชฝ ์—ด์€ ์ด๋ฏธ์ง€๋ฅผ ๋ณด๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์˜
05:01
of a person looking at an image.
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๋‡Œ ์Šค์บ” ์‚ฌ์ง„์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:04
The middle column shows the brainscan
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์ค‘๊ฐ„ ์—ด์€ ๋™์ผํ•œ ์‹คํ—˜ ๋Œ€์ƒ์ด
05:06
of that same individual
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๋™์ผํ•œ ์‚ฌ์ง„๋“ค์„ ๋ณด๋ฉฐ ์ƒ์ƒํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์„ ๋•Œ์˜
05:08
imagining, seeing that same image.
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๋‡Œ ์Šค์บ” ์‚ฌ์ง„์ด๋ฉฐ,
05:11
And the right column was created
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์˜ค๋ฅธ์ชฝ ์—ด์€
05:13
by subtracting the middle column from the left column,
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์™ผ์ชฝ ์—ด์—์„œ ์ค‘๊ฐ„ ์—ด์„ ๋บ€ ๊ทธ๋ฆผ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:17
showing the difference to be nearly zero.
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๋‘˜์˜ ์ฐจ์ด๊ฐ€ ๊ฑฐ์˜ 0์— ๊ฐ€๊น๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋ณด์—ฌ์ฃผ์ฃ .
05:20
This was repeated on lots of different individuals
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์ด ์‹คํ—˜์€ ์ด๋“ค ๋ฟ๋งŒ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ ๋งŽ์€ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ
05:22
with lots of different images,
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๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ์ด๋ฏธ์ง€๋“ค์„ ์ด์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰๋˜์—ˆ๊ณ 
05:25
always with a similar result.
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๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋Š” ํ•ญ์ƒ ๋น„์Šทํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:27
The difference between seeing an image
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์ด๋ฏธ์ง€๋ฅผ ๊ทธ์ € ๋ณด๋Š” ๊ฒƒ๊ณผ
05:29
and imagining seeing that same image
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๊ทธ์™€ ๊ฐ™์€ ์ด๋ฏธ์ง€๋ฅผ ๋ณด๊ณ  ์ƒ์ƒํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์˜
05:31
is next to nothing.
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์ฐจ์ด๋Š” ๊ฑฐ์˜ ์—†์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค..
05:34
Next let me share with you one other experiment,
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๋‹ค์Œ์œผ๋กœ ์บ˜๋ฆฌํฌ๋‹ˆ์•„ ๋ฒ„ํด๋ฆฌ๋Œ€์˜ ์žญ ๊ฐค๋ž€ํŠธ ๊ต์ˆ˜๊ฐ€
05:36
this from Jack Gallant's lab at Cal Berkeley.
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์ˆ˜ํ–‰ํ•œ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์‹คํ—˜์„ ๋ณด๊ฒ ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:41
They've been able to decode brainwaves
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๊ทธ๋“ค์€ ๋‡ŒํŒŒ๋ฅผ ๋ˆˆ์œผ๋กœ ๋ณผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋„๋ก
05:43
into recognizable visual fields.
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ํ•ด๋…ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:45
So let me set this up for you.
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์ž, ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„๊ป˜ ์ด ์‹คํ—˜ ๊ณผ์ •์„ ๋ง์”€๋“œ๋ฆฌ๊ฒ ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:47
In this experiment, individuals were shown
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์‹คํ—˜์—์„œ๋Š” ์‹คํ—˜ ๋Œ€์ƒ์ž๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ
05:49
hundreds of hours of YouTube videos
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์ˆ˜๋ฐฑ ์‹œ๊ฐ„ ๋™์•ˆ ์œ ํŠœ๋ธŒ ๋น„๋””์˜ค๋งŒ ๋ณด๊ฒŒ ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:51
while scans were made of their brains
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๊ทธ๋™์•ˆ ์ด๋“ค์˜ ๋‡Œ ์Šค์บ” ์‚ฌ์ง„์„ ์ฐ์—ˆ์–ด์š”.
05:53
to create a large library of their brain reacting
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์ด๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ๋‡Œ๊ฐ€ ์—ฐ์†๋œ ์˜์ƒ์—
05:56
to video sequences.
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์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ๋ฐ˜์‘ํ•˜๋Š”์ง€ ๊ด€์ฐฐํ•˜๊ณ ์ž ํ–ˆ์ฃ .
05:59
Then a new movie was shown with new images,
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ ๋‹ค์Œ, ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ์ด๋ฏธ์ง€, ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ๋™๋ฌผ๋“ค์ด ํฌํ•จ๋œ
06:02
new people, new animals in it,
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์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ์˜ํ™”๋ฅผ ์‹คํ—˜ ๋Œ€์ƒ์ž๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ ๋ณด์—ฌ์ฃผ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:04
and a new scan set was recorded.
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๋˜ ํ•œ๋ฒˆ ์‹คํ—˜ ๋Œ€์ƒ์ž๋“ค์˜ ๋‡Œ ์Šค์บ” ์‚ฌ์ง„์„ ์ฐ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:06
The computer, using brain scan data alone,
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์ปดํ“จํ„ฐ๋Š” ๋‡Œ ์Šค์บ” ์ž๋ฃŒ๋งŒ์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ
06:09
decoded that new brain scan
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๊ทธ ์‹คํ—˜ ๋Œ€์ƒ์ž๋“ค์ด ๊ฐ๊ฐ ๋ฌด์—‡์„ ์ƒ๊ฐํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์—ˆ์„ ๊ฒƒ์ด๋ผ๊ณ 
06:11
to show what it thought the individual was actually seeing.
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์˜ˆ์ƒํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋ณด์—ฌ์ฃผ์—ˆ์ง€์š”.
06:16
On the right-hand side, you see the computer's guess,
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์˜ค๋ฅธ์ชฝ์€ ์ปดํ“จํ„ฐ์˜ ์ถ”์ธก์ด๊ณ 
06:19
and on the left-hand side, the presented clip.
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์™ผ์ชฝ์€ ์‹ค์ œ๋กœ ๋Œ€์ƒ์ž๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ ๋ณด์—ฌ์ค€ ๋™์˜์ƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:23
This is the jaw-dropper.
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๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋Š” ๋งค์šฐ ๋†€๋ž์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:25
We are so close to being able to do this.
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์ด๋Ÿฐ ๊ฒƒ์„ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•˜๊ฒŒ ํ•˜๋Š”๋ฐ ๋งค์šฐ ๊ฐ€๊นŒ์ด ์™€ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:28
We just need to up the resolution.
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์ด์ œ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ์—๊ฒŒ ํ•„์š”ํ•œ ๊ฑด ๋” ๋‚˜์€ ํ•ด์ƒ๋„์ผ ๋ฟ์ด์ฃ .
06:31
And now remember that when you see an image
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์ž, ์ด์ œ ๊ฐ™์€ ์ด๋ฏธ์ง€๋ฅผ ๊ทธ๋ƒฅ ๋ณผ ๋•Œ์˜ ๋‡Œ ์Šค์บ” ์ด๋ฏธ์ง€์™€
06:34
versus when you imagine that same image,
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๋™์ผํ•œ ์ด๋ฏธ์ง€๋ฅผ ๋ณด๋ฉฐ ์ƒ์ƒํ•  ๋•Œ์˜
06:36
it creates the same brain scan.
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๋‡Œ ์Šค์บ” ์ด๋ฏธ์ง€๊ฐ€ ๋™์ผํ•˜๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ๊ธฐ์–ตํ•˜์„ธ์š”.
06:40
So this was done with the highest-resolution
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์ด ์‹คํ—˜์€ ์˜ค๋Š˜๋‚  ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•œ
06:42
brain scan systems available today,
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์ตœ๊ณ ์˜ ๊ณ ํ™”์งˆ ์˜์ƒ์„ ์ด์šฉํ•ด ์ˆ˜ํ–‰๋˜์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:45
and their resolution has increased really
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์˜์ƒ ํ™”์งˆ์€ ์ตœ๊ทผ ๋ช‡ ๋…„๋™์•ˆ
06:46
about a thousandfold in the last several years.
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์‹ค์ œ๋กœ ์ฒœ ๋ฐฐ ์ •๋„ ๋ฐœ์ „ํ–ˆ์ฃ .
06:50
Next we need to increase the resolution
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์•ž์œผ๋กœ๋Š” ๋” ์ž์„ธํžˆ ๊ด€์ฐฐํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด
06:52
another thousandfold
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ํ•ด์ƒ๋„๋ฅผ ๋‹ค์‹œ ์ฒœ ๋ฐฐ ์ •๋„
06:54
to get a deeper glimpse.
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๋†’์ผ ํ•„์š”๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:56
How do we do that?
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์ด๊ฒƒ์„ ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ์ด๋ค„๋‚ผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์„๊นŒ์š”?
06:57
There's a lot of techniques in this approach.
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์ด๋Ÿฐ ์ ‘๊ทผ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์—๋Š” ์ˆ˜๋งŽ์€ ๊ธฐ์ˆ ๋“ค์ด ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:00
One way is to crack open your skull and put in electrodes.
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์ฒซ๋ฒˆ์งธ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์€ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์˜ ๋‘๊ฐœ๊ณจ์„ ์—ด๊ณ  ์ „๊ทน์„ ๋„ฃ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:03
I'm not for that.
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์ €๋Š” ๊ทธ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์—” ๋ณ„๋กœ ์ฐฌ์„ฑํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์•„์š”.
07:05
There's a lot of new imaging techniques
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์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ์˜์ƒํ™” ๊ธฐ๋ฒ•๋“ค์ด ๋งŽ์ด ์ œ์‹œ๋˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:08
being proposed, some even by me,
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์ผ๋ถ€๋Š” ์ œ๊ฐ€ ์ œ์•ˆํ•œ ๊ฒƒ๋„ ์žˆ์–ด์š”.
07:10
but given the recent success of MRI,
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ MRI์˜ ์ตœ๊ทผ ์„ฑ๊ณต์„ ๊ฐ์•ˆํ•  ๋•Œ,
07:13
first we need to ask the question,
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์ผ๋‹จ ๊ณผ์—ฐ ์ด๊ฒƒ์ด ๊ธฐ์ˆ  ๋ฐœ์ „์˜ ๋์ธ๊ฐ€?
07:15
is it the end of the road with this technology?
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๋ผ๋Š” ์งˆ๋ฌธ์„ ๋จผ์ € ๋˜์ ธ ๋ณด์•„์•ผ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:17
Conventional wisdom says the only way
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ํ†ต๋…์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅด๋ฉด, ๋” ๋†’์€ ํ•ด์ƒ๋„๋ฅผ
07:20
to get higher resolution is with bigger magnets,
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์–ป๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•œ ์œ ์ผํ•œ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์€ ๋Œ€ํ˜• ์ž์„์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:22
but at this point bigger magnets
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์ด ์‹œ์ ์—์„œ ๋” ํฐ ์ž์„์€
07:24
only offer incremental resolution improvements,
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ํ•„์š”๋กœ ํ•˜๋Š” 1,000 ๋ฐฐ์˜ ํ™”์งˆ ํ–ฅ์ƒ์„ ๋ณด๋‹ค๋Š”
07:28
not the thousandfold we need.
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์•ฝ๊ฐ„์˜ ํ•ด์ƒ๋„ ๊ฐœ์„ ๋งŒ ์ œ๊ณตํ•ด์ค„ ๋ฟ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:30
I'm putting forward an idea:
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์ €๋Š” ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ์•„์ด๋””์–ด๋ฅผ ์ œ์‹œํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:32
instead of bigger magnets,
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๋” ํฐ ์ž์„ ๋Œ€์‹ 
07:34
let's make better magnets.
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๋” ๋‚˜์€ ์ž์„์„ ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด ๋ด…์‹œ๋‹ค.
07:36
There's some new technology breakthroughs
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๋‚˜๋…ธ ๊ณผํ•™์—๋Š”
07:38
in nanoscience
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์ž์„ ๊ตฌ์กฐ์—
07:40
when applied to magnetic structures
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์ ์šฉํ–ˆ์„ ๋•Œ,
07:42
that have created a whole new class of magnets,
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์•„์ฃผ ์ƒ์„ธํ•œ ๋‡Œ์˜
07:45
and with these magnets, we can lay down
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์ž๊ธฐ์žฅ ํŒจํ„ด์„ ์ˆ˜ ๋†“์„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š”,
07:47
very fine detailed magnetic field patterns
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์™„์ „ํžˆ ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ํ’ˆ์งˆ์˜ ์ž์„์„ ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด ๋‚ธ
07:49
throughout the brain,
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๋ช‡๊ฐ€์ง€ ๊ธฐ์ˆ  ํ˜์‹ ์ด ์žˆ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
07:51
and using those, we can actually create
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ ๊ฒƒ๋“ค์„ ์ด์šฉํ•ด, ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ํ™€๋กœ๊ทธ๋žจ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์€
07:54
holographic-like interference structures
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์ถ”๋ก  ๊ตฌ์กฐ๋ฅผ ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด ๋‚ผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:57
to get precision control over many patterns,
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์ด ๊ทธ๋ฆผ์œผ๋กœ ๋ณด์—ฌ์ง„ ๊ฒƒ์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ,
08:00
as is shown here by shifting things.
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์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์ถ”๋ก  ๊ตฌ์กฐ๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ๋” ์ •ํ™•ํ•œ ํŒจํ„ด์„ ํŒŒ์•…ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:03
We can create much more complicated structures
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์•ฝ๊ฐ„์˜ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๋ฐฐ์—ด์„ ํ†ตํ•ด
08:06
with slightly different arrangements,
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๋”์šฑ ๋ณต์žกํ•œ ๊ตฌ์กฐ๋ฅผ ๋งŒ๋“ค ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:08
kind of like making Spirograph.
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๋งˆ์น˜ ์Šคํ”ผ๋กœ๊ทธ๋ž˜ํ”„๋ฅผ ๋งŒ๋“œ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์•„์š”.
08:11
So why does that matter?
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๊ทธ๋Ÿผ ์ด๊ฒƒ์ด ์™œ ์ค‘์š”ํ• ๊นŒ์š”?
08:13
A lot of effort in MRI over the years
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์ˆ˜ ๋…„์— ๊ฑธ์ณ MRI์— ๋“ค์ธ ๋…ธ๋ ฅ์€
08:16
has gone into making really big,
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๋ชจ๋‘ ํฌ๊ณ , ๊ฑฐ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ž์„์„
08:19
really huge magnets, right?
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์ƒ์‚ฐํ•˜๋Š”๋ฐ ์ง‘์ค‘๋˜์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:21
But yet most of the recent advances
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ MRI ์—์„œ
08:24
in resolution have actually come from
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์ตœ๊ทผ ํ•ด์ƒ๋„ ๋ฐœ์ „์˜ ๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„์€
08:26
ingeniously clever encoding and decoding solutions
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F.M. ๋ผ๋””์˜ค ์ฃผํŒŒ์ˆ˜ ์ „์†ก๊ธฐ ๋ฐ ์ˆ˜์‹ ๊ธฐ์˜
08:30
in the F.M. radio frequency transmitters and receivers
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์˜๋ฆฌํ•œ ์ธ์ฝ”๋”ฉ ๋ฐ ๋””์ฝ”๋”ฉ ์†”๋ฃจ์…˜์„ ํ†ตํ•ด
08:33
in the MRI systems.
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์ด๋ฃจ์–ด ๋‚ผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ์ฃ .
08:36
Let's also, instead of a uniform magnetic field,
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๊ท ์ผํ•œ ์ž๊ธฐ์žฅ ๋Œ€์‹ ์—
08:39
put down structured magnetic patterns
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F.M. ๋ผ๋””์˜ค ์ฃผํŒŒ์ˆ˜์™€
08:42
in addition to the F.M. radio frequencies.
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๊ตฌ์กฐํ™”๋œ ์ž๊ธฐ ํŒจํ„ด์„ ์ด์šฉํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:45
So by combining the magnetics patterns
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์ž๊ธฐ ํŒจํ„ด์„ F.M. ๋ผ๋””์˜ค
08:47
with the patterns in the F.M. radio frequencies
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์ฃผํŒŒ์ˆ˜ ํŒจํ„ด๊ณผ ๊ฒฐํ•ฉ์‹œํ‚ค๋ฉด
08:50
processing which can massively increase
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ํ•œ ๋ฒˆ์˜ ์Šค์บ”์—์„œ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€
08:52
the information that we can extract
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์ถ”์ถœํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ์ •๋ณด๋ฅผ ์—„์ฒญ๋‚˜๊ฒŒ ์ฆ๊ฐ€์‹œํ‚ฌ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š”
08:54
in a single scan.
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ํ•ด์ƒ๋„๋ฅผ ์ƒ์‚ฐํ•ด ๋‚ผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:57
And on top of that, we can then layer
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๋ฟ๋งŒ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ, ์—ฌ๊ธฐ์— ๋งค์ผ ๋ฐœ์ „ํ•˜๋Š” ์šฐ๋ฆฌ์˜ ๋‘๋‡Œ ๊ตฌ์กฐ์™€
08:59
our ever-growing knowledge of brain structure and memory
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๊ธฐ์–ต ๊ตฌ์กฐ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ง€์‹์„ ๋”ํ•˜๋ฉด, ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ํ•„์š”๋กœ ํ•˜๋Š”
09:03
to create a thousandfold increase that we need.
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1,000๋ฐฐ์˜ ํ•ด์ƒ๋„ ์ฆ๊ฐ€๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•˜๊ฒŒ ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:07
And using fMRI, we should be able to measure
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  fMRI๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์‚ฐ์†Œํ™”๋œ ํ˜ˆ์•ก์˜
09:10
not just oxygenated blood flow,
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ํ๋ฆ„ ๋ฟ๋งŒ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ,
09:12
but the hormones and neurotransmitters I've talked about
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์ œ๊ฐ€ ์–˜๊ธฐํ–ˆ๋˜ ํ˜ธ๋ฅด๋ชฌ๊ณผ ์‹ ๊ฒฝ ์ „๋‹ฌ ๋ฌผ์งˆ
09:15
and maybe even the direct neural activity,
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์•„๋‹ˆ๋ฉด ์‹ฌ์ง€์–ด๋Š” ์šฐ๋ฆฌ์˜ ๊ฟˆ์ด๋‚˜ ๋งˆ์ฐฌ๊ฐ€์ง€์ธ
09:17
which is the dream.
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์ง์ ‘์ ์ธ ์‹ ๊ฒฝ ํ™œ๋™์˜ ํ๋ฆ„ ๋˜ํ•œ ๊ด€์ฐฐํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์„ ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:19
We're going to be able to dump our ideas
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์šฐ๋ฆฌ์˜ ์ƒ๊ฐ๋“ค์„ ๋””์ง€ํ„ธ ๋ฏธ๋””์–ด๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด
09:21
directly to digital media.
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์ง์ ‘์ ์œผ๋กœ ํ‘œํ˜„ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์„ ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:24
Could you imagine if we could leapfrog language
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์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„๋“ค์€ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์–ธ์–ด๋ฅผ ๋„˜์–ด์„œ ์ƒ๊ฐ์„ ํ†ตํ•ด
09:26
and communicate directly with human thought?
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์ง์ ‘์ ์ธ ์˜์‚ฌ์†Œํ†ต์„ ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ์„ธ์ƒ์„ ์ƒ์ƒํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๊นŒ์š”?
09:31
What would we be capable of then?
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๊ทธ๋• ๋„๋Œ€์ฒด ๋ฌด์—‡์ด ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ• ๊นŒ์š”?
09:34
And how will we learn to deal
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ œ๋Œ€๋กœ ๊ฑธ๋Ÿฌ์ง€์ง€ ์•Š์€ ์ƒ๊ฐ์˜ ์ง„์‹ค์„
09:36
with the truths of unfiltered human thought?
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๋‹ค๋ฃจ๋Š” ๋ฒ•์„ ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ๋ฐฐ์šฐ๊ฒŒ ๋ ๊นŒ์š”?
09:41
You think the Internet was big.
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์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์€ ์ธํ„ฐ๋„ท์ด ์—„์ฒญ๋‚œ ๋ฐœ์ „์ด์—ˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐํ•˜์‹œ๊ฒ ์ฃ .
09:43
These are huge questions.
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์ด๊ฒƒ๋“ค๋„ ๋งค์šฐ ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ์งˆ๋ฌธ๋“ค์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:46
It might be irresistible as a tool
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์ด ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ๋ฐœ๋ช…ํ’ˆ์€ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ์˜ ์‚ฌ๊ณ ์™€ ์˜์‚ฌ์†Œ ํ†ต ๋Šฅ๋ ฅ์„
09:48
to amplify our thinking and communication skills.
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์ฆํญ์‹œํ‚ค๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด์„œ๋Š” ๊ฑฐ๋ถ€ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์—†๋Š” ๋„๊ตฌ์ผ์ง€๋„ ๋ชจ๋ฆ…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:52
And indeed, this very same tool
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ฐธ์œผ๋กœ, ์ด ๋„๊ตฌ๊ฐ€
09:54
may prove to lead to the cure
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์น˜๋งค์™€ ์œ ์‚ฌํ•œ ์งˆ๋ณ‘๋“ค์˜
09:56
for Alzheimer's and similar diseases.
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์น˜๋ฃŒ๋ฅผ ๋„์šธ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์„์ง€๋„ ๋ชจ๋ฆ…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:59
We have little option but to open this door.
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ์—๊ฒ ์ด ๋ฌธ์„ ์—ฌ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ ๋ง๊ณ ๋Š” ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์„ ํƒ๊ถŒ์ด ์—†์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:03
Regardless, pick a year --
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๊ทธ๋ƒฅ ์ฐ์–ด ๋ณด์„ธ์š”.
10:04
will it happen in five years or 15 years?
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์ด๋Ÿฐ ๋ฐœ๋ช…์ด ๊ณผ์—ฐ 5 ๋…„์—์„œ 15 ๋…„ ์‚ฌ์ด์— ์ผ์–ด๋‚ ๊นŒ์š”?
10:06
It's hard to imagine it taking much longer.
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๊ทธ๋ณด๋‹ค ๋” ์˜ค๋ž˜๊ฑธ๋ฆด ๊ฒƒ์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ์ƒ์ƒํ•˜๊ธฐ๋Š” ์–ด๋ ต์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:11
We need to learn how to take this step together.
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์ด ๋‹จ๊ณ„๋ฅผ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ๋„˜์–ด๊ฐ€๋Š” ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์„ ๋ฐฐ์›Œ์•ผ๋งŒ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:15
Thank you.
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๊ฐ์‚ฌํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:17
(Applause)
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(๋ฐ•์ˆ˜)
์ด ์›น์‚ฌ์ดํŠธ ์ •๋ณด

์ด ์‚ฌ์ดํŠธ๋Š” ์˜์–ด ํ•™์Šต์— ์œ ์šฉํ•œ YouTube ๋™์˜์ƒ์„ ์†Œ๊ฐœํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ „ ์„ธ๊ณ„ ์ตœ๊ณ ์˜ ์„ ์ƒ๋‹˜๋“ค์ด ๊ฐ€๋ฅด์น˜๋Š” ์˜์–ด ์ˆ˜์—…์„ ๋ณด๊ฒŒ ๋  ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฐ ๋™์˜์ƒ ํŽ˜์ด์ง€์— ํ‘œ์‹œ๋˜๋Š” ์˜์–ด ์ž๋ง‰์„ ๋”๋ธ” ํด๋ฆญํ•˜๋ฉด ๊ทธ๊ณณ์—์„œ ๋™์˜์ƒ์ด ์žฌ์ƒ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋น„๋””์˜ค ์žฌ์ƒ์— ๋งž์ถฐ ์ž๋ง‰์ด ์Šคํฌ๋กค๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์˜๊ฒฌ์ด๋‚˜ ์š”์ฒญ์ด ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ์ด ๋ฌธ์˜ ์–‘์‹์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ฌธ์˜ํ•˜์‹ญ์‹œ์˜ค.

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