Greg Asner: Ecology from the air

84,693 views ・ 2013-11-19

TED


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Prevoditelj: Stjepan Mateljan Recezent: Ivan Stamenković
00:12
Technology can change our understanding of nature.
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Tehnologija može promijeniti naše razumijevanje prirode.
00:16
Take for example the case of lions.
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Uzmite na primjer slučaj lavova.
00:19
For centuries, it's been said that female lions
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Kroz stoljeća, govoreno je kako ženke lavova
00:22
do all of the hunting out in the open savanna,
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obavljaju sav lov na otvorenoj savani
00:24
and male lions do nothing until it's time for dinner.
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a lavovi mužjaci ne rade ništa sve dok ne dođe vrijeme za večeru.
00:28
You've heard this too, I can tell.
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I vi ste to čuli, vidim.
00:31
Well recently, I led an airborne mapping campaign
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Pa nedavno, vodio sam kampanju mapiranja iz zraka
00:34
in the Kruger National Park in South Africa.
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u Nacionalnom parku Kruger u Južnoj Africi.
00:36
Our colleagues put GPS tracking collars
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Naši su kolege stavili ovratnike za praćenje preko GPS
00:39
on male and female lions,
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na muške i ženske lavove,
00:41
and we mapped their hunting behavior
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a mi smo mapirali njihovo lovačko ponašanje
00:42
from the air.
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iz zraka.
00:44
The lower left shows a lion sizing up
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Niže lijevo pokazuje lavove kako promatraju
00:46
a herd of impala for a kill,
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stado impala radi lova,
00:48
and the right shows what I call
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a desno pokazuje što zovem
00:50
the lion viewshed.
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lavlji pregled.
00:52
That's how far the lion can see in all directions
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To je kako daleko lav može vidjeti u svim smjerovima
00:54
until his or her view is obstructed by vegetation.
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dok mu ili joj pogled nije prekinut vegetacijom.
00:59
And what we found
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A što smo otkrili
01:00
is that male lions are not the lazy hunters
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je da muški lavovi nisu lijeni lovci
01:03
we thought them to be.
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kako što smo mislili.
01:04
They just use a different strategy.
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Samo koriste drugačiju strategiju.
01:06
Whereas the female lions hunt
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Dok lavice love
01:08
out in the open savanna
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na otvorenoj savani
01:09
over long distances, usually during the day,
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preko velikih udaljenosti, obično tijekom dana,
01:12
male lions use an ambush strategy
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muški lavovi koriste strategiju zasjede
01:15
in dense vegetation, and often at night.
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u gustoj vegetaciji, i često noću.
01:19
This video shows the actual hunting viewsheds
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Ovaj video pokazuje lovački pregled
01:22
of male lions on the left
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lavova mužjaka lijevo
01:23
and females on the right.
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a ženki desno.
01:25
Red and darker colors show more dense vegetation,
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Crvena i tamnije boje pokazuju gušću vegetaciju,
01:28
and the white are wide open spaces.
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a bijelo su širom otvoreni prostori.
01:30
And this is the viewshed right literally at the eye level
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A ovo je pregled točan doslovno u razini očiju
01:33
of hunting male and female lions.
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mužjaka i ženke lava u lovu.
01:36
All of a sudden, you get a very clear understanding
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Odjednom, dobijete vrlo jasno razumjevanje
01:38
of the very spooky conditions under which
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vrlo sablasnih uvjeta pod kojima
01:41
male lions do their hunting.
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muški lavovi obavljaju svoj lov.
01:43
I bring up this example to begin,
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Navodim ovaj primjer za početak,
01:44
because it emphasizes how little we know about nature.
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jer naglašava kako malo znamo o prirodi.
01:49
There's been a huge amount of work done so far
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Već je obavljena ogromna količina rada
01:52
to try to slow down our losses of tropical forests,
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u pokušaju da se uspori gubitak naših tropskih šuma,
01:55
and we are losing our forests at a rapid rate,
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a gubimo šume brzom stopom,
01:57
as shown in red on the slide.
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kao što je prikazano crvenom na slajdu.
01:59
I find it ironic that we're doing so much,
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Nalazim ironičnim da radimo toliko puno,
02:01
yet these areas are fairly unknown to science.
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a ipak ova su područja zapravo nepoznata znanosti.
02:05
So how can we save what we don't understand?
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Pa kako možemo sačuvati što ne razumijemo?
02:08
Now I'm a global ecologist and an Earth explorer
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Sad, ja sam globalni ekolog i istraživač Zemlje
02:10
with a background in physics and chemistry
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sa pozadinom u fizici i kemiji
02:12
and biology and a lot of other boring subjects,
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i biologiji i mnoštvu drugih dosadnih predmeta,
02:15
but above all, I'm obsessed with what we don't know
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ali iznad svega, opsjednut sam onime što ne znamo
02:18
about our planet.
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o našem planetu.
02:20
So I created this,
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Pa sam stvorio ovo,
02:22
the Carnegie Airborne Observatory, or CAO.
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Carnegiejev zračni opservatorij, ili CAO.
02:25
It may look like a plane with a fancy paint job,
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Može izgledati poput aviona sa lijepim bojama,
02:27
but I packed it with over 1,000 kilos
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ali opremio sam ga sa preko 1000 kilograma
02:30
of high-tech sensors, computers,
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visokotehnoloških senzora, računala,
02:32
and a very motivated staff
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i vrlo motiviranom posadom
02:34
of Earth scientists and pilots.
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znanstvenika o Zemlji i pilota.
02:37
Two of our instruments are very unique:
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Dva od naših instrumenata su vrlo jedinstveni:
02:39
one is called an imaging spectrometer
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jedan se zove oslikavajući spektrometar
02:40
that can actually measure the chemical composition
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koji može mjeriti kemijski sastav
02:42
of plants as we fly over them.
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biljaka dok ih nadlijećemo.
02:45
Another one is a set of lasers,
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Drugi je skup lasera,
02:47
very high-powered lasers,
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vrlo moćnih lasera,
02:49
that fire out of the bottom of the plane,
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koji pucaju s donjeg dijela aviona
02:51
sweeping across the ecosystem
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prelazeći preko ekosustava
02:53
and measuring it at nearly 500,000 times per second
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i mjereći ga pri gotovo 500.000 taktova u sekundi
02:57
in high-resolution 3D.
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u 3D visoke razlučivosti.
02:59
Here's an image of the Golden Gate Bridge
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Ovdje je slika mosta preko Golden Gatea
03:01
in San Francisco, not far from where I live.
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u San Franciscu, ne daleko od gdje živim.
03:04
Although we flew straight over this bridge,
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Iako smo letjeli ravno iznad ovog mosta
03:05
we imaged it in 3D, captured its color
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snimili smo ga u 3D, ulovili njegovu boju
03:07
in just a few seconds.
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u samo nekoliko sekundi.
03:09
But the real power of the CAO
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Ali prava je moć CAO
03:11
is its ability to capture the actual building blocks
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njegova sposobnost da uhvati stvarne sastavne dijelove
03:13
of ecosystems.
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raznih ekosustava.
03:15
This is a small town in the Amazon,
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Ovo je gradić u Amazoni,
03:17
imaged with the CAO.
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oslikan sa CAO.
03:18
We can slice through our data
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Možemo sjeckati kroz naše podatke
03:20
and see, for example, the 3D structure
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i vidjeti, na primjer, 3D strukturu
03:22
of the vegetation and the buildings,
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vegetacije i građevina,
03:25
or we can use the chemical information
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ili možemo koristiti kemijsku informaciju
03:27
to actually figure out how fast the plants are growing
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da odredimo kako brzo biljke rastu
03:29
as we fly over them.
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dok ih nadlijećemo.
03:31
The hottest pinks are the fastest-growing plants.
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Najtoplije ružičaste su najbrže rastuće biljke.
03:34
And we can see biodiversity in ways
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I možemo vidjeti bioraznolikost na načine
03:36
that you never could have imagined.
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koje nikad niste mogli ni zamisliti.
03:38
This is what a rainforest might look like
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Ovo je kako kišna šuma može izgledati
03:40
as you fly over it in a hot air balloon.
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dok letite iznad nje u balonu.
03:42
This is how we see a rainforest,
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Ovo je kako mi vidimo kišnu šumu,
03:44
in kaleidoscopic color that tells us
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u kaleidoskopskoj boji koja nam govori
03:46
that there are many species living with one another.
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kako je tamo puno vrsta koje žive jedne s drugima.
03:49
But you have to remember that these trees
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Ali morate zapamtiti da je ovo drveće
03:51
are literally bigger than whales,
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doslovno veće od kitova,
03:54
and what that means is that they're impossible to understand
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a to znači je kako ih je nemoguće razumjeti
03:57
just by walking on the ground below them.
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samo hodajući po tlu ispod njih.
03:59
So our imagery is 3D, it's chemical, it's biological,
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Dakle naš prikaz je 3D, kemijski je, biološki je,
04:04
and this tells us not only the species
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i ne govori nam samo o vrstama
04:06
that are living in the canopy,
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koje žive u krošnji,
04:08
but it tells us a lot of information
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već nam govori puno informacija
04:10
about the rest of the species that occupy the rainforest.
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o ostatku vrsta koje nastanjuju kišnu šumu.
04:13
Now I created the CAO
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Sad, stvorio sam CAO
04:15
in order to answer questions that have proven
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da bih odgovorio na pitanja koja su se pokazala
04:18
extremely challenging to answer from any other vantage point,
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izuzetno zahtjevna za odgovoriti iz bilo koje točke gledišta,
04:21
such as from the ground, or from satellite sensors.
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kao sa zemlje, ili pomoću satelitskog senzora.
04:24
I want to share three of those questions with you today.
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Želim danas s vama podijeliti tri od tih pitanja.
04:27
The first questions is,
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Prvo je pitanje,
04:29
how do we manage our carbon reserves
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Kako upravljamo našim ugljičnim rezervama
04:30
in tropical forests?
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u tropskim šumama?
04:33
Tropical forests contain a huge amount of carbon in the trees,
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Tropske šume sadrže ogromnu količinu ugljika u drveću,
04:37
and we need to keep that carbon in those forests
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i mi trebamo zadržati taj ugljik u tim šumama
04:39
if we're going to avoid any further global warming.
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ako želimo izbjeći ikakvo daljnje globalno zagrijavanje.
04:43
Unfortunately, global carbon emissions
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Nažalost, globalno ispuštanje ugljika
04:45
from deforestation
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od krčenja šuma
04:47
now equals the global transportation sector.
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je sada jednako globalnom prijevozničkom sektoru.
04:50
That's all ships, airplanes, trains and automobiles combined.
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To su svi brodovi, avioni, vlakovi i automobili zajedno.
04:54
So it's understandable that policy negotiators
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Pa je razumljivo da politički pregovaratelji
04:57
have been working hard to reduce deforestation,
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naporno rade kako bi smanjili krčenje šuma,
05:00
but they're doing it on landscapes
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ali oni to čine u krajobrazima
05:01
that are hardly known to science.
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koji jedva da su poznati znanosti.
05:04
If you don't know where the carbon is exactly,
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Ako ne znate gdje je ugljik točno,
05:06
in detail, how can you know what you're losing?
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detaljno, kako možete znati što gubite?
05:09
Basically, we need a high-tech accounting system.
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U osnovi, trebamo visokotehnološki računovodstveni sustav.
05:13
With our system, we're able to see the carbon stocks
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S našim sustavom, moguće nam je vidjeti zalihe ugljika
05:15
of tropical forests in utter detail.
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u tropskim šumama do najmanjeg detalja.
05:18
The red shows, obviously, closed-canopy tropical forest,
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Crvena pokazuje, očito, tropsku šumu zatvorene krošnje,
05:21
and then you see the cookie cutting,
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i onda vidite rez kolača,
05:23
or the cutting of the forest in yellows and greens.
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ili rezove šume u žutima i zelenima.
05:27
It's like cutting a cake except this cake
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To je poput rezanja kolača osim što je ovaj kolač
05:30
is about whale deep.
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otprilike dubine kita.
05:32
And yet, we can zoom in and see the forest
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Pa ipak, možemo zumirati i vidjeti šumu
05:34
and the trees at the same time.
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i drveće istovremeno.
05:36
And what's amazing is, even though we flew
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A što je zapanjujuće, iako smo letjeli
05:38
very high above this forest,
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vrlo visoko iznad ove šume,
05:40
later on in analysis, we can go in
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kasnije u analizi, možemo ući unutra
05:42
and actually experience the treetrops,
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i zbilja iskusiti vrhove krošanja,
05:44
leaf by leaf, branch by branch,
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list po list, granu po granu,
05:47
just as the other species that live in this forest
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baš kao što je druge vrste koje žive u ovoj šumi
05:50
experience it along with the trees themselves.
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same doživljavaju zajedno sa drvima.
05:53
We've been using the technology to explore
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Koristili smo tehnologiju da istražimo
05:55
and to actually put out the first carbon geographies
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i objavimo prve zbiljske ugljične zemljopise
05:58
in high resolution
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u visokoj rezoluciji
06:00
in faraway places like the Amazon Basin
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udaljenih mjesta poput Amazonskog bazena
06:02
and not-so-faraway places like the United States
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i ne tako udaljenih mjesta poput Sjedinjenih država
06:04
and Central America.
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i Srednje Amerike.
06:06
What I'm going to do is I'm going to take you on a high-resolution, first-time tour
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Što ću sad napraviti je povesti vas na turu visoke razlučivoti, po prvi put,
06:09
of the carbon landscapes of Peru and then Panama.
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po ugljičnim krajobrazima Perua i potom Paname.
06:13
The colors are going to be going from red to blue.
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Boje će se kretati od crvene do plave.
06:16
Red is extremely high carbon stocks,
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Crveno su krajnje visoke zalihe ugljika,
06:18
your largest cathedral forests you can imagine,
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najveće katedralne šume koje možete zamisliti,
06:21
and blue are very low carbon stocks.
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a plavo su vrlo niske ugljične zalihe.
06:23
And let me tell you, Peru alone is an amazing place,
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I da vam kažem, već je sam Peru zapanjujuće mjesto,
06:25
totally unknown in terms of its carbon geography
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posve nepoznat u pogledu vlastitog ugljičnog zemljopisa
06:28
until today.
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do danas.
06:29
We can fly to this area in northern Peru
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Možemo odletjeti do ovog mjesta u sjevernom Peruu
06:31
and see super high carbon stocks in red,
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i vidjeti supervisoke zalihe ugljika u crvenoj,
06:33
and the Amazon River and floodplain
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te rijeku Amazonu i poplavnu ravnicu
06:35
cutting right through it.
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kako prolazi kroz njih.
06:37
We can go to an area of utter devastation
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Možemo otići do područja krajnjeg uništenja
06:38
caused by deforestation in blue,
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uzrokovanog krčenjem šuma u plavoj,
06:40
and the virus of deforestation spreading out in orange.
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te virusa krčenja šuma kako se širi van u narančastoj.
06:44
We can also fly to the southern Andes
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Također možemo odletjeti do južnih Andi
06:46
to see the tree line and see exactly how
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kako bi vidjeli granicu drveća i točno vidjeli kako
06:48
the carbon geography ends
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ugljični zemljopis završava
06:50
as we go up into the mountain system.
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dok se penjemo u planinski sustav.
06:53
And we can go to the biggest swamp in the western Amazon.
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I možemo otići do najveće močvare u zapadnoj Amazoni.
06:56
It's a watery dreamworld
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To je vodena zemlja snova
06:57
akin to Jim Cameron's "Avatar."
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nalik Jim Cameronovom "Avataru"
07:00
We can go to one of the smallest tropical countries,
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Možemo otići do jedne od najmanjih tropskih zemalja,
07:03
Panama, and see also a huge range
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Paname, i također vidjeti ogroman raspon
07:05
of carbon variation,
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varijacije ugljika,
07:07
from high in red to low in blue.
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od visoke u crvenom do niske u plavom.
07:09
Unfortunately, most of the carbon is lost in the lowlands,
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Nažalost, najviše je ugljika izgubljeno u nizinama,
07:12
but what you see that's left,
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ali ono što vidite da je preostalo,
07:13
in terms of high carbon stocks in greens and reds,
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u pogledu visokih ugljičnih zaliha u zelenima i crvenima,
07:16
is the stuff that's up in the mountains.
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je stvar koja je u planinama.
07:18
One interesting exception to this
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Jedna zanimljiva iznimka od toga
07:20
is right in the middle of your screen.
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je točno na sredini ekrana.
07:22
You're seeing the buffer zone around the Panama Canal.
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Vidite tampon zonu oko Panamskog kanala.
07:25
That's in the reds and yellows.
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To je u crvenima i žutima.
07:27
The canal authorities are using force
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Vlasti kanala koriste silu
07:28
to protect their watershed and global commerce.
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da zaštite svoje razvođe i globalnu trgovinu.
07:31
This kind of carbon mapping
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Ova vrsta mapiranja ugljika
07:33
has transformed conservation
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je promijenila razvoj politike očuvanja
07:35
and resource policy development.
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i razvoj politike spram resursa.
07:36
It's really advancing our ability to save forests
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Zbilja nam je unaprijedila sposobnost da sačuvamo šume
07:39
and to curb climate change.
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i obuzdamo klimatske promjene.
07:41
My second question: How do we prepare for climate change
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Moje drugo pitanje: Kako se pripremiti za klimatske promjene
07:45
in a place like the Amazon rainforest?
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na mjestu poput Amazonske prašume?
07:47
Let me tell you, I spend a lot of time
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Da vam kažem, provodim puno vremena
07:48
in these places, and we're seeing the climate changing already.
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ma takvim mjestima, i već vidimo klimu kako se mijenja.
07:52
Temperatures are increasing,
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Temperature rastu,
07:53
and what's really happening is we're getting a lot of droughts,
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i što se zbilja događa je kako dobijamo puno suša,
07:56
recurring droughts.
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ponavljajućih suša.
07:58
The 2010 mega-drought is shown here
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Mega-suša iz 2010. je prikazana ovdje
07:59
with red showing an area about the size of Western Europe.
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sa crvenom koja pokazuje područje veličine oko zapadne Europe.
08:03
The Amazon was so dry in 2010
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Amazona je bila toliko suha te 2010.
08:05
that even the main stem of the Amazon river itself
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da se čak i sam glavni tok rijeke Amazone
08:08
dried up partially, as you see in the photo
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djelomično osušio, kao što vidite na fotografiji
08:10
in the lower portion of the slide.
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u nižem dijelu slajda.
08:13
What we found is that in very remote areas,
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Što smo otkrili je kako u vrlo udaljenim područjima,
08:16
these droughts are having a big negative impact
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ove suše imaju veliki negativni utjecaj
08:19
on tropical forests.
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na tropske šume.
08:21
For example, these are all of the dead trees in red
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Na primjer, ovo je svo mrtvo drveće u crvenom
08:23
that suffered mortality following the 2010 drought.
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koje je pretrpjelo usmrćenje uslijed suše 2010.
08:26
This area happens to be on the border
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Ovo je područje na granici
08:28
of Peru and Brazil,
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Perua i Brazila,
08:30
totally unexplored,
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potpuno neistraženo,
08:31
almost totally unknown scientifically.
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gotovo potpuno nepoznato znanosti.
08:34
So what we think, as Earth scientists,
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Pa što mislimo, kao znanstvenici o Zemlji,
08:36
is species are going to have to migrate
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je kako će se vrste morati seliti
08:38
with climate change from the east in Brazil
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sa klimatskom promjenom istočno iz Brazila
08:41
all the way west into the Andes
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zapadno sve do unutar Andi
08:43
and up into the mountains
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i u planine
08:45
in order to minimize their exposure to climate change.
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da bi smanjile svoju izloženost promjeni klime.
08:48
One of the problems with this is that humans
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Jedan od problema s tim je kako ljudi
08:50
are taking apart the western Amazon as we speak.
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rastavljaju zapadnu Amazonu baš u ovom trenutku.
08:53
Look at this 100-square-kilometer gash
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Pogledajte ovaj duboki rez od sto kvadratnih kilometara
08:55
in the forest created by gold miners.
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u šumi koji su napravili rudari zlata.
08:58
You see the forest in green in 3D,
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Vidite šumu u zelenom u 3D,
09:01
and you see the effects of gold mining
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i vidite učinke rudarenja zlata
09:02
down below the soil surface.
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ispod površine zemlje.
09:05
Species have nowhere to migrate in a system like this, obviously.
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Vrste nemaju kuda seliti u sustavu poput ovog, očito.
09:09
If you haven't been to the Amazon, you should go.
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Ako niste bili u Amazoni, trebali bi otići.
09:12
It's an amazing experience every time,
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To je zapanjujuće iskustvo svaki put,
09:14
no matter where you go.
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bez obzira gdje odete.
09:16
You're going to probably see it this way, on a river.
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Vjerojatno ćete ju vidjeti na ovaj način, sa rijeke.
09:19
But what happens is a lot of times
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Ali što se događa je kako puno puta
09:21
the rivers hide what's really going on
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rijeke sakrivaju što se zbilja događa
09:23
back in the forest itself.
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iza u samoj šumi.
09:25
We flew over this same river,
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Letjeli smo iznad iste ove rijeke,
09:27
imaged the system in 3D.
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slikali sustav u 3D.
09:29
The forest is on the left.
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Šuma je lijevo.
09:31
And then we can digitally remove the forest
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A potom možemo digitalno maknuti šumu
09:33
and see what's going on below the canopy.
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i gledati što se dešava ispod krošanja.
09:35
And in this case, we found gold mining activity,
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A u ovom slučaju, našli smo aktivnosti rudarenja zlata,
09:38
all of it illegal,
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sve bespravne,
09:39
set back away from the river's edge,
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postavljene nešto dalje od ruba rijeke.
09:41
as you'll see in those strange pockmarks
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kao što ćete vidjeti u ovim neobičnim jamicama
09:43
coming up on your screen on the right.
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koje dolaze s desna.
09:45
Don't worry, we're working with the authorities
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Ne brinite, radimo s vlastima
09:47
to deal with this and many, many other problems
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da riješimo ovaj i brojne, brojne druge probleme
09:50
in the region.
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u regiji.
09:52
So in order to put together a conservation plan
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Pa kako bismo sastavili plan očuvanja
09:55
for these unique, important corridors
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za te jedinstvene, važne koridore
09:57
like the western Amazon and the Andes Amazon corridor,
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poput koridora zapadne Amazone i andske Amazone,
10:00
we have to start making
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moramo početi raditi
10:02
geographically explicit plans now.
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zemljopisno određene planove sada.
10:05
How do we do that if we don't know the geography of biodiversity in the region,
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Kako to činiti ako ne znamo zemljopis bioraznolikosti u regiji,
10:09
if it's so unknown to science?
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ako je tako nepoznata znanosti?
10:10
So what we've been doing is using
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Pa što smo radili je koristili smo
10:12
the laser-guided spectroscopy from the CAO
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laserom vođenu spektroskopiju iz CAO
10:15
to map for the first time the biodiversity
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da po prvi put mapiramo bioraznolikost
10:18
of the Amazon rainforest.
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Amazonske prašume.
10:19
Here you see actual data showing different species in different colors.
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Ovdje vidite prave podatke koji pokazuju različite vrste u različitim bojama.
10:23
Reds are one type of species, blues are another,
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Crveno su vrste jednog tipa, plavo drugog,
10:25
and greens are yet another.
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a zelene opet nekog slijedećeg.
10:27
And when we take this together and scale up
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A kad to saberemo zajedno i povećamo
10:29
to the regional level,
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do regionalne razine,
10:31
we get a completely new geography
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dobijemo posve novi zemljopis
10:34
of biodiversity unknown prior to this work.
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bioraznolikosti nepoznat prije ovog rada.
10:38
This tells us where the big biodiversity changes
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Ovo nam govori gdje se velike promjene u bioraznolikosti
10:40
occur from habitat to habitat,
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pojavljuju od staništa do staništa,
10:42
and that's really important because it tells us
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a to je zbilja važno jer nam govori
10:44
a lot about where species may migrate to
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puno o tome gdje se vrste mogu doseliti
10:47
and migrate from as the climate shifts.
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i odseliti kako se klima mijenja.
10:50
And this is the pivotal information that's needed
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A to je informacija od glavnog značaja koju trebaju
10:53
by decision makers to develop protected areas
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donositelji odluka kako bi razvili zaštićena područja
10:57
in the context of their regional development plans.
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u kontekstu svojih regionalnih planova za razvoj.
11:00
And third and final question is,
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I treće i konačno pitanje je,
11:02
how do we manage biodiversity on a planet
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Kako upravljati bioraznolikošću na planetu
11:04
of protected ecosystems?
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zaštićenih ekosustava?
11:06
The example I started out with about lions hunting,
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Primjer s kojim sam započeo, o lavljem lovu,
11:09
that was a study we did
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to je bilo istraživanje koje smo činili
11:11
behind the fence line of a protected area
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1992
iza ograde zaštićenog područja
11:13
in South Africa.
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u Južnoj Africi.
11:15
And the truth is, much of Africa's nature
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1998
A istina je kako će većina afričke prirode
11:17
is going to persist into the future
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ustrajati u budućnosti
11:19
in protected areas like I show in blue on the screen.
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u zaštićenim područjima poput ovih koje vam pokazujem plavo na ekranu.
11:22
This puts incredible pressure and responsibility
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To stavlja nevjerojatan pritisak i odgovornost
11:24
on park management.
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na upravu parka.
11:26
They need to do and make decisions
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Moraju izvršavati i donositi odluke
11:29
that will benefit all of the species that they're protecting.
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koje će pogodovati svim vrstama koje štite.
11:32
Some of their decisions have really big impacts.
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Neke od njihovih odluka imaju zbilja velike utjecaje.
11:35
For example, how much and where
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Na primjer, koliko puno i gdje
11:37
to use fire as a management tool?
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koristiti vatru kao alat za upravljanje?
11:40
Or, how to deal with a large species like elephants,
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Ili, kako se nositi sa velikim vrstama poput slonova,
11:43
which may, if their populations get too large,
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koji mogu, ako im populacije postanu prevelike,
11:45
have a negative impact on the ecosystem
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imati negativan utjecaj na ekosustav
11:47
and on other species.
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i na druge vrste?
11:49
And let me tell you, these types of dynamics
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I da vam kažem, ovi tipovi dinamika
11:51
really play out on the landscape.
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se zbilja odražavaju na krajobrazu.
11:53
In the foreground is an area with lots of fire
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U prvom je planu područje sa puno vatre
11:56
and lots of elephants:
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i puno slonova:
11:57
wide open savanna in blue, and just a few trees.
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širom otvorena savana u plavom, i samo nekoliko drvećaa.
12:01
As we cross this fence line, now we're getting
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Kako prelazimo ovu ogradu, sad dolazimo
12:03
into an area that has had protection from fire
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u područje koje je imalo zaštitu od vatre
12:05
and zero elephants:
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1857
i ništa slonova:
12:07
dense vegetation, a radically different ecosystem.
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gusta vegetacija, temeljito različit ekosustav.
12:11
And in a place like Kruger,
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A na mjestu poput Krugera,
12:14
the soaring elephant densities
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1741
velike gustoće slonova
12:15
are a real problem.
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su stvarni problem.
12:17
I know it's a sensitive issue for many of you,
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Znam da je to osjetljivo pitanje za puno vas,
12:20
and there are no easy answers with this.
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i nema laganih odgovora s tim u vezi.
12:22
But what's good is that the technology we've developed
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Ali što je dobro je kako nam tehnologija koju smo razvili
12:25
and we're working with in South Africa, for example,
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i s kojom radimo u Južnoj Africi, na primjer,
12:27
is allowing us to map every single tree in the savanna,
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omogućuje da mapiramo svako pojedino drvo u savani,
12:30
and then through repeat flights
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te potom kroz ponavljane letove
12:32
we're able to see which trees
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smo u stanju vidjeti koja drva
12:34
are being pushed over by elephants,
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su prevaljena od slonova,
12:36
in the red as you see on the screen, and how much that's happening
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u crvenom kako vidite na ekranu, i koliko se toga događa
12:39
in different types of landscapes in the savanna.
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u različitim tipovima krajobraza u savani.
12:42
That's giving park managers
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To daje upraviteljima parkova
12:43
a very first opportunity to use
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prvu priliku da koriste
12:46
tactical management strategies that are more nuanced
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strategije taktičkog upravljanja koje su istančanije
12:49
and don't lead to those extremes that I just showed you.
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i koje ne vode u krajnosti koje sam vam upravo pokazao.
12:54
So really, the way we're looking
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Pa zapravo, način na koji gledamo
12:56
at protected areas nowadays
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2041
na zaštićena područja danas
12:58
is to think of it as tending to a circle of life,
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je razmišljati o njima kao o brizi za krug života,
13:01
where we have fire management,
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gdje imamo upravljanje vatrom,
13:03
elephant management, those impacts on the structure of the ecosystem,
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upravljanje slonovima, takve utjecaje na strukturu ekosustava,
13:08
and then those impacts
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1990
a potom se ti utjecaji
13:10
affecting everything from insects
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odražavaju na sve od insekata
13:12
up to apex predators like lions.
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do vršnih grabežljivaca poput lavova.
13:15
Going forward, I plan to greatly expand
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U nastavku, planiram jako proširiti
13:16
the airborne observatory.
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zračni opservatorij.
13:18
I'm hoping to actually put the technology into orbit
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Nadam se da ću zapravo staviti tehnologiju u orbitu
13:20
so we can manage the entire planet
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tako da možemo upravljati čitavim planetom
13:22
with technologies like this.
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s tehnologijama poput ove.
13:24
Until then, you're going to find me flying
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Do tada, naći ćete me kako letim
13:26
in some remote place that you've never heard of.
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u nekom udaljenom mjestu za koje nikad niste čuli.
13:28
I just want to end by saying that technology is
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Samo bih želio reći kako je tehnologija
13:31
absolutely critical to managing our planet,
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apsolutno kritična za upravljanje našim planetom,
13:34
but even more important is the understanding
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2099
ali još je važnije razumijevanje
13:36
and wisdom to apply it.
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i mudrost da se primijeni.
13:38
Thank you.
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2099
Hvala vam.
13:40
(Applause)
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(Pljesak)

Original video on YouTube.com
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