Eduardo Briceño: How to get better at the things you care about | TED

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2017-02-23 ・ TED


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Eduardo Briceño: How to get better at the things you care about | TED

635,514 views ・ 2017-02-23

TED


Dvaput kliknite na engleske titlove ispod za reprodukciju videozapisa.

Prevoditelj: Dunja Knežević Recezent: Sanda L
00:12
Most of us go through life trying to do our best at whatever we do,
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Većina nas u životu trudi se biti što boljima u svemu što činimo,
00:16
whether it's our job, family, school
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bio to posao, obitelj, škola,
00:19
or anything else.
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ili bilo što drugo.
00:21
I feel that way. I try my best.
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I ja sam takav. Dajem sve od sebe.
00:23
But some time ago, I came to a realization
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No, prije nekog vremena, shvatio sam
00:26
that I wasn't getting much better at the things I cared most about,
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da baš i ne napredujem u područjima do kojih mi je najviše stalo,
00:30
whether it was being a husband or a friend
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bilo kao suprug ili prijatelj,
00:33
or a professional or teammate,
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kao profesionalac ili suradnik
00:35
and I wasn't improving much at those things
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i nisam se baš poboljšavao u svemu tome,
00:37
even though I was spending a lot of time
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iako sam provodio mnogo vremena
00:40
working hard at them.
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marljivo radeći.
00:43
I've since realized from conversations I've had and from research
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Iz razgovora i istraživanja shvatio sam
00:46
that this stagnation, despite hard work,
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da je ovo stagniranje, unatoč marljivom radu,
00:49
turns out to be pretty common.
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prilično uobičajeno.
00:50
So I'd like to share with you some insights into why that is
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Zato želim s vama podijeliti neka shvaćanja zašto je to tako
00:53
and what we can all do about it.
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i kako to možemo promijeniti.
00:55
What I've learned is that the most effective people
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Naučio sam da najučinkovitiji ljudi
00:58
and teams in any domain
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i timovi iz bilo kojeg područja,
01:00
do something we can all emulate.
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čine nešto što možemo oponašati.
01:02
They go through life deliberately alternating between two zones:
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Kroz život naizmjenično idu unutar dvije zone:
01:06
the learning zone and the performance zone.
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zone učenja i zone izvedbe.
01:09
The learning zone is when our goal is to improve.
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U zoni učenja smo kada želimo napredovati.
01:12
Then we do activities designed for improvement,
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Tada poduzimamo aktivnosti osmišljene za napredovanje,
01:15
concentrating on what we haven't mastered yet,
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usredotočeni na ono što još nismo usavršili,
01:18
which means we have to expect to make mistakes,
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što znači da trebamo očekivati pogreške,
01:20
knowing that we will learn from them.
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znajući da ćemo naučiti iz njih.
01:22
That is very different from what we do when we're in our performance zone,
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To se jako razlikuje od onoga što radimo u zoni izvedbe,
01:26
which is when our goal is to do something as best as we can, to execute.
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gdje je naš cilj biti što bolji, izvršiti.
01:31
Then we concentrate on what we have already mastered
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Tada smo usredotočeni na ono što smo već svladali
01:33
and we try to minimize mistakes.
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i nastojimo što manje griješiti.
01:36
Both of these zones should be part of our lives,
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Oba područja trebala bi biti dio naših života,
01:39
but being clear about when we want to be in each of them,
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no jasnoća o tome što želimo biti u tim područjima,
01:42
with what goal, focus and expectations,
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koji su nam ciljevi i očekivanja,
01:44
helps us better perform and better improve.
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pomaže nam da budemo učinkovitiji i da napredujemo.
01:47
The performance zone maximizes our immediate performance,
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U zoni izvedbe postižemo najbolju moguću trenutnu izvedbu,
01:50
while the learning zone maximizes our growth
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dok u zoni učenja najviše rastemo
01:52
and our future performance.
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i pripremamo buduća postignuća.
01:55
The reason many of us don't improve much
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Mnogi od nas ne ostvaruju značajno poboljšanje,
01:57
despite our hard work
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unatoč marljivom radu,
01:58
is that we tend to spend almost all of our time in the performance zone.
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jer gotovo sve vrijeme provode u zoni izvedbe.
02:03
This hinders our growth,
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To otežava naš rast
02:05
and ironically, over the long term, also our performance.
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i, ironično, našu izvedbu, dugoročno gledano.
02:09
So what does the learning zone look like?
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Kako izgleda zona učenja?
02:12
Take Demosthenes, a political leader
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Na primjer, Demosten, politički vođa,
02:14
and the greatest orator and lawyer in ancient Greece.
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najveći govornik i odvjetnik u antičkoj Grčkoj.
02:18
To become great, he didn't spend all his time
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Kako bi postao uspješan, nije provodio sve vrijeme
02:21
just being an orator or a lawyer,
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samo kao govornik ili odvjetnik,
02:24
which would be his performance zone.
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što je njegova zona izvedbe.
02:26
But instead, he did activities designed for improvement.
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Bavio se i aktivnostima koje su mu omogućile napredovanje.
02:29
Of course, he studied a lot.
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Naravno, puno je učio.
02:30
He studied law and philosophy with guidance from mentors,
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Proučavao je pravo i filozofiju uz vodstvo mentora,
02:33
but he also realized that being a lawyer involved persuading other people,
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no, shvaćao je da kao odvjetnik mora znati uvjeravati ljude
02:38
so he also studied great speeches
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pa je proučavao i velike govore
02:40
and acting.
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te glumu.
02:42
To get rid of an odd habit he had of involuntarily lifting his shoulder,
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Kako bi se riješio čudne navike nesvjesnog podizanja ramena,
02:46
he practiced his speeches in front of a mirror,
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vježbao je govore pred zrcalom,
02:49
and he suspended a sword from the ceiling
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dok je sa stropa visio mač
02:52
so that if he raised his shoulder,
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te ako bi podigao rame,
02:53
it would hurt.
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ozlijedio bi se.
02:55
(Laughter)
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(Smijeh)
02:56
To speak more clearly despite a lisp,
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Kako bi govorio jasnije unatoč zamuckivanju,
02:59
he went through his speeches with stones in his mouth.
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svoje je govore vježbao imajući kamenje u ustima.
03:02
He built an underground room
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Izgradio je podzemnu sobu
03:04
where he could practice without interruptions
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gdje je mogao vježbati bez prekida
i ometanja drugih ljudi.
03:06
and not disturb other people.
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03:07
And since courts at the time were very noisy,
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Budući da su sudovi tada bili vrlo bučni,
03:09
he also practiced by the ocean,
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vježbao je pored oceana,
03:11
projecting his voice above the roar of the waves.
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nadglasavajući huku valova.
03:15
His activities in the learning zone
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Njegove su aktivnosti u zoni učenja
03:16
were very different from his activities in court,
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bile jako različite od njegovih aktivnosti na sudu,
03:19
his performance zone.
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njegovoj zoni izvedbe.
03:21
In the learning zone,
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U zoni učenja,
03:22
he did what Dr. Anders Ericsson calls deliberate practice.
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činio je ono što dr. Ericsson naziva promišljenom vježbom.
03:25
This involves breaking down abilities into component skills,
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To uključuje razlamanje sposobnosti u sastavne vještine,
03:29
being clear about what subskill we're working to improve,
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pri čemu je jasno koju podvještinu nastojimo poboljšati,
03:32
like keeping our shoulders down,
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kao što je održavanje ramena u ravnini,
03:34
giving full concentration to a high level of challenge
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usredotočivši se na visoku razinu izazova
03:36
outside our comfort zone,
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izvan naše sigurne zone,
03:38
just beyond what we can currently do,
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malo iznad onoga što trenutno možemo,
03:40
using frequent feedback with repetition and adjustments,
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koristeći česte povratne informacije uz ponavljanje i prilagodbe
03:44
and ideally engaging the guidance of a skilled coach,
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te po mogućnosti, uz vodstvo stručnog mentora,
03:47
because activities designed for improvement
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jer su aktivnosti osmišljene za napredak
03:49
are domain-specific,
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posebne za svako područje,
03:50
and great teachers and coaches know what those activities are
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a veliki učitelji i mentori znaju koje su to aktivnosti
03:53
and can also give us expert feedback.
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i mogu nam dati stručne savjete.
03:55
It is this type of practice in the learning zone
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Ovakva vježba u zoni učenja
03:58
which leads to substantial improvement,
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vodi značajnom poboljšanju,
04:00
not just time on task performing.
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ne samo vremenu provedenom na izvođenju zadatka.
04:03
For example, research shows that after the first couple of years
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Istraživanje pokazuje da nakon prvih nekoliko godina
04:06
working in a profession,
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rada u nekoj profesiji,
04:08
performance usually plateaus.
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izvedba obično stagnira.
04:10
This has been shown to be true in teaching, general medicine,
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Ovo se pokazalo istinitim u podučavanju, općoj medicini,
04:13
nursing and other fields,
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pružanju njege i drugim područjima,
04:15
and it happens because once we think we have become good enough,
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a događa se jer, kada pomislimo da smo postali dovoljno dobri,
04:19
adequate,
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da zadovoljavamo,
04:20
then we stop spending time in the learning zone.
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prestanemo provoditi vrijeme u zoni učenja.
04:22
We focus all our time on just doing our job,
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Sve vrijeme usredotočeni smo samo na posao,
04:24
performing,
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izvođenje,
04:26
which turns out not to be a great way to improve.
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što i nije sjajan način za razvoj.
04:28
But the people who continue to spend time in the learning zone
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No, ljudi koji nastavljaju provoditi vrijeme u zoni učenja
04:31
do continue to always improve.
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uvijek se usavršavaju.
04:34
The best salespeople at least once a week
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Najbolji prodavači barem jednom tjedno
04:36
do activities with the goal of improvement.
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provode aktivnosti s ciljem usavršavanja.
04:39
They read to extend their knowledge,
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Čitaju kako bi proširili znanje,
04:40
consult with colleagues or domain experts,
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savjetuju se s kolegama ili stručnjacima,
04:43
try out new strategies, solicit feedback and reflect.
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isprobavaju nove strategije, daju povratnu informaciju.
04:47
The best chess players
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Najbolji šahisti
04:48
spend a lot of time not playing games of chess,
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ne provode puno vremena igrajući šah,
04:52
which would be their performance zone,
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što bi bila njihova zona izvedbe,
04:54
but trying to predict the moves grand masters made and analyzing them.
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već pokušavajući predvidjeti poteze velikih majstora i analizirajući ih.
04:58
Each of us has probably spent many, many, many hours
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Svatko od nas vjerojatno je proveo brojne sate
05:02
typing on a computer
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tipkajući na računalu,
05:04
without getting faster,
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ne poboljšavajući brzinu,
05:06
but if we spent 10 to 20 minutes each day
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no kada bismo svaki dan proveli 10 do 20 minuta,
05:09
fully concentrating on typing 10 to 20 percent faster
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potpuno usredotočeni na to da tipkamo 10 do 20 posto brže
05:12
than our current reliable speed,
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nego što trenutno tipkamo,
05:14
we would get faster,
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poboljšali bismo brzinu,
05:15
especially if we also identified what mistakes we're making
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posebno ako uočimo kakve pogreške činimo
05:18
and practiced typing those words.
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i uvježbamo tipkanje tih riječi.
05:21
That's deliberate practice.
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To je promišljeno vježbanje.
05:24
In what other parts of our lives,
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U kojim drugim dijelovima života,
05:25
perhaps that we care more about,
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do kojih nam je možda i više stalo,
05:27
are we working hard but not improving much
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marljivo radimo, ali se baš ne poboljšavamo,
05:30
because we're always in the performance zone?
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jer smo uvijek u zoni izvedbe?
05:34
Now, this is not to say that the performance zone has no value.
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No, to ne znači da zona izvedbe nije važna.
05:37
It very much does.
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Itekako jest.
05:38
When I needed a knee surgery, I didn't tell the surgeon,
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Kada sam trebao operaciju koljena, nisam rekao kirurgu:
05:41
"Poke around in there and focus on what you don't know."
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"Kopaj po tome i usredotoči se na ono što ne znaš."
05:43
(Laughter)
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(Smijeh)
"Učit ćemo iz tvojih pogrešaka!"
05:45
"We'll learn from your mistakes!"
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05:47
I looked for a surgeon who I felt would do a good job,
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Potražio sam kirurga za kojeg sam mislio da to može dobro odraditi
05:50
and I wanted her to do a good job.
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i želio sam da to dobro odradi.
05:52
Being in the performance zone
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Kada smo u zoni izvedbe,
05:54
allows us to get things done as best as we can.
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odrađujemo sve najbolje što možemo.
05:57
It can also be motivating,
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To može biti motivirajuće
05:59
and it provides us with information to identify what to focus on next
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i omogućuje nam identificirati na što se sljedeće moramo usredotočiti,
06:02
when we go back to the learning zone.
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kada se vratimo u zonu učenja.
06:04
So the way to high performance
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Dakle, put do odlične izvedbe
06:06
is to alternate between the learning zone and the performance zone,
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temelji se na tome da smo naizmjenično u zoni učenja i zoni izvedbe,
06:10
purposefully building our skills in the learning zone,
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svjesnom nadograđujući vještine u zoni učenja
06:12
then applying those skills in the performance zone.
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i primjenjujući te vještine u zoni izvedbe.
06:16
When Beyoncé is on tour,
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Kada je Beyoncé na turneji,
06:18
during the concert, she's in her performance zone,
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tijekom koncerta, ona je u zoni izvedbe,
06:21
but every night when she gets back to the hotel room,
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no, svake noći kada se vrati u hotelsku sobu,
06:24
she goes right back into her learning zone.
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ona se vrati u svoju zonu učenja.
06:26
She watches a video of the show that just ended.
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Pogleda snimku nastupa koji je upravo završio.
06:29
She identifies opportunities for improvement,
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Identificira područja koja treba poboljšati,
06:31
for herself, her dancers and her camera staff.
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za sebe, svoje plesače i snimatelje.
06:33
And the next morning,
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I sljedećeg jutra,
06:35
everyone receives pages of notes with what to adjust,
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svi dobiju stranice bilješki o potrebnim prilagodbama,
06:38
which they then work on during the day before the next performance.
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na kojima rade tijekom dana prije sljedećeg nastupa.
06:42
It's a spiral
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To je spirala
06:43
to ever-increasing capabilities,
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do sve boljih sposobnosti,
06:45
but we need to know when we seek to learn, and when we seek to perform,
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no, moramo znati kada učiti, a kada izvoditi
06:48
and while we want to spend time doing both,
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i dok želimo raditi na oba aspekta,
06:50
the more time we spend in the learning zone,
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što više vremena provedemo u zoni učenja,
06:53
the more we'll improve.
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to ćemo više napredovati.
06:55
So how can we spend more time in the learning zone?
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Kako provesti više vremena u zoni učenja?
06:58
First, we must believe and understand
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Prvo, moramo vjerovati i razumjeti
07:02
that we can improve,
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da se možemo poboljšati,
07:03
what we call a growth mindset.
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to je mentalni sklop rasta.
07:05
Second, we must want to improve at that particular skill.
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Drugo, moramo željeti poboljšati se u određenoj vještini,
07:08
There has to be a purpose we care about,
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ona mora imati svrhu koja nam je važna,
07:10
because it takes time and effort.
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jer u to ulažemo vrijeme i trud.
07:13
Third, we must have an idea about how to improve,
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Treće, moramo imati predodžbu kako se poboljšati,
07:16
what we can do to improve,
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što učiniti kako bismo bili bolji,
07:17
not how I used to practice the guitar as a teenager,
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ne kako sam ja vježbao sviranje gitare kao tinejdžer,
07:20
performing songs over and over again,
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uvijek iznova svirajući pjesme,
07:22
but doing deliberate practice.
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već promišljenim vježbanjem.
07:24
And fourth, we must be in a low-stakes situation,
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I četvrto, moramo biti u položaju u kojem su ulozi mali,
07:28
because if mistakes are to be expected,
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jer ako očekujemo pogreške,
07:31
then the consequence of making them must not be catastrophic,
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posljedice tih pogrešaka ne smiju biti ogromnih razmjera
07:34
or even very significant.
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niti čak previše značajne.
07:36
A tightrope walker doesn't practice new tricks without a net underneath,
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Akrobat na žici ne vježba nove trikove bez sigurnosne mreže,
07:39
and an athlete wouldn't set out to first try a new move
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kao što ni sportaš ne bi prvi puta isprobao novi potez
07:42
during a championship match.
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tijekom utakmice prvenstva.
07:44
One reason that in our lives
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Jedan razlog zašto u životu
07:46
we spend so much time in the performance zone
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toliko vremena provedemo u zoni izvedbe,
07:49
is that our environments often are, unnecessarily, high stakes.
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je što su u našim okruženjima ulozi često nepotrebno visoki.
07:54
We create social risks for one another,
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Jedni drugima namećemo društvene rizike,
07:56
even in schools which are supposed to be all about learning,
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čak i u školama koje bi trebale biti usmjerene na učenje
07:59
and I'm not talking about standardized tests.
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i pritom ne mislim na standardizirane testove.
08:01
I mean that every minute of every day,
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Mislim da svake minute, svakoga dana,
08:03
many students in elementary schools through colleges
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mnogi učenici, počevši od osnovnih škola sve do fakulteta
08:06
feel that if they make a mistake, others will think less of them.
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osjećaju da će ih drugi smatrati manje vrijednima ako pogriješe.
08:09
No wonder they're always stressed out
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Nije ni čudo da su uvijek pod stresom
08:11
and not taking the risks necessary for learning.
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i ne riskiraju koliko bi trebali za učenje.
08:14
But they learn that mistakes are undesirable
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No, uče da su pogreške nepoželjne,
08:16
inadvertently
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nenamjerno,
08:18
when teachers or parents are eager to hear just correct answers
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kada učitelji ili roditelji žele čuti samo točne odgovore
08:21
and reject mistakes rather than welcome and examine them
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i odbijaju pogreške umjesto da ih pozdrave i prouče,
08:24
to learn from them,
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kako bi iz njih učili,
08:25
or when we look for narrow responses
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ili kada tražimo precizne odgovore,
08:27
rather than encourage more exploratory thinking
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umjesto poticanja istraživačkog razmišljanja
08:29
that we can all learn from.
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iz kojeg svi možemo učiti.
08:30
When all homework or student work has a number or a letter on it,
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Kada se ocjenjuje svaka zadaća ili rad učenika
08:34
and counts towards a final grade,
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i kad se sve računa za zaključnu ocjenu,
08:35
rather than being used for practice, mistakes, feedback and revision,
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umjesto da se iskoristi za vježbu, greške, povratne informacije i reviziju,
08:39
we send the message that school is a performance zone.
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mi im šaljemo poruku da je škola zona izvedbe.
08:44
The same is true in our workplaces.
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Isto vrijedi i za naša radna mjesta.
08:46
In the companies I consult with, I often see flawless execution cultures
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U tvrtkama koje savjetujem svjedočim njegovanju kulture savršene izvedbe,
08:50
which leaders foster to encourage great work.
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kakvu rukovodeći potiču zbog dobrih rezultata.
08:52
But that leads employees to stay within what they know
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No, zbog toga zaposlenici ostaju na onome što znaju
08:55
and not try new things,
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i ne isprobavaju novo
08:56
so companies struggle to innovate and improve,
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pa tvrtke teško dolaze do inovacija i poboljšanja
08:58
and they fall behind.
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te zaostaju.
09:01
We can create more spaces for growth
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Možemo stvoriti više prostora za rast,
09:04
by starting conversations with one another
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započinjući razgovore jedni s drugima
09:06
about when we want to be in each zone.
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o tome kada želimo biti u kojoj zoni.
09:09
What do we want to get better at and how?
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U čemo želimo napredovati i kako?
09:11
And when do we want to execute and minimize mistakes?
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Kada želimo raditi na izvedbi uz minimalne pogreške?
09:15
That way, we gain clarity about what success is,
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Tako nam postane jasno što je uspjeh,
09:18
when, and how to best support one another.
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kada i kako najbolje podržati jedni druge.
09:21
But what if we find ourselves in a chronic high-stakes setting
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No, što ako smo stalno u stanju u kojem su ulozi visoki
09:24
and we feel we can't start those conversations yet?
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i ne osjećamo da već možemo započeti takve razgovore?
09:28
Then here are three things that we can still do as individuals.
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Tada su nam kao pojedincima na raspolaganju tri opcije.
09:31
First, we can create low-stakes islands in an otherwise high-stakes sea.
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Prvo, možemo stvoriti otoke na kojima su ulozi mali, u moru visokih uloga.
09:36
These are spaces where mistakes have little consequence.
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To su mjesta gdje pogreške nemaju teške posljedice.
09:39
For example, we might find a mentor or a trusted colleague
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Na primjer, možemo pronaći mentora ili kolegu kojem vjerujemo,
09:42
with whom we can exchange ideas or have vulnerable conversations
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s kim možemo razmijeniti ideje ili otvoreno razgovarati,
09:45
or even role-play.
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ili igrati igru uloga.
09:47
Or we can ask for feedback-oriented meetings as projects progress.
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Tijekom projekata možemo tražiti sastanke radi povratnih informacija.
09:50
Or we can set aside time to read or watch videos or take online courses.
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Ili možemo odvojiti vrijeme za čitanje, gledanje snimaka ili online tečajeve.
09:55
Those are just some examples.
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To su samo neki primjeri.
09:57
Second, we can execute and perform as we're expected,
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Drugo, možemo raditi i izvršavati kako se od nas očekuje,
10:01
but then reflect on what we could do better next time,
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ali potom razmišljati o tome što bismo mogli popraviti,
10:03
like Beyoncé does,
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kao što to čini Beyoncé,
10:05
and we can observe and emulate experts.
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možemo promatrati i oponašati stručnjake.
10:07
The observation, reflection and adjustment is a learning zone.
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Opažanje, promišljanje i prilagodba pripadaju zoni učenja.
10:11
And finally, we can lead
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Naposljetku, možemo preuzeti vodstvo
10:14
and lower the stakes for others by sharing what we want to get better at,
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i sniziti uloge za druge otkrivajući im u čemu želimo poboljšanje,
10:18
by asking questions about what we don't know,
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postavljanjem pitanja o onome što ne znamo,
10:20
by soliciting feedback and by sharing our mistakes
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traženjem povratne informacije, dijeljenjem svojih pogrešaka
10:23
and what we've learned from them,
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te svega što smo iz njih naučili,
10:24
so that others can feel safe to do the same.
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kako bi i drugi znali da mogu učiniti isto.
10:27
Real confidence is about modeling ongoing learning.
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Pravo samopouzdanje pokazujemo kada smo sami primjer za proces učenja.
10:32
What if, instead of spending our lives doing, doing, doing,
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Što ako, umjesto da živimo radeći, radeći, radeći,
10:37
performing, performing, performing,
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izvršavajući, izvršavajući, izvršavajući,
10:39
we spent more time exploring,
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više vremena provedemo istraživajući,
10:42
asking,
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pitajući,
10:43
listening,
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slušajući,
10:45
experimenting, reflecting,
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isprobavajući, promišljajući,
10:48
striving and becoming?
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težeći i postajući?
10:52
What if we each always had something
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Što ako bi svatko od nas uvijek imao nešto
10:54
we were working to improve?
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što nastoji poboljšati?
10:57
What if we created more low-stakes islands
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Što kada bismo stvorili više otoka i voda,
11:00
and waters?
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gdje su ulozi mali?
11:01
And what if we got clear,
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I što ako bismo razjasnili
11:04
within ourselves and with our teammates,
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sebi i svojim suradnicima,
11:06
about when we seek to learn and when we seek to perform,
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kada treba biti usmjeren na učenje, a kada na izvedbu,
11:10
so that our efforts can become more consequential,
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kako bi naš trud bio dosljedniji,
11:13
our improvement never-ending
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naš napredak stalan,
11:15
and our best even better?
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a naši najbolji rezultati još bolji?
11:18
Thank you.
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Hvala vam.
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