Inge Missmahl brings peace to the minds of Afghanistan

23,732 views ・ 2010-09-29

TED


Dvaput kliknite na engleske titlove ispod za reprodukciju videozapisa.

Prevoditelj: Ivana Kordic Recezent: Tilen Pigac - EFZG
00:16
So I want to tell you a story -- an encouraging story --
0
16260
3000
Želim vam, dakle, ispričati priču, jednu ohrabrujuću priču
00:19
about addressing
1
19260
2000
o suočavanju s
00:21
desperation, depression and despair in Afghanistan,
2
21260
3000
očajavanjem, depresijom i očajem u Afganistanu
00:24
and what we have learned from it,
3
24260
2000
i o tome što smo iz njega naučili
00:26
and how to help people
4
26260
2000
i kako pomoći ljudima
00:28
to overcome traumatic experiences
5
28260
3000
da prevladaju traumatična iskustva
00:32
and how to help them to regain some confidence
6
32260
3000
i kako im pomoći da povrate dio povjerenja
00:35
in the time ahead -- in the future --
7
35260
2000
u vremenu koje dolazi -- u budućnosti --
00:37
and how to participate again in everyday life.
8
37260
3000
i kako da iznova sudjeluju u svakodnevnom životu.
00:41
So, I am a Jungian psychoanalyst,
9
41260
2000
Ja sam, dakle, Jungovska psihoanalitičarka
00:43
and I went to Afghanistan in January 2004, by chance,
10
43260
4000
i u Afganistan sam otišla slučajno, u siječnju 2004. godine,
00:47
on an assignment for Medica Mondiale.
11
47260
3000
na zadatku za Medicu Mondiale.
00:50
Jung in Afghanistan --
12
50260
2000
Jung i Afganistan --
00:52
you get the picture.
13
52260
3000
razumijete što hoću reći.
00:55
Afghanistan is one of the poorest countries in the world,
14
55260
3000
Afganistan je jedna od najsiromašnijih zemalja u svijetu,
00:58
and 70 percent of the people are illiterate.
15
58260
3000
i 70 posto stanovništva je nepismeno.
01:01
War and malnutrition kills people
16
61260
2000
Rat i pothranjenost ubijaju ljude,
01:03
together with hope.
17
63260
2000
ali ubijaju i nadu.
01:05
You may know this from the media,
18
65260
2000
Ovo ste možda i doznali iz medija.
01:07
but what you may not know
19
67260
2000
No ono što možda ne znate
01:09
is that the average age of the Afghan people is 17 years old,
20
69260
3000
jest da je prosječna životna dob afganskog stanovništva 17 godina
01:12
which means they grow up in such an environment
21
72260
3000
što znači da odrastaju u takvom okruženju
01:15
and -- I repeat myself --
22
75260
2000
i -- kao što si ponavljam --
01:17
in 30 years of war.
23
77260
2000
u ratu koji traje 30 godina.
01:19
So this translates
24
79260
2000
Ovo se prevodi
01:21
into ongoing violence,
25
81260
2000
u neprekidno nasilje,
01:23
foreign interests, bribery,
26
83260
2000
strane interese, mito,
01:25
drugs, ethnic conflicts,
27
85260
3000
drogu, etničke sukobe,
01:28
bad health, shame, fear
28
88260
3000
loše zdravlje, sram, strah,
01:31
and cumulative traumatic experiences.
29
91260
3000
i kumulativna traumatična iskustva.
01:34
Local and foreign military
30
94260
2000
Lokalne i strane vojne snage
01:36
are supposed to build peace together with the donors
31
96260
3000
trebale bi graditi mir u suradnji s donatorima
01:39
and the governmental and non-governmental organizations.
32
99260
3000
te vladinim i nevladinim organizacijama.
01:42
And people had hope, yes,
33
102260
2000
I ljudi su imali nadu, da,
01:44
but until they realized
34
104260
2000
dok nisu shvatili
01:46
their situation worsens every day --
35
106260
2000
da njihova situacija postaje sve gora iz dana u dan --
01:48
either because they are being killed
36
108260
2000
bilo zato što ih se ubijalo,
01:50
or because, somehow,
37
110260
3000
ili zato što su, nekako,
01:53
they are poorer than eight years ago.
38
113260
3000
siromašniji nego što su bili prije osam godina.
01:56
One figure for that:
39
116260
2000
Jedna brojka govori u prilog tome:
01:58
54 percent of the children under the age of five years
40
118260
3000
54 posto djece mlađe od pet godina
02:01
suffer from malnutrition.
41
121260
2000
pati od pothranjenosti.
02:03
Yet, there is hope.
42
123260
3000
Ipak, ima nade.
02:06
One day a man told me,
43
126260
2000
Jednoga dana jedan mi je čovjek rekao,
02:08
"My future does not look brilliant,
44
128260
2000
''Moja budućnost ne izgleda sjajno,
02:10
but I want to have a brilliant future for my son."
45
130260
4000
ali ono što želim jest sjajna budućnost za mog sina.''
02:14
This is a picture I took in 2005,
46
134260
2000
Ovo je slika koju sam snimila 2005. godine
02:16
walking on Fridays over the hills in Kabul,
47
136260
3000
u svojim šetnjama petkom preko kabulskih brda.
02:19
and for me it's a symbolic picture
48
139260
2000
I za mene ona predstavlja simboličnu sliku
02:21
of an open future for a young generation.
49
141260
3000
otvorene budućnosti koja čeka mlađu generaciju.
02:27
So, doctors prescribe medication.
50
147260
3000
Dakle, doktori propisuju lijekove.
02:31
And donors
51
151260
2000
I donatori
02:33
are supposed to bring peace
52
153260
2000
bi trebali donijeti mir
02:35
by building schools and roads.
53
155260
3000
gradeći škole i ceste.
02:40
Military collect weapons,
54
160260
2000
Vojska prikuplja oružje,
02:42
and depression stays intact.
55
162260
3000
i depresija ostaje netaknuta.
02:45
Why?
56
165260
2000
Zašto?
02:47
Because people don't have tools
57
167260
2000
Zato što ljudi nemaju vještine koje bi im omogućile
02:49
to cope with it, to get over it.
58
169260
3000
da se nose s time, da to prevladaju.
02:54
So, soon after my arrival,
59
174260
2000
Tako sam, ubrzo nakon svojega dolaska,
02:56
I had confirmed something which I had already known;
60
176260
3000
bila potvrdila nešto što sam otprije znala
02:59
that my instruments come from the heart of modern Europe, yes.
61
179260
3000
da moj instrumentarij dolazi iz srca moderne Europe, da.
03:02
However, what can wound us
62
182260
2000
No, ono što nas ranjava,
03:04
and our reaction to those wounds --
63
184260
2000
i naša reakcija na te rane --
03:06
they are universal.
64
186260
2000
one su univerzalne.
03:08
And the big challenge
65
188260
2000
I veliki izazov bio je u tome
03:10
was how to understand the meaning of the symptom
66
190260
3000
kako razumijeti značenje simptoma
03:13
in this specific cultural context.
67
193260
3000
u specifičnom kulturološkom kontekstu.
03:16
After a counseling session, a woman said to me,
68
196260
3000
Nakon terapijskog sastanka, jedna mi je žena rekla,
03:19
"Because you have felt me, I can feel myself again,
69
199260
3000
''Stoga što ste vi osjetili mene, ja mogu iznova osjetiti samu sebe,
03:22
and I want to participate again
70
202260
2000
i želim iznova sudjelovati
03:24
in my family life."
71
204260
3000
u mojem obiteljskom životu.''
03:27
This was very important,
72
207260
2000
Ovo je od iznimne važnosti,
03:29
because the family is central
73
209260
2000
jer obitelj je u središtu
03:31
in Afghans' social system.
74
211260
3000
afganistanskog društvenog sustava.
03:34
No one can survive alone.
75
214260
3000
Nitko ne može preživjeti sam.
03:37
And if people feel used, worthless and ashamed,
76
217260
3000
I ako se ljudi osjećaju iskorišteni, bezvrijedni i posramljeni,
03:40
because something horrible has happened to them,
77
220260
3000
stoga što im se dogodilo nešto užasno,
03:43
then they retreat, and they fall into social isolation,
78
223260
3000
povuku se, i potom padnu u društvenu izolaciju
03:46
and they do not dare to tell this evil
79
226260
3000
i ne usude se pričati o tom zlu
03:49
to other people or to their loved ones,
80
229260
3000
drugim ljudima ili svojim najbližima,
03:52
because they do not want to burden them.
81
232260
2000
jer ih ne žele opterećivati.
03:54
And very often violence is a way to cope with it.
82
234260
3000
I nasilje je vrlo često način na koji se s time nose.
03:58
Traumatized people also easily lose control --
83
238260
3000
Isto tako, traumatizirani ljudi lako izgube kontrolu --
04:01
symptoms are hyper-arousal and memory flashbacks --
84
241260
2000
povišena nadraženost i bljeskovi sjećanja simptomi su toga --
04:03
so people are in a constant fear
85
243260
2000
tako da su ljudi u stalnome strahu
04:05
that those horrible feelings of that traumatic event
86
245260
3000
od toga da bi se užasni osjećaji vezani uz traumatični doživljaj
04:08
might come back unexpectedly,
87
248260
2000
mogli vratiti neočekivano,
04:10
suddenly,
88
250260
2000
iznenada,
04:12
and they cannot control it.
89
252260
3000
i da ih neće moći staviti pod kontrolu.
04:15
To compensate this loss of inner control,
90
255260
3000
Kako bi nadomjestili gubitak unutrašnje kontrole
04:18
they try to control the outside,
91
258260
3000
pokušavaju kontrolirati izvanjski svijet,
04:21
very understandably -- mostly the family --
92
261260
2000
razumije se -- uglavnom unutar obitelji --
04:23
and unfortunately,
93
263260
2000
i nažalost,
04:25
this fits very well
94
265260
2000
to se vrlo dobro uklapa
04:27
into the traditional side,
95
267260
3000
u tradicionalnu stranu,
04:30
regressive side, repressive side,
96
270260
2000
regresivnu stranu, represivnu stranu,
04:32
restrictive side of the cultural context.
97
272260
3000
restriktivnu stranu kulturološkog konteksta.
04:36
So, husbands start beating wives,
98
276260
3000
Tako supruzi počinju tući supruge,
04:39
mothers and fathers beat their children,
99
279260
2000
majke i očevi tuku svoju djecu,
04:41
and afterward, they feel awful.
100
281260
2000
i nakon toga se osjećaju grozno.
04:43
They did not want to do this, it just happened --
101
283260
2000
Nisu željeli to napraviti. Jednostavno se dogodilo.
04:45
they lost control.
102
285260
2000
Izgubili su kontrolu.
04:48
The desperate try
103
288260
2000
Očajnički pokušaj
04:50
to restore order and normality,
104
290260
3000
da vrate red i normalnost,
04:53
and if we are not able to cut this circle of violence,
105
293260
4000
i ako nismo sposobni prekinuti taj krug nasilja,
04:57
it will be transferred to the next generation without a doubt.
106
297260
3000
on će se, bez sumnje, prenijeti na iduću generaciju.
05:00
And partly this is already happening.
107
300260
3000
To se dijelom već i događa.
05:03
So everybody needs a sense for the future,
108
303260
3000
Tako da je svima potreban osjećaj za budućnost.
05:06
and the Afghan sense of the future
109
306260
2000
A afganistanski osjećaj za budućnost
05:08
is shattered.
110
308260
3000
je slomljen.
05:12
But let me repeat the words of the woman.
111
312260
3000
Ali, dopustite mi da ponovim riječi te žene.
05:15
"Because you have felt me,
112
315260
2000
''Stoga što se vi osjetili mene,
05:17
I can feel myself again."
113
317260
3000
ja mogu iznova osjetiti samu sebe.''
05:20
So the key here is empathy.
114
320260
2000
Znači ključna stvar ovdje je empatija.
05:22
Somebody has to be a witness
115
322260
2000
Netko mora biti svjedok
05:24
to what has happened to you.
116
324260
2000
onoga što vam se dogodilo.
05:26
Somebody has to feel how you felt.
117
326260
3000
Netko treba osjetiti vas, ono što ste vi osjetili.
05:29
And somebody has to see you and listen to you.
118
329260
3000
I netko vas mora vidjeti, mora vas poslušati.
05:34
Everybody must be able
119
334260
2000
Svatko mora biti sposoban
05:36
to know what he or she has experienced is true,
120
336260
4000
pojmiti da je ono što je on ili ona iskusila istinito.
05:40
and this only goes with another person.
121
340260
3000
A to je jedino moguće uz drugu osobu.
05:43
So everybody must be able to say,
122
343260
2000
Stoga svatko mora biti sposoban reći,
05:45
"This happened to me, and it did this with me,
123
345260
3000
''Ovo se dogodilo meni, i učinilo mi je to,
05:48
but I'm able to live with it, to cope with it,
124
348260
2000
ali sposoban sam živjeti s time,
05:50
and to learn from it.
125
350260
2000
nositi se s time i učiti iz toga.''
05:52
And I want to engage myself
126
352260
2000
I želim se uključiti
05:54
in the bright future for my children
127
354260
2000
u svijetlu budućnost za moju djecu
05:56
and the children of my children,
128
356260
2000
i djecu moje djece,
05:58
and I will not marry-off my 13 year-old daughter," --
129
358260
3000
i neću udati svoju 13-godišnju kćerku'' --
06:01
what happens too often in Afghanistan.
130
361260
3000
što se i prečesto događa u Afganistanu.
06:04
So something can be done,
131
364260
2000
Znači da je moguće nešto napraviti,
06:06
even in such extreme environments as Afghanistan.
132
366260
3000
čak i u takvim ekstremnim okruženjima kakav je Afganistan.
06:09
And I started thinking about a counseling program.
133
369260
3000
I počela sam razmišljati o terapeutskom programu.
06:12
But, of course, I needed help and funds.
134
372260
2000
Ali trebala sam, dakako, pomoć i sredstva.
06:14
And one evening,
135
374260
2000
Jedne sam večeri
06:16
I was sitting next to a very nice gentleman in Kabul,
136
376260
2000
sjedila pored jednog vrlog gospodina u Kabulu,
06:18
and he asked what I thought would be good in Afghanistan.
137
378260
3000
i on me pitao što bi bilo dobro za Afganistan.
06:21
And I explained to him quickly,
138
381260
2000
I objasnila sam mu brzo
06:23
I would train psycho-social counselors,
139
383260
3000
kako bih obučila psihosocijalne terapeute,
06:26
I would open centers, and I explained to him why.
140
386260
3000
otvorila centre, i objasnila sam mu zašto.
06:30
This man gave me his contact details at the end of the evening
141
390260
3000
Taj mi je čovjek dao svoje podatke na kraju te večeri
06:33
and said, "If you want to do this, call me."
142
393260
3000
i rekao, ''Ako želite to sprovesti, nazovite me.''
06:36
At that time, it was the head of Caritas Germany.
143
396260
3000
U to je vrijeme on bio na čelu Njemačkog Caritasa.
06:41
So, I was able to launch a three-year project with Caritas Germany,
144
401260
3000
Tako sam dobila mogućnost pokrenuti trogodišnji projekt s Njemačkim Caritasom,
06:44
and we trained 30 Afghan women and men,
145
404260
2000
i obučili smo 30 afganistanskih žena i muškaraca
06:46
and we opened 15 counseling centers in Kabul.
146
406260
3000
te otvorili 15 savjetovališta u Kabulu.
06:49
This was our sign -- it's hand-painted,
147
409260
3000
Ovo je bio naš znak. Nacrtan je rukom.
06:52
and we had 45 all over Kabul.
148
412260
3000
Imali smo ih 45 diljem Kabula.
06:55
Eleven thousand people came -- more than that.
149
415260
2000
Došlo je 11.000 ljudi -- više od toga.
06:57
And 70 percent regained their lives.
150
417260
3000
I 70 posto iznova je vratilo svoje živote.
07:00
This was a very exciting time,
151
420260
2000
Bilo je to vrlo uzbudljivo vrijeme,
07:02
developing this with my wonderful Afghan team.
152
422260
3000
dok sam razvijala ovo sa svojim divnim afganistanskim timom.
07:05
And they are working with me up to today.
153
425260
2000
I oni sve do danas rade sa mnom.
07:07
We developed a culturally-sensitive
154
427260
2000
Razvili smo kulturološki osjetljiv
07:09
psycho-social counseling approach.
155
429260
3000
psihosocijalan pristup terapiji.
07:12
So, from 2008 up until today,
156
432260
3000
Tako da se od 2008. godine do danas
07:15
a substantial change and step forward
157
435260
2000
događa jedna suštinska promjena
07:17
has been taking place.
158
437260
2000
i korak naprijed.
07:19
The European Union delegation in Kabul
159
439260
3000
Delegacija Europske Unije u Kabulu
07:22
came into this and hired me to work
160
442260
2000
ušla je u ovo te su me zaposlili
07:24
inside the Ministry of Public Health,
161
444260
2000
u Ministarstvu javnog zdravstva
07:26
to lobby this approach --
162
446260
2000
kako bi zagovarala ovaj pristup.
07:28
we succeeded.
163
448260
2000
Uspjeli smo.
07:30
We revised the mental health component
164
450260
3000
Promijenili smo segment mentalnog zdravlja
07:33
of the primary health care services
165
453260
2000
u primarnoj zdravstvenoj zaštiti
07:35
by adding psycho-social care
166
455260
2000
pridodajući psihosocijalnu skrb
07:37
and psycho-social counselors to the system.
167
457260
3000
i psihosocijalne terapeute u taj sustav.
07:40
This means, certainly, to retrain all health staff.
168
460260
3000
To dakako uključuje ponovno obučavanje cjelokupnog zdravstvenog osoblja.
07:43
But for that, we already have the training manuals,
169
463260
3000
No za to već imamo priručnike
07:46
which are approved by the Ministry
170
466260
3000
odobrene od strane Ministarstva,
07:49
and moreover, this approach is now part
171
469260
2000
i, štoviše, ovaj je pristup sada dio
07:51
of the mental health strategy in Afghanistan.
172
471260
3000
strategije mentalnog zdravlja u Afganistanu.
07:55
So we also have implemented it already
173
475260
2000
Tako da smo ga već uveli
07:57
in some selected clinics in three provinces,
174
477260
3000
u odabrane klinike u tri provincije
08:00
and you are the first to see the results.
175
480260
3000
i vi ste prvi koji će vidjeti njegove rezultate.
08:03
We wanted to know if what is being done is effective.
176
483260
3000
Željeli smo doznati je li ono što se obavlja učinkovito.
08:06
And here you can see
177
486260
2000
Iz ovog možete vidjeti
08:08
the patients all had symptoms of depression,
178
488260
3000
kako su svi pacijenti imali simptome depresije,
08:11
moderate and severe.
179
491260
3000
umjerene i ozbiljne.
08:14
And the red line is the treatment as usual --
180
494260
2000
Crvena linija označava uobičajeni tretman -
08:16
medication with a medical doctor.
181
496260
2000
lijekove propisane od strane liječnika.
08:18
And all the symptoms
182
498260
2000
Svi su simptomi
08:20
stayed the same or even got worse.
183
500260
3000
ostali nepromijenjeni ili se čak pogoršali.
08:23
And the green line is treatment with psycho-social counseling only,
184
503260
2000
Zelena linija označava liječenje koje obuhvaća samo psihosocijalnu terapiju,
08:25
without medication.
185
505260
2000
bez lijekova.
08:27
And you can see the symptoms almost completely go away,
186
507260
3000
Kako možete vidjeti simptomi su gotovo u potpunosti nestali,
08:30
and the psycho-social stress has dropped significantly,
187
510260
3000
i psihosocijalni je stres značajno opao,
08:33
which is explicable,
188
513260
2000
što je objašnjivo
08:35
because you cannot take away the psycho-social stresses,
189
515260
2000
jer nije moguće u potpunosti ukloniti psihosocijalni stres,
08:37
but you can learn how to cope with them.
190
517260
3000
ali je moguće naučiti kako se s njime nositi.
08:40
So this makes us very happy,
191
520260
2000
Ovo nas čini vrlo sretnima
08:42
because now we also have some evidence
192
522260
2000
jer sada imamo i neke dokaze
08:44
that this is working.
193
524260
3000
da naš pristup djeluje.
08:47
So here you see,
194
527260
2000
Ovdje možete vidjeti,
08:49
this is a health facility in Northern Afghanistan,
195
529260
2000
ovo je zdravstvena ustanova u Sjevernom Afganistanu
08:51
and every morning it looks like this all over.
196
531260
3000
i svakoga jutra iznova izgleda ovako.
08:54
And doctors usually have three to six minutes for the patients,
197
534260
3000
Doktori obično imaju od tri do šest minuta koje mogu dati pacijentu.
08:57
but now this will change.
198
537260
2000
No sada će se to promijeniti.
08:59
They go to the clinics,
199
539260
2000
Ljudi odlaze u klinike
09:01
because they want to cure their immediate symptoms,
200
541260
2000
jer žele izliječiti neposredne simptome,
09:03
and they will find somebody to talk to
201
543260
2000
i tamo će pronaći nekoga s kime mogu pričati
09:05
and discuss these issues
202
545260
2000
i raspraviti stvari s kojima se suočavaju
09:07
and talk about what is burdening them
203
547260
2000
i razgovarati o onom što ih opterećuje
09:09
and find solutions, develop their resources,
204
549260
3000
i pronaći rješenja, razviti vlastite sposobnosti,
09:12
learn tools to solve their family conflicts
205
552260
4000
naučiti vještine koje će im pomoći da razriješe obiteljske sukobe
09:16
and gain some confidence in the future.
206
556260
3000
i dobiju pouzdanje u budućnost.
09:19
And I would like to share one short vignette.
207
559260
3000
Htjela bih još podijeliti s vama jednu kratku vinjetu.
09:23
One Hazara said to his Pashtun counselor,
208
563260
4000
Jedan Hazar rekao je svojem paštunskom terapeutu,
09:27
"If we were to have met some years ago,
209
567260
3000
''Da smo se sreli prije koju godinu,
09:30
then we would have killed each other.
210
570260
2000
ubili bismo jedan drugoga.
09:32
And now you are helping me
211
572260
2000
A sada mi ti pomažeš
09:34
to regain some confidence in the future."
212
574260
3000
da povratim povjerenje u budućnost.''
09:37
And another counselor said to me after the training,
213
577260
3000
Jedan mi je drugi terapeut nakon obuke rekao,
09:40
"You know, I never knew why I survived the killings in my village,
214
580260
3000
''Znaš, nikada nisam znao zašto sam preživio pokolj u svom selu,
09:44
but now I know,
215
584260
2000
ali sada znam,
09:46
because I am part of a nucleus
216
586260
2000
zato što sam dijelom jezgre
09:48
of a new peaceful society in Afghanistan."
217
588260
3000
novog miroljubivog društva u Afganistanu.''
09:51
So I believe this kept me running.
218
591260
3000
Vjerujem da me to nastavilo pokretati.
09:54
And this is a really emancipatory and political contribution
219
594260
3000
I ovo je uistinu emancipirajući i politički doprinos
09:57
to peace and reconciliation.
220
597260
3000
miru i pomirbi.
10:00
And also -- I think --
221
600260
2000
Mislim, isto tako, da
10:02
without psycho-social therapy,
222
602260
2000
bez psihosocijalne terapije,
10:04
and without considering this
223
604260
2000
i bez da ovo uzmemo u obzir
10:06
in all humanitarian projects,
224
606260
2000
u svim humanitarnim projektima,
10:08
we cannot build-up civil societies.
225
608260
3000
ne možemo izgraditi građanska društva.
10:11
I thought it was an idea worth spreading,
226
611260
3000
Smatrala sam da je ovo ideja koju vrijedi proširiti
10:14
and I think it must be,
227
614260
2000
i mislim da mora biti,
10:16
can be, could be replicated elsewhere.
228
616260
3000
može biti, ponovljena drugdje.
10:19
I thank you for your attention.
229
619260
2000
Zahvaljujem vam na pozornosti.
10:21
(Applause)
230
621260
11000
(Pljesak)
O ovoj web stranici

Ova stranica će vas upoznati s YouTube videozapisima koji su korisni za učenje engleskog jezika. Vidjet ćete lekcije engleskog koje vode vrhunski profesori iz cijelog svijeta. Dvaput kliknite na engleske titlove prikazane na svakoj video stranici da biste reproducirali video s tog mjesta. Titlovi se pomiču sinkronizirano s reprodukcijom videozapisa. Ako imate bilo kakvih komentara ili zahtjeva, obratite nam se putem ovog obrasca za kontakt.

https://forms.gle/WvT1wiN1qDtmnspy7