Our refugee system is failing. Here's how we can fix it | Alexander Betts

145,224 views ・ 2016-03-24

TED


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Translator: Maider Lizoain Reviewer: Jone Aliri Lazcano
00:12
There are times when I feel really quite ashamed
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Batzuetan oso lotsatuta sentitzen naiz
00:16
to be a European.
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europarra izateaz.
00:18
In the last year,
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Azken urtean,
00:20
more than a million people arrived in Europe in need of our help,
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milioi bat pertsona baino gehiago iritsi dira Europara laguntza beharrean
00:24
and our response, frankly, has been pathetic.
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eta gure erantzuna benetan penagarria izan da.
00:29
There are just so many contradictions.
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Kontraesan asko daude.
00:32
We mourn the tragic death
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Negar egiten dugu
bi urteko Alan Kurdi-ren heriotza tragikoaren aurrean
00:34
of two-year-old Alan Kurdi,
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00:38
and yet, since then, more than 200 children
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baina, geroztik, 200 haur baino gehiago
00:41
have subsequently drowned in the Mediterranean.
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ito dira Mediterraneoan.
00:45
We have international treaties
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Nazioarteko itunak ditugu,
00:47
that recognize that refugees are a shared responsibility,
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iheslariak guztion ardura direla aitortzen dutenak,
00:50
and yet we accept that tiny Lebanon
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baina onartzen dugu Libano txikiak
00:53
hosts more Syrians than the whole of Europe combined.
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Europa osoak baino Siriar gehiago hartzea babesean.
00:58
We lament the existence of human smugglers,
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Giza trafikatzaileez kexatzen gara
01:02
and yet we make that the only viable route
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baina hori bihurtzen dugu bide bakarra
01:05
to seek asylum in Europe.
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Europan asiloa eskatzeko.
01:08
We have labor shortages,
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Eskulan urria dago,
01:10
and yet we exclude people who fit our economic and demographic needs
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baina gure behar ekonomiko zein demografikoak betetzen dituztenei
01:16
from coming to Europe.
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ez diegu Europara etortzen uzten.
01:19
We proclaim our liberal values in opposition to fundamentalist Islam,
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Gure balio liberalak aldarrikatzen ditugu Islam fundamentalistaren kontra,
01:24
and yet --
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baina...
01:27
we have repressive policies
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politika zapaltzaileak ditugu,
01:30
that detain child asylum seekers,
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asilo eske datozen haurrak atxilotzen dituztenak,
01:33
that separate children from their families,
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umeak beren familiengandik banatzen dituztenak,
01:36
and that seize property from refugees.
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eta iheslarien jabetzak konfiskatzen dituztenak.
01:40
What are we doing?
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Zer ari gara egiten?
01:42
How has the situation come to this,
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Nola iritsi gara egoera honetara?
01:45
that we've adopted such an inhumane response to a humanitarian crisis?
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Nola hartu dugu horrelako jarrera ankerra krisi humanitario bati erantzuteko?
01:51
I don't believe it's because people don't care,
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Ez dut uste jendeari axola ez zaiolako denik
01:53
or at least I don't want to believe it's because people don't care.
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edo, behintzat, ez dut hori sinetsi nahi.
01:56
I believe it's because our politicians lack a vision,
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Arrazoia gure politikarien etorkizun-sen falta dela uste dut,
02:00
a vision for how to adapt an international refugee system
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duela 50 urte baino gehiago sortu zen
iheslarientzako nazioarteko babes sistemari egokitzeko sen falta
02:04
created over 50 years ago
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02:06
for a changing and globalized world.
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mundu aldakor eta globalizatu bat lortzeko.
02:09
And so what I want to do is take a step back
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Pauso bat atzera eman nahi dut
02:12
and ask two really fundamental questions,
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eta funtsezko bi galdera egin,
02:15
the two questions we all need to ask.
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guztiok egin beharreko bi galdera.
02:18
First, why is the current system not working?
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Lehena: zergatik ez dabil oraingo sistema?
02:21
And second, what can we do to fix it?
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Eta bigarrena: zer egin dezakegu konpontzeko?
02:26
So the modern refugee regime
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Indarrean dagoen iheslarientzako babes sistema
02:28
was created in the aftermath of the Second World War by these guys.
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Bigarren Mundu Gerraren ondoren sortu zuten tipo hauek.
02:34
Its basic aim is to ensure
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Oinarrizko helburua,
estatu batek porrot egitean, edo okerrago, bere jendearen kontra jartzean,
02:37
that when a state fails, or worse, turns against its own people,
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herriarentzako tokia bermatzea zen
02:41
people have somewhere to go,
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02:43
to live in safety and dignity until they can go home.
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babesean eta duintasunez bizitzeko etxera bueltatu arte.
02:46
It was created precisely for situations like the situation we see in Syria today.
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Siriakoa bezalako egoeretarako sortu zen hain zuzen.
02:52
Through an international convention signed by 147 governments,
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147 gobernuk sinatutako nazioarteko hitzarmen baten bidez
02:57
the 1951 Convention on the Status of Refugees,
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(1951ko Iheslarien estatutuari buruzko hitzarmena)
03:00
and an international organization, UNHCR,
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eta nazioarteko erakunde baten bidez (UNHCR),
03:03
states committed to reciprocally admit people onto their territory
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estatuek hitzeman zuten beren lurraldean onartuko zituztela
03:08
who flee conflict and persecution.
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gatazka eta jazarpenetik ihesi zebiltzanak.
03:11
But today, that system is failing.
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Baina gaur egun, sistema hori huts egiten ari da.
03:14
In theory, refugees have a right to seek asylum.
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Teorian, iheslariek asilo eskubidea daukate.
03:18
In practice, our immigration policies block the path to safety.
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Praktikan, gure immigrazio politikek babesa lortzeko bidea oztopatzen dute.
03:23
In theory, refugees have a right to a pathway to integration,
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Teorian, iheslariek integraziorako eskubidea daukate
03:27
or return to the country they've come from.
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edo beren jaioterrira bueltatzekoa.
03:30
But in practice, they get stuck in almost indefinite limbo.
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Baina praktikan, linbo batean geratzen dira harrapatuta.
03:34
In theory, refugees are a shared global responsibility.
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Teorian, iheslariak guztion ardura dira.
03:38
In practice, geography means that countries proximate the conflict
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Praktikan, geografiak adierazten duenez, gatazkatik hurbil dauden herrialdeak dira
03:42
take the overwhelming majority of the world's refugees.
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munduko iheslarien gehiengo izugarria hartzen dutenak.
03:46
The system isn't broken because the rules are wrong.
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Sistema ez da hautsi arauak gaizki daudelako,
03:49
It's that we're not applying them adequately to a changing world,
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aldatzen ari den munduan modu okerrean erabiltzen ari garelako baizik,
03:53
and that's what we need to reconsider.
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eta hori da hausnartu behar duguna.
03:56
So I want to explain to you a little bit about how the current system works.
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Hala, egungo sistemaren funtzionamendua azaldu nahi dizuet.
04:00
How does the refugee regime actually work?
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Nola funtzionatzen du sistemak benetan?
04:03
But not from a top-down institutional perspective,
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Baina ez goitik beherako ikuspuntu instituzionaletik,
04:06
rather from the perspective of a refugee.
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iheslari baten ikuspuntutik baizik.
04:10
So imagine a Syrian woman.
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Imajinatu Siriako emakume bat.
04:12
Let's call her Amira.
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Amira deituko dugu.
04:14
And Amira to me represents many of the people I've met in the region.
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Eskualdean ezagutu nuen jendea irudikatzen du Amirak.
04:19
Amira, like around 25 percent of the world's refugees,
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Amira, munduko iheslarien % 25 inguru bezala,
04:22
is a woman with children,
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seme-alabak dituen emakumea da,
04:24
and she can't go home because she comes from this city
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eta ezin da etxera joan hiri honetatik etorri delako,
04:28
that you see before you, Homs,
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aurrean daukazuen hori: Homs.
04:30
a once beautiful and historic city
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Noizbait eder eta historiko izandako hiria
04:32
now under rubble.
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orain hondakin azpian dagoena.
04:34
And so Amira can't go back there.
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Amira ezin da hara bueltatu.
04:37
But Amira also has no hope of resettlement to a third country,
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Baina ez dauka beste herrialde batean geratzeko itxaropenik ere,
04:41
because that's a lottery ticket
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munduko iheslarien %1ak baino gutxiagok soilik lor dezaketen loteria txartela baita.
04:42
only available to less than one percent of the world's refugees.
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04:46
So Amira and her family
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Amirak eta familiak
04:49
face an almost impossible choice.
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ia ezinezkoa den aukera bati egiten diote aurre.
04:51
They have three basic options.
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Oinarrizko hiru aukera dituzte.
04:54
The first option is that Amira can take her family to a camp.
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Lehenengoa: Amirak kanpaleku batera eraman dezake familia.
05:00
In the camp, she might get assistance,
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Kanpalekuan, laguntza jaso dezake,
05:03
but there are very few prospects for Amira and her family.
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baina ez dago aukera handirik Amira eta familiarentzat.
05:06
Camps are in bleak, arid locations,
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Eremu latz eta lehorretan kokatzen dira kanpalekuak,
05:10
often in the desert.
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basamortuan askotan.
05:12
In the Zaatari refugee camp in Jordan,
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Jordaniako Zaatari kanpalekuan,
05:14
you can hear the shells across the border in Syria at nighttime.
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jaurtigaiak entzun daitezke gauean Siriako mugan zehar.
05:20
There's restricted economic activity.
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Jarduera ekonomikoa mugatuta dago.
05:23
Education is often of poor quality.
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Hezkuntzaren kalitatea baxua da sarritan.
05:25
And around the world,
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Eta munduan,
05:27
some 80 percent of refugees who are in camps
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kanpalekuetako iheslarien %80 inguruk
05:30
have to stay for at least five years.
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gutxienez bost urtez egon behar izaten du bertan.
05:33
It's a miserable existence,
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Bizitza tamalgarria da,
05:34
and that's probably why, in reality,
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eta baliteke horregatik izatea
05:37
only nine percent of Syrians choose that option.
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siriarren %9k besterik ez hartzea bide hori.
05:41
Alternatively, Amira can head to an urban area
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Bestela, Amira hiri batera joan daiteke,
05:45
in a neighboring country, like Amman or Beirut.
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hurbileko herrialde batean. Amman edo Beirut, esaterako.
05:49
That's an option that about 75 percent of Syrian refugees have taken.
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Hori da siriar iheslarien %75 inguruk aukeratutako bidea.
05:54
But there, there's great difficulty as well.
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Baina bertan ere zailtasun handiak daude.
05:57
Refugees in such urban areas don't usually have the right to work.
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Hiri horietan, iheslariek ez dute lan egiteko eskubiderik izaten.
06:02
They don't usually get significant access to assistance.
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Ez dute laguntza gehiegi jasotzen.
06:05
And so when Amira and her family have used up their basic savings,
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Amirak eta familiak aurrezkiak gastatu ondoren
06:09
they're left with very little and likely to face urban destitution.
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ezer gutxirekin geratzen dira, pobrezia larria jasateko arriskuan.
06:14
So there's a third alternative,
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Hirugarren aukera bat dago,
06:16
and it's one that increasing numbers of Syrians are taking.
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geroz eta siriar gehiago aukeratzen ari direna.
06:21
Amira can seek some hope for her family
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Amirak familiarentzat itxaropena bila dezake
06:26
by risking their lives on a dangerous and perilous journey
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bidaia arriskutsu batean bizia arriskatuz
06:29
to another country,
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beste herrialde batera joateko.
06:31
and it's that which we're seeing in Europe today.
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Hori da gaur egun Europan ikusten ari garena.
06:35
Around the world, we present refugees with an almost impossible choice
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Mundu osoan, ia ezinezko aukerak ematen dizkiegu iheslariei.
06:40
between three options:
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Hiru dituzte:
06:42
encampment, urban destitution and dangerous journeys.
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kanpalekuak, txirotasuna hirietan eta bidaia arriskutsuak.
06:47
For refugees, that choice is the global refugee regime today.
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Iheslarien babeserako sistema hori da gaur egun iheslarientzat.
06:52
But I think it's a false choice.
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Baina aukera faltsua dela uste dut
06:54
I think we can reconsider that choice.
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eta birplanteatu dezakegula.
06:57
The reason why we limit those options
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Aukerak mugatzearen arrazoia zera da:
07:02
is because we think
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uste dugu
07:05
that those are the only options that are available to refugees,
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horiek direla iheslariek dituzten aukera bakarrak
07:09
and they're not.
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eta ez da hala.
07:11
Politicians frame the issue as a zero-sum issue,
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Politikariek «gehiketa zero» emango lukeen gai moduan azaltzen dute;
07:14
that if we benefit refugees, we're imposing costs on citizens.
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iheslariei laguntzen badiegu, herritarrei kostuak inposatuko dizkiegu.
07:18
We tend to have a collective assumption
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Guztiok pentsatu ohi dugu
07:20
that refugees are an inevitable cost or burden to society.
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iheslariak kostu edo zama saihestezina direla gizartearentzat.
07:24
But they don't have to. They can contribute.
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Baina ez du zertan hala izan.
07:26
So what I want to argue
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Aukera-sorta zabaltzeko moduak daudela eztabaidatu nahi dut,
07:28
is there are ways in which we can expand that choice set
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07:31
and still benefit everyone else:
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eta, era berean, guztiontzat onura lortu:
07:33
the host states and communities,
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iheslarien helmuga diren herrialdeak,
07:35
our societies and refugees themselves.
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gure gizartea eta baita iheslariak ere.
07:39
And I want to suggest four ways
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Lau modu proposatu nahi ditut
07:41
we can transform the paradigm of how we think about refugees.
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iheslariekiko dugun iritziaren paradigma alda dezaketenak.
07:45
All four ways have one thing in common:
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Antzekotasun bat daukate:
07:48
they're all ways in which we take the opportunities of globalization,
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globalizazioaren, mugikortasunaren eta merkatuen aukerak
07:52
mobility and markets,
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aprobetxatzeko bideak dira,
07:54
and update the way we think about the refugee issue.
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baita iheslariekiko dugun iritzia eguneratzeko ere.
07:58
The first one I want to think about
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Aztertu nahi dudan lehenengo ideia
08:00
is the idea of enabling environments,
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«inguruneak egokitzea» da,
08:02
and it starts from a very basic recognition
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eta funtsezko onarpen batetik abiatzen da:
08:05
that refugees are human beings like everyone else,
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iheslariak gizakiak dira, beste guztiok bezala,
08:08
but they're just in extraordinary circumstances.
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baina ezohiko egoeran daude.
08:11
Together with my colleagues in Oxford,
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Oxfordeko lankideekin batera,
08:13
we've embarked on a research project in Uganda
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ikerketa proiektu batean abiatu nintzen Ugandara
08:15
looking at the economic lives of refugees.
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iheslarien bizitza ekonomikoa aztertzeko.
08:19
We chose Uganda not because it's representative of all host countries.
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Ez genuen Uganda aukeratu helmuga-herrialdeen eredu delako.
08:23
It's not. It's exceptional.
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Ez da eredua, salbuespena baizik.
08:25
Unlike most host countries around the world,
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Munduko helmuga herrialde gehienetan ez bezala,
08:28
what Uganda has done
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Ugandak
08:29
is give refugees economic opportunity.
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aukera ekonomikoa eman die iheslariei.
08:32
It gives them the right to work. It gives them freedom of movement.
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Lan egiteko eskubidea ematen die. Mugitzeko askatasuna ematen die.
08:36
And the results of that are extraordinary
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Eta emaitzak txundigarriak dira
08:39
both for refugees and the host community.
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bai iheslarientzat bai herrialdearentzat.
08:42
In the capital city, Kampala,
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Hiriburuan, Kampala-n,
08:44
we found that 21 percent of refugees own a business that employs other people,
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iheslarien %21ak jendea enplegatzen duen negozio bat dauka
08:49
and 40 percent of those employees
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eta enplegatutako jendearen %40
08:52
are nationals of the host country.
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helmuga herrialdekoak dira.
08:54
In other words, refugees are making jobs
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Hau da, iheslariak lana sortzen ari dira
08:56
for citizens of the host country.
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helmuga herrialdeko jendearentzat.
08:59
Even in the camps, we found extraordinary examples
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Kanpalekuetan ere
loratzen ari diren negozio bizi eta ekintzaileen aparteko adibideak aurki daitezke.
09:03
of vibrant, flourishing and entrepreneurial businesses.
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09:07
For example, in a settlement called Nakivale,
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Esaterako, Nakivale izeneko kokalekuan
09:11
we found examples of Congolese refugees
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Kongoko iheslariak aurkitu genituen
09:14
running digital music exchange businesses.
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musika digitala trukatzeko negozioak kudeatzen.
09:16
We found a Rwandan who runs a business that's available
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Ruandar bat topatu genuen, eta bere negozioari esker
09:20
to allow the youth to play computer games
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gazteek bideo-jokoak erabil ditzakete
09:23
on recycled games consoles and recycled televisions.
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birziklatutako kontsola eta telebistetan.
09:28
Against the odds of extreme constraint,
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Muturreko bortxaketaren kontra,
09:31
refugees are innovating,
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iheslariak berritzen ari dira,
09:33
and the gentleman you see before you is a Congolese guy called Demou-Kay.
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eta aurrean daukazuen gizona Demou-Kay izeneko kongoar bat da.
09:37
Demou-Kay arrived in the settlement with very little,
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Demou-Kay ezer gutxirekin iritsi zen kokalekura,
09:40
but he wanted to be a filmmaker.
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baina zinemagile izan nahi zuen.
09:43
So with friends and colleagues, he started a community radio station,
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Beraz, lagun eta lankideekin batera, eskualde irrati bat sortu zuen,
09:47
he rented a video camera,
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bideokamera bat alokatu zuen,
09:48
and he's now making films.
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eta orain filmak egiten ari da.
09:50
He made two documentary films
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Bi dokumental egin ditu
09:52
with and for our team,
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gure taldearekin eta taldearentzat,
09:54
and he's making a successful business out of very little.
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eta negozio arrakastatsua egiten ari da ezer gutxitik abiatuta.
09:58
It's those kinds of examples
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Horrelako adibideak dira
10:00
that should guide our response to refugees.
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iheslariekiko gure erantzuna gidatu beharko luketenak.
10:03
Rather than seeing refugees
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Iheslariak giza-laguntzaren ezinbesteko zama bezala ikusi ordez,
10:04
as inevitably dependent upon humanitarian assistance,
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10:08
we need to provide them with opportunities for human flourishing.
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aurrera egiteko aukerak eman behar dizkiegu.
10:12
Yes, clothes, blankets, shelter, food
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Bai, arropa, mantak, aterpea, janaria
10:16
are all important in the emergency phase,
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garrantzitsuak dira larrialdiko fasean,
10:19
but we need to also look beyond that.
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baina harago ere begiratu behar dugu.
10:22
We need to provide opportunities to connectivity, electricity,
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Konexiorako, argindarrerako eta hezkuntzarako aukerak eman behar ditugu,
10:26
education, the right to work,
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lanerako eskubidea,
10:29
access to capital and banking.
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kapitalerako eta bankurako sarrera.
10:31
All the ways in which we take for granted
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Ziurtzat jotzen ditugun gauza guztiak,
10:33
that we are plugged in to the global economy
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munduko ekonomiara lotzen gaituztenak,
10:35
can and should apply to refugees.
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iheslariei aplikatu ahal zaizkie.
10:39
The second idea I want to discuss is economic zones.
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Aztertu nahi dudan bigarren ideia «zonalde ekonomikoak» dira.
10:43
Unfortunately, not every host country in the world
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Zoritxarrez, munduko helmuga herrialdeek
10:46
takes the approach Uganda has taken.
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ez dute Ugandaren irtenbidea jarraitu.
10:48
Most host countries don't open up their economies to refugees
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Gehienek ez dituzte beren ekonomiak modu horretan zabaltzen.
10:51
in the same way.
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10:53
But there are still pragmatic alternative options that we can use.
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Baina baditugu erabil ditzakegun beste aukera pragmatiko batzuk.
10:59
Last April, I traveled to Jordan with my colleague,
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Apirilean, Jordaniara joan nintzen
11:01
the development economist Paul Collier,
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garapenaren ekonomian aditua den Paul Collier-rekin,
11:04
and we brainstormed an idea while we were there
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eta ideia bat izan genuen
11:07
with the international community and the government,
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nazioarteko elkartearekin eta gobernuarekin geundela,
11:09
an idea to bring jobs to Syrians
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siriarrentzat lana sortzen duen ideia
11:12
while supporting Jordan's national development strategy.
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eta Jordaniako garapen estrategia nazionala bermatzen duena.
11:15
The idea is for an economic zone,
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Gune ekonomiko bat sortzea da ideia,
11:19
one in which we could potentially integrate the employment of refugees
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iheslarientzako enplegua integra genezakeen gunea
11:22
alongside the employment of Jordanian host nationals.
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jordaniarren enpleguarekin batera.
11:26
And just 15 minutes away from the Zaatari refugee camp,
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Eta Zaatari kanpalekutik 15 minutura soilik,
11:30
home to 83,000 refugees,
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83.000 iheslariren bizitokia,
11:32
is an existing economic zone
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badago gune ekonomiko bat
11:34
called the King Hussein Bin Talal Development Area.
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Hussein Bin Talal Errege Garapen Gunea izenekoa.
11:37
The government has spent over a hundred million dollars
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Gobernuak milioi bat dolar baino gehiago gastatu ditu
11:40
connecting it to the electricity grid, connecting it to the road network,
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sare elektrikora eta errepide sarera konektatzeko
11:44
but it lacked two things:
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baina bi gauza falta zaizkio:
11:46
access to labor and inward investment.
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eskulana eta barne inbertsioa.
11:48
So what if refugees were able to work there
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Eta iheslariek bertan lan egin balezakete,
11:51
rather than being stuck in camps,
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kanpalekuetan trabatuta egon ordez,
11:53
able to support their families and develop skills through vocational training
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familiak mantentzeko eta lanbide teknikak hobetzeko gai balira
11:57
before they go back to Syria?
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Siriara bueltatu aurretik?
11:59
We recognized that that could benefit Jordan,
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Igarri genuen Jordaniari onura egingo ziola,
12:02
whose development strategy requires it to make the leap
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garapen estrategiak aldaketa eskatzen baitu
12:04
as a middle income country to manufacturing.
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diru sarrera ertaineko herrialde izatetik ekoizle izatera.
12:07
It could benefit refugees, but it could also contribute
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Iheslarientzat onuragarria izan liteke,
eta Siria berreraikitzea lagundu lezake gatazkaren ondoren,
12:11
to the postconflict reconstruction of Syria
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12:13
by recognizing that we need to incubate refugees
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iheslariei formatzen laguntzea
12:16
as the best source of eventually rebuilding Syria.
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noizbait Siria berreraikitzeko modu onena dela onartuz.
12:20
We published the idea in the journal Foreign Affairs.
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Foreign Affairs aldizkarian argitaratu genuen ideia.
12:23
King Abdullah has picked up on the idea.
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Abdullah erregeak kontuan hartu du.
12:26
It was announced at the London Syria Conference two weeks ago,
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Londreseko Siriari buruzko konferentzian iragarri zen duela bi aste,
12:29
and a pilot will begin in the summer.
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eta udan proba bat jarriko dute martxan.
12:32
(Applause)
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(Txaloak)
12:37
The third idea that I want to put to you
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Aurkeztu nahi dizuedan hirugarren ideia
12:39
is preference matching between states and refugees
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estatu-iheslari arteko «lehentasunezko lotura // batasuna» da
12:43
to lead to the kinds of happy outcomes you see here in the selfie
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emaitza pozgarriak lortzeko,
Angela Merkel eta siriar iheslari honen argazkian bezala.
12:46
featuring Angela Merkel and a Syrian refugee.
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12:50
What we rarely do is ask refugees what they want, where they want to go,
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Nekez galdetzen diegu iheslariei zer nahi duten, nora joan nahi duten,
12:54
but I'd argue we can do that
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baina egin dezakegula uste dut
12:56
and still make everyone better off.
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eta guztion egoera ekonomikoa hobetu.
12:59
The economist Alvin Roth has developed the idea of matching markets,
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Alvin Roth ekonomialariak «bat datozen merkatuen» ideia garatu du,
13:03
ways in which the preference ranking of the parties shapes an eventual match.
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non alderdien lehentasunek azken lotura irudikatzen duten.
13:09
My colleagues Will Jones and Alex Teytelboym
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Nire lankide Will Jones eta Alex Teytelboym-ek
13:12
have explored ways in which that idea could be applied to refugees,
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ideia hori iheslariengan nola ezar litekeen aztertu dute,
13:16
to ask refugees to rank their preferred destinations,
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iheslariei eskatzeko nahiago dituzten helmugak sailka ditzaten,
13:20
but also allow states to rank the types of refugees they want
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eta baita estatuek nahi dituzten iheslari motak sailka ditzaten
13:24
on skills criteria or language criteria
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trebetasunei edo hizkuntzari dagokionez
13:27
and allow those to match.
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eta elkar daitezen ahalbidetzea.
13:28
Now, of course you'd need to build in quotas
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Aurrekontuak finkatu behar dira, jakina,
13:31
on things like diversity and vulnerability,
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aniztasuna eta sentikortasuna bezalako arloetan,
13:34
but it's a way of increasing the possibilities of matching.
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baina bat etortzeko aukerak handitzeko modu bat da.
13:37
The matching idea has been successfully used
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Bat etortzearen ideia arrakastaz erabili da
13:40
to match, for instance, students with university places,
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ikasleak unibertsitateekin lotzeko, adibidez,
13:45
to match kidney donors with patients,
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edo giltzurrun emaileak pazienteekin,
13:48
and it underlies the kind of algorithms that exist on dating websites.
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eta zita webguneetako algoritmoen oinarria da.
13:52
So why not apply that to give refugees greater choice?
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Zergatik ez dugu erabiltzen iheslariei aukera gehiago emateko?
13:55
It could also be used at the national level,
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Nazio-mailan ere erabil liteke,
13:57
where one of the great challenges we face
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izan ere, gainditu beharreko auzietako bat
13:59
is to persuade local communities to accept refugees.
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tokian tokiko herritarrek iheslariak onartzea da.
14:03
And at the moment, in my country, for instance,
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Eta momentuz, nire herrialdean esaterako,
14:05
we often send engineers to rural areas and farmers to the cities,
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ingeniariak landara bidali ohi ditugu eta nekazariak hirietara,
14:09
which makes no sense at all.
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eta horrek ez du inolako zentzurik.
14:11
So matching markets offer a potential way to bring those preferences together
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Bat datozen merkatuei esker lehentasun horiek batu ahalko lirateke
14:16
and listen to the needs and demands of the populations that host
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eta helmuga-herrialdeko beharrak eta eskaerak entzun
14:20
and the refugees themselves.
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iheslarienekin batera.
14:22
The fourth idea I want to put to you is of humanitarian visas.
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Aurkeztu nahi dizuedan laugarren ideia «bisa humanitarioak» dira.
14:27
Much of the tragedy and chaos we've seen in Europe
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Europan ikusi dugun hondamendiaren zati handi bat
14:29
was entirely avoidable.
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guztiz ekidin zitekeen.
14:32
It stems from a fundamental contradiction in Europe's asylum policy,
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Europako asilo-politikaren oinarrizko kontraesan batek eragiten du.
14:36
which is the following:
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14:37
that in order to seek asylum in Europe,
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Europan asiloa eskatzeko
14:40
you have to arrive spontaneously by embarking on those dangerous journeys
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berez iritsi behar duzu, bidaia arriskutsu batean abiatuta
14:45
that I described.
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(lehen deskribatu ditudanak).
14:47
But why should those journeys be necessary in an era of the budget airline
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Baina zergatik egin horrelako bidaiak hegaldi merkeen
14:52
and modern consular capabilities?
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eta ahalmen kontsular modernoen aroan?
14:54
They're completely unnecessary journeys,
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Ez dira inolaz ere beharrezkoak
14:57
and last year, they led to the deaths of over 3,000 people
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eta, aurreko urtean, 3.000 pertsonatik gora hil ziren horien erruz
15:00
on Europe's borders and within European territory.
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Europako mugetan eta Europan bertan.
15:05
If refugees were simply allowed
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Iheslariei utziko bagenie
15:07
to travel directly and seek asylum in Europe,
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zuzenean bidaiatzea eta Europan asiloa eskatzea,
15:09
we would avoid that,
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hori guztia ekidingo genuke
15:11
and there's a way of doing that
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eta badago hori lortzeko modua
15:12
through something called a humanitarian visa,
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«bisa humanitario» izenekoei esker,
15:15
that allows people to collect a visa at an embassy
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enbaxadetan bildu daitezkeenak
15:18
or a consulate in a neighboring country
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edo ondoko herrialdeko kontsuletxe batean
15:20
and then simply pay their own way
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eta gero, beren bidaia ordaindu
15:22
through a ferry or a flight to Europe.
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ferryz edo hegazkinez Europara iristeko.
15:26
It costs around a thousand euros
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Mila euro inguru balio du
15:28
to take a smuggler from Turkey to the Greek islands.
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trafikatzaile bat hartzea Turkiatik Greziar irletaraino.
15:31
It costs 200 euros to take a budget airline from Bodrum to Frankfurt.
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200 euro balio du hegazkin merke bat hartzea Bodrum-etik Frankfurtera.
15:36
If we allowed refugees to do that, it would have major advantages.
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Iheslariei baimena emango bagenie, abantaila handiak ekarriko lituzke.
15:40
It would save lives,
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Biziak salbatuko lituzke,
15:42
it would undercut the entire market for smugglers,
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trafikatzaileen merkatua ahulduko luke
15:46
and it would remove the chaos we see from Europe's front line
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eta deuseztatuko litzateke Europatik antzematen den anabasa
15:50
in areas like the Greek islands.
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Greziar irlak bezalako tokietan.
15:52
It's politics that prevents us doing that rather than a rational solution.
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Politikak ez digu hori egiten uzten konponbide arrazional baten beharrean.
15:56
And this is an idea that has been applied.
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Eta aplikatu den ideia da.
15:59
Brazil has adopted a pioneering approach
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Brasilek ikuspuntu aitzindari bat izan du
16:01
where over 2,000 Syrians have been able to get humanitarian visas,
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non 2.000 siriar baino gehiagok bisa humanitario bana eskuratu,
16:06
enter Brazil, and claim refugee status on arrival in Brazil.
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Brasilen sartu eta iheslari estatusa aldarrikatu duten Brasilera iristean.
16:10
And in that scheme, every Syrian who has gone through it
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Egitasmo horren baitan, siriar bakoitzak
16:13
has received refugee status and been recognized as a genuine refugee.
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iheslari estatusa jaso du eta iheslari zintzotzat hartu dute.
16:18
There is a historical precedent for it as well.
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Aurrekari historiko bat ere badauka.
16:20
Between 1922 and 1942,
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1922 eta 1942 artean,
16:24
these Nansen passports were used as travel documents
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Nansen pasaporte hauek bidaiatzeko agiri moduan erabili ziren
16:28
to allow 450,000 Assyrians, Turks and Chechens
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450.000 asiriar, turkiar eta txetxeniarrek Europan zehar bidaia zezaten
16:33
to travel across Europe
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eta Europan iheslari estatusa aldarrika zezaten.
16:35
and claim refugee status elsewhere in Europe.
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16:38
And the Nansen International Refugee Office
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Eta Iheslarientzako Nazioarteko Nansen Bulegoak
16:41
received the Nobel Peace Prize
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Bakearen Nobel Saria jaso zuen
16:43
in recognition of this being a viable strategy.
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estrategia bideragarria izateagatik.
16:47
So all four of these ideas that I've presented you
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Aurkeztu dizkizuedan lau ideiak
16:50
are ways in which we can expand Amira's choice set.
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Amiraren aukera-sorta zabaltzeko moduak dira.
16:53
They're ways in which we can have greater choice for refugees
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Horiei esker iheslarientzako aukera hobeak lor ditzakegu
16:57
beyond those basic, impossible three options
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azaldu dizkizuedan oinarrizko hiru aukeretatik harago
17:01
I explained to you
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17:02
and still leave others better off.
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eta beste batzuk egoera ekonomiko hobean utzi.
17:04
In conclusion, we really need a new vision,
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Hitz batean, ikuspegi berria behar dugu,
17:08
a vision that enlarges the choices of refugees
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iheslarien aukerak zabalduko dituena,
17:11
but recognizes that they don't have to be a burden.
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baina zama ez direla aitortzen duena.
17:13
There's nothing inevitable about refugees being a cost.
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Iheslariak kostua izatea saihestu daiteke.
17:17
Yes, they are a humanitarian responsibility,
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Bai, giza-erantzukizuna dira,
17:20
but they're human beings with skills, talents, aspirations,
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baina trebetasunak, talentua eta nahiak dituzten gizakiak dira,
17:24
with the ability to make contributions -- if we let them.
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ekarpenak egin ditzaketenak -- aukera ematen badiegu.
17:28
In the new world,
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Mundu berrian
17:30
migration is not going to go away.
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migrazioa ez da desagertuko.
17:32
What we've seen in Europe will be with us for many years.
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Europan ikusi duguna urte askotarako egongo da gurekin.
17:35
People will continue to travel,
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Jendeak bidaiatzen jarraituko du,
17:37
they'll continue to be displaced,
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lekualdatuko dituzte
17:39
and we need to find rational, realistic ways of managing this --
329
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eta hori moldatzeko bide arrazional eta errealistak aurkitu behar ditugu
17:42
not based on the old logics of humanitarian assistance,
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-- laguntza humanitarioaren logika zaharretan oinarritzen ez direnak,
17:45
not based on logics of charity,
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karitatearen logikan oinarritzen ez direnak,
17:48
but building on the opportunities
332
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baizik eta globalizazioak, merkatuek eta mugikortasunak eskaintzen dituzten aukeretan eraikitakoak.
17:49
offered by globalization, markets and mobility.
333
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17:53
I'd urge you all to wake up and urge our politicians
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Altxatzea eskatuko nizueke, eta gure politikariak bultzatzea
17:56
to wake up to this challenge.
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erronka honen aurrean esna daitezen.
17:58
Thank you very much.
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Eskerrik asko.
17:59
(Applause)
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(Txaloak)
Webgune honi buruz

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