Why we have virus outbreaks & how we can prevent them | Nathan Wolfe

Translator: David J. Kreps Finnemann Reviewer: Anders Finn Jørgensen

When most people think about the beginnings

Når de fleste folk tænker på begyndelsen

of AIDS, they're gonna think back to the 1980s.

af AIDS, kommer de til at tænke tilbage på 1980'erne.

And certainly, this was the decade in which we discovered AIDS

Og bestemt, dette var årtiet hvor vi opdagede AIDS

and the virus that causes it, HIV.

og virusset der forårsager det, HIV.

But in fact this virus crossed over into humans many decades before,

Men faktisk krydsede dette virus over til mennesker årtier inden,

from chimpanzees, where the virus originated, into humans who hunt these apes.

fra chimpanser, hvor virusset kom fra, til mennesker der jager disse dyr.

This photo was taken before the Great Depression

Dette foto var taget inden den Store Depression

in Brazzaville, Congo.

i Brazzaville, Congo.

At this time, there were thousands of individuals,

På dette tidspunkt, var der tusinder af individer,

we think, that were infected with HIV.

tror vi, der var inficerede med HIV.

So I have a couple of really important questions for you.

Så jeg har et par virkelig vigtige spørgsmål til jer.

If this virus was in thousands

Hvis dette virus var i tusinder

of individuals at this point,

af individer på dette tidspunkt,

why was it the case that it took us until 1984

hvordan kan det så være, at det tog os indtil 1984

to be able to discover this virus?

at være i stand til at opdage denne virus?

OK now, more importantly,

Ok nu, vigtigere,

had we been there in the '40s and '50s, '60s,

havde vi været der i 40'erne og 50'erne, 60'erne,

had we seen this disease, had we understood

havde vi set denne sygdom, havde vi forstået

exactly what was going on with it, how might that have changed and completely

præcis hvad der foregik med den, hvordan kunne det have ændret og fuldstændig

transformed the nature of the way this pandemic moved?

transformeret naturen af den måde denne pandemi bevæger sig?

In fact, this is not unique to HIV. The vast majority of

Faktisk, er dette ikke unikt for HIV. Størstedelen af

viruses come from animals.

virusser kommer fra dyr.

And you can kind of think of this as a pyramid of this bubbling up of viruses

Og man kan tænke på dette som en pyramide af denne boblen op af virusser

from animals into human populations.

fra dyr til menneskelige populationer.

But only at the very top of this pyramid do these things become completely human.

Men kun helt i toppen af denne pyramide, bliver tingene helt menneskelige.

Nevertheless, we spend the vast majority

Ikke desto mindre, bruger vi størstedelen

of our energy focused on this level of the pyramid,

af vores energi på at være fokuseret på dette niveau i pyramiden,

trying to tackle things that are already completely adapted to human beings,

og prøver at håndtere ting der allerede er komplet tilpasset til mennesker,

that are going to be very very difficult to address --

der bliver meget, meget svære at gøre noget ved --

as we've seen in the case of HIV.

som vi har set i tilfældet med HIV.

So during the last 15 years,

Så i løbet af de sidste 15 år,

I've been working to actually study the earlier interface here --

har jeg arbejdet med faktisk at studere de tidlige berøringsflader her --

what I've labeled "viral chatter," which was a term coined

det jeg kalder "virus snak," hvilket er et udtryk opfundet

by my mentor Don Burke.

af min mentor Don Burke.

This is the idea that we can study the sort of

Det er ideen om at vi faktisk kan studere den slags

pinging of these viruses into human populations,

opdukken af disse virusser i den menneskelige befolkning,

the movement of these agents over into humans;

bevægelsen af disse agenter over i menneskerne;

and by capturing this moment,

og ved at fange dette øjeblik,

we might be able to move to a situation where we can catch them early.

kan vi måske være i stand til at flytte os til en situation hvor vi kan fange dem tidligere.

OK, so this is a picture, and I'm going to show you

Ok, så dette er et billede, og jeg vil vise jer

some pictures now from the field.

nogle billeder fra felten nu.

This is a picture of a central African hunter.

Dette er et billede af en jæger fra Centralafrika.

It's actually a fairly common picture.

Det er faktisk et temmelig almindeligt billede.

One of the things I want you to note from it

En af de ting som jeg vil have jer til at lægge mærke til

is blood -- that you see a tremendous amount of blood contact.

er blod, at man ser en enorm mængde blod kontakt.

This was absolutely key for us. This is a

Dette var absolut helt afgørende for os. Dette er en

very intimate form of connection.

meget intim form for forbindelse.

So if we're going to study viral chatter, we need to

Så hvis vi skal studere virus snak, skal vi

get to these populations who have intensive contact with wild animals.

nå disse befolkninger der har intensiv kontakt med vilde dyr.

And so we've been studying people like this individual.

Så vi har studeret mennesker ligesom dette individ.

We collect blood from them, other specimens.

Vi indsamler blod fra dem, andre prøver.

We look at the diseases, which are in the animals as well as the humans.

Vi ser på sygdomme, som er i dyrene lige så vel som i menneskerne.

And ideally, this is going to allow us to catch these things

Og ideelt set, vil dette tillade os at fange disse ting

early on, as they're moving over into human populations.

tidligt, i takt med at de flytter over til menneskelige befolkninger.

And the basic objective of this work is not to just

Og det grundlæggende mål af dette arbejde er ikke kun at

go out once and look at these individuals,

gå ud en gang og kigge på disse individer,

but to establish thousands of individuals

men at klarlægge tusindvis af individer

in these populations that we would monitor

i disse befolkninger, som vi ville overvåge

continuously on a regular basis.

konstant på regelmæssig basis.

When they were sick, we would collect specimens from them.

Når de var syge, ville vi indsamle prøver fra dem.

We would actually enlist them --

Vi ville faktisk hverve dem --

which we've done now -- to collect specimens from animals.

som vi har gjort nu -- til at indsamle prøver fra dyr.

We give them these little pieces of filter paper.

Vi giver dem disse små stykker

When they sample from animals,

Når de indsamler prøver fra dyr,

they collect the blood on the filter paper

samler de blod på filtrerpapiret

and this allows us to identify yet-unknown viruses from exactly the right animals --

og dette tillader os at identificere hidtil ukendte virusser fra præcis de rigtige dyr --

the ones that are actually being hunted.

dem der faktisk bliver jaget.

(Video) Narrator: Deep in a remote region of Cameroon,

(Video) Fortæller: Dybt inde i de fjerne regioner af Cameroon,

two hunters stalk their prey.

jager to jægere deres bytte.

Their names are Patrice and Patee.

Deres navne er Patrice og Patee.

They're searching for bush meat;

De søger efter vildt kød;

forest animals they can kill to feed their families.

dyr fra skoven de kan dræbe for at brødføde deres familier.

Patrice and Patee set out most days to go out hunting

Patrice og Patee begynder de fleste dage med at gå ud og jage

in the forest around their homes.

i skoven rundt om deres hjem.

They have a series of traps, of snares that they've set up

De har en række fælder, snarer som de har sat op

to catch wild pigs, snakes, monkeys,

for at fange vilde svin, slanger, aber,

rodents -- anything they can, really.

gnavere -- hvad som helst de kan, i virkeligheden.

Patrice and Patee have been out for hours but found nothing.

Patrice og Patee har været ude i timer men ikke fundet noget.

The animals are simply gone.

Dyrene er simpelthen væk.

We stop for a drink of water.

Vi stopper for at drikke lidt vand.

Then there is a rustle in the brush.

Så er der en raslen i buskene.

A group of hunters approach,

En gruppe jægere nærmer sig,

their packs loaded with wild game.

deres oppakning er fyldt med vildt.

There's at least three viruses

Der er i hvert fald tre virusser

that you know about, which are in this particular monkey.

som man kender til, som er i denne bestemte abe.

Nathan Wolfe: This species, yeah. And there's many many more pathogens

Nathan Wolfe: Denne art, ja. Og der er mange flere patogener

that are present in these animals.

der er til stede i disse dyr.

These individuals are at specific risk,

Disse individer er specielt i fare,

particularly if there's blood contact, they're at risk for transmission

specielt hvis der er blod kontakt, de er i fare for overføring

and possibly infection with novel viruses.

og muligvis infektion med nye virusser.

Narrator: As the hunters display their kills, something surprising happens.

Fortæller: Som jægerne fremviser deres færdigheder, sker der noget overraskende.

They show us filter paper they've used to collect the animals' blood.

De viser os filtrerpapiret de har brugt til at indsamle dyrenes blod.

The blood will be tested for zoonotic viruses,

Blodet bliver testet for zoonotiske virusser,

part of a program Dr. Wolfe has spent years setting up.

en del af et program som Dr. Wolfe har brugt år på at starte.

NW: So this is from this animal right here,

NW: Så dette er fra dette dyr lige her,

Greater Spot-Nosed Guenon.

Stor plettet Guenon.

Every person who has one of those filter papers has at least,

Hver person der har et af disse filtrerpapirer har mindst,

at a minimum, been through our basic health education

som minimum, været gennem vores basis sundheds uddannelse

about the risks associated with these activities,

om risikoen der er associeret med disse aktiviteter,

which presumably, from our perspective,

der formodentligt, set fra vores perspektiv,

gives them the ability to decrease their own risk,

giver dem muligheden for at nedsætte deres egen risiko,

and then obviously the risk to their families,

og selvfølgelig risikoen for deres familie,

the village, the country, and the world.

landsbyen, landet og verden.

NW: OK, before I continue, I think it's important to take just a moment

NW: OK, inden jeg fortsætter, tror jeg det er vigtigt at tage bare et øjeblik

to talk about bush meat. Bush meat is the hunting of wild game.

for at tale om vildt kød. Vildt kød er jagten på vildt.

OK? And you can consider all sorts of different bush meat.

OK? Og man kan overveje alle mulige forskellige former for vildt kød.

I'm going to be talking about this.

Jeg vil tale om dette.

When your children and grandchildren

Når jeres børn og børnebørn

sort of pose questions to you about this period of time,

stiller disse spørgsmål til jer om denne tid,

one of the things they're gonna ask you,

en af de ting de vil spørge jer om,

is how it was they we allowed some of our closest living relatives,

er hvordan det kan være at de vi tillod at nogle af vores tættest levende familie

some of the most valuable and endangered species

nogle af de mest værdifulde og truede arter

on our planet, to go extinct because we

på vores planet, at uddø fordi vi

weren't able to address some of the issues

ikke var i stand til at adressere nogle af problemerne

of poverty in these parts of the world.

med fattigdom i disse dele af verden.

But in fact that's not the only question they're going to ask you about this.

Men faktisk er det ikke det eneste spørgsmål de vil stille jer om dette.

They're also going to ask you the question

De kommer også til at stille spørgsmålet

that when we knew that this was the way that HIV entered

at da vi vidste at dette var måden hvorpå HIV kom ind

into the human population,

i den menneskelige befolkning på,

and that other diseases had the potential to enter like this,

og at andre sygdomme havde potentialet til at komme ind på denne måde,

why did we let these behaviors continue?

hvorfor tillod vi denne adfærd at fortsætte?

Why did we not find some other solution to this?

Hvorfor fandt vi ikke en anden løsning på dette?

They're going to say, in regions of profound

De vil sige, i regioner med dyb

instability throughout the world,

ustabilitet overalt i verden,

where you have intense poverty, where populations are growing

hvor man har dyb armod, hvor befolkningen vokser

and you don't have sustainable resources like this,

og man ikke har bæredygtig ressourcer som dette,

this is going to lead to food insecurity.

vil dette lede til føde usikkerhed.

But they're also going to ask you probably a different question.

Men de kommer formodentlig også til at stille et andet spørgsmål.

It's one that I think we all need to ask ourselves,

Det er et som jeg mener vi alle bør stille os selv,

which is, why we thought the responsibility rested with this individual here.

som er, hvorfor mente vi at ansvaret lå hos dette individ her.

Now this is the individual -- you can see just right up over his right shoulder --

Nu er dette individet -- man kan se lige oppe over hans højre skulder --

this is the individual that hunted the monkey

dette er individet der jagede aben

from the last picture that I showed you.

fra det sidste billede jeg viste jer.

OK, take a look at his shirt.

OK, se på hans skjorte.

You know, take a look at his face.

I ved, se på hans ansigt.

Bush meat is one of the central crises,

Vildt kød er et af de centrale kriser,

which is occurring in our population right now,

der sker i vores befolkning lige nu,

in humanity, on this planet.

i menneskeheden, på denne planet.

But it can't be the fault of somebody like this.

Men det er ikke en sådan persons skyld.

OK? And solving it cannot be his responsibility alone.

OK? Og at løse det kan ikke kun være hans ansvar.

There's no easy solutions,

Der er ikke nogen nemme løsninger,

but what I'm saying to you is that we neglect this problem

men det jeg siger til jer er at vi forsømmer dette problem

at our own peril.

til vores egen fare.

So, in 1998, along with my mentors

Så, i 1998, sammen med mine mentorer

Don Burke and Colonel Mpoudi-Ngole,

Don Burke og Colonel Mpoudi-Ngole,

we went to actually start this work

rejste vi ud for virkelig at starte dette arbejde

in Central Africa, to work with hunters

i Central Afrika, til at arbejde med jægerne

in this part of the world.

i denne del af verden.

And my job -- at that time I was a post-doctoral fellow,

Og mit arbejde -- på det tidspunkt var jeg postdoktoral stipendiat

and I was really tasked with setting this up.

og jeg fik virkelig ansvaret med at starte det op.

So I said to myself, "OK, great --

Så jeg sagde til mig selv, "OK, fedt --

we're gonna collect all kinds of specimens. We're gonna go to all these

vi skal indsamle alle mulige prøver. Vi skal teste alle disse

different locations. It's going to be wonderful."

forskellige områder. Det bliver vidunderligt."

You know, I looked at the map; I picked out 17 sites;

I ved, jeg kiggede på kortet; jeg valgte 17 steder;

I figured, no problem.

jeg tænkte, ikke noget problem.

(Laughter)

(Latter)

Needless to say, I was drastically wrong.

Unødigt at sige, tog jeg drastisk fejl.

This is challenging work to do.

Dette er et udfordrende arbejde at udføre.

Fortunately, I had and continue to have

Heldigvis, havde jeg og har stadig

an absolutely wonderful team of colleagues and collaborators in my own team,

et helt vidunderligt hold af kolleger og samarbejdspartnere i mit eget hold,

and that's the only way that this work can really occur.

og det er den eneste måde hvorpå dette arbejde egentlig kan ske.

We have a whole range of challenges about this work.

Vi har en hel række af udfordringer omkring dette arbejde.

One of them is just obtaining trust

Et af dem er at opnå tillid

from individuals that we work with in the field.

fra individer som vi kan arbejde med i felten.

The person you see on the right hand side is Paul DeLong-Minutu.

Person I ser til højre er Paul DeLong-Minutu.

He's one of the best communicators that I've really ever dealt with.

Han er en af de bedste kommunikatører som jeg i virkeligheden har arbejdet med.

When I arrived I didn't speak a word of French,

Da jeg ankom talte jeg ikke et ord fransk,

and I still seemed to understand what it was he was saying.

og det virkede stadig som om jeg viste hvad det var han sagde.

Paul worked for years

Paul har arbejdet i årevis

on the Cameroonian national radio and television,

på cameronsk nationalt radio og fjernsyn,

and he spoke about health issues. He was a health correspondent.

og han talte om helbredsproblemer. Han var helbreds korrespondent.

So we figured we'd hire this person -- when we got there he could

Så vi tænkte at vi ville hyre denne person -- når vi ankom der kunne han være

be a great communicator.

en god kommunikatør.

When we would get to these rural villages, though, what we found out

Når vi ankom til disse landlige landsbyer, dog, fandt vi ud af

is that no one had television,

at ingen havde fjernsyn,

so they wouldn't recognize his face.

så de genkendte ikke hans ansigt.

But -- when he began to speak

Men -- når han begyndte at tale

they would actually recognize his voice from the radio.

ville de faktisk genkende hans stemme fra radioen.

And this was somebody who had incredible

Og dette var en person der havde et fantastisk

potential to spread aspects of our message,

potentiale til at udbrede dele af vores budskab,

whether it be with regards to wildlife conservation

hvad enten det var med hensyn til bevarelse af dyrelivet

or health prevention.

eller helbredsforebyggelse.

Often we run into obstacles. This is us coming back from

Tit løb vi ind i forhindringer. Dette er os der kommer tilbage fra

one of these very rural sites,

et af disse meget landlige steder,

with specimens from 200 individuals

med prøver fra 200 individer

that we needed to get back to the lab within 48 hours.

som vi skal have tilbage til laboratoriet inden for 48 timer.

I like to show this shot -- this is

Jeg vil gerne vise dette billede -- dette er

Ubald Tamoufe, who's the lead

Ubald Tamoufe, der er hoved-

investigator in our Cameroon site.

efterforskeren på vores sted i Cameroon.

Ubald laughs at me when I show this photo

Ubald griner af mig når jeg viser dette billede

because of course you can't see his face.

fordi man selvfølgelig ikke kan se hans ansigt.

But the reason I like to show the shot

Men grunden til jeg godt kan lide at vise billedet

is because you can see that he's about to solve this problem.

er fordi man kan se at han er tæt på at løse sit problem.

(Laughter)

(Latter)

Which -- which he did, which he did.

Hvilket -- hvilket han gjorde, hvilket han gjorde.

Just a few quick before and after shots.

Bare et par hurtige før og efter billeder.

This was our laboratory before.

Dette var vores laboratorium før.

This is what it looks like now.

Sådan ser det ud nu.

Early on, in order to ship our specimens,

I starten, for at sende vores prøver,

we had to have dry ice. To get dry ice we had to go

skulle vi har tøris. For at få tøris måtte vi gå til

to the breweries -- beg, borrow, steal to get these folks to give it to us.

bryggerierne -- bede, låne, stjæle for at få disse folk til at give os det.

Now we have our own liquid nitrogen.

Nu har vi vores egen flydende kvælstof.

I like to call our laboratory the coldest place in Central Africa -- it might be.

Jeg kan godt lide at kalde vores laboratorium for det koldeste sted i Central Afrika -- det er det muligvis.

And here's a shot of me, this is the before shot of me.

Og her er et billede af mig, dette er før billedet af mig.

(Laughter)

(Latter)

No comment.

Ingen kommentarer.

So what happened? So during the 10 years that we've been doing

Ser I hvad der skete? Så i løbet af de 10 år at vi har udført

this work, we actually surprised ourselves.

dette arbejde, overraskede vi faktisk os selv.

We made a number of discoveries.

Vi gjorde et antal opdagelser.

And what we've found is that if you look in the right place,

Og det vi fandt ud af var, at hvis man kigger det rette sted,

you can actually monitor the flow

kan man faktisk overvåge den flow

of these viruses into human populations.

af disse virus ind i de menneskelige befolkninger.

That gave us a tremendous amount of hope.

Det gav os en enorm mængde håb.

What we've found is a whole range of new viruses in these individuals,

Vi fandt en hel række nye virusser i disse individer,

including new viruses in the same group

inklusiv nye virusser i samme gruppe

as HIV -- so, brand new retroviruses.

som HIV -- så, helt nye retrovirusser.

And let's face it, any new retrovirus in the

Og lad os være ærlige, enhver ny retrovirus i den

human population -- it's something we should be aware of.

menneskelige befolkning -- det er noget vi skal være opmærksomme på.

It's something we should be following. It's not something

Det er noget vi bør følge. Det er ikke noget

that we should be surprised by.

som vi bør overraskes af.

Needless to say in the past

Unødigt at sige, disse virusser

these viruses entering into these rural communities

der før i tiden kom ind i disse landsbysamfund

might very well have gone extinct.

er meget muligt uddøde.

That's no longer the case. Logging roads provide access to urban areas.

Sådan er det ikke længere. Veje til skovhugning skaffer adgang til byområder.

And critically, what happens in central Africa

Og kritisk set, det der sker i central Afrika

doesn't stay in Central Africa.

bliver ikke i Central Afrika.

So, once we discovered that it was really possible

Så, da vi opdagede at det virkelig var muligt

that we could actually do this monitoring,

at vi kunne udføre denne overvågning,

we decided to move this from research, to

besluttede vi at flytte fra denne forskning, til

really attempt to phase up to a global monitoring effort.

virkelig at prøve gradvist at dæmme på for den globale overvågnings indsats.

Through generous support and partnership

Gennem gavmild støtte og partnerskab

scientifically with Google.org and the Skoll Foundation,

videnskabeligt med Google.org og Skoll Foundation,

we were able to start the Global Viral Forecasting Initiative

var vi i stand til at starte Global Viral Forecasting Initiative

and begin work in four different sites

og begynde at arbejde i fire forskellige områder

in Africa and Asia.

i Afrika og Asien.

Needless to say, different populations from different parts of the world

Unødigt at sige, har forskellige befolkninger fra forskellige dele af verden

have different sorts of contact.

forskellige former for kontakt.

So it's not just hunters in Central Africa.

Så det er ikke kun jægere i Central Afrika.

It's also working in live animal markets --

Det virker også på markedet for levende dyr --

these wet markets -- which is exactly the place where

disse våd markeder -- hvilket præcis er stedet hvor

SARS emerged in Asia.

SARS opstod i Asien.

But really, this is just the beginning from our perspective.

Men i virkeligheden er dette kun begyndelsen set fra vores perspektiv.

Our objective right now, in addition to

Vores objektiver lige nu, ud over at

deploying to these sites and getting everything moving,

sætte ind disse steder og få alt sat i gang,

is to identify new partners

er at identificere nye partnere

because we feel like this effort needs to be extended

fordi vi føler at denne indsats skal udbredes

to probably 20 or more sites throughout the world -- to viral hotspots --

til formodentlig 20 eller flere steder i hele verden -- til virus brændpunkter --

because really the idea here is to cast an incredibly wide net

fordi ideen her er i virkeligheden at kaste et utrolig bredt net

so that we can catch these things, ideally,

så vi kan fange disse ting, ideelt set,

before they make it to blood banks,

inden de når ind til blodbanker,

sexual networks, airplanes. And that's really our objective.

seksuelle netværk, fly. Og det er i virkeligheden vores målsætning.

There was a time not very long ago

Der var en gang for ikke særlig lang tid siden

when the discovery of unknown organisms

da opdagelsen af ukendte organismer

was something that held incredible awe for us.

var noget der indgød dyb respekt blandt os.

It had potential to really change the way that we saw ourselves,

Det havde et potentiale til virkelig at ændre måden som vi så os selv på,

and thought about ourselves.

og tænkte om os selv.

Many people, I think, on our planet right now

Mange mennesker, tror jeg, på vores planet lige nu

despair, and they think

taber modet, og de tror

we've reached a point where we've discovered most of the things.

at vi har nået et punkt hvor vi har opdaget de fleste ting.

I'm going tell you right now: please don't despair.

Jeg vil fortælle jer det med det samme: tab endelig ikke modet.

If an intelligent extra-terrestrial

Hvis et intelligent udenjordisk væsen

was taxed with writing the encyclopedia of life on our planet,

blev sat på en prøve om at skrive et encyklopædi om livet på vores planet,

27 out of 30 of these volumes

27 ud af 30 bind

would be devoted to bacteria and virus,

ville handle om bakterier og virus,

with just a few of the volumes left

med kun et par bind tilbage

for plants, fungus and animals,

til planter, svampe og dyr,

humans being a footnote;

mennesker værende en fodnote;

interesting footnote but a footnote nonetheless.

en interessant fodnote, men ikke desto mindre en fodnote.

This is honestly the most exciting period

Dette er ærlig talt den mest spændende periode

ever for the study of unknown life forms on our planet.

nogensinde til at studere ukendte livsformer på vores planet.

The dominant things that exist here

De dominerende ting der eksisterer her

we know almost nothing about.

ved vi næsten ingenting om.

And yet finally, we have the tools, which will allow us to actually explore that world

Og alligevel har vi endelig værktøjerne, der tillader os faktisk at udforske den verden

and understand them.

og forstå dem.

Thank you very much.

Mange tak.

(Applause)

(Bifald)