Why we have virus outbreaks & how we can prevent them | Nathan Wolfe

314,744 views ใƒป 2009-03-27

TED


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

ืžืชืจื’ื: Ido Dekkers ืžื‘ืงืจ: Sigal Tifferet
00:18
When most people think about the beginnings
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ื›ืฉืจื•ื‘ ื”ืื ืฉื™ื ื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื”ืชื—ืœื”
00:20
of AIDS, they're gonna think back to the 1980s.
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ืฉืœ ืื™ื™ื“ืก, ื”ื ื™ื—ืฉื‘ื• ืขืœ ืฉื ื•ืช ื”ืฉืžื•ื ื™ื.
00:23
And certainly, this was the decade in which we discovered AIDS
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ื•ื‘ื”ื—ืœื˜, ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ื”ืขืฉื•ืจ ื‘ื• ื’ื™ืœื™ื ื• ืืช ื”ืื™ื™ื“ืก,
00:26
and the virus that causes it, HIV.
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ื•ืืช ื”ื•ื™ืจื•ืก ืฉื’ื•ืจื ืœื•, HIV.
00:29
But in fact this virus crossed over into humans many decades before,
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ืื‘ืœ ืœืžืขืŸ ื”ืืžืช ื”ื•ื™ืจื•ืก ื”ื–ื” ื—ืฆื” ืœืื ื•ืฉื•ืช ืขืฉื•ืจื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื ืœืคื ื™ ื›ืŸ,
00:33
from chimpanzees, where the virus originated, into humans who hunt these apes.
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ืžืฉื™ืžืคื ื–ื™ื, ื”ื ื”ืžืงื•ืจ ืœื•ื™ืจื•ืก, ืœืื ืฉื™ื ืฉืฆื“ื• ืืช ืงื•ืคื™ ื”ืื“ื ื”ืืœื”.
00:37
This photo was taken before the Great Depression
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ื”ืชืžื•ื ื” ื”ื–ื• ืฆื•ืœืžื” ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ื”ืžื™ืชื•ืŸ ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ
00:40
in Brazzaville, Congo.
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ื‘ื‘ืจืื–ื•ื™ืœ, ืงื•ื ื’ื•.
00:42
At this time, there were thousands of individuals,
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ื‘ืื•ืชื• ื”ื–ืžืŸ, ื”ื™ื• ืืœืคื™ ืื ืฉื™ื,
00:44
we think, that were infected with HIV.
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ืื ื—ื ื• ื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื, ืฉื”ื™ื• ื ื’ื•ืขื™ื ื‘HIV.
00:46
So I have a couple of really important questions for you.
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ืื– ื™ืฉ ืœื™ ื›ืžื” ืฉืืœื•ืช ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื•ืช ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืœื›ื.
00:48
If this virus was in thousands
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ืื ื”ื•ื™ืจื•ืก ื”ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ื‘ืืœืคื™
00:49
of individuals at this point,
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ืื ืฉื™ื ื‘ื ืงื•ื“ื” ื”ื–ื•,
00:51
why was it the case that it took us until 1984
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ืœืžื” ืœืงื— ืœื ื• ืขื“ 1984
00:54
to be able to discover this virus?
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžืกื•ื’ืœื™ื ืœืžืฆื•ื ืืช ื”ื•ื™ืจื•ืก ื”ื–ื”?
00:56
OK now, more importantly,
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ืื•ืงื™ ืขื›ืฉื™ื•, ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ื™ื•ืชืจ,
00:58
had we been there in the '40s and '50s, '60s,
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ืื ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ืฉื ื‘ืฉื ื•ืช ื”ืืจื‘ืขื™ื, ื”ื—ืžื™ืฉื™ื ื•ื”ืฉื™ืฉื™ื,
01:01
had we seen this disease, had we understood
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ืื ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ืจื•ืื™ื ืืช ื”ืžื—ืœื” ื”ื–ื•, ืื ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ืžื‘ื™ื ื™ื
01:04
exactly what was going on with it, how might that have changed and completely
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ืžื” ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ืงื•ืจื” ืฉื, ืื™ืš ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ืžืฉื ื” ื•ืœื—ืœื•ื˜ื™ืŸ
01:07
transformed the nature of the way this pandemic moved?
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ื”ื•ืคืš ืืช ื”ื“ืจืš ื‘ื” ื”ืžื’ืคื” ื”ื–ื• ื”ืชืคืฉื˜ื”?
01:12
In fact, this is not unique to HIV. The vast majority of
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ืœืžืขืŸ ื”ืืžืช, ื–ื” ืœื ื™ื—ื•ื“ื™ ืœHIV. ืจื•ื‘ ื”ื•ื™ืจื•ืกื™ื
01:15
viruses come from animals.
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ืžื’ื™ืขื™ื ืžื—ื™ื•ืช.
01:17
And you can kind of think of this as a pyramid of this bubbling up of viruses
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ื•ืืชื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืขืœ ื–ื” ื›ืžืขื™ื™ืŸ ืคื™ืจืžื™ื“ื” ืฉืœ ื•ื™ืจื•ืกื™ื ืžื‘ืขื‘ืขื™ื
01:20
from animals into human populations.
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ืžื”ื—ื™ื•ืช ืืœ ื”ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื•ืช ื”ืื ื•ืฉื™ื•ืช.
01:22
But only at the very top of this pyramid do these things become completely human.
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ืื‘ืœ ืจืง ื‘ืจืืฉ ื”ืคื™ืจืžื™ื“ื” ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื”ืืœื” ื ืขืฉื™ื ืžืžืฉ ืื ื•ืฉื™ื™ื.
01:25
Nevertheless, we spend the vast majority
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ื•ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ, ืื ื—ื ื• ืžื‘ืœื™ื ืืช ืจื•ื‘
01:28
of our energy focused on this level of the pyramid,
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ื”ืื ืจื’ื™ื” ืฉืœื ื• ื‘ืจืžื” ื”ื–ื• ืฉืœ ื”ืคื™ืจืžื™ื“ื”,
01:30
trying to tackle things that are already completely adapted to human beings,
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ืžื ืกื™ื ืœื˜ืคืœ ื‘ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉื›ื‘ืจ ื”ืชืื™ืžื• ืืช ืขืฆืžื ืœื’ืžืจื™ ืœืื ืฉื™ื,
01:34
that are going to be very very difficult to address --
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ืžื” ืฉืขื•ืžื“ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžืื•ื“ ืงืฉื” ืœื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ --
01:36
as we've seen in the case of HIV.
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ื›ืžื• ืฉืจืื™ื ื• ื‘ืžืงืจื” ืฉืœ HIV.
01:38
So during the last 15 years,
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ืื– ื‘ืžืฉืš 15 ื”ืฉื ื™ื ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื•ืช,
01:40
I've been working to actually study the earlier interface here --
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ืขื‘ื“ืชื™ ื›ื“ื™ ืœืœืžื•ื“ ืืช ื”ืžืžืฉืง ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ ื›ืืŸ --
01:43
what I've labeled "viral chatter," which was a term coined
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ืžื” ืฉื›ื™ื ื™ืชื™ "ื”ืคื˜ืคื•ื˜ ื”ื•ื™ืจืืœื™", ืžื•ื ื— ืฉื ื˜ื‘ืข
01:45
by my mentor Don Burke.
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ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ ื“ื•ืŸ ื‘ื•ืจืง.
01:47
This is the idea that we can study the sort of
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ื–ื” ื”ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืœืžื•ื“ ืืช ืกื•ื’
01:49
pinging of these viruses into human populations,
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ื”ืžืขื‘ืจ ืฉืœ ื”ื•ื™ืจื•ืกื™ื ื”ืืœื” ืœืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื•ืช ื”ืื ื•ืฉื™ื•ืช,
01:52
the movement of these agents over into humans;
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ื”ืžืขื‘ืจ ืฉืœ ื”ืกื•ื›ื ื™ื ื”ืืœื” ืœืื ืฉื™ื,
01:54
and by capturing this moment,
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ื•ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืœื›ื™ื“ืช ื”ืจื’ืข ื”ื–ื”,
01:56
we might be able to move to a situation where we can catch them early.
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ืื•ืœื™ ื ื•ื›ืœ ืœืขื‘ื•ืจ ืœืžืฆื‘ ื‘ื• ื ื•ื›ืœ ืœืชืคื•ืฉ ืื•ืชื ืžื•ืงื“ื.
01:59
OK, so this is a picture, and I'm going to show you
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ืื•ืงื™, ืื– ื–ื• ืชืžื•ื ื”, ื•ืื ื™ ืขื•ืžื“ ืœื”ืจืื•ืช ืœื›ื
02:01
some pictures now from the field.
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ื›ืžื” ืชืžื•ื ื•ืช ืžื”ืฉื˜ื—.
02:03
This is a picture of a central African hunter.
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ื–ื• ืชืžื•ื ื” ืฉืœ ืฆื™ื™ื“ ืžืžืจื›ื– ืืคืจื™ืงื”.
02:05
It's actually a fairly common picture.
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ื–ื• ืชืžื•ื ื” ื ืคื•ืฆื” ืœืžืขืŸ ื”ืืžืช.
02:07
One of the things I want you to note from it
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ืื—ื“ ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉืื ื™ ืจื•ืฆื” ืฉืชืฉื™ืžื• ืœื‘ ืืœื™ื• ืžืžื ื”
02:09
is blood -- that you see a tremendous amount of blood contact.
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ื–ื” ื“ื -- ืฉืืชื ืจื•ืื™ื ื›ืžื•ืช ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ืฉืœ ืžื’ืข ืขื ื“ื.
02:12
This was absolutely key for us. This is a
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ื–ื” ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ ื”ื™ื” ืžืคืชื— ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืœื ื•. ื–ื”
02:14
very intimate form of connection.
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ืžื’ืข ืžืื•ื“ ืื™ื ื˜ื™ืžื™.
02:16
So if we're going to study viral chatter, we need to
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ืื– ืื ื ืœืžื“ ืคื˜ืคื•ื˜ ื•ื™ืจืืœื™, ืื ื—ื ื• ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื
02:18
get to these populations who have intensive contact with wild animals.
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ืœื”ื’ื™ืข ืœืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื•ืช ื”ืืœื” ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื”ืŸ ืžื’ืข ืื™ื ื˜ื ืกื™ื‘ื™ ืขื ื—ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืจ.
02:21
And so we've been studying people like this individual.
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ืื– ื—ืงืจื ื• ืื ืฉื™ื ื›ืžื• ื”ืื™ืฉ ื”ื–ื”.
02:25
We collect blood from them, other specimens.
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืื•ืกืคื™ื ื“ื ืžื”ื, ื•ื“ื•ื’ืžื™ื•ืช ืื—ืจื•ืช.
02:28
We look at the diseases, which are in the animals as well as the humans.
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืžืกืชื›ืœื™ื ืขืœ ื”ืžื—ืœื•ืช, ืฉื ืžืฆืื•ืช ื‘ื—ื™ื•ืช ื•ื‘ืื ืฉื™ื.
02:31
And ideally, this is going to allow us to catch these things
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ื•ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืื™ื“ื™ืืœื™, ื–ื” ื™ืืคืฉืจ ืœื ื• ืœืชืคื•ืฉ ืืช ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื”ืืœื”
02:34
early on, as they're moving over into human populations.
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ื‘ื”ืชื—ืœื”, ื›ืฉื”ื ืขื•ื‘ืจื™ื ืœืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื•ืช ื”ืื ื•ืฉื™ื•ืช.
02:37
And the basic objective of this work is not to just
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ื•ื”ืžื˜ืจื” ื”ื‘ืกื™ืกื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื”ื–ื• ื”ื™ื ืœื ืจืง
02:39
go out once and look at these individuals,
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ืœืฆืืช ื”ื—ื•ืฆื” ืคืขื ืื—ืช ื•ืœื”ื‘ื™ื˜ ื‘ืื ืฉื™ื ื”ืืœื”,
02:41
but to establish thousands of individuals
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ืืœื ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ ืขื ืืœืคื™ ืื ืฉื™ื
02:43
in these populations that we would monitor
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ื‘ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื•ืช ื”ืืœื” ืฉื ื ื˜ืจ ืื•ืชื
02:46
continuously on a regular basis.
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ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืขืงื‘ื™ ื•ืขืœ ื‘ืกื™ืก ืงื‘ื•ืข.
02:48
When they were sick, we would collect specimens from them.
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ื›ืฉื”ื ื”ื™ื• ื—ื•ืœื™ื, ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ืื•ืกืคื™ื ื“ื•ื’ืžื™ื•ืช ืžื”ื.
02:50
We would actually enlist them --
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ื‘ืขืฆื ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ืžื’ื™ื™ืกื™ื ืื•ืชื --
02:52
which we've done now -- to collect specimens from animals.
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ืžื” ืฉืขืฉื™ื ื• ืขื›ืฉื™ื• -- ืœืืกื•ืฃ ื“ื•ื’ืžื™ื•ืช ืžื—ื™ื•ืช.
02:54
We give them these little pieces of filter paper.
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ืื ื—ื ื• ื ื•ืชื ื™ื ืœื”ื ืคื™ืกื•ืช ืงื˜ื ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื ื™ื™ืจ ืกื™ื ื•ืŸ.
02:56
When they sample from animals,
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ื›ืฉื”ื ืœื•ืงื—ื™ื ื“ื•ื’ืžื™ื•ืช ืžื”ื—ื™ื•ืช,
02:58
they collect the blood on the filter paper
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ื”ื ืื•ืกืคื™ื ืืช ื”ื“ื ืขืœ ื ื™ื™ืจ ื”ืกื™ื ื•ืŸ ื”ื–ื”
03:00
and this allows us to identify yet-unknown viruses from exactly the right animals --
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ื•ื–ื” ืžืืคืฉืจ ืœื ื• ืœื–ื”ื•ืช ื•ื™ืจื•ืกื™ื ืœื ื™ื“ื•ืขื™ื ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ืžื”ื—ื™ื•ืช ื”ื ื›ื•ื ื•ืช --
03:04
the ones that are actually being hunted.
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ืืœื” ืฉื‘ืืžืช ื ื™ืฆื•ื“ื•ืช.
03:10
(Video) Narrator: Deep in a remote region of Cameroon,
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(ื•ื™ื“ืื•): ืงืจื™ื™ืŸ: ืขืžื•ืง ื‘ืื–ื•ืจื™ื ื”ืžืจื•ื—ืงื™ื ืฉืœ ืงืžืจื•ืŸ,
03:12
two hunters stalk their prey.
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ืฉื ื™ ืฆื™ื™ื“ื™ื ืขื•ืงื‘ื™ื ืื—ืจื™ ื”ื˜ืจืฃ ืฉืœื”ื.
03:15
Their names are Patrice and Patee.
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ืฉืžื ืคื˜ืจื™ืก ื•ืคื˜ื™.
03:17
They're searching for bush meat;
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ื”ื ืžื—ืคืฉื™ื ื‘ืฉืจ ืฉื™ื—ื™ื --
03:20
forest animals they can kill to feed their families.
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ื—ื™ื•ืช ื™ืขืจ ืฉื”ื ื™ื•ื›ืœื• ืœืฆื•ื“ ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืื›ื™ืœ ืืช ืžืฉืคื—ื•ืชื™ื™ื”ื.
03:24
Patrice and Patee set out most days to go out hunting
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ืคื˜ืจื™ืก ื•ืคื˜ื™ ื™ืฆืื• ืจื•ื‘ ื”ื™ืžื™ื ืœืฆื•ื“
03:26
in the forest around their homes.
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ื‘ื™ืขืจื•ืช ืžืกื‘ื™ื‘ ืœื‘ืชื™ื”ื.
03:29
They have a series of traps, of snares that they've set up
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ื™ืฉ ืœื”ื ืื•ืกืฃ ืžืœื›ื•ื“ื•ืช ื•ืคืชื™ื•ื ื•ืช ืฉื”ื ืžืฆื™ื‘ื™ื
03:31
to catch wild pigs, snakes, monkeys,
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœืชืคื•ืก ื—ื–ื™ืจื™ ื‘ืจ, ื ื—ืฉื™ื, ืงื•ืคื™ื
03:35
rodents -- anything they can, really.
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ืžื›ืจืกืžื™ื, ื‘ืขืฆื ื›ืœ ื“ื‘ืจ ืฉื”ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื.
03:39
Patrice and Patee have been out for hours but found nothing.
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ืคื˜ืจื™ืก ื•ืคื˜ื™ ื™ืฆืื• ืœืฉืขื•ืช ื•ืœื ืžืฆืื• ืฉื•ื ื“ื‘ืจ.
03:45
The animals are simply gone.
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ื”ื—ื™ื•ืช ืคืฉื•ื˜ ื ืขืœืžื•.
03:49
We stop for a drink of water.
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ืขืฆืจื ื• ืœืฉืชื•ืช ืžื™ื.
03:54
Then there is a rustle in the brush.
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ื•ืื– ื”ื™ื” ืจื—ืฉ ื‘ืฉื™ื—ื™ื.
03:59
A group of hunters approach,
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ืงื‘ื•ืฆืช ืฆื™ื™ื“ื™ื ื”ืชืงืจื‘ื”.
04:04
their packs loaded with wild game.
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ื”ื—ื‘ื™ืœื•ืช ืฉืœื”ื ืขืžื•ืกื•ืช ื‘ืฆื™ื™ื“.
04:08
There's at least three viruses
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ื™ืฉ ืœืคื—ื•ืช ืฉืœื•ืฉื” ื•ื™ืจื•ืกื™ื
04:10
that you know about, which are in this particular monkey.
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ืฉื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ืขืœื™ื”ื, ืฉื ืžืฆืื™ื ื‘ืกื•ื’ ื”ืงื•ืฃ ื”ื–ื”.
04:13
Nathan Wolfe: This species, yeah. And there's many many more pathogens
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ื ืชืŸ ื•ื•ืœืฃ: ื”ืžื™ืŸ ื”ื–ื”, ื›ืŸ. ื•ื™ืฉ ืขื•ื“ ื”ืจื‘ื” ืคืชื•ื’ื ื™ื
04:15
that are present in these animals.
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ืฉื ืžืฆืื™ื ื‘ื—ื™ื•ืช ื”ืืœื”.
04:17
These individuals are at specific risk,
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ื”ืื ืฉื™ื ื”ืืœื”ื ืžืฆืื™ื ื‘ืกื™ื›ื•ืŸ ืžืกื•ื™ื™ื,
04:20
particularly if there's blood contact, they're at risk for transmission
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ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ืื ื™ืฉ ืžื’ืข ืขื ื“ื, ื”ื ื‘ืกื›ื ืช ื”ืขื‘ืจื”
04:23
and possibly infection with novel viruses.
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ื•ืืคื™ืœื• ื”ื“ื‘ืงื” ืืคืฉืจื™ืช ื‘ื•ื™ืจื•ืกื™ื ื—ื“ืฉื™ื.
04:28
Narrator: As the hunters display their kills, something surprising happens.
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ืงืจื™ื™ืŸ: ื›ืฉื”ืฆื™ื™ื“ื™ื ืžืฆื™ื’ื™ื ืืช ื”ืฆื™ื™ื“ ืฉืœื”ื, ืžืฉื”ื• ืžืคืชื™ืข ืงื•ืจื”.
04:31
They show us filter paper they've used to collect the animals' blood.
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ื”ื ืžืจืื™ื ืœื ื• ื ื™ื™ืจ ืกื™ื ื•ืŸ ืฉื”ืฉืชืžืฉื• ื‘ื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœืืกื•ืฃ ืืช ื”ื“ื ืฉืœ ื”ื—ื™ื•ืช.
04:35
The blood will be tested for zoonotic viruses,
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ื”ื“ื ื™ื‘ื“ืง ืœื•ื™ืจื•ืกื™ื ื–ื•ืื•ื ื•ื˜ื™ื™ื (ืขื•ื‘ืจื™ื ืžื—ื™ื” ืœืื“ื),
04:38
part of a program Dr. Wolfe has spent years setting up.
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ื—ืœืง ืžืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช ืฉื“ืจ. ื•ื•ืœืฃ ื”ืงื™ื ื‘ืžืฉืš ืฉื ื™ื.
04:41
NW: So this is from this animal right here,
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ื .ื•.: ืื– ื–ื” ืžื”ื—ื™ื” ืคื”,
04:43
Greater Spot-Nosed Guenon.
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ื’ื•ื ื•ืŸ ื’ื“ื•ืœ ืžื ื•ืงื“ ืืฃ.
04:45
Every person who has one of those filter papers has at least,
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ืœื›ืœ ืื“ื ืฉืžื—ื–ื™ืง ืื—ื“ ืžื ื™ืจื•ืช ื”ืกื™ื ื•ืŸ ื”ืืœื”, ืขื‘ืจ ืœืคื—ื•ืช,
04:47
at a minimum, been through our basic health education
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ื—ื™ื ื•ืš ืจืคื•ืื™ ื‘ืกื™ืกื™
04:50
about the risks associated with these activities,
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ืœื’ื‘ื™ ื”ืกื™ื›ื•ื ื™ื ืฉืžืงื•ืฉืจื™ื ืœืคืขื™ืœื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ืืœื”,
04:53
which presumably, from our perspective,
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ืฉื›ืคื™ ื”ื ืจืื”, ืœืคื™ ื ืงื•ื“ืช ืจืื•ืชื ื•,
04:55
gives them the ability to decrease their own risk,
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ื ื•ืชื ืช ืœื”ื ืืช ื”ืืคืฉืจื•ืช ืœื”ืคื—ื™ืช ืืช ื”ืกื™ื›ื•ื ื™ื ืฉืœื”ื,
04:57
and then obviously the risk to their families,
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ื•ืื– ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ ืœื”ืคื—ื™ืช ืืช ื”ืกื™ื›ื•ืŸ ืœืžืฉืคื—ื•ืชื™ื™ื”ื,
05:00
the village, the country, and the world.
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ืœื›ืคืจ, ืœืžื“ื™ื ื”, ื•ืœืขื•ืœื.
05:04
NW: OK, before I continue, I think it's important to take just a moment
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ื .ื•. ืื•ืงื™, ืœืคื ื™ ืฉืืžืฉื™ืš, ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ ืฉื›ื“ืื™ ืœืงื—ืช ืจื’ืข
05:07
to talk about bush meat. Bush meat is the hunting of wild game.
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœื“ื‘ืจ ืขืœ ื”ื‘ื•ืฉืžื™ื˜. ื‘ื•ืฉืžื™ื˜ ื”ื•ื ืฆื™ื™ื“ ืฉืœ ื‘ืฉืจ ื—ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืจ.
05:10
OK? And you can consider all sorts of different bush meat.
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ืื•ืงื™? ื•ืืชื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืขืœ ื›ืžื” ืกื•ื’ื™ื ืฉืœ ื‘ื•ืฉืžื™ื˜.
05:12
I'm going to be talking about this.
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ืื ื™ ืื“ื‘ืจ ืขืœ ื–ื”.
05:14
When your children and grandchildren
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ื›ืฉื™ืœื“ื™ื›ื ื•ื ื›ื“ื™ื›ื
05:16
sort of pose questions to you about this period of time,
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ื™ืฉืืœื• ืืชื›ื ืฉืืœื•ืช ืขืœ ื”ืชืงื•ืคื” ื”ื–ื•,
05:18
one of the things they're gonna ask you,
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ืื—ื“ ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉื™ืฉืืœื• ืืชื›ื,
05:20
is how it was they we allowed some of our closest living relatives,
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ื–ื” ืื™ืš ื ืชื ื• ืœื—ืœืง ืžื”ื—ื™ื•ืช ื”ืงืจื•ื‘ื•ืช ืืœื™ื ื• ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ,
05:23
some of the most valuable and endangered species
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ื—ืœืง ืžื”ื—ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืขืœื•ืช ื”ืขืจืš ื”ื’ื‘ื•ื” ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื•ื‘ืกื›ื ืช ื”ื›ื—ื“ื”
05:25
on our planet, to go extinct because we
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ืขืœ ื”ื›ื•ื›ื‘, ืœื”ื™ื›ื—ื“ ื‘ื’ืœืœ
05:28
weren't able to address some of the issues
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ืฉืœื ื”ืฆืœื—ื ื• ืœื˜ืคืœ ื‘ื—ืœืง ืžื”ื ื•ืฉืื™ื
05:30
of poverty in these parts of the world.
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ืฉืœ ืขื•ื ื™ ื‘ื—ืœืงื™ื ื”ืืœื” ืฉืœ ื”ืขื•ืœื.
05:32
But in fact that's not the only question they're going to ask you about this.
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ืื‘ืœ ืœืžืขืฉื” ื–ื• ืœื ื”ืฉืืœื” ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ื” ืฉื”ื ื™ืฉืืœื• ืื•ืชื ื• ืขืœ ื–ื”.
05:35
They're also going to ask you the question
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ื”ื ื’ื ื™ืฉืืœื• ืืชื›ื ืืช ื”ืฉืืœื”
05:37
that when we knew that this was the way that HIV entered
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ืฉื›ืฉื™ื“ืขื ื• ืฉื–ื• ื”ื“ืจืš ื‘ื” HIV ื ื›ื ื“
05:39
into the human population,
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ืœืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื” ื”ืื ื•ืฉื™ืช,
05:41
and that other diseases had the potential to enter like this,
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ื•ืฉืœื—ืœืง ืžื”ืžื—ืœื•ืช ื”ืื—ืจื•ืช ื”ื™ืชื” ื“ืจืš ืœื”ื›ื ืก ื›ืš,
05:43
why did we let these behaviors continue?
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ืœืžื” ื”ืจืฉื ื• ืœื”ืชื ื”ื’ื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ืืœื” ืœื”ืžืฉืš?
05:45
Why did we not find some other solution to this?
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ืœืžื” ืœื ืžืฆืื ื• ืคืชืจื•ืŸ ืื—ืจ ืœื–ื”?
05:47
They're going to say, in regions of profound
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ื”ื ื™ื’ื™ื“ื•, ื‘ืื–ื•ืจื™ื
05:50
instability throughout the world,
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ืฉืœ ื—ื•ืกืจ ื™ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืช ื‘ืขื•ืœื,
05:52
where you have intense poverty, where populations are growing
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ื”ื™ื›ืŸ ืฉื™ืฉ ืขื•ื ื™ ืงืฉื”, ื”ื™ื›ืŸ ืฉืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื•ืช ื’ื“ืœื•ืช,
05:55
and you don't have sustainable resources like this,
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ื•ืื™ืŸ ืžืฉืื‘ื™ื ืงื™ื•ืžื™ื™ื ื›ืžื• ื–ื”,
05:57
this is going to lead to food insecurity.
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ื–ื” ืขื•ืžื“ ืœื”ื•ื‘ื™ืœ ืœื—ื•ืกืจ ื™ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืช ื‘ืื•ื›ืœ.
06:02
But they're also going to ask you probably a different question.
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ื ื’ื ื™ืฉืืœื• ื›ื ืจืื” ืฉืืœื” ืื—ืจืช.
06:04
It's one that I think we all need to ask ourselves,
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ื–ื• ืฉืืœื” ืฉืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ ืฉืฆืจื™ืš ืœืฉืื•ืœ ืืช ืขืฆืžื ื•,
06:06
which is, why we thought the responsibility rested with this individual here.
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ืฉื”ื™ื, ืœืžื” ืื ื—ื ื• ื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ืฉื”ืื—ืจื™ื•ืช ื”ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืื“ื ื”ื–ื” ืคื”.
06:10
Now this is the individual -- you can see just right up over his right shoulder --
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ื–ื” ื”ืื“ื -- ืืชื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืจืื•ืช ืคื” ืžืขื‘ืจ ืœื›ืชืคื• ื”ื™ืžื ื™ืช --
06:13
this is the individual that hunted the monkey
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ื–ื” ื”ืื“ื ืฉืฆื“ ืืช ื”ืงื•ืฃ
06:15
from the last picture that I showed you.
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ืžื”ืชืžื•ื ื” ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื” ืฉื”ืจืืชื™ ืœื›ื.
06:17
OK, take a look at his shirt.
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ืื•ืงื™ื™, ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื• ื‘ื—ื•ืœืฆื” ื”ื–ื•.
06:19
You know, take a look at his face.
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ืืชื ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื, ืชื‘ื™ื˜ื• ื‘ืคื ื™ื ืฉืœื•.
06:22
Bush meat is one of the central crises,
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ื‘ื•ืฉืžื™ื˜ ื”ื•ื ืื—ื“ ืžื”ืžืฉื‘ืจื™ื ื”ืžืจื›ื–ื™ื™ื,
06:25
which is occurring in our population right now,
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ืฉืงื•ืจื™ื ื‘ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื” ืขื›ืฉื™ื•,
06:27
in humanity, on this planet.
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ื‘ืื ื•ืฉื•ืช, ืขืœ ื”ื›ื•ื›ื‘ ื”ื–ื”.
06:29
But it can't be the fault of somebody like this.
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ืื‘ืœ ื–ื” ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืืฉืžืช ืžื™ืฉื”ื• ื›ืžื• ื–ื”.
06:32
OK? And solving it cannot be his responsibility alone.
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ืื•ืงื™ื™? ื•ืคืชื™ืจืชื” ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืื—ืจื™ื•ืชื• ื‘ืœื‘ื“.
06:36
There's no easy solutions,
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ืื™ืŸ ืคืชืจื•ื ื•ืช ืคืฉื•ื˜ื™ื,
06:38
but what I'm saying to you is that we neglect this problem
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ืื‘ืœ ืžื” ืฉืื ื™ ืื•ืžืจ ืœื›ื ื”ื•ื ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืžื–ื ื™ื—ื™ื ืืช ื”ื‘ืขื™ื” ื”ื–ื•
06:40
at our own peril.
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ื•ืžืกื›ื ื™ื ืืช ืขืฆืžื ื•.
06:42
So, in 1998, along with my mentors
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ืื–, ื‘1998, ื‘ื™ื—ื“ ืขื ื”ืžื•ืจื™ื ื”ืจื•ื—ื ื™ื™ื ืฉืœื™
06:45
Don Burke and Colonel Mpoudi-Ngole,
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ื“ื•ืŸ ื‘ื•ืจืง ื•ืงื•ืœื•ื ืœ ืžืคื•ื“ื™-ื ื’ื•ืœ,
06:47
we went to actually start this work
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ืื ื—ื ื• ื‘ืขืฆื ืจื•ืฆื™ื ืœื”ืชื—ื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื”ื–ืืช
06:49
in Central Africa, to work with hunters
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ื‘ืžืจื›ื– ืืคืจื™ืงื”, ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ ืขื ืฆื™ื™ื“ื™ื
06:51
in this part of the world.
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ื‘ื—ืœืง ื”ื–ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืขื•ืœื.
06:53
And my job -- at that time I was a post-doctoral fellow,
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ื•ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืฉืœื™ -- ื‘ืื•ืชื• ื–ืžืŸ ื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ืคื•ืกื˜-ื“ื•ืงื˜ื•ืจื ื˜,
06:56
and I was really tasked with setting this up.
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ื•ื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ืžืฆื•ื•ืช ืœื”ืงืžืช ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ื–ื”.
06:58
So I said to myself, "OK, great --
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ืื– ืืžืจืชื™ ืœืขืฆืžื™, "ืื•ืงื™ื™, ืžืขื•ืœื” --
07:00
we're gonna collect all kinds of specimens. We're gonna go to all these
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ืื ื—ื ื• ื”ื•ืœื›ื™ื ืœืืกื•ืฃ ื›ืœ ืžื™ื ื™ ืžืžืฆืื™ื. ืื ื—ื ื• ื ืœืš ืœื›ืœ
07:02
different locations. It's going to be wonderful."
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ืžื™ื ื™ ืžืงื•ืžื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื™ื. ื–ื” ืขื•ืžื“ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื ืคืœื."
07:05
You know, I looked at the map; I picked out 17 sites;
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ืืชื ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื, ื”ืกืชื›ืœืชื™ ืขืœ ื”ืžืคื”, ื•ื‘ื—ืจืชื™ 17 ืืชืจื™ื,
07:07
I figured, no problem.
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ื•ื—ืฉื‘ืชื™, ืื™ืŸ ื‘ืขื™ื”.
07:09
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
07:11
Needless to say, I was drastically wrong.
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ืœื ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื”ื’ื™ื“, ืฉื˜ืขื™ืชื™ ื‘ื’ื“ื•ืœ.
07:13
This is challenging work to do.
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ื–ื• ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืžืื•ื“ ืžืืชื’ืจืช.
07:15
Fortunately, I had and continue to have
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ืœืžื–ืœื™, ื”ื™ื” ืœื™ ื•ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ื™ืฉ ืœื™
07:17
an absolutely wonderful team of colleagues and collaborators in my own team,
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ืฆื•ื•ืช ืžื“ื”ื™ื ืฉืœ ืขืžื™ืชื™ื ื•ืžืฉืชืคื™ ืคืขื•ืœื” ื‘ืฆื•ื•ืช ืฉืœื™,
07:20
and that's the only way that this work can really occur.
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ื•ื–ื• ื”ื“ืจืš ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ื” ืฉื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื”ื–ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœื”ืชื‘ืฆืข.
07:22
We have a whole range of challenges about this work.
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ื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ืžื’ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ืืชื’ืจื™ื ืฉืงืฉื•ืจื™ื ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื”ื–ื•.
07:25
One of them is just obtaining trust
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ืื—ื“ ืžื”ื ื”ื•ื ืคืฉื•ื˜ ืœืงื‘ืœ ืืช ื”ืืžื•ืŸ
07:27
from individuals that we work with in the field.
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ืžืื ืฉื™ื ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ืื™ืชื ื‘ืฉื˜ื—.
07:29
The person you see on the right hand side is Paul DeLong-Minutu.
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ื”ืื“ื ืฉืืชื ืจื•ืื™ื ื‘ืฆื“ ื™ืžื™ืŸ ื”ื•ื ืคื•ืœ ื“ื”ืœื•ื ื’-ืžื™ื ื•ื˜ื•.
07:33
He's one of the best communicators that I've really ever dealt with.
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ื”ื•ื ืื—ื“ ืžื”ืžืชืงืฉืจื™ื ื”ื˜ื•ื‘ื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉืขื‘ื“ืชื™ ืื™ืชื.
07:35
When I arrived I didn't speak a word of French,
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ื›ืฉื”ื’ืขืชื™ ืœื ื“ื™ื‘ืจืชื™ ืžื™ืœื” ื‘ืฆืจืคืชื™ืช,
07:37
and I still seemed to understand what it was he was saying.
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ื•ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ื ืจืื” ืฉื”ื‘ื ืชื™ ืžื” ืฉื”ื•ื ืื•ืžืจ.
07:40
Paul worked for years
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ืคื•ืœ ืขื‘ื“ ืฉื ื™ื
07:42
on the Cameroonian national radio and television,
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ื‘ืจื“ื™ื• ื•ื”ื˜ืœื•ื™ื–ื™ื” ื”ืงืžืจื•ื ื™ืช,
07:44
and he spoke about health issues. He was a health correspondent.
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ื•ื”ื•ื ื“ื™ื‘ืจ ืขืœ ื ื•ืฉืื™ื ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืชื™ื™ื. ื”ื•ื ื”ื™ื” ื”ื›ืชื‘ ืœืขื ื™ื™ื ื™ ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช.
07:47
So we figured we'd hire this person -- when we got there he could
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ืื– ื—ืฉื‘ื ื• ืฉื ืฉื›ื•ืจ ืืช ื”ืื™ืฉ ื”ื–ื”, ื•ื›ืฉื ื’ื™ืข ืœืฉื ื”ื•ื ื™ื•ื›ืœ
07:49
be a great communicator.
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ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžืชืงืฉืจ ื˜ื•ื‘.
07:51
When we would get to these rural villages, though, what we found out
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ืื‘ืœ ื›ืฉื”ื’ืขื ื• ืœื™ืฉื•ื‘ื™ื ื”ื›ืคืจื™ื™ื ื”ืืœื”, ืžื” ืฉื’ื™ืœื™ื ื• ื”ื™ื”
07:53
is that no one had television,
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ืฉืœืืฃ ืื—ื“ ืœื ื”ื™ืชื” ื˜ืœื•ื™ื–ื™ื”,
07:55
so they wouldn't recognize his face.
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ืื– ื”ื ืœื ื”ื›ื™ืจื• ืืช ื”ืคื ื™ื.
07:58
But -- when he began to speak
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ืื‘ืœ -- ื›ืฉื”ื•ื ื”ืชื—ื™ืœ ืœื“ื‘ืจ
08:01
they would actually recognize his voice from the radio.
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ื”ื ื–ื™ื”ื• ืืช ื”ืงื•ืœ ืฉืœื• ืžื”ืจื“ื™ื•.
08:03
And this was somebody who had incredible
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ื•ื–ื” ืžื™ืฉื”ื• ืฉื”ื™ื” ืœื• ืคื•ื˜ื ืฆื™ืืœ
08:05
potential to spread aspects of our message,
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ืื“ื™ืจ ืœื”ืคื™ืฅ ืืช ื”ืžืกืจ ืฉืœื ื•,
08:07
whether it be with regards to wildlife conservation
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ืื ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ืขืœ ืฉื™ืžื•ืจ ื—ื™ื™ ื”ื‘ืจ
08:10
or health prevention.
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ืื• ืจืคื•ืื” ืžื ื™ืขืชื™ืช.
08:13
Often we run into obstacles. This is us coming back from
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ื”ืจื‘ื” ืคืขืžื™ื ื ืชืงืœื ื• ื‘ืžื›ืฉื•ืœื™ื. ื–ื” ืื ื—ื ื• ื—ื•ื–ืจื™ื
08:15
one of these very rural sites,
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ืžืื—ื“ ืžื”ืื–ื•ืจื™ื ื”ื›ืคืจื™ื™ื ื”ืืœื”,
08:17
with specimens from 200 individuals
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ืขื ื“ื•ื’ืžื™ื•ืช ืž200 ืื ืฉื™ื
08:19
that we needed to get back to the lab within 48 hours.
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ืฉื”ื™ื™ื ื• ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœื”ื‘ื™ื ืœืžืขื‘ื“ื” ืชื•ืš 48 ืฉืขื•ืช.
08:21
I like to show this shot -- this is
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ืื ื™ ืจื•ืฆื” ืœื”ืจืื•ืช ืœื›ื ืชืžื•ื ื” -- ื–ื”
08:23
Ubald Tamoufe, who's the lead
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ืื•ื‘ืœื“ ื˜ืžืคื”, ืฉื”ื•ื ื”ื—ื•ืงืจ ื”ืจืืฉื™
08:25
investigator in our Cameroon site.
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ื‘ืืชืจ ืฉืœื ื• ื‘ืงืžืจื•ืŸ.
08:27
Ubald laughs at me when I show this photo
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ืื•ื‘ืœื“ ืฆื•ื—ืง ืขืœื™ ื›ืฉืื ื™ ืžืจืื” ืืช ื”ืชืžื•ื ื” ื”ื–ืืช
08:29
because of course you can't see his face.
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ืžืคื ื™ ืฉื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ ืื™ ืืคืฉืจ ืœืจืื•ืช ืืช ืคื ื™ื•.
08:31
But the reason I like to show the shot
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ืกื™ื‘ื” ืฉืื ื™ ืื•ื”ื‘ ืœื”ืจืื•ืช ืืช ื”ืชืžื•ื ื”
08:33
is because you can see that he's about to solve this problem.
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ื”ื™ื ืฉืืชื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื”ื•ื ืขื•ืžื“ ืœืคืชื•ืจ ืืช ื”ื‘ืขื™ื” ื”ื–ืืช.
08:36
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
08:37
Which -- which he did, which he did.
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ืฉ -- ืฉื”ื•ื ืคืชืจ. ื”ื•ื ืคืชืจ.
08:40
Just a few quick before and after shots.
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ืจืง ื›ืžื” ืชืžื•ื ื•ืช ืžื”ื™ืจื•ืช ืฉืœ ืœืคื ื™ ื•ืื—ืจื™.
08:42
This was our laboratory before.
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ื–ื• ื”ื™ืชื” ื”ืžืขื‘ื“ื” ืฉืœื ื• ืœืคื ื™.
08:45
This is what it looks like now.
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ื•ื›ืš ื”ื™ื ื ืจืื™ืช ืขื›ืฉื™ื•.
08:47
Early on, in order to ship our specimens,
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ื‘ื”ืชื—ืœื”, ื›ื“ื™ ืœืฉืœื•ื— ืืช ื”ื“ื•ื’ืžื™ื•ืช,
08:49
we had to have dry ice. To get dry ice we had to go
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ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืงืจื— ื™ื‘ืฉ. ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืฉื™ื’ ืงืจื— ื™ื‘ืฉ ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœื ืกื•ืข
08:51
to the breweries -- beg, borrow, steal to get these folks to give it to us.
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ืœืžื‘ืฉืœื•ืช -- ืœื”ืชื—ื ืŸ, ืœื”ืฉืื™ืœ, ืœื’ื ื•ื‘ ื›ื“ื™ ืœื’ืจื•ื ืœืื ืฉื™ื ื”ืืœื” ืœืชืช ืœื ื• ืื•ืชื•.
08:54
Now we have our own liquid nitrogen.
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ืืช ื”ื—ื ืงืŸ ื”ื ื•ื–ืœื™ ืฉืœื ื•.
08:57
I like to call our laboratory the coldest place in Central Africa -- it might be.
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ืื ื™ ืื•ื”ื‘ ืœืงืจื•ื ืœืžืขื‘ื“ื” ืฉืœื ื• ื”ืžืงื•ื ื”ืงืจ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ืžืจื›ื– ืืคืจื™ืงื” -- ื”ื™ื ื›ื ืจืื” ื›ืš.
09:02
And here's a shot of me, this is the before shot of me.
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ื•ื”ื ื” ืชืžื•ื ื” ืฉืœื™, ื–ื• ืชืžื•ื ื” ืฉืœื™ ืœืคื ื™.
09:06
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
09:08
No comment.
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ืื™ืŸ ืชื’ื•ื‘ื”.
09:10
So what happened? So during the 10 years that we've been doing
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ืื– ืžื” ืงืจื”? ื‘ืžืฉืš 10 ื”ืฉื ื™ื ื‘ื”ืŸ ืขืฉื™ื ื•
09:12
this work, we actually surprised ourselves.
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ืืช ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื”ื–ื•, ืœืžืขืŸ ื”ืืžืช ื”ืคืชืขื ื• ืืช ืขืฆืžื ื•.
09:15
We made a number of discoveries.
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ื’ื™ืœื™ื ื• ื›ืžื” ืชื’ืœื™ื•ืช.
09:18
And what we've found is that if you look in the right place,
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ื•ืžื” ืฉืžืฆืื ื• ื–ื” ืฉืื ืชื—ืคืฉื• ื‘ืžืงื•ืžื•ืช ื”ื ื›ื•ื ื™ื,
09:20
you can actually monitor the flow
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ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœื ื˜ืจ ืืช ื–ืจื
09:22
of these viruses into human populations.
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ื”ื•ื™ืจื•ืกื™ื ื”ืืœื” ืœืชื•ืš ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื•ืช ืื ื•ืฉื™ื•ืช.
09:24
That gave us a tremendous amount of hope.
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ื–ื” ื ืชืŸ ืœื ื• ื”ืจื‘ื” ืชืงื•ื”.
09:26
What we've found is a whole range of new viruses in these individuals,
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ืžื” ืฉื’ื™ืœื™ื ื• ื–ื” ืžื ืขื“ ืฉืœื ืฉืœ ื•ื™ืจื•ืกื™ื ื—ื“ืฉื™ื ื‘ืื ืฉื™ื ื”ืืœื”,
09:29
including new viruses in the same group
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ื›ื•ืœืœ ื•ื™ืจื•ืกื™ื ื—ื“ืฉื™ื ืžืื•ืชื” ืงื‘ื•ืฆื”
09:31
as HIV -- so, brand new retroviruses.
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ืฉืœ HIV, ืื–, ืจื˜ืจื• ื•ื™ืจื•ืกื™ื ื—ื“ืฉื™ื.
09:34
And let's face it, any new retrovirus in the
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ื•ื‘ื•ื ื ื•ื“ื” ืขืœ ื”ืืžืช, ื›ืœ ืจื˜ืจื• ื•ื™ืจื•ืก ื—ื“ืฉ
09:36
human population -- it's something we should be aware of.
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ื‘ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื” ื”ืื ื•ืฉื™ืช -- ื–ื” ืžืฉื”ื• ืฉื›ื“ืื™ ืฉื ื”ื™ื” ืžื•ื“ืขื™ื ืœื•.
09:39
It's something we should be following. It's not something
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ื–ื” ืžืฉื”ื• ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœืขืงื•ื‘ ืื—ืจื™ื•. ื–ื” ืœื ืžืฉื”ื•
09:41
that we should be surprised by.
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ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžื•ืคืชืขื™ื ืžืžื ื•.
09:43
Needless to say in the past
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ื•ืžื™ื•ืชืจ ืœื•ืžืจ ืฉื‘ืขื‘ืจ
09:45
these viruses entering into these rural communities
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ื”ื•ื™ืจื•ืกื™ื ื”ืืœื” ืฉื ื›ื ืกื• ืœืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื•ืช ื”ื›ืคืจื™ื•ืช
09:47
might very well have gone extinct.
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ื”ื™ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ื›ื—ื“.
09:49
That's no longer the case. Logging roads provide access to urban areas.
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ืื‘ืœ ื–ื” ื›ื‘ืจ ืœื ื”ืžืงืจื”. ื›ื‘ื™ืฉื™ ื—ื•ื˜ื‘ื™ื ืžืืคืฉืจื™ื ื’ื™ืฉื” ืœืื–ื•ืจื™ื ื”ืขื™ืจื•ื ื™ื™ื.
09:53
And critically, what happens in central Africa
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ื•ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืงืจื™ื˜ื™, ืžื” ืฉืงื•ืจื” ื‘ืžืจื›ื– ืืคืจื™ืงื”
09:57
doesn't stay in Central Africa.
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ืœื ื ืฉืืจ ื‘ืžืจื›ื– ืืคืจื™ืงื”.
10:00
So, once we discovered that it was really possible
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ืื–, ื‘ืจื’ืข ืฉื’ื™ืœื™ื ื• ืฉื–ื” ื‘ืืžืช ืืคืฉืจื™
10:02
that we could actually do this monitoring,
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ืฉื‘ืืžืช ื ื•ื›ืœ ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืืช ื”ื ื™ื˜ื•ืจ ื”ื–ื”,
10:04
we decided to move this from research, to
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ื”ื—ืœื˜ื ื• ืœื”ืขื‘ื™ืจ ืืช ื–ื” ืžืžื—ืงืจ,
10:06
really attempt to phase up to a global monitoring effort.
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ืœื ืกื™ื•ืŸ ืืžื™ืชื™ ืœืขื‘ื•ืจ ืœืžืืžืฅ ื ื™ื˜ื•ืจ ืขื•ืœืžื™.
10:10
Through generous support and partnership
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ื“ืจืš ืชืžื™ื›ื” ื ื“ื™ื‘ื” ื•ืฉื•ืชืคื•ืช
10:12
scientifically with Google.org and the Skoll Foundation,
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ืžื“ืขื™ืช ืขื ื’ื•ื’ืœ ื•ืงืจืŸ ืกืงื•ืœ,
10:15
we were able to start the Global Viral Forecasting Initiative
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ื”ืฆืœื—ื ื• ืœื”ืชื—ื™ืœ ืืช ื™ื•ื–ืžืช ื—ื™ื–ื•ื™ ื”ื•ื™ืจื•ืกื™ื ื”ื’ืœื•ื‘ืœื™ืช
10:19
and begin work in four different sites
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ื•ืœื”ืชื—ื™ืœ ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื‘ืืจื‘ืขื” ืืชืจื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื
10:21
in Africa and Asia.
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ื‘ืืคืจื™ืงื” ื•ืืกื™ื”.
10:24
Needless to say, different populations from different parts of the world
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ืžื™ื•ืชืจ ืœื•ืžืจ, ืœืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื•ืช ืžืื–ื•ืจื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื ื‘ืขื•ืœื
10:26
have different sorts of contact.
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ื™ืฉ ืžื’ืข ืžืกื•ื’ื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื.
10:28
So it's not just hunters in Central Africa.
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ืื– ื–ื” ืœื ืจืง ืฆื™ื™ื“ื™ื ื‘ืžืจื›ื– ืืคืจื™ืงื”.
10:31
It's also working in live animal markets --
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ื–ื” ื’ื ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ ืขื ืฉื•ื•ืงื™ ื‘ืขืœื™ ื—ื™ื™ื ื—ื™ื™ื --
10:33
these wet markets -- which is exactly the place where
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ื”ืฉื•ื•ืงื™ื ื”ืจื˜ื•ื‘ื™ื ื”ืืœื” -- ืฉื”ื ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ื”ืžืงื•ื ื‘ื•
10:35
SARS emerged in Asia.
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ืกืืจืก ื”ื’ื™ื—ื” ื‘ืืกื™ื”.
10:37
But really, this is just the beginning from our perspective.
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ืื‘ืœ ื‘ืืžืช, ื–ื• ืจืง ื”ื”ืชื—ืœื” ืžื ืงื•ื“ืช ื”ืžื‘ื˜ ืฉืœื ื•.
10:39
Our objective right now, in addition to
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ื”ืžื˜ืจื” ืฉืœื ื• ื›ืขืช, ื‘ื ื•ืกืฃ
10:41
deploying to these sites and getting everything moving,
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ืœืคืจื™ืกื” ืœืืชืจื™ื ื”ืืœื” ื•ืœื”ืชื—ื™ืœ ืœื”ื–ื™ื– ืืช ื›ื•ืœื,
10:43
is to identify new partners
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ื–ื” ืœื–ื”ื•ืช ืฉื•ืชืคื™ื ื—ื“ืฉื™ื
10:45
because we feel like this effort needs to be extended
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ืžืคื ื™ ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืžืจื’ื™ืฉื™ื ืฉื”ืžืืžืฅ ื”ื–ื” ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื”ืชืจื—ื‘
10:48
to probably 20 or more sites throughout the world -- to viral hotspots --
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ืœื›ื ืจืื” 20 ืื• ื™ื•ืชืจ ืืชืจื™ื ืžืกื‘ื™ื‘ ืœืขื•ืœื -- ืœื ืงื•ื“ื•ืช ื—ืžื•ืช ื•ื™ืจืืœื™ื•ืช --
10:52
because really the idea here is to cast an incredibly wide net
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ืžืคื ื™ ืฉื‘ืืžืช ื”ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ื›ืืŸ ื–ื” ืœืคืจื•ืก ืจืฉืช ืจื—ื‘ื” ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“,
10:55
so that we can catch these things, ideally,
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ื›ืš ืฉื ื•ื›ืœ ืœืชืคื•ืฉ ืืช ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื”ืืœื”, ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืื™ื“ื™ืืœื™,
10:57
before they make it to blood banks,
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ืœืคื ื™ ืฉื”ื ื™ื’ื™ืขื• ืœื‘ื ืงื™ ื“ื,
10:59
sexual networks, airplanes. And that's really our objective.
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ืจืฉืชื•ืช ืžื™ืŸ, ืžื˜ื•ืกื™ื, ื•ื–ื• ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ื”ืžื˜ืจื” ืฉืœื ื•.
11:03
There was a time not very long ago
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ื”ื™ื” ื–ืžืŸ ืœื ืจื—ื•ืง
11:05
when the discovery of unknown organisms
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ืฉื’ื™ืœื•ื™ ืื•ืจื’ื ื™ื–ืžื™ื ืœื ื™ื“ื•ืขื™ื
11:07
was something that held incredible awe for us.
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ื”ืฉืจื” ื‘ื ื• ื™ืจืืช ื›ื‘ื•ื“.
11:10
It had potential to really change the way that we saw ourselves,
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ื”ื™ื” ืœื–ื” ืคื•ื˜ื ืฆื™ืืœ ืœืฉื ื•ืช ืืช ื”ื“ืจืš ื‘ื” ืื ื• ืจื•ืื™ื ืืช ืขืฆืžื™ื ื•,
11:13
and thought about ourselves.
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ื•ื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ืขืœ ืขืฆืžื ื•.
11:15
Many people, I think, on our planet right now
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ื”ืจื‘ื” ืื ืฉื™ื, ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘, ืขืœ ื”ื›ื•ื›ื‘ ืขื›ืฉื™ื•,
11:17
despair, and they think
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ืžื™ื•ืืฉื™ื, ื•ื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื
11:20
we've reached a point where we've discovered most of the things.
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ืฉื”ื’ืขื ื• ืœื ืงื•ื“ื” ื‘ื” ื’ื™ืœื™ื ื• ืืช ืจื•ื‘ ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื.
11:23
I'm going tell you right now: please don't despair.
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ืื ื™ ืื•ืžืจ ืœื›ื ืขื›ืฉื™ื•: ืืœ ืชืชื™ืืฉื•.
11:26
If an intelligent extra-terrestrial
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ืื ืขืœ ื—ื™ื™ื–ืจ ืื™ื ื˜ื™ืœื™ื’ื ื˜ื™
11:28
was taxed with writing the encyclopedia of life on our planet,
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ื”ื™ืชื” ืžื•ื˜ืœืช ื”ืžืฉื™ืžื” ืœื›ืชื•ื‘ ืืช ืื ืฆื™ืงืœื•ืคื“ื™ืช ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ื‘ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ,
11:31
27 out of 30 of these volumes
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27 ืžืชื•ืš 30 ื”ื›ืจื›ื™ื ื”ืืœื”
11:33
would be devoted to bacteria and virus,
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ื”ื™ื• ืžื•ืงื“ืฉื™ื ืœื‘ืงื˜ืจื™ื•ืช ื•ื•ื™ืจื•ืกื™ื,
11:36
with just a few of the volumes left
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ื›ืฉืจืง ื›ืžื” ื›ืจื›ื™ื ื”ื™ื• ื ืฉืืจื™ื
11:38
for plants, fungus and animals,
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ืœืฆืžื—ื™ื, ืคื˜ืจื™ื•ืช ื•ื—ื™ื•ืช --
11:40
humans being a footnote;
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ื•ื”ืื ื•ืฉื•ืช ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื”ืขืจืช ืฉื•ืœื™ื™ื --
11:43
interesting footnote but a footnote nonetheless.
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ื”ืขืจืช ืฉื•ืœื™ื™ื ืžืขื ื™ื™ื ืช ืื‘ืœ ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ื”ืขืจืช ืฉื•ืœื™ื™ื.
11:46
This is honestly the most exciting period
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ื–ื• ื‘ืืžืช ื”ืชืงื•ืคื” ื”ืžืœื”ื™ื‘ื” ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ
11:49
ever for the study of unknown life forms on our planet.
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ืžืขื•ืœื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืฆื•ืจื•ืช ื—ื™ื™ื ื‘ื›ื•ื›ื‘.
11:53
The dominant things that exist here
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ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ื“ื•ืžื™ื ื ื˜ื™ ืฉืงื™ื™ื ืคื”
11:55
we know almost nothing about.
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ืื ื—ื ื• ื›ืžืขื˜ ืœื ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ืขืœื™ื• ื“ื‘ืจ.
11:57
And yet finally, we have the tools, which will allow us to actually explore that world
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ื•ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืœื‘ืกื•ืฃ, ื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ืืช ื”ื›ืœื™ื, ืฉืžืืคืฉืจื™ื ืœื ื• ื‘ืขืฆื ืœื—ืงื•ืจ ืืช ื”ืขื•ืœื ื”ื–ื”
12:00
and understand them.
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ื•ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื•ืชื.
12:04
Thank you very much.
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ืชื•ื“ื” ืจื‘ื” ืœื›ื.
12:06
(Applause)
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(ืžื—ื™ืื•ืช ื›ืคื™ื™ื)
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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