Lee Smolin: How science is like democracy

46,434 views ใƒป 2008-11-11

TED


ูŠุฑุฌู‰ ุงู„ู†ู‚ุฑ ู†ู‚ุฑู‹ุง ู…ุฒุฏูˆุฌู‹ุง ููˆู‚ ุงู„ุชุฑุฌู…ุฉ ุงู„ุฅู†ุฌู„ูŠุฒูŠุฉ ุฃุฏู†ุงู‡ ู„ุชุดุบูŠู„ ุงู„ููŠุฏูŠูˆ.

ุงู„ู…ุชุฑุฌู…: Hani Jesri ุงู„ู…ุฏู‚ู‘ู‚: Anwar Dafa-Alla
00:12
So, about three years ago I was in London,
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ุฅุฐุงู‹ ู…ู†ุฐ ุญูˆุงู„ูŠ ุซู„ุงุซ ุณู†ูˆุงุช ูƒู†ุช ููŠ ู„ู†ุฏู†
00:16
and somebody called Howard Burton came to me and said,
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ุฃุชู‰ ุฅู„ูŠู‘ ุดุฎุต ูŠูุฏุนู‰ ู‡ูˆุงุฑุฏ ุจูˆุฑุชูˆู† ูˆ ู‚ุงู„ ู„ูŠ
00:21
I represent a group of people,
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ุฃู†ุง ุฃูู…ุซู„ ู…ุฌู…ูˆุนุฉ ู…ู† ุงู„ุฃุดุฎุงุต
00:23
and we want to start an institute in theoretical physics.
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ูˆู†ุฑูŠุฏ ุฃู† ู†ูุคุณุณ ู…ุนู‡ุฏุงู‹ ููŠ ุงู„ููŠุฒูŠุงุก ุงู„ู†ุธุฑูŠุฉ
00:27
We have about 120 million dollars, and we want to do it well.
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ู„ุฏูŠู†ุง ู…ุง ูŠู‚ุงุฑุจ 120 ู…ู„ูŠูˆู† ุฏูˆู„ุงุฑุŒ ูˆู†ุฑูŠุฏ ุฃู† ู†ุคุณุณู‡ ุจุดูƒู„ ุฌูŠุฏ
00:32
We want to be in the forefront fields,
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ู†ุฑูŠุฏ ุฃู† ู†ูƒูˆู† ููŠ ุงู„ุทู„ูŠุนุฉ
00:34
and we want to do it differently.
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ูˆู†ุฑูŠุฏ ุฃู† ู†ุคุณุณู‡ ุจุดูƒู„ ู…ุฎุชู„ู
00:36
We want to get out of this thing
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ู†ุฑูŠุฏ ุฃู† ู†ุฎุฑุฌ ู…ู† ุฃู†
00:38
where the young people have all the ideas, and the old people have all the power
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ุงู„ุดุจุงุจ ูŠู…ุชู„ูƒูˆู† ูƒู„ ุงู„ุฃููƒุงุฑุŒ ูˆุงู„ุฃุดุฎุงุต ุงู„ู…ุชู‚ุฏู…ูŠู† ุจุงู„ุนู…ุฑ ูŠู…ุชู„ูƒูˆู† ูƒู„ ุงู„ู†ููˆุฐ
00:41
and decide what science gets done.
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ู„ู†ู‚ุฑุฑ ู…ุง ู‡ูŠ ุงู„ุนู„ูˆู… ุงู„ุชูŠ ูŠุฌุจ ุฃู† ุชูู†ุฌุฒ.
00:44
It took me about 25 seconds to decide that that was a good idea.
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ู„ู‚ุฏ ุงุณุชุบุฑู‚ุช ู…ู†ูŠ ู…ุฏุฉ 25 ุซุงู†ูŠุฉ ู„ุฃู‚ุฑุฑ ุฃู† ู‡ุฐู‡ ููƒุฑุฉ ุฌูŠุฏุฉ.
00:47
Three years later, we have the Perimeter Institute for Theoretical Physics
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ุจุนุฏ 3 ุณู†ูˆุงุชุŒ ุฃุตุจุญ ู„ุฏูŠู†ุง ู…ุนู‡ุฏ ุจูŠุฑู…ูŠุชุฑ ู„ู„ููŠุฒูŠุงุก ุงู„ู†ุธุฑูŠุฉ
00:52
in Waterloo, Ontario. Itโ€™s the most exciting job Iโ€™ve ever had.
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ููŠ ูˆูˆุชุฑู„ูˆ ููŠ ุฃูˆู†ุชุงุฑูŠูˆุŒ ูƒุงู† ู‡ุฐุง ุฅู„ู‰ ุญุฏ ูƒุจูŠุฑ ุฃูƒุซุฑ ุนู…ู„ ู…ุซูŠุฑ ู‚ูู…ุช ุจู‡.
00:57
And itโ€™s the first time Iโ€™ve had a job where Iโ€™m afraid to go away
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ูˆูƒุงู†ุช ู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ู…ุฑุฉ ุงู„ุฃูˆู„ู‰ ุงู„ุชูŠ ูƒุงู† ู„ุฏูŠ ุนู…ู„ ุฃุฎุดู‰ ุฃู† ุฃุชุฑูƒู‡.
01:01
because of everything thatโ€™s going to happen in this week when Iโ€™m here.
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ูˆ ุฐู„ูƒ ุจุณุจุจ ูƒู„ ุงู„ุฃุดูŠุงุก ุงู„ุชูŠ ุณุชุญุฏุซ ู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ุฃุณุจูˆุน ูˆ ุฃู†ุง ู‡ู†ุง
01:05
(Laughter)
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(ุถุญูƒ)
01:07
But in any case, what Iโ€™m going to do in my little bit of time
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ุนู„ู‰ ุฃูŠ ุญุงู„ุŒ ู…ุง ุณุฃุฎุจุฑูƒู… ุจู‡ ููŠ ูˆู‚ุชูŠ ุงู„ู‚ู„ูŠู„ุŒ
01:11
is take you on a quick tour of some of the things
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ุณูŠุฃุฎุฐูƒู… ุจุฌูˆู„ุฉ ุณุฑูŠุนุฉ ุนู† ุจุนุถ ุงู„ุฃุดูŠุงุก
01:14
that we talk about and we think about.
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ุงู„ุชูŠ ู†ุชุญุฏุซ ุนู†ู‡ุง ูˆู†ููƒุฑ ุจู‡ุง.
01:17
So, we think a lot about what really makes science work?
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ู†ุญู† ู†ููƒุฑ ูƒุซูŠุฑุงู‹ ู…ุง ู‡ูŠ ุญู‚ุงู‹ ุขู„ูŠุฉ ุนู…ู„ ุงู„ุนู„ู…ุŸ
01:20
The first thing that anybody who knows science,
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ุฃูˆู„ ุดูŠุก ูŠููƒุฑ ุจู‡ ุฃูŠ ุดุฎุต ูŠุฏุฑูƒ ุงู„ุนู„ู…ุŒ
01:23
and has been around science,
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ุฃูˆ ู„ุฏูŠู‡ ุฎุจุฑุฉ ููŠ ุงู„ุนู„ู….
01:24
is that the stuff you learn in school as a scientific method
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ู‡ูˆ ุฃู† ุงู„ุฃุดูŠุงุก ุงู„ุชูŠ ุชุนู„ู…ุชู‡ุง ููŠ ุงู„ู…ุฏุฑุณุฉ ูˆูู‚ุงู‹ ู„ู„ู…ู†ู‡ุฌ ุงู„ุนู„ู…ูŠ
01:26
is wrong. There is no method.
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ู‡ูŠ ุฎุงุทุฆุฉุŒ ู„ุง ุชูˆุฌุฏ ุทุฑูŠู‚ุฉ ุนู„ู…ูŠุฉ.
01:29
On the other hand, somehow we manage to reason together
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ู…ู† ู†ุงุญูŠุฉ ุฃุฎุฑู‰ุŒ ู†ุญู† ู†ุฎุทุท ุจุทุฑูŠู‚ุฉ ู…ุง ู„ู†ููƒุฑ ุณูˆูŠุงู‹
01:33
as a community, from incomplete evidence
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ูƒู…ุฌุชู…ุนุŒ ู…ู† ุจุฑุงู‡ูŠู† ู†ุงู‚ุตุฉุŒ
01:36
to conclusions that we all agree about.
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ุฅู„ู‰ ุงุณุชู†ุชุงุฌุงุช ู†ุชูู‚ ุนู„ูŠู‡ุง ุฌู…ูŠุนุงู‹.
01:39
And this is, by the way, something that a democratic society also has to do.
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ูˆู‡ุฐุง ุจุงู„ู…ู†ุงุณุจุฉ ู…ุง ูŠุชูˆุฌุจ ุนู„ู‰ ุงู„ู…ุฌุชู…ุน ุงู„ุฏูŠู…ู‚ุฑุงุทูŠ ุงู„ู‚ูŠุงู… ุจู‡.
01:43
So how does it work?
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ุฅุฐุงู‹ุŒ ู…ุง ู‡ูŠ ุขู„ูŠุฉ ุงู„ุนู…ู„ุŸ
01:45
Well, my belief is that it works
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ุญุณู†ุงู‹ุŒ ุงุนุชู‚ุงุฏูŠ ุจุฃู† ุงู„ุนู…ู„ ูŠุณูŠุฑ
01:48
because scientists are a community bound together by an ethics.
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ู„ุฃู† ุงู„ุนู„ู…ุงุก ู‡ู… ุนุจุงุฑุฉ ุนู† ู…ุฌุชู…ุน ู…ูู„ุฒู… ุจุงู„ุฃุฎู„ุงู‚.
01:52
And here are some of the ethical principles.
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ูˆ ู‡ู†ุง ุจุนุถ ุงู„ู…ุจุงุฏุฆ ุงู„ุฃุฎู„ุงู‚ูŠุฉ.
01:54
Iโ€™m not going to read them all to you because Iโ€™m not in teacher mode.
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ูˆ ู„ูƒู†ู†ูŠ ู„ู† ุฃู‚ูˆู… ุจู‚ุฑุงุกุชู‡ุง ุนู„ูŠูƒู…ุŒ ู„ุฃู†ูŠ ู„ุณุช ุจู…ูˆุถุน ุงู„ู…ุนู„ู…
01:57
Iโ€™m in entertain, amaze mode.
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ุฃู†ุง ุถูŠูุŒ ู…ุชุนุฌุจ.
02:00
(Laughter)
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(ุถุญูƒ)
02:03
But one of the principles is that everybody
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ูˆ ู„ูƒู† ูˆุงุญุฏุฉ ู…ู† ุงู„ู…ุจุงุฏุฆุŒ ู‡ูŠ ุฃู† ุงู„ุฌู…ูŠุน
02:07
who is part of the community gets to fight and argue
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ุงู„ุฐูŠู† ู‡ู… ุฌุฒุก ู…ู† ุงู„ู…ุฌุชู…ุน ูŠุญุงุฑุจูˆู† ูˆูŠุฌุงุฏู„ูˆู†
02:10
as hard as they can for what they believe.
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ุจูƒู„ ู‚ูˆุชู‡ู… ุนู† ุงู„ุฐูŠ ูŠุคู…ู†ูˆู† ุจู‡.
02:13
But weโ€™re all disciplined by the understanding
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ูˆ ู„ูƒู† ูƒู„ู†ุง ู…ู†ุถุจุทูŠู† ุจูู‡ู…
02:16
that the only people who are going to decide, you know,
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ุฃู† ูˆุญุฏู‡ู… ุงู„ุฃุดุฎุงุต ุงู„ุฐูŠู† ุณูˆู ูŠู‚ุฑุฑูˆู†ุŒ ูƒู…ุง ุชุนู„ู…ูˆู†ุŒ
02:18
whether Iโ€™m right or somebody else is right,
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ุณูˆุงุก ูƒู†ุช ุฃู†ุง ุงู„ุตุญูŠุญ ุฃูˆ ุบูŠุฑูŠ
02:21
are the people in our community in the next generation,
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ู‡ู… ุงู„ุฃุดุฎุงุต ููŠ ู…ุฌุชู…ุนู†ุง ููŠ ุงู„ุฌูŠู„ ุงู„ู‚ุงุฏู…
02:24
in 30 and 50 years.
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ุจุนุฏ 30 ุฃูˆ 50 ุณู†ุฉ.
02:26
So itโ€™s this combination of respect
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ู„ุฐุง ู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ู…ุฒูŠุฌ ู…ู† ุงุญุชุฑุงู…
02:29
for the tradition and community weโ€™re in,
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ุงู„ุชู‚ุงู„ูŠุฏ ูˆ ุงู„ู…ุฌุชู…ุน ุงู„ุฐูŠ ู†ุนูŠุด ุจู‡
02:31
and rebellion that the community requires to get anywhere,
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ูˆุงู„ุชู…ุฑุฏ ุงู„ุฐูŠ ูŠุชุทู„ุจู‡ ุงู„ู…ุฌุชู…ุน ู„ู„ูˆุตูˆู„ ุฅู„ู‰ ุฃูŠ ู…ูƒุงู†
02:34
that makes science work.
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ู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ุฐูŠ ูŠุฌุนู„ ุงู„ุนู„ู… ูŠุนู…ู„.
02:37
And being in this process of being in a community
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ูˆ ูƒูˆู†ู†ุง ููŠ ุนู…ู„ูŠุฉ ูƒูˆู†ู†ุง ููŠ ู…ุฌุชู…ุน
02:42
that reasons from shared evidence to conclusions,
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ูŠูููƒุฑ ู…ู† ุงู„ุจุฑุงู‡ูŠู† ุงู„ู…ุดุชุฑูƒุฉ ู„ู„ูˆุตูˆู„ ุฅู„ู‰ ุงู„ุงุณุชู†ุชุงุฌุงุช
02:46
I believe, teaches us about democracy.
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ุฃุนุชู‚ุฏ ุฃู† ู‡ุฐุง ูŠุนู„ู…ู†ุง ุงู„ุฏูŠู…ู‚ุฑุงุทูŠุฉ.
02:50
Not only is there a relationship between the ethics of science
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ู„ุง ุชูˆุฌุฏ ูู‚ุท ุนู„ุงู‚ุฉ ุจูŠู† ุฃุฎู„ุงู‚ูŠุงุช ุงู„ุนู„ู…
02:53
and the ethics of being a citizen in democracy,
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ูˆุฃุฎู„ุงู‚ูŠุงุช ูƒูˆู†ู†ุง ู…ูˆุงุทู†ูŠู† ููŠ ู…ุฌุชู…ุน ุฏูŠู…ู‚ุฑุงุทูŠ
02:56
but there has been, historically, a relationship
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ุจู„ ูƒุงู† ู‡ู†ุงูƒ ุชุงุฑูŠุฎูŠุงู‹ ุนู„ุงู‚ุฉ
02:59
between how people think about space and time, and what the cosmos is,
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ุจูŠู† ูƒูŠู ูŠููƒุฑ ุงู„ู†ุงุณ ุนู† ุงู„ุฒู…ุงู† ูˆ ุงู„ู…ูƒุงู† ูˆ ู…ุง ู‡ูˆ ุงู„ูƒูˆู†
03:05
and how people think about the society that they live in.
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ูˆ ูƒูŠู ูŠููƒุฑ ุงู„ู†ุงุณ ุนู† ุงู„ู…ุฌุชู…ุน ุงู„ุฐูŠู† ูŠุนูŠุดูˆู† ููŠู‡
03:09
And I want to talk about three stages in that evolution.
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ูˆ ุฃุฑูŠุฏ ุงู„ุชุญุฏุซ ุนู† ุซู„ุงุซ ู…ุฑุงุญู„ ู…ู† ู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ุชุญูˆู„
03:14
The first science of cosmology that was anything like science
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ุงู„ุนู„ู… ุงู„ุฃูˆู„ ู…ู† ุงู„ูƒูˆู†ูŠุงุช ูˆ ุงู„ุฐูŠ ูƒุงู† ูƒูƒู„ ุดูŠุก ููŠ ุงู„ุนู„ูˆู…ุŒ
03:18
was Aristotelian science, and that was hierarchical.
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ูƒุงู† ุนู„ู…ุงู‹ ุฃุฑุณุทูŠ (ู†ุณุจุฉู‹ ู„ุฃุฑุณุทูˆ) ูˆ ูƒุงู† ู‡ุฑู…ูŠุงู‹.
03:22
The earth is in the center, then there are these crystal spheres,
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ุงู„ุฃุฑุถ ููŠ ุงู„ูˆุณุทุŒ ูˆูŠูˆุฌุฏ ู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ุจู„ูˆุฑุงุช ุงู„ูƒุฑูˆูŠุฉุŒ
03:26
the sun, the moon, the planets and finally the celestial sphere,
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ุงู„ุดู…ุณุŒ ุงู„ู‚ู…ุฑุŒ ุงู„ูƒูˆุงูƒุจุŒ ูˆ ุฃุฎูŠุฑุงู‹ ุงู„ูƒุฑุงุช ุงู„ุณู…ุงูˆูŠุฉ
03:30
where the stars are. And everything in this universe has a place.
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ุญูŠุซ ุชูˆุฌุฏ ุงู„ู†ุฌูˆู…ุŒ ูˆ ูƒู„ ุดูŠุก ููŠ ู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ูƒูˆู† ู„ุฏูŠู‡ ู…ูƒุงู†.
03:34
And Aristotleโ€™s law of motion was that everything
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ูˆ ูƒุงู† ู‚ุงู†ูˆู† ุฃุฑุณุทูˆ ู„ู„ุญุฑูƒุฉ ุฃู† ูƒู„ ุดูŠุก
03:37
goes to its natural place, which was of course,
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ูŠุฐู‡ุจ ู„ู…ูƒุงู†ู‡ ุงู„ุทุจูŠุนูŠุŒ ุŒ ูˆ ุงู„ุฐูŠ ูƒุงู† ุทุจุนุงู‹
03:39
the rule of the society that Aristotle lived in,
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ุฏูˆุฑ ุงู„ู…ุฌุชู…ุน ุงู„ุฐูŠ ุนุงุด ุจู‡ ุฃุฑุณุทูˆ
03:43
and more importantly, the medieval society that, through Christianity,
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ูˆ ุงู„ุฃู‡ู… ู…ู† ุฐู„ูƒุŒ ู…ุฌุชู…ุนุงุช ุงู„ู‚ุฑูˆู† ุงู„ูˆุณุทู‰ ู…ู† ุฎู„ุงู„ ุงู„ู…ุณูŠุญูŠุฉ
03:46
embraced Aristotle and blessed it.
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ุงุนุชู†ู‚ุช ู…ุฐู‡ุจ ุฃุฑุณุทูˆ ูˆ ุจุงุฑูƒุช ุจู‡.
03:50
And the idea is that everything is defined.
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ูˆููƒุฑุฉ ุฃู† ูƒู„ ุดูŠุก ู‡ูˆ ู…ูุนุฑู‘ู.
03:53
Where something is, is defined with respect to this last sphere,
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ุญูŠุซ ุฃู† ุดูŠุก ู…ุง ู‡ูˆ ู…ุนุฑู ู…ู† ู†ุงุญูŠุฉ ุงู„ู†ุฌู… ุงู„ุฃุฎูŠุฑุŒ
03:58
the celestial sphere, outside of which is this eternal,
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ุงู„ูƒุฑุงุช ุงู„ุณู…ุงูˆูŠุฉุŒ ุจุนูŠุฏุงู‹ ุนู† ุฃู† ู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ุดูŠุก ู‡ูˆ ุฃุจุฏูŠ
04:00
perfect realm, where lives God,
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ู…ู…ู„ูƒุฉ ุญู‚ูŠู‚ูŠุฉุŒ ุญูŠุซ ูŠุนูŠุด ุงู„ู„ู‡ุŒ
04:03
who is the ultimate judge of everything.
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ูˆ ุงู„ุฐูŠ ู‡ูˆ ุงู„ุญูƒู… ุงู„ู…ุทู„ู‚ ู„ูƒู„ ุดูŠุก.
04:06
So that is both Aristotelian cosmology,
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ู„ุฐุง ู‡ุฐุง ู‡ูˆ ุนู„ู… ุงู„ูƒูˆู†ูŠุงุช ุงู„ุขุฑุณุทูŠ
04:08
and in a certain sense, medieval society.
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ูˆุจู…ูู‡ูˆู… ู…ุญุฏุฏุŒ ุŒ ู…ุฌุชู…ุนุงุช ุงู„ู‚ุฑูˆู† ุงู„ูˆุณุทู‰
04:11
Now, in the 17th century there was a revolution in thinking about
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ุงู„ุขู†ุŒ ููŠ ุงู„ู‚ุฑู† ุงู„ุณุงุจุน ุนุดุฑุŒ ุŒ ูƒุงู†ุช ู‡ู†ุงูƒ ุซูˆุฑุฉ ููŠ ุชููƒูŠุฑ ู†ูŠูˆุชู†
04:16
space and time and motion and so forth of Newton.
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ุนู† ุงู„ูุถุงุก ูˆ ุงู„ูˆู‚ุช ูˆ ุงู„ุญุฑูƒุฉ ูˆ ู‡ู„ู‘ู… ุฌุฑุงู‹ ..
04:20
And at the same time there was a revolution in social thought
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ูˆ ุจู†ูุณ ุงู„ูˆู‚ุช ูƒุงู†ุช ู‡ู†ุงูƒ ุซูˆุฑุฉ ููŠ ุงู„ุชููƒูŠุฑ ุงู„ุงุฌุชู…ุงุนูŠ
04:24
of John Locke and his collaborators.
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ู„ุฌูˆู† ู„ูˆูƒ ูˆ ู…ุนุงูˆู†ูˆู‡.
04:27
And they were very closely associated.
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ูˆ ูƒุงู†ูˆุง ู…ุชุฑุงุจุทูŠู† ุจุดูƒู„ ู‚ุฑูŠุจ ุฌุฏุงู‹.
04:28
In fact, Newton and Locke were friends.
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ููŠ ุงู„ุญู‚ูŠู‚ุฉุŒ ู†ูŠูˆุชู† ูˆ ู„ูˆูƒูŠ ูƒุงู†ุง ุฃุตุฏู‚ุงุกุงู‹ุŒ
04:31
Their way of thinking about space and time and motion on the one hand,
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ุทุฑูŠู‚ุชู‡ู…ุง ููŠ ุงู„ุชููƒูŠุฑ ุนู† ุงู„ุฒู…ุงู† ูˆุงู„ู…ูƒุงู† ูˆ ุงู„ุญุฑูƒุฉุŒ ู…ู† ู†ุงุญูŠุฉ
04:36
and a society on the other hand, were closely related.
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ูˆ ุงู„ุชููƒูŠุฑ ุนู† ุงู„ู…ุฌุชู…ุน ู…ู† ู†ุงุญูŠุฉ ุฃุฎุฑู‰ุŒ ูƒุงู†ุง ู…ุชู‚ุงุฑุจูŠู† ู„ุญุฏ ูƒุจูŠุฑ.
04:40
And let me show you.
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ูˆ ุฏุนูˆู†ูŠ ุฃุนุฑุถ ู„ูƒู…ุŒ
04:41
In a Newtonian universe, thereโ€™s no center -- thank you.
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ุŒ ููŠ ูƒูˆู† ู†ูŠูˆุชูŠู†ุŒ ู„ุง ูŠูˆุฌุฏ ู…ุฑูƒุฒุŒ ุดูƒุฑุงู‹.
04:46
There are particles and they move around
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ูŠูˆุฌุฏ ุฌุณูŠู…ุงุช ุชุชุญุฑูƒ
04:49
with respect to a fixed, absolute framework of space and time.
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ุญูˆู„ ุฅุทุงุฑ ุซุงุจุช ูˆ ู…ุทู„ู‚ ู…ู† ุงู„ุฒู…ุงู† ูˆ ุงู„ู…ูƒุงู†.
04:54
Itโ€™s meaningful to say absolutely where something is in space,
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ู…ู† ุงู„ู…ููŠุฏ ุงู„ู‚ูˆู„ ุจุฃู† ู‡ู†ุงูƒ ุญุชู…ุงู‹ ุดูŠุก ู…ุง ููŠ ุงู„ูุถุงุก
04:58
because thatโ€™s defined, not with respect to say, where other things are,
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ู‡ุฐุง ูŠุญุฏุฏ ุŒ ูˆ ู„ูŠุณ ููŠู…ุง ูŠุชุนู„ู‚ ุจุงู„ุญุฏูŠุซุŒ ุญูŠุซ ุชูˆุฌุฏ ุจู‚ูŠุฉ ุงู„ุฃุดูŠุงุก.
05:02
but with respect to this absolute notion of space,
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ูˆุจุฎุตูˆุต ู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ุชุตูˆุฑ ู„ู„ูุถุงุกุŒ
05:04
which for Newton was God.
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ูˆ ุงู„ุฐูŠ ูƒุงู† ุจุงู„ู†ุณุจุฉ ู„ู†ูŠูˆุชู† ู‡ูˆ ุงู„ู„ู‡.
05:06
Now, similarly, in Lockeโ€™s society there are individuals
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ูˆ ุงู„ุขู† ูˆ ุนู„ู‰ ู†ุญูˆ ู…ู…ุงุซู„ุŒ ููŠ ู…ุฌุชู…ุน ู„ูˆูƒ ูŠูˆุฌุฏ ุฃูุฑุงุฏ
05:11
who have certain rights, properties in a formal sense,
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ู„ุฏูŠู‡ู… ุญู‚ูˆู‚ ู…ุญุฏุฏุฉ ูˆ ุฎุตุงุฆุต ููŠ ุงู„ุฅุฏุฑุงูƒ ุงู„ุฑุณู…ูŠ
05:14
and those are defined with respect to some absolute,
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ูˆ ู‡ู… ู…ุญุฏุฏูˆู† ุจุจุนุถ ุงู„ุซูˆุงุจุช
05:18
abstract notions of rights and justice, and so forth,
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ูˆ ุงู„ุชุตูˆุฑุงุช ุงู„ุชุฌุฑูŠุฏูŠุฉ ู„ู„ุญู‚ูˆู‚ ูˆ ุงู„ุนุฏุงู„ุฉ ูˆ ู‡ูƒุฐุง ..
05:22
which are independent of what else has happened in the society.
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ูˆ ุงู„ุชูŠ ู‡ูŠ ู…ุณุชู‚ู„ุฉ ุนู…ุง ูŠุญุฏุซ ููŠ ุงู„ู…ุฌุชู…ุน
05:27
Of who else there is, of the history and so forth.
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ูˆ ู…ุง ูŠูˆุฌุฏ ุฃูŠุถุงู‹ุŒ ุงู„ุชุงุฑูŠุฎ ูˆ ู‡ูƒุฐุง ..
05:30
There is also an omniscient observer
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ู‡ู†ุงูƒ ุฃูŠุถุงู‹ ุงู„ู…ุฑุงู‚ุจ ุงู„ุนุงู„ู… ุจูƒู„ ุดูŠุก
05:33
who knows everything, who is God,
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ูˆูŠุนู„ู… ุจูƒู„ ุดูŠุกุŒ ูˆู‡ูˆ ุงู„ู„ู‡ุŒ
05:35
who is in a certain sense outside the universe,
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ุงู„ุฐูŠ ู‡ูˆ ุจู…ูู‡ูˆู… ู…ุญุฏุฏ ุฎุงุฑุฌ ู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ูƒูˆู†
05:38
because he has no role in anything that happens,
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ุณุจุจ ุฃู† ู„ูŠุณ ู„ู‡ ุฏูˆุฑ ุจุฃูŠ ุดูŠุก ูŠุญุฏุซ
05:40
but is in a certain sense everywhere,
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ูˆ ู„ูƒู† ุจู…ูู‡ูˆู… ู…ุญุฏุฏ ูƒู„ ู…ูƒุงู†
05:42
because space is just the way that God knows
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ู„ุฃู† ุงู„ูุถุงุก ู‡ูˆ ูู‚ุท ุงู„ุทุฑูŠู‚ุฉ ุงู„ุชูŠ ูŠุนู„ู… ุงู„ู„ู‡ ุจู‡ุง
05:45
where everything is, according to Newton, OK?
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ูƒู„ ุดูŠุก ูˆูู‚ุงู‹ ู„ู†ูŠูˆุชูŠู†ุŒ ุชู…ุงู…ุงู‹ุŸ
05:49
So this is the foundations of whatโ€™s called, traditionally,
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ุฅุฐุงู‹ ู‡ุฐู‡ ู‡ูŠ ู…ุจุงุฏุฆ ู…ุง ู†ุฏุนูˆู‡ ุชู‚ู„ูŠุฏูŠุงู‹
05:53
liberal political theory and Newtonian physics.
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ู†ุธุฑูŠุฉ ุงู„ุณูŠุงุณุฉ ุงู„ู„ูŠุจุฑุงู„ูŠุฉ ูˆ ุงู„ููŠุฒูŠุงุก ุงู„ู†ูŠูˆุชูŠู†ูŠุฉุŒ
05:57
Now, in the 20th century we had a revolution
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ุงู„ุขู†ุŒ ููŠ ุงู„ู‚ุฑู† ุงู„ุนุดุฑูŠู†ุŒ ูƒุงู† ู„ุฏูŠู†ุง ุซูˆุฑุฉ
06:01
that was initiated at the beginning of the 20th century,
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ุจุฏุฃุช ููŠ ุจุฏุงูŠุฉ ุงู„ู‚ุฑู† ุงู„ุนุดุฑูŠู†ุŒ
06:04
and which is still going on.
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ูˆ ู…ุง ุฒุงู„ุช ู…ุณุชู…ุฑุฉ ุญุชู‰ ุงู„ุขู†.
06:07
It was begun with the invention
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ุจุฏุฃุช ุจุงุฎุชุฑุงุน
06:08
of relativity theory and quantum theory.
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ู†ุธุฑูŠุฉ ุงู„ู†ุณุจูŠุฉ ูˆู†ุธุฑูŠุฉ ุงู„ูƒู….
06:11
And merging them together to make the final quantum theory
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ูˆ ุฏู…ุฌู‡ู… ุณูˆูŠุงู‹ ู„ุชุดูƒูŠู„ ู†ุธุฑูŠุฉ ุงู„ูƒู… ุงู„ุฃุฎูŠุฑุฉ
06:14
of space and time and gravity, is the culmination of that,
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ู„ู„ุฒู…ุงู† ูˆ ุงู„ู…ูƒุงู† ูˆ ุงู„ุฌุงุฐุจูŠุฉุŒ ูˆ ู‡ุฐุง ู‡ูˆ ุฃูˆุฌ ุฐู„ูƒุŒ
06:19
something thatโ€™s going on right now.
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ูˆ ู‡ูˆ ู…ุง ูŠุชู… ู…ูˆุงุตู„ุฉ ุงู„ุนู…ู„ ุนู„ูŠู‡ ุงู„ุขู†.
06:21
And in this universe thereโ€™s nothing fixed and absolute. Zilch, OK.
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ูˆ ููŠ ู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ูƒูˆู†ุŒ ู„ุง ูŠูˆุฌุฏ ุดูŠุก ุซุงุจุช ูˆ ู…ุทู„ู‚ุŒ ู„ุง ุดูŠุก. ุชู…ุงู…ุงู‹.
06:26
This universe is described by being a network of relationships.
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ู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ูƒูˆู† ูŠูˆุตู ุจูƒูˆู†ู‡ ุดุจูƒุฉ ู…ู† ุงู„ุนู„ุงู‚ุงุช.
06:31
Space is just one aspect, so thereโ€™s no meaning to say
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ุงู„ูุถุงุก ู‡ูˆ ุฌุงู†ุจ ูˆุญูŠุฏุŒ ู„ุฐุง ู„ุง ู…ุนู†ู‰ ู„ู‚ูˆู„
06:34
absolutely where something is.
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ุฃูŠู† ูŠูˆุฌุฏ ุดูŠุก ู…ุง ุจุดูƒู„ ู…ุทู„ู‚.
06:36
Thereโ€™s only where it is relative to everything else that is.
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ูŠูˆุฌุฏ ูู‚ุท ููŠ ุญุงู„ ูƒูˆู†ู‡ ู…ุชุนู„ู‚ ุจูƒู„ ุดูŠุก ุขุฎุฑ ู‡ูˆ ููŠู‡.
06:39
And this network of relations is ever-evolving.
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ูˆ ู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ุดุจูƒุฉ ู…ู† ุงู„ุนู„ุงู‚ุงุช ุชุชุทูˆุฑ ุชุฏุฑูŠุฌูŠุงู‹.
06:43
So we call it a relational universe.
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ู„ุฐุง ู†ุฏุนูˆู‡ ุจุงู„ูƒูˆู† ุงู„ุนู„ุงุฆู‚ูŠ.
06:45
All properties of things are about these kinds of relationships.
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ูƒู„ ุฎุตุงุฆุต ุงู„ุฃุดูŠุงุก ู‡ูŠ ุนุจุงุฑุฉ ุนู† ู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ุฃู†ูˆุงุน ู…ู† ุงู„ุนู„ุงู‚ุงุช
06:49
And also, if youโ€™re embedded in such a network of relationships,
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ุฃูŠุถุงู‹ุŒ ุฅุฐุง ุงู†ุฏู…ุฌุช ููŠ ู…ุซู„ ู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ุดุจูƒุฉ ู…ู† ุงู„ุนู„ุงู‚ุงุชุŒ
06:52
your view of the world has to do with what information
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ู†ุธุฑุชูƒ ู„ู„ุนุงู„ู… ุณุชูƒูˆู† ุจู…ุง ุณุชุตู„ูƒ ู…ู† ู…ุนู„ูˆู…ุงุช
06:56
comes to you through the network of relations.
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ู…ู† ุฎู„ุงู„ ุดุจูƒุฉ ุงู„ุนู„ุงู‚ุงุช
06:58
And thereโ€™s no place for an omniscient observer
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ูˆู„ุง ู…ูƒุงู† ู„ู„ู…ุฑุงู‚ุจ ุงู„ุฐูŠ ูŠุนุฑู ูƒู„ ุดูŠุก
07:01
or an outside intelligence knowing everything and making everything.
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ุฃูˆ ู„ู„ุฐูƒุงุก ุงู„ุฎุงุฑุฌูŠ ุงู„ุฐูŠ ูŠุนู„ู… ูƒู„ ุดูŠุก ูˆ ูŠูุนู„ ูƒู„ ุดูŠุก.
07:06
So this is general relativity, this is quantum theory.
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ู„ุฐุงุŒ ู‡ุฐู‡ ู‡ูŠ ุงู„ู†ุธุฑูŠุฉ ุงู„ู†ุณุจูŠุฉ ุงู„ุนุงู…ุฉุŒ ู‡ุฐู‡ ู‡ูŠ ู†ุธุฑูŠุฉ ุงู„ูƒู….
07:09
This is also, if you talk to legal scholars,
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ู‡ุฐู‡ ุฃูŠุถุงู‹ุŒ ููŠ ุญุงู„ ุชูƒู„ู…ุช ู…ุน ุงู„ุนู„ู…ุงุก ุงู„ู‚ุงู†ูˆู†ูŠูŠู†ุŒ
07:12
the foundations of new ideas in legal thought.
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ุฃุณุงุณูŠุงุช ุงู„ุฃููƒุงุฑ ุงู„ุฌุฏูŠุฏุฉ ููŠ ุงู„ุชููƒูŠุฑ ุงู„ู‚ุงู†ูˆู†ูŠ.
07:16
Theyโ€™re thinking about the same things.
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ู‡ู… ูŠููƒุฑูˆู† ุจู†ูุณ ุงู„ุฃุดูŠุงุก.
07:17
And not only that, they make the analogy
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ูˆ ู„ูŠุณ ู‡ุฐุง ูุญุณุจุŒ ู‡ู… ูŠุณุชุฎุฏู…ูˆู† ุงู„ู‚ูŠุงุณ
07:20
to relativity theory and cosmology often.
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ู„ู„ู†ุธุฑูŠุฉ ุงู„ู†ุณุจูŠุฉ ูˆ ู„ุนู„ู… ุงู„ูƒูˆู†ูŠุงุช ุบุงู„ุจุงู‹.
07:23
So thereโ€™s an interesting discussion going on there.
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ู„ุฐุง ูŠูˆุฌุฏ ู†ู‚ุงุด ู…ุดูˆู‚ ูŠุฏูˆุฑ ู‡ู†ุงุŒ
07:26
This last view of cosmology is called the relational view.
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ู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ู†ุธุฑูŠุฉ ุงู„ุฃุฎูŠุฑุฉ ู„ุนู„ู… ุงู„ูƒูˆู†ูŠุงุช ุชุฏุนู‰ ุงู„ู†ุธุฑุฉ ุงู„ุนู„ุงุฆู‚ูŠุฉ.
07:31
So the main slogan here is that thereโ€™s nothing outside the universe,
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ู„ุฐุง ุงู„ุดุนุงุฑ ุงู„ุฃุณุงุณูŠ ู‡ู†ุงุŒ ู„ุง ูŠูˆุฌุฏ ุดูŠุก ุฎุงุฑุฌ ุงู„ูƒูˆู†ุŒ
07:34
which means that thereโ€™s no place
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ูˆ ู‡ุฐุง ูŠุนู†ูŠ ุฃู†ู‡ ู„ุง ูŠูˆุฌุฏ ู…ูƒุงู†
07:36
to put an explanation for something outside.
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ู„ุชู‚ูˆู… ุจุชูุณูŠุฑ ุดูŠุก ู…ุง ููŠ ุงู„ุฎุงุฑุฌ
07:40
So in such a relational universe,
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ู„ุฐุง ููŠ ู…ุซู„ ู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ูƒูˆู† ุงู„ุนู„ุงุฆู‚ูŠุŒ
07:42
if you come upon something thatโ€™s ordered and structured,
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ุฅุฐุง ู‚ุงุจู„ุช ุดูŠุก ู…ุง ู…ุฑุชุจ ูˆ ู…ู†ุชุธู…ุŒ
07:46
like this device here, or that device there,
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ู…ุซู„ ู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ุฌู‡ุงุฒ ู‡ู†ุงุŒ ุฃูˆ ุฐู„ูƒ ุงู„ุฌู‡ุงุฒ ู‡ู†ุงูƒุŒ
07:48
or something beautiful, like all the living things,
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ุŒ ุฃูˆ ุดูŠุก ู…ุง ุฌู…ูŠู„ ูƒูƒู„ ุงู„ูƒุงุฆู†ุงุช ุงู„ุญูŠุฉุŒ
07:50
all of you guys in the room --
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ุฃูˆ ูƒู„ ุงู„ูุชูŠุงู† ููŠ ู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ุบุฑูุฉ ..
07:53
"guys" in physics, by the way, is a generic term: men and women.
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ุจุงู„ู…ู†ุงุณุจุฉุŒ "ุงู„ูุชูŠุงู†" ููŠ ุงู„ููŠุฒูŠุงุก ู‡ูˆ ู…ุตุทู„ุญ ุนุงู… ุชุนู†ูŠ ุงู„ุฑุฌุงู„ ูˆ ุงู„ู†ุณุงุก
07:58
(Laughter)
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(ุถุญูƒ)
08:01
Then you want to know, youโ€™re a person,
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ุฅุฐุงู‹ ุชุฑูŠุฏ ุฃู† ุชุนู„ู…ุŒ ุฃู†ุช ุดุฎุต
08:04
you want to know how is it made.
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ูˆ ุชุฑูŠุฏ ุฃู† ุชุนู„ู… ูƒูŠู ุชู… ุตู†ุนู‡.
08:06
And in a relational universe the only possible explanation was, somehow it made itself.
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ูˆ ููŠ ุงู„ูƒูˆู† ุงู„ุนู„ุงุฆู‚ูŠุŒ ุงู„ุชูุณูŠุฑ ุงู„ูˆุญูŠุฏ ูƒุงู† ุจุทุฑูŠู‚ุฉ ู…ุง ุชู… ุตู†ุนู‡ ุจู†ูุณู‡.
08:11
There must be mechanisms of self-organization
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ูŠุฌุจ ุฃู† ูŠูƒูˆู† ู‡ู†ุงูƒ ุขู„ูŠุงุช ู…ู† ุงู„ุชู†ุธูŠู… ุงู„ุฐุงุชูŠ
08:14
inside the universe that make things.
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ุฏุงุฎู„ ู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ูƒูˆู† ูˆ ุงู„ุฐูŠ ูŠุตู†ุน ุงู„ุฃุดูŠุงุก
08:16
Because thereโ€™s no place to put a maker outside,
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ุจุณุจุจ ุฃู†ู‡ ู„ุง ูŠูˆุฌุฏ ู…ูƒุงู† ู„ูˆุถุน ุงู„ุตุงู†ุน ุฎุงุฑุฌุงู‹
08:19
as there was in the Aristotelian and the Newtonian universe.
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ูƒู…ุง ูƒุงู† ููŠ ุงู„ูƒูˆู† ุงู„ู†ูŠูˆุชูˆู†ูŠ ูˆ ุงู„ุขุฑุณุทูŠุŒ
08:23
So in a relational universe we must have processes of self-organization.
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ู„ุฐุง ููŠ ุงู„ูƒูˆู† ุงู„ุนู„ุงุฆู‚ูŠ ูŠุฌุจ ุฃู† ูŠูƒูˆู† ู„ุฏูŠู†ุง ุนู…ู„ูŠุงุช ู…ู† ุงู„ุชู†ุธูŠู… ุงู„ุฐุงุชูŠ.
08:27
Now, Darwin taught us that there are processes of self-organization
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ุงู„ุขู†ุŒ ุฏุงุฑูˆูŠู† ุนู„ู…ู†ุง ุจุฃู†ู‡ ู‡ู†ุงูƒ ุนู…ู„ูŠุงุช ู…ู† ุงู„ุชู†ุธูŠู… ุงู„ุฐุงุชูŠุŒ
08:33
that suffice to explain all of us and everything we see.
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ูˆ ุงู„ุชูŠ ุชูƒููŠ ู„ุชูุณูŠุฑู†ุง ูˆ ู„ุชูุณูŠุฑ ูƒู„ ุดูŠุก ู†ุฑุงู‡ุŒ
08:37
So it works. But not only that,
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ู„ุฐุง ู‡ุฐุง ูŠุนู…ู„ุŒ ู„ูŠุณ ู‡ุฐุง ูุญุณุจ
08:39
if you think about how natural selection works,
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ุฅุฐุง ููƒุฑุช ูƒูŠู ูŠุนู…ู„ ุงู„ุงู†ุชู‚ุงุก ุงู„ุทุจูŠุนูŠุŒ
08:43
then it turns out that natural selection
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ูŠุซุจุช ููŠ ุงู„ู†ู‡ุงูŠุฉ ุฃู† ุงู„ุงู†ุชู‚ุงุก ุงู„ุทุจูŠุนูŠ
08:45
would only make sense in such a relational universe.
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ุณูŠูƒูˆู† ู„ู‡ ู…ุนู†ู‰ ูู‚ุท ููŠ ู…ุซู„ ู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ูƒูˆู† ุงู„ุนู„ุงุฆู‚ูŠ.
08:49
That is, natural selection works on properties,
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ู‡ุฐุง ู‡ูˆุŒ ุงู„ุงู†ุชู‚ุงุก ุงู„ุทุจูŠุนูŠ ูŠุนู…ู„ ูˆูู‚ุงู‹ ู„ุฎุตุงุฆุตุŒ
08:53
like fitness, which are about relationships
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ู…ุซู„ ุงู„ู…ู„ุงุฆู…ุฉุŒ ูˆ ุงู„ุชูŠ ู‡ูŠ ุนู„ุงู‚ุฉ
08:56
of some species to some other species.
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ู…ู† ุจุนุถ ุงู„ุฃุฌุฒุงุก ุฅู„ู‰ ุฃุฌุฒุงุก ุฃุฎุฑู‰.
08:59
Darwin wouldnโ€™t make sense in an Aristotelian universe,
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ุฏุงุฑูˆูŠู† ู„ู… ูŠูƒู† ู„ูŠูู‡ู… ู…ุนู†ู‰ ุงู„ูƒูˆู† ุงู„ุขุฑุณุทูŠ
09:03
and wouldnโ€™t really make sense in a Newtonian universe.
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ูˆ ู„ูƒู… ูŠูƒู† ู„ูŠูู‡ู… ุญู‚ูŠู‚ุฉู‹ ุงู„ูƒูˆู† ุงู„ู†ูŠูˆุชูˆู†ูŠ.
09:07
So a theory of biology based on natural selection
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ุฅุฐุงู‹ ู†ุธุฑูŠุฉ ุนู„ู… ุงู„ุฃุญูŠุงุก ุงู„ู…ุจู†ูŠุฉ ุนู„ู‰ ุงู„ุงู†ุชู‚ุงุก ุงู„ุทุจูŠุนูŠ
09:12
requires a relational notion of
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ุชุชุทู„ุจ ู†ุธุฑูŠุฉ ุนู„ุงุฆู‚ูŠุฉ
09:15
what are the properties of biological systems.
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ู„ู…ุงู‡ูŠุฉ ุฎุตุงุฆุต ุงู„ุฃู†ุธู…ุฉ ุงู„ุจูŠูˆู„ูˆุฌูŠุฉ.
09:18
And if you push that all the way down, really,
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ูˆ ุฅุฐุง ุงุณู‚ุทุช ูƒู„ ู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ุนู…ู„ูŠุฉุŒ ุญู‚ูŠู‚ุฉู‹
09:21
it makes the best sense in a relational universe
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ุณูŠุชูƒูˆู† ุฃูุถู„ ูู‡ู… ููŠ ุงู„ูƒูˆู† ุงู„ุนู„ุงุฆู‚ูŠ
09:24
where all properties are relational.
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ุญูŠุซ ูƒู„ ุงู„ุฎุตุงุฆุต ู‡ูŠ ุนู„ุงุฆู‚ูŠุฉ.
09:27
Now, not only that, but Einstein taught us
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ุงู„ุขู†ุŒ ู„ูŠุณ ู‡ุฐุง ูุญุณุจุŒ ูˆ ู„ูƒู† ุขูŠู†ุดุชุงูŠู† ุนู„ู…ู†ุง
09:30
that gravity is the result of the world being relational.
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ุจุฃู† ุงู„ุฌุงุฐุจูŠุฉ ู‡ูŠ ู†ุชูŠุฌุฉ ูƒูˆู† ุงู„ุนุงู„ู… ุนู„ุงุฆู‚ูŠ.
09:36
If it wasnโ€™t for gravity, there wouldnโ€™t be life,
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ุฅู† ู„ู… ุชูƒู† ุงู„ุฌุงุฐุจูŠุฉุŒ ู„ู† ูŠูƒูˆู† ู‡ู†ุงูƒ ุญูŠุงุฉุŒ
09:39
because gravity causes stars to form and live for a very long time,
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ู„ุฃู† ุงู„ุฌุงุฐุจูŠุฉ ุชุณุจุจ ุชุดูƒู„ ุงู„ู†ุฌูˆู… ู„ุชุจู‚ู‰ ุญูŠุฉ ู„ุญูŠุงุฉ ุทูˆูŠู„ุฉ ุฌุฏุงู‹ุŒ
09:45
keeping pieces of the world, like the surface of the Earth,
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ูˆ ุงู„ุชูŠ ุชุญุงูุธ ุนู„ู‰ ุฃุฌุฒุงุก ู…ู† ู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ุนุงู„ู…ุŒ-ู…ุซู„ ุณุทุญ ุงู„ุฃุฑุถ-
09:48
out of thermal equilibrium for billions of years so life can evolve.
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ุจุนูŠุฏุงู‹ ุนู† ุงู„ุชูˆุงุฒู† ุงู„ุญุฑุงุฑูŠ ู„ู…ู„ูŠุงุฑุงุช ุงู„ุณู†ูˆุงุช ู„ูƒูŠ ุชุชุทูˆุฑ ุงู„ุญูŠุงุฉ.
09:52
In the 20th century,
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ููŠ ุงู„ู‚ุฑู† ุงู„ุนุดุฑูŠู†ุŒ
09:54
we saw the independent development of two big themes in science.
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ุฑุฃูŠู†ุง ุชุทูˆุฑ ู…ุณุชู‚ู„ ู„ู…ูˆุถูˆุนูŠู† ูƒุจูŠุฑูŠู† ููŠ ุงู„ุนู„ู….
09:59
In the biological sciences, they explored
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ููŠ ุงู„ุนู„ูˆู… ุงู„ุจูŠูˆู„ูˆุฌูŠุฉุŒ ูุณุฑูˆุง
10:03
the implications of the notion that order and complexity
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ุชุถู…ูŠู† ููƒุฑุฉ ุงู„ุชุฑุชูŠุจุŒ ูˆ ุงู„ุชุนู‚ูŠุฏ
10:06
and structure arise in a self-organized way.
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ูˆ ุงู„ุจู†ูŠุฉ ุงู„ุชูŠ ู†ู‡ุถุช ููŠ ุทุฑูŠู‚ ู…ู†ุชุธู… ุฐุงุชูŠุงู‹.
10:10
That was the triumph of Neo-Darwinism and so forth.
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ู‡ุฐุง ูƒุงู† ุงู„ู†ุตุฑ ู„ู„ุฏุงุฑูˆูŠู†ูŠุฉ ุงู„ุฌุฏูŠุฏุฉ ูˆ ู‡ูƒุฐุง ..
10:14
And slowly, that idea is leaking out to the cognitive sciences,
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ูˆุจุจุทุกุŒ ุจุฏุฃุช ุชุชุถุญ ุงู„ููƒุฑุฉ ู„ู„ุนู„ูˆู… ุงู„ู…ุนุฑููŠุฉุŒ
10:19
the human sciences, economics, et cetera.
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ุงู„ุนู„ูˆู… ุงู„ุฅู†ุณุงู†ูŠุฉุŒ ุงู„ุงู‚ุชุตุงุฏ ..ุงู„ุฎ ..
10:23
At the same time, we physicists
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ููŠ ุงู„ูˆู‚ุช ุฐุงุชู‡ุŒ ู†ุญู† ุงู„ููŠุฒูŠุงุฆูŠูˆู†
10:25
have been busy trying to make sense of
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ูƒู†ุง ู…ู†ุดุบู„ูŠู† ู„ู…ุญุงูˆู„ุฉ ูู‡ู…
10:28
and build on and integrate the discoveries
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ูˆุจู†ุงุก ูˆุฏู…ุฌ ุงูƒุชุดุงูุงุช
10:31
of quantum theory and relativity.
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ู†ุธุฑูŠุฉ ุงู„ูƒู… ูˆ ุงู„ู†ุธุฑูŠุฉ ุงู„ู†ุณุจูŠุฉ.
10:33
And what weโ€™ve been working out is the implications, really,
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ูˆ ู…ุง ูƒู†ุง ู†ุณุชู†ุจุทู‡ ู‡ูˆ ุชุถู…ูŠู†ุŒ ุญู‚ูŠู‚ุฉู‹ุŒ
10:37
of the idea that the universe is made up of relations.
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ููƒุฑุฉ ุฃู† ุงู„ูƒูˆู† ุนุจุงุฑุฉ ุนู† ุนู„ุงู‚ุงุช.
10:40
21st-century science is going to be driven
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ุนู„ู… ุงู„ู‚ุฑู† ุงู„ูˆุงุญุฏ ูˆุงู„ุนุดุฑูŠู† ุณูŠู‚ุงุฏ
10:43
by the integration of these two ideas:
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ุจุชูƒุงู…ู„ ู‡ุงุชูŠู† ุงู„ููƒุฑุชูŠู†:
10:46
the triumph of relational ways of thinking
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ุงู†ุชุตุงุฑ ุงู„ุทุฑูŠู‚ุฉ ุงู„ุนู„ุงุฆู‚ูŠุฉ ู„ู„ุชููƒูŠุฑ
10:49
about the world, on the one hand,
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ุจู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ุนุงู„ู…ุŒ ู‡ุฐุง ู…ู† ู†ุงุญูŠุฉุŒ
10:51
and self-organization or Darwinian ways of thinking about the world,
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ูˆ ู…ู† ู†ุงุญูŠุฉ ุฃุฎุฑู‰ุŒ ุงู„ุชู†ุธูŠู… ุงู„ุฐุงุชูŠ ุฃูˆ ุงู„ุทุฑูŠู‚ุฉ ุงู„ุฏุงุฑูˆูŠู†ูŠุฉ
10:54
on the other hand.
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ู„ู„ุชููƒูŠุฑ ุจู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ุนุงู„ู…ุŒ ู…ู† ู†ุงุญูŠุฉ ุฃุฎุฑู‰.
10:57
And also, is that in the 21st century
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ูˆ ุฃูŠุถุงู‹ ููŠ ุงู„ู‚ุฑู† ุงู„ูˆุงุญุฏ ูˆุงู„ุนุดุฑูŠู†ุŒ
10:59
our thinking about space and time and cosmology,
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ุทุฑูŠู‚ู†ุง ุจุงู„ุชููƒูŠุฑ ุนู† ุงู„ุฒู…ุงู† ูˆ ุงู„ู…ูƒุงู† ูˆ ุนู„ู… ุงู„ูƒูˆู†ูŠุงุชุŒ
11:04
and our thinking about society are both going to continue to evolve.
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ุทุฑูŠู‚ุชู†ุง ุจุงู„ุชููƒูŠุฑ ุนู† ุงู„ู…ุฌุชู…ุน ุณุชุชุฌู‡ ู„ู„ุชุทูˆุฑ ุชุฏุฑูŠุฌูŠุงู‹.
11:09
And what theyโ€™re evolving towards is the union
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ูˆ ู…ุง ูŠุชุทูˆุฑูˆู† ุจุงุชุฌุงู‡ู‡ ู‡ูˆ ุงุชุญุงุฏ
11:11
of these two big ideas, Darwinism and relationalism.
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ู‡ุงุชูŠู† ุงู„ููƒุฑุชูŠู† ุงู„ูƒุจูŠุฑุชูŠู†: ุงู„ุฏุงุฑูˆูŠู†ูŠุฉ ูˆ ุงู„ุนู„ุงุฆู‚ูŠุฉ.
11:15
Now, if you think about democracy from this perspective,
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ุงู„ุขู† ุฅุฐุง ููƒุฑุช ุจุงู„ุฏูŠู…ู‚ุฑุงุทูŠุฉ ู…ู† ู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ู…ู†ุธูˆุฑุŒ
11:21
a new pluralistic notion of democracy would be one that recognizes
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ู†ุธุฑูŠุฉ ุชุนุฏุฏูŠุฉ ุฌุฏูŠุฏุฉ ู…ู† ุงู„ุฏูŠู…ู‚ุฑุงุทูŠุฉ ุณุชูƒูˆู† ูˆุงุญุฏุฉ ุชุนุชุฑู
11:26
that there are many different interests, many different agendas,
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ุจุฃู†ู‡ ูŠูˆุฌุฏ ุงู‡ุชู…ุงู…ุงุช ูƒุซูŠุฑุฉ ู…ุฎุชู„ูุฉุŒ ุจุฑุงู…ุฌ ูƒุซูŠุฑุฉ ู…ุฎุชู„ูุฉุŒ
11:29
many different individuals, many different points of view.
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ุฃูุฑุงุฏ ูƒูุซุฑ ู…ุฎุชู„ููˆู†ุŒ ูˆุฌู‡ุงุช ู†ุธุฑ ูƒุซูŠุฑุฉ ู…ุฎุชู„ูุฉ.
11:33
Each one is incomplete, because youโ€™re embedded
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ูƒู„ ู…ู†ู‡ุง ุบูŠุฑ ู…ูƒุชู…ู„ุŒ ู„ุฃู†ูƒ ู…ู†ุฏู…ุฌ
11:37
in a network of relationships.
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ุจุดุจูƒุฉ ู…ู† ุงู„ุนู„ุงู‚ุงุช.
11:39
Any actor in a democracy is embedded
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ุฃูŠ ู…ู…ุซู„ ููŠ ุงู„ุฏูŠู…ู‚ุฑุงุทูŠุฉ ู‡ูˆ ู…ู†ุฏู…ุฌ
11:41
in a network of relationships.
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ุจุดุจูƒุฉ ู…ู† ุงู„ุนู„ุงู‚ุงุช
11:42
And you understand some things better than other things,
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ูˆ ุฃู†ุช ุชูู‡ู… ุจุนุถ ุงู„ุฃุดูŠุงุก ุฃูƒุซุฑ ู…ู† ูู‡ู…ูƒ ู„ุฃุดูŠุงุก ุฃุฎุฑู‰ุŒ
11:45
and because of that thereโ€™s a continual jostling
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ูˆ ุจุณุจุจ ุฐู„ูƒุŒ ูŠูˆุฌุฏ ุงุตุทุฏุงู… ู…ุชูˆุงุตู„ุŒ
11:49
and give and take, which is politics.
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ูˆ ุฃุฎุฐ ูˆุนุทุงุกุŒ ูˆ ุงู„ุชูŠ ู‡ูŠ ุงู„ุณูŠุงุณุฉ.
11:54
And politics is, in the ideal sense,
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ูˆ ุงู„ุณูŠุงุณุฉ ููŠ ุงู„ุชููƒูŠุฑ ุงู„ู…ุซุงู„ูŠุŒ
11:56
the way in which we continually address
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ู‡ูŠ ุงู„ุทุฑูŠู‚ุฉ ุงู„ุชูŠ ู†ูˆุฌู‡ ูƒู„ุงู…ู†ุง ุจุดูƒู„ ู…ุณุชู…ุฑ
12:00
our network of relations in order to achieve
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ู„ุดุจูƒุฉ ู…ู† ุงู„ุนู„ุงู‚ุงุช ู„ุชุญู‚ูŠู‚
12:03
a better life and a better society.
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ุญูŠุงุฉ ุฃูุถู„ ูˆ ู…ุฌุชู…ุน ุฃูุถู„
12:06
And I also think that science will never go away and --
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ูˆ ุฃุนุชู‚ุฏ ุฃูŠุถุงู‹ ุจุฃู† ุงู„ุนู„ู… ู„ู† ูŠุฒูˆู„ ุฃุจุฏุงู‹-
12:12
Iโ€™m finishing on this line.
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ุฃู†ุง ุงู†ุชู‡ูŠุช ุนู†ุฏ ู‡ุฐุง .
12:14
(Laughter)
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(ุถุญูƒ)
12:18
In fact, Iโ€™m finished. Science will never go away.
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ููŠ ุงู„ูˆุงู‚ุน ู„ู‚ุฏ ุงู†ุชู‡ูŠุชุŒ ุงู„ุนู„ู… ู„ู† ูŠุฒูˆู„ ุฃุจุฏุงู‹.
ุญูˆู„ ู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ู…ูˆู‚ุน

ุณูŠู‚ุฏู… ู„ูƒ ู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ู…ูˆู‚ุน ู…ู‚ุงุทุน ููŠุฏูŠูˆ YouTube ุงู„ู…ููŠุฏุฉ ู„ุชุนู„ู… ุงู„ู„ุบุฉ ุงู„ุฅู†ุฌู„ูŠุฒูŠุฉ. ุณุชุฑู‰ ุฏุฑูˆุณ ุงู„ู„ุบุฉ ุงู„ุฅู†ุฌู„ูŠุฒูŠุฉ ุงู„ุชูŠ ูŠุชู… ุชุฏุฑูŠุณู‡ุง ู…ู† ู‚ุจู„ ู…ุฏุฑุณูŠู† ู…ู† ุงู„ุฏุฑุฌุฉ ุงู„ุฃูˆู„ู‰ ู…ู† ุฌู…ูŠุน ุฃู†ุญุงุก ุงู„ุนุงู„ู…. ุงู†ู‚ุฑ ู†ู‚ุฑู‹ุง ู…ุฒุฏูˆุฌู‹ุง ููˆู‚ ุงู„ุชุฑุฌู…ุฉ ุงู„ุฅู†ุฌู„ูŠุฒูŠุฉ ุงู„ู…ุนุฑูˆุถุฉ ุนู„ู‰ ูƒู„ ุตูุญุฉ ููŠุฏูŠูˆ ู„ุชุดุบูŠู„ ุงู„ููŠุฏูŠูˆ ู…ู† ู‡ู†ุงูƒ. ูŠุชู… ุชู…ุฑูŠุฑ ุงู„ุชุฑุฌู…ุงุช ุจุงู„ุชุฒุงู…ู† ู…ุน ุชุดุบูŠู„ ุงู„ููŠุฏูŠูˆ. ุฅุฐุง ูƒุงู† ู„ุฏูŠูƒ ุฃูŠ ุชุนู„ูŠู‚ุงุช ุฃูˆ ุทู„ุจุงุช ุŒ ูŠุฑุฌู‰ ุงู„ุงุชุตุงู„ ุจู†ุง ุจุงุณุชุฎุฏุงู… ู†ู…ูˆุฐุฌ ุงู„ุงุชุตุงู„ ู‡ุฐุง.

https://forms.gle/WvT1wiN1qDtmnspy7