Lee Smolin: How science is like democracy

46,352 views ・ 2008-11-11

TED


μ•„λž˜ μ˜λ¬Έμžλ§‰μ„ λ”λΈ”ν΄λ¦­ν•˜μ‹œλ©΄ μ˜μƒμ΄ μž¬μƒλ©λ‹ˆλ‹€.

λ²ˆμ—­: Jeong-Lan Kinser κ²€ν† : Jinmyeong Jeong
00:12
So, about three years ago I was in London,
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μ•½ 3년전에 μ €λŠ” λŸ°λ˜μ— μžˆμ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:16
and somebody called Howard Burton came to me and said,
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그리고 ν•˜μ›Œλ“œ λ²„νŠΌμ΄λΌλŠ” μ‚¬λžŒμ΄ μ €μ—κ²Œ μ™€μ„œ μ΄λ ‡κ²Œ λ§ν•˜λ”κ΅°μš”.
00:21
I represent a group of people,
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"μ €λŠ” ν•œ 그룹의 λŒ€ν‘œμžμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:23
and we want to start an institute in theoretical physics.
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μ €ν¬λŠ” 이둠물리학에 κ΄€ν•œ 기관을 μ—΄κ³  μ‹ΆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:27
We have about 120 million dollars, and we want to do it well.
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1μ–΅ 2천만 λ‹¬λŸ¬ 정도λ₯Ό 가지고 있고, μ œλŒ€λ‘œ 해보고 μ‹ΆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:32
We want to be in the forefront fields,
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μš°λ¦¬λŠ” μ΄λ‘ λ¬Όλ¦¬ν•™μ˜ μ˜μ—­μ—μ„œ 선두가 λ˜κ³ μ‹Άκ³ ,
00:34
and we want to do it differently.
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λ‹€λ₯Έμ‹μœΌλ‘œ 물리학을 ν•˜λ € ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:36
We want to get out of this thing
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νŒ”νŒ”ν•œ μ Šμ€μ΄λ“€μ΄ λͺ¨λ“  아이디어λ₯Ό 가지고 μžˆλŠ”λ°
00:38
where the young people have all the ideas, and the old people have all the power
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λͺ¨λ“  λŠ™μ€μ΄λ“€μ΄ λͺ¨λ“  ꢌλ ₯을 μ₯κ³  μ–΄λ–€ 과학이 μ‹€ν˜„λ  지 κ²°μ •ν•˜λŠ”
00:41
and decide what science gets done.
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이런 μƒν™©μ—μ„œ λ²—μ–΄λ‚˜κ³  μ‹Άμ–΄μš”."
00:44
It took me about 25 seconds to decide that that was a good idea.
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그게 쒋은 아이디어라고 κ²°μ •ν•˜λŠ”λ° 25μ΄ˆλ°–μ— 걸리지 μ•Šμ•˜μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:47
Three years later, we have the Perimeter Institute for Theoretical Physics
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3λ…„ ν›„ μš°λ¦¬λŠ” μΊλ‚˜λ‹€ μ˜¨νƒ€λ¦¬μ˜€ μ£Ό μ›Œν„Έλ£¨μ— νŽ˜λ¦¬λ―Έν„° 이둠물리학 μ—°κ΅¬μ†Œλ₯Ό μ†Œμœ ν•˜κ²Œ λ©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:52
in Waterloo, Ontario. It’s the most exciting job I’ve ever had.
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이건 μ œκ°€ μ§€κΈˆκΉŒμ§€ κ°€μ‘Œλ˜ 직업쀑 κ°€μž₯ ν₯λΆ„λ˜λŠ” κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:57
And it’s the first time I’ve had a job where I’m afraid to go away
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또 μ œκ°€ 처음으둜 자리λ₯Ό λΉ„μš°κΈ° κΊΌλ €ν•˜λŠ” 직업이기도 ν•œλ°
01:01
because of everything that’s going to happen in this week when I’m here.
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그건 μ œκ°€ μ—¬κΈ° μžˆλŠ” λ™μ•ˆ κ·Έκ³³μ—μ„œ 일어날 λͺ¨λ“  일듀 λ•Œλ¬Έμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:05
(Laughter)
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(μ›ƒμŒ)
01:07
But in any case, what I’m going to do in my little bit of time
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μ–΄μ¨Œκ±΄ 간에, μ œκ°€ 이 짧은 μ‹œκ°„λ™μ•ˆμ— ν•˜λ €κ³  ν•˜λŠ”κ²ƒμ€
01:11
is take you on a quick tour of some of the things
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μš°λ¦¬κ°€ μ΄μ•ΌκΈ°ν•˜κ³  μƒκ°ν•˜λŠ” 것듀에 κ΄€ν•΄
01:14
that we talk about and we think about.
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μ—¬λŸ¬λΆ„λ“€κ»˜ λ§μ”€λ“œλ¦¬λ € ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:17
So, we think a lot about what really makes science work?
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μš°λ¦¬λŠ” 무엇이 μ§„μ •μœΌλ‘œ 과학을 효과적으둜 μž‘λ™ν•˜λ„λ‘ λ§Œλ“œλŠ”μ§€μ— κ΄€ν•œ 생각듀을 많이 ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:20
The first thing that anybody who knows science,
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과학을 μ•Œκ³ μžˆκ±°λ‚˜ κ³Όν•™ 주변에 μ‘΄μž¬ν–ˆλ˜ μ‚¬λžŒλ“€μ˜
01:23
and has been around science,
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첫번째 생각은
01:24
is that the stuff you learn in school as a scientific method
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μ—¬λŸ¬λΆ„λ“€μ΄ ν•™κ΅μ—μ„œ 과학적 방법둠이라고 λ°°μš°λŠ”κ²ƒμ€
01:26
is wrong. There is no method.
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잘λͺ»λœ κ²ƒμ΄λΌλŠ” κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€. 그런 방법은 μ—†μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:29
On the other hand, somehow we manage to reason together
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κ·ΈλŸ¬κΈ°λ³΄λ‹€, μš°λ¦¬λŠ” 겨우겨우 μ–΄λ–»κ²Œλ“  ν•¨κ»˜ μΆ”λ‘ ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:33
as a community, from incomplete evidence
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ν•˜λ‚˜μ˜ κ³΅λ™μ²΄λ‘œμ„œ, λΆˆμ™„μ „ν•œ μ¦κ±°λ‘œλΆ€ν„°,
01:36
to conclusions that we all agree about.
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μš°λ¦¬κ°€ λͺ¨λ‘ λ™μ˜ν•˜λŠ” 결둠에 λ„λ‹¬ν• λ•ŒκΉŒμ§€ 말이죠.
01:39
And this is, by the way, something that a democratic society also has to do.
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이것은, μ–΄μ¨Œκ±°λ‚˜, λ―Όμ£Όμ‚¬νšŒκ°€ ν•΄μ•Όλ§Œ ν•˜λŠ” 어떀것이기도 ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:43
So how does it work?
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자 그러면 과학이 μ–΄λ–»κ²Œ μž‘μš©ν•˜λ‚˜μš”?
01:45
Well, my belief is that it works
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κΈ€μŽ„, μ €μ˜ 신념은 과학이 μž‘μš©ν•˜λŠ” μ΄μœ κ°€
01:48
because scientists are a community bound together by an ethics.
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κ³Όν•™μžλ“€μ€ 윀리둜 ν•¨κ»˜ 묢인 곡동체이기 λ•Œλ¬Έμ΄λΌλŠ” κ±°μ£ .
01:52
And here are some of the ethical principles.
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또 μ—¬κΈ°μ—λŠ” λͺ‡κ°€μ§€ 윀리적 원칙듀이 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:54
I’m not going to read them all to you because I’m not in teacher mode.
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이 λͺ¨λ“ κ²ƒλ“€μ„ μ „λΆ€ μ½μ§€λŠ” μ•Šκ² μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€. μ§€κΈˆμ€ μ„ μƒλ‹˜ λͺ¨λ“œκ°€ μ•„λ‹ˆκ±°λ“ μš”.
01:57
I’m in entertain, amaze mode.
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μ €λŠ” μ§€κΈˆ μœ μΎŒν•˜κ³  λ†€λžκ²Œ λ§Œλ“œλŠ” λͺ¨λ“œκ±°λ“ μš”.
02:00
(Laughter)
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(μ›ƒμŒ)
02:03
But one of the principles is that everybody
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κ·ΈλŸ¬λ‚˜ 이런 원칙듀쀑 ν•˜λ‚˜λŠ” 곡동체에 μ†Œμ†λœ
02:07
who is part of the community gets to fight and argue
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λͺ¨λ“  μ‚¬λžŒμ€ 그듀이 λ―ΏλŠ” 것을 μœ„ν•΄
02:10
as hard as they can for what they believe.
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μ΅œμ„ μ„ λ‹€ν•΄ λ…ΌμŸν•΄μ•Όν•œλ‹€λŠ” κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:13
But we’re all disciplined by the understanding
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λ‚΄κ°€ μ˜³μ€μ§€ λ‹€λ₯Έμ‚¬λžŒμ΄ μ˜³μ€μ§€μ˜ μ—¬λΆ€λŠ”
02:16
that the only people who are going to decide, you know,
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우리 곡동체 μ•ˆμ— μžˆλŠ” λ‹€μŒ μ„ΈλŒ€μ˜
02:18
whether I’m right or somebody else is right,
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30λ…„μ΄λ‚˜ 50λ…„ ν›„μ˜ μ‚¬λžŒλ§Œλ“€μ΄ κ²°μ •ν•˜λ¦¬λΌλŠ” 것을
02:21
are the people in our community in the next generation,
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μ΄ν•΄ν•˜λŠ” 것을 톡해
02:24
in 30 and 50 years.
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μš°λ¦¬λŠ” 규율있게 λ…ΌμŸν•  수 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:26
So it’s this combination of respect
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κ·Έλž˜μ„œ 과학을 μž‘λ™ν•˜κ²Œ ν•˜κ³ 
02:29
for the tradition and community we’re in,
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곡동체가 μ–΄λ””λ‘ κ°€ λ„λ‹¬ν•˜κΈ° μœ„ν•΄μ„œ ν•„μš”ν•œ 건
02:31
and rebellion that the community requires to get anywhere,
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전톡에 λŒ€ν•œ μ‘΄κ²½, μš°λ¦¬κ°€ μ†ν•˜λŠ” 곡동체,
02:34
that makes science work.
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그리고 λ°˜λž€μ˜ μ‘°ν•©μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:37
And being in this process of being in a community
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λ˜ν•œ μ €λŠ” κ³΅μœ ν•˜λŠ” μ¦κ±°λ‘œλΆ€ν„° 결둠을 μΆ”λ‘ ν•˜λŠ”
02:42
that reasons from shared evidence to conclusions,
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이 곡동체에 μ†Œμ†λ˜λŠ” 과정이 μš°λ¦¬μ—κ²Œ
02:46
I believe, teaches us about democracy.
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민주주의λ₯Ό κ°€λ₯΄μΉœλ‹€κ³  λ―ΏμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:50
Not only is there a relationship between the ethics of science
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μ—°κ°„κ΄€κ³„λŠ” κ³Όν•™ μœ€λ¦¬μ™€ 민주주의 μ‹œλ―Ό 윀리 사이에
02:53
and the ethics of being a citizen in democracy,
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μ‘΄μž¬ν•  뿐만 μ•„λ‹ˆλΌ
02:56
but there has been, historically, a relationship
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μ—­μ‚¬μ μœΌλ‘œλŠ” μ‚¬λžŒλ“€μ΄ μ‹œκ°„κ³Ό 곡간,
02:59
between how people think about space and time, and what the cosmos is,
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또 μš°μ£Όκ°€ 무엇인가에 λŒ€ν•œ 생각과 μžμ‹ λ“€μ΄ μ‚΄κ³  μžˆλŠ” μ‚¬νšŒμ— κ΄€ν•΄μ„œ
03:05
and how people think about the society that they live in.
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μ‚¬λžŒλ“€μ΄ μƒκ°ν•˜λŠ”κ°€μ—λ„ 관계가 μžˆμ–΄μ™”μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:09
And I want to talk about three stages in that evolution.
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μ €λŠ” κ·Έ μ§„ν™”μ—μ„œμ˜ μ‚Ό 단계에 κ΄€ν•΄μ„œ μ΄μ•ΌκΈ°ν•˜κ³  μ‹ΆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:14
The first science of cosmology that was anything like science
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κ³Όν•™κ³Ό λΉ„μŠ·ν•œ μ–΄λ–€ κ²ƒμœΌλ‘œλ“ μ§€μ˜ 첫번째의 우주둠적인 과학은,
03:18
was Aristotelian science, and that was hierarchical.
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μ•„λ¦¬μŠ€ν† ν…”λ ˆμŠ€μ μΈ 과학이고 그것은 κ³„μΈ΅μ μ΄μ—ˆμ§€μš”.
03:22
The earth is in the center, then there are these crystal spheres,
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지ꡬ가 쀑심에 있고, κ·Έ λ‹€μŒμ—λŠ” 이 ν¬λ¦¬μŠ€ν„Έ ꡬ체듀이 있고,
03:26
the sun, the moon, the planets and finally the celestial sphere,
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νƒœμ–‘, 달, ν–‰μ„±λ“€κ³Ό λ§ˆμ§€λ§‰μœΌλ‘œ μ²œκ΅¬κ°€ μžˆλŠ”λ°,
03:30
where the stars are. And everything in this universe has a place.
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별듀이 μžˆλŠ” 곳이죠. 또 이 우주의 λͺ¨λ“ κ²ƒμ€ 정해진 μž₯μ†Œκ°€ μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:34
And Aristotle’s law of motion was that everything
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또 μ•„λ¦¬μŠ€ν† ν…”λ ˆμŠ€μ˜ μš΄λ™μ˜ 법칙은 λͺ¨λ“ κ²ƒμ΄
03:37
goes to its natural place, which was of course,
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κ·Έ μžμ—°μŠ€λŸ¬μš΄ μž₯μ†Œλ‘œ κ°„λ‹€λŠ” 것인데, 그건 λ¬Όλ‘ ,
03:39
the rule of the society that Aristotle lived in,
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μ•„λ¦¬μŠ€ν† ν…”λ ˆμŠ€κ°€ μ‚΄κ³  있던 κ·Έ μ‚¬νšŒμ˜ 법칙과,
03:43
and more importantly, the medieval society that, through Christianity,
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보닀 μ€‘μš”ν•˜κ²ŒλŠ”, κ·Έ 기독ꡐ μ€‘μ„Έμ‚¬νšŒκ°€,
03:46
embraced Aristotle and blessed it.
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μ•„λ¦¬μŠ€ν† ν…”λ ˆμŠ€λ₯Ό 기꺼이 받아듀이고 κ·Έ κ·œμΉ™μ„ μΆ•λ³΅ν–ˆλ‹€λŠ” κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:50
And the idea is that everything is defined.
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이 생각은 또, λͺ¨λ“ κ²ƒμ΄ λ§ˆμ§€λ§‰ ꡬ, 즉
03:53
Where something is, is defined with respect to this last sphere,
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μ²œκ΅¬μ™€ μ—°κ΄€λ˜μ–΄ μ •μ˜λ˜μ—ˆλ‹€λŠ” 것인데
03:58
the celestial sphere, outside of which is this eternal,
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천ꡬ의 λ°”κΉ₯μͺ½μ€ μ˜μ›ν•˜κ³  μ™„λ²½ν•œ μ˜μ—­μ΄λ©°
04:00
perfect realm, where lives God,
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μ‹ , λͺ¨λ“  κ²ƒμ˜ ꢁ극적 μ‹¬νŒμžκ°€
04:03
who is the ultimate judge of everything.
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μ‚΄κ³ μžˆλ‹€λŠ” κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:06
So that is both Aristotelian cosmology,
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κ·Έλž˜μ„œ κ·Έ μ•„λ¦¬μŠ€ν† ν…”λ ˆμŠ€μ˜ 우주둠과,
04:08
and in a certain sense, medieval society.
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μ–΄λ–€λ©΄μ—μ„œλŠ”, μ€‘μ„Έμ‚¬νšŒ 두가지 전뢀인 곳이죠.
04:11
Now, in the 17th century there was a revolution in thinking about
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자, 17μ„ΈκΈ°μ—μ„œλŠ” 혁λͺ…이 μžˆμ—ˆλŠ”λ°
04:16
space and time and motion and so forth of Newton.
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λ‰΄νŠΌμ˜ μš°μ£Όμ™€ μ‹œκ°„, μš΄λ™ 같은 것에 λŒ€ν•œ μƒκ°μ΄μ—ˆμ£ .
04:20
And at the same time there was a revolution in social thought
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또 같은 μ‹œλŒ€μ— λ‹€λ₯Έ 혁λͺ…이 μ‚¬νšŒ 사상에 μžˆμ—ˆλŠ”λ°
04:24
of John Locke and his collaborators.
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μ‘΄ λ‘œν¬μ™€ 그의 ν˜‘λ ₯μžλ“€μ΄ μ΄λŒμ—ˆμ§€μš”.
04:27
And they were very closely associated.
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또 그듀은 μ•„μ£Ό κ°€κΉκ²Œ μ—°ν•©λ˜μ–΄ μžˆμ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:28
In fact, Newton and Locke were friends.
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사싀, λ‰΄νŠΌκ³Ό λ‘œν¬λŠ” μΉœκ΅¬μ‚¬μ΄μ˜€μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:31
Their way of thinking about space and time and motion on the one hand,
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ν•œνŽΈμœΌλ‘œλŠ” μš°μ£Όμ™€ μ‹œκ°„κ³Ό 동λ ₯, 또 ν•œνŽΈμœΌλ‘œλŠ” μ‚¬νšŒμ— κ΄€ν•΄μ„œ μƒκ°ν•˜λŠ”
04:36
and a society on the other hand, were closely related.
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κ·Έλ“€μ˜ 생각은 맀우 μΉœλ°€ν•˜κ²Œ 연관이 λ˜μ—ˆμ§€μš”.
04:40
And let me show you.
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μ—¬λŸ¬λΆ„κ»˜ λ³΄μ—¬λ“œλ¦¬κ² μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:41
In a Newtonian universe, there’s no center -- thank you.
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λ‰΄νŠΌμ˜ μš°μ£Όμ—μ„œλŠ”, 쀑심이 μ—†μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€--κ°μ‚¬ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:46
There are particles and they move around
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λ‰΄νŠΌμ˜ μš°μ£Όμ—λŠ” μž…μžλ“€μ΄ 있고 μž…μžλŠ”
04:49
with respect to a fixed, absolute framework of space and time.
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μ ˆλŒ€μ μ΄κ³  κ³ μ •λœ μ‹œκ³΅κ°„ 체계에 따라 μ›€μ§μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:54
It’s meaningful to say absolutely where something is in space,
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물체의 μœ„μΉ˜λ₯Ό μ ˆλŒ€ μ’Œν‘œλ‘œ λ§ν•˜λŠ” 것은 μ˜λ―Έκ°€ μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:58
because that’s defined, not with respect to say, where other things are,
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μ™œλƒν•˜λ©΄ 이것은 λ‹€λ₯Έ 것듀과 μƒλŒ€μ μœΌλ‘œ μ •μ˜ν•˜λŠ” 것이 μ•„λ‹ˆλΌ
05:02
but with respect to this absolute notion of space,
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우주의 이 μ™„λ²½ν•œ κ°œλ…μ— λŒ€ν•΄ μ •μ˜ν•˜λŠ” 것이기 λ•Œλ¬Έμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
05:04
which for Newton was God.
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그것은 λ‰΄νŠΌμ—κ²ŒλŠ” μ‹ μ΄μ—ˆμ§€μš”.
05:06
Now, similarly, in Locke’s society there are individuals
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자, λΉ„μŠ·ν•˜κ²Œ, 둜크의 μ‚¬νšŒμ—μ„œ κ°œμΈλ“€μ€
05:11
who have certain rights, properties in a formal sense,
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ν˜•μ‹ λ©΄μ—μ„œ νŠΉμ •ν•œ κΆŒλ¦¬λ“€κ³Ό μ†Œμœ λ¬Όμ„ μ§€λ‹ˆλŠ”λ°
05:14
and those are defined with respect to some absolute,
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그것듀은 λͺ‡λͺ‡ μ ˆλŒ€μ μ΄κ³  좔상적인
05:18
abstract notions of rights and justice, and so forth,
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κΆŒλ¦¬μ™€ μ •μ˜ λ“±μ˜ κ°œλ…μ— μ˜ν•΄ μ •μ˜λ©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
05:22
which are independent of what else has happened in the society.
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이 κ°œλ…λ“€μ€ μ‚¬νšŒμ—μ„œ λ²Œμ–΄μ§€λŠ” 일듀과 λ¬΄κ΄€ν•˜μ£ .
05:27
Of who else there is, of the history and so forth.
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λ‹€λ₯Έ μ‚¬λžŒμ΄ μžˆλŠ”κ°€, μ•„λ‹ˆλ©΄ μ—­μ‚¬λΌλ˜κ°€, 그런거 말이죠.
05:30
There is also an omniscient observer
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κ±°κΈ°μ—λŠ” λ˜ν•œ μ „μ§€μ˜ κ΄€μΈ‘κ°€κ°€ μžˆλŠ”λ°
05:33
who knows everything, who is God,
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λͺ¨λ“ κ²ƒμ„ μ•„λŠ”, μ‹ μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
05:35
who is in a certain sense outside the universe,
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μ–΄λ–€λ©΄μ—μ„œλŠ” 우주 λ°”κΉ₯μͺ½μ— μ‘΄μž¬ν•˜λŠ” 뢄이죠.
05:38
because he has no role in anything that happens,
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μ™œλƒν•˜λ©΄ κ·ΈλŠ” λ°œμƒν•˜λŠ” 어떀것이든지에 κ΄€ν•΄μ„œλŠ” μ•„λ¬΄λŸ° 역할도 μ—†μ§€λ§Œ,
05:40
but is in a certain sense everywhere,
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μ–΄λ–€λ©΄μœΌλ‘œλŠ” μ–΄λ””μ—μ„œλ‚˜ μ‘΄μž¬ν•˜λŠ”λ°,
05:42
because space is just the way that God knows
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μ™œλƒν•˜λ©΄ μš°μ£ΌλŠ” 단지 λͺ¨λ“ κ²ƒμ΄ 어디에 μžˆλŠ”μ§€λ₯Ό 신이 μ•„λŠ” ν•œ 방법이죠
05:45
where everything is, according to Newton, OK?
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λ‰΄νŠΌμ— λ”°λ₯΄λ©΄μš”. κ·Έλ ‡μ£ ?
05:49
So this is the foundations of what’s called, traditionally,
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이것이 μ „ν†΅μ μœΌλ‘œ 진보적 μ •μΉ˜ 이둠과 λ‰΄νŠΌ 물리학이라
05:53
liberal political theory and Newtonian physics.
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λΆˆλ¦¬λŠ” κ²ƒλ“€μ˜ κΈ°λ°˜μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
05:57
Now, in the 20th century we had a revolution
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μ§€κΈˆ, 20세기에 μš°λ¦¬λŠ” 혁λͺ…을 μΉ˜λ£¨μ—ˆλŠ”λ°
06:01
that was initiated at the beginning of the 20th century,
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그것은 20μ„ΈκΈ°μ˜ μ‹œμž‘μ μ—μ„œ κ°œμ‹œλ˜μ—ˆκ³ ,
06:04
and which is still going on.
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이 혁λͺ…은 μ—¬μ „νžˆ κ³„μ†λ˜κ³  μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
06:07
It was begun with the invention
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이 혁λͺ…은
06:08
of relativity theory and quantum theory.
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μƒλŒ€μ„±μ΄λ‘ κ³Ό μ–‘μž 이둠의 발λͺ…κ³Ό λ”λΆˆμ–΄ μ‹œμž‘λ˜μ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
06:11
And merging them together to make the final quantum theory
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또 ꢁ극적으둜 μš°μ£Όμ™€ μ‹œκ°„κ³Ό 쀑λ ₯의 μ–‘μž 이둠을 λ§Œλ“€κΈ° μœ„ν•΄
06:14
of space and time and gravity, is the culmination of that,
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μƒλŒ€μ„±κ³Ό μ–‘μž 이둠을 μœ΅ν•©ν•˜λŠ” 것이 이 혁λͺ…μ˜ μ •μ μ΄μž
06:19
something that’s going on right now.
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ν˜„μž¬ μΌμ–΄λ‚˜κ³  μžˆλŠ” 일듀이죠.
06:21
And in this universe there’s nothing fixed and absolute. Zilch, OK.
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또 이 μš°μ£Όμ—λŠ” κ·Έ 어떀것도 κ³ μ •λ˜κ³  μ™„λ²½ν•œ κ²ƒμ΄λΌλŠ”κ²ƒμ€ μ—†μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€. μ „λ¬΄ν•˜μ£ . λ„€.
06:26
This universe is described by being a network of relationships.
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이 μš°μ£ΌλŠ” μ—°κ΄€κ΄€κ³„μ˜ λ„€νŠΈμ›Œν¬λ‘œ μ‘΄μž¬ν•˜λŠ”κ²ƒμœΌλ‘œ 기술되고 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
06:31
Space is just one aspect, so there’s no meaning to say
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곡간은 단지 ν•œ 면이고 κ·Έλž˜μ„œ μ–΄λ–€ κ²ƒμ˜ μ ˆλŒ€μ  μœ„μΉ˜λ₯Ό λ§ν•˜λŠ” 것이
06:34
absolutely where something is.
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별 μ˜λ―Έκ°€ μ—†μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
06:36
There’s only where it is relative to everything else that is.
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단지 λ‹€λ₯Έ λͺ¨λ“ κ²ƒμ— μƒλŒ€μ μœΌλ‘œ μ‘΄μž¬ν•˜λŠ” μœ„μΉ˜κ°€ μžˆμ„ λΏμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
06:39
And this network of relations is ever-evolving.
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또 이 κ΄€κ³„μ˜ λ„€νŠΈμ›Œν¬λŠ” 항상 μ§„ν™”ν•˜μ§€μš”.
06:43
So we call it a relational universe.
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κ·Έλž˜μ„œ μš°λ¦¬λŠ” 그것을 관계적인 우주라고 λΆ€λ¦…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
06:45
All properties of things are about these kinds of relationships.
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μ‚¬λ¬Όλ“€μ˜ λͺ¨λ“  속성듀은 μ΄λŸ¬ν•œ 관계에 κ΄€λ ¨λœ κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
06:49
And also, if you’re embedded in such a network of relationships,
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λ˜ν•œ, λ§Œμ•½ μ—¬λŸ¬λΆ„μ΄ κ·ΈλŸ¬ν•œ κ΄€κ³„μ˜ λ„€νŠΈμ›Œν¬μ— λ‹¨λ‹¨νžˆ μ’…μ†λ˜μ–΄ μžˆλ‹€λ©΄,
06:52
your view of the world has to do with what information
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μ—¬λŸ¬λΆ„μ˜ 세계에 λŒ€ν•œ μ˜κ²¬μ€ 무슨 정보가
06:56
comes to you through the network of relations.
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κ·Έ κ΄€κ³„μ˜ λ„€νŠΈμ›Œν¬λ₯Ό 톡해 μ—¬λŸ¬λΆ„μ—κ²Œ λ„λ‹¬ν•˜λŠ”μ§€μ™€ 관련이 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
06:58
And there’s no place for an omniscient observer
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또 κ±°κΈ°μ—λŠ” μ „λŠ₯ν•œ κ΄€μΈ‘κ°€λ₯Ό μœ„ν•œ, λ˜λŠ”
07:01
or an outside intelligence knowing everything and making everything.
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λͺ¨λ“ κ²ƒμ„ μ•Œκ³  λͺ¨λ“ κ²ƒμ„ λ§Œλ“œλŠ” λ°”κΉ₯μͺ½μ˜ 지성을 μœ„ν•œ 곡간이 μ—†μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
07:06
So this is general relativity, this is quantum theory.
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이것이 일반 μƒλŒ€μ„± 이둠, 이것이 μ–‘μž μ΄λ‘ μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
07:09
This is also, if you talk to legal scholars,
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이것은 λ˜ν•œ, λ§Œμ•½ μ—¬λŸ¬λΆ„μ΄ 법λ₯ ν•™μžλΌλ©΄,
07:12
the foundations of new ideas in legal thought.
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법λ₯ μ μΈ μƒκ°μ—μ„œμ˜ μƒˆλ‘œμš΄ μ•„μ΄λ””μ–΄μ˜ 기반이 λ˜λŠ”κ²ƒμ΄μ£ .
07:16
They’re thinking about the same things.
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그듀은 같은 것듀을 μƒκ°ν•˜κ³  μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
07:17
And not only that, they make the analogy
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그뿐만 μ•„λ‹ˆλΌ, 그듀은 μœ μΆ”λ₯Ό 자주 λ§Œλ“œλŠ”λ°
07:20
to relativity theory and cosmology often.
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μƒλŒ€μ„±μ΄λ‘ κ³Ό μš°μ£Όλ‘ μ— λŒ€ν•΄μ„œμ΄μ§€μš”.
07:23
So there’s an interesting discussion going on there.
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κ·Έλž˜μ„œ κ±°κΈ°μ—λŠ” μ°Έ ν₯미둜운 토둠이 μΌμ–΄λ‚©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
07:26
This last view of cosmology is called the relational view.
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이 λ§ˆμ§€λ§‰ κ²¬ν•΄μ˜ μš°μ£Όλ‘ μ€ μƒλŒ€μ μΈ 견해라고 λΆˆλ¦¬λŠ” κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
07:31
So the main slogan here is that there’s nothing outside the universe,
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κ·Έλž˜μ„œ μ—¬κΈ°μ—μ„œμ˜ μŠ¬λ‘œκ±΄μ€ 우주 λ°”κΉ₯μ—λŠ” 아무것도 μ‘΄μž¬ν•˜μ§€ μ•ŠλŠ”λ‹€λŠ” 것인데,
07:34
which means that there’s no place
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그게 μ˜λ―Έν•˜λŠ” 것은 κ±°κΈ°μ—λŠ” λ°”κΉ₯μͺ½μ— μžˆλŠ”
07:36
to put an explanation for something outside.
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무언가에 λŒ€ν•œ μ„€λͺ…이 λ“€μ–΄κ°ˆ μžλ¦¬κ°€ μ—†λ‹€λŠ” κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
07:40
So in such a relational universe,
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κ·Έλž˜μ„œ 그와 같은 κ΄€κ³„μ„±μ˜ μš°μ£Όμ—μ„œλŠ”,
07:42
if you come upon something that’s ordered and structured,
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λ§Œμ•½ μ—¬λŸ¬λΆ„μ΄ μ •μ—΄λ˜κ³  ꡬ쑰가 작힌 λ­”κ°€λ₯Ό λ°œκ²¬ν•œλ‹€λ©΄,
07:46
like this device here, or that device there,
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마치 이런 μž₯μΉ˜λŠ” 여기에, μ €λŸ° μž₯μΉ˜λŠ” 저기에,
07:48
or something beautiful, like all the living things,
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λ˜λŠ” λ­”κ°€ μ•„λ¦„λ‹€μš΄, μ‚΄μ•„μžˆλŠ” λͺ¨λ“ κ²ƒκ³Ό 같이,
07:50
all of you guys in the room --
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이 회의μž₯에 μžˆλŠ” λͺ¨λ“  μ‚¬λžŒλ“€κ³Ό 같이--
07:53
"guys" in physics, by the way, is a generic term: men and women.
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λ¬Όλ¦¬ν•™μ—μ„œ "guys"λΌλŠ” 말은, μ–΄μ¨Œλ“ , 일반 μš©μ–΄μΈλ°, λ‚¨μžμ™€ μ—¬μžλ₯Ό κ°€λ¦¬ν‚΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
07:58
(Laughter)
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(μ›ƒμŒ)
08:01
Then you want to know, you’re a person,
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κ·Έ λ‹€μŒμ—λŠ” μ—¬λŸ¬λΆ„κ»˜μ„œ μ•Œκ³  μ‹Άμ–΄ν•˜λŠ”κ²ƒμ€, μ—¬λŸ¬λΆ„μ€ μ‚¬λžŒμ΄λ‹ˆκΉŒ,
08:04
you want to know how is it made.
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μ—¬λŸ¬λΆ„μ€ 그것이 μ–΄λ–»κ²Œ λ§Œλ“€μ–΄μ‘ŒλŠ”μ§€ μ•Œκ³  μ‹Άμ–΄ν•˜μ‹œμ£ .
08:06
And in a relational universe the only possible explanation was, somehow it made itself.
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μƒλŒ€μ μΈ μš°μ£Όμ—μ„œ 였직 κ°€λŠ₯ν•œ μ„€λͺ…은, μ–΄λŠμ •λ„ 그것이 슀슀둜 λ§Œλ“€μ–΄μ‘Œλ‹€λŠ” κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
08:11
There must be mechanisms of self-organization
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κ±°κΈ°μ—λŠ” λ°˜λ“œμ‹œ 자기 쑰직화 λ©”μ»€λ‹ˆμ¦˜μ΄ μžˆλŠ”λ°
08:14
inside the universe that make things.
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우주 λ‚΄μ—μ„œ 사물을 λ§Œλ“œλŠ” κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
08:16
Because there’s no place to put a maker outside,
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μ™œλƒν•˜λ©΄ μ•„λ¦¬μŠ€ν† ν…”λ ˆμŠ€μ™€ λ‰΄νŠΌμ˜ μš°μ£Όμ™€λŠ”λ‹¬λ¦¬
08:19
as there was in the Aristotelian and the Newtonian universe.
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λ°”κΉ₯μͺ½μ— 창쑰자λ₯Ό μœ„ν•œ μž₯μ†Œκ°€ μ—†κΈ° λ•Œλ¬Έμ΄μ£ .
08:23
So in a relational universe we must have processes of self-organization.
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μƒλŒ€μ μΈ μš°μ£Όμ—μ„œλŠ” λ°˜λ“œμ‹œ 자기 쑰직화 과정듀이 μžˆμ–΄μ•Όλ§Œ ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
08:27
Now, Darwin taught us that there are processes of self-organization
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자, λ‹€μœˆμ€ μš°λ¦¬μ—κ²Œ 자기 쑰직화 과정이 μžˆλ‹€κ³  κ°€λ₯΄μ³€λŠ”데,
08:33
that suffice to explain all of us and everything we see.
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그것은 우리 μ „λΆ€μ—κ²Œ μ„€λͺ…ν• λ§ŒνΌ μΆ©λΆ„ν•˜κ³  μš°λ¦¬κ°€ λ³΄λŠ” λͺ¨λ“ κ²ƒλ“€μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
08:37
So it works. But not only that,
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κ·Έλž˜μ„œ 그건 μž‘λ™ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€. ν•˜μ§€λ§Œ 그뿐 μ•„λ‹ˆλΌ,
08:39
if you think about how natural selection works,
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λ§Œμ•½ μ—¬λŸ¬λΆ„μ΄ μžμ—° λ„νƒœκ°€ μž‘λ™ν•˜λŠ” 방법에 κ΄€ν•΄ 생각해 보신닀면,
08:43
then it turns out that natural selection
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μžμ—° λ„νƒœκ°€ 그런 μƒλŒ€μ μΈ μš°μ£Όμ—μ„œλ§Œ
08:45
would only make sense in such a relational universe.
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μ΄μΉ˜μ— λ§žλŠ”λ‹€λŠ” 것을 μ•Œκ²Œ λ˜μ‹€ κ²λ‹ˆλ‹€.
08:49
That is, natural selection works on properties,
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그것은, μžμ—° λ„νƒœκ°€ 적합성같은 μ†μ„±μ—μ„œ μž‘λ™ν•œλ‹€λŠ”κ±΄λ°
08:53
like fitness, which are about relationships
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μ΄λŠ” λͺ‡λͺ‡ μ’…κ³Ό λͺ‡λͺ‡ μ’…μ˜ 관계와
08:56
of some species to some other species.
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κ΄€λ ¨λœ κ±°μ£ .
08:59
Darwin wouldn’t make sense in an Aristotelian universe,
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λ‹€μœˆμ€ μ•„λ¦¬μŠ€ν† ν…”λ ˆμŠ€μ˜ μš°μ£Όμ—μ„œλŠ” μ΄μΉ˜μ— λ§žμ§€ μ•Šμ„κ²ƒμ΄κ³ ,
09:03
and wouldn’t really make sense in a Newtonian universe.
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λ‰΄νŠΌμ˜ μš°μ£Όμ—μ„œλ„ μ •λ§λ‘œ μ΄μΉ˜μ— λ§žμ§€ μ•Šμ„κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
09:07
So a theory of biology based on natural selection
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κ·Έλž˜μ„œ μžμ—° λ„νƒœλ₯Ό 기반으둜 ν•œ 생물학 이둠은
09:12
requires a relational notion of
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생물학적 μ²΄κ³„μ˜ μ†μ„±μ˜
09:15
what are the properties of biological systems.
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μƒλŒ€μ μΈ κ°œλ…μ„ ν•„μš”λ‘œ ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
09:18
And if you push that all the way down, really,
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또 λ§Œμ•½ μ—¬λŸ¬λΆ„μ΄ 그것을 μ € μ•„λž˜κΉŒμ§€ λˆ„λ₯΄λ©΄, 정말
09:21
it makes the best sense in a relational universe
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그것은 μƒλŒ€μ μΈ μš°μ£Όμ—μ„œ κ°€μž₯ μ΄μΉ˜μ— λ§žλŠ”κ²ƒμΈλ°,
09:24
where all properties are relational.
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λͺ¨λ“  속성듀이 κ΄€κ³„μžˆλŠ” μ˜μ—­μ΄μ£ .
09:27
Now, not only that, but Einstein taught us
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자, κ·Έκ²ƒλΏλ§Œμ΄ μ•„λ‹ˆλΌ, μ•„μΈμŠˆνƒ€μΈμ΄ μš°λ¦¬μ—κ²Œ κ°€λ₯΄μΉœκ²ƒμ€
09:30
that gravity is the result of the world being relational.
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쀑λ ₯이 κ·Έ 세계가 κ΄€κ³„μ μœΌλ‘œ μ‘΄μž¬ν•˜λŠ” κ²ƒμ˜ κ²°κ³Όλž€ κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
09:36
If it wasn’t for gravity, there wouldn’t be life,
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λ§Œμ•½ 쀑λ ₯이 μ•„λ‹ˆμ—ˆλ‹€λ©΄, 생λͺ…은 없을 κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
09:39
because gravity causes stars to form and live for a very long time,
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μ™œλƒν•˜λ©΄ 쀑λ ₯은 별을 ν˜•μ„±ν•΄μ„œ μ˜€λž«λ™μ•ˆ 생λͺ…을 μœ μ§€ν•˜λ„λ‘ ν•˜κ³ 
09:45
keeping pieces of the world, like the surface of the Earth,
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μ§€κ΅¬μ˜ ν‘œλ©΄κ³Όλ„ 같이 μ„Έκ³„μ˜ 쑰각듀을 μœ μ§€ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
09:48
out of thermal equilibrium for billions of years so life can evolve.
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μˆ˜μ‹­μ–΅λ…„μ˜ μ„Έμ›”λ™μ•ˆ μ—΄ν‰ν˜•μ—μ„œ λ²—μ–΄λ‚˜μ„œ 생λͺ…이 진화할 수 μžˆλ„λ‘ 말이죠.
09:52
In the 20th century,
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20μ„ΈκΈ°μ—μ„œλŠ”,
09:54
we saw the independent development of two big themes in science.
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μš°λ¦¬λŠ” κ³Όν•™μ—μ„œ 두가지 μ»€λ‹€λž€ 주제의 독립적인 λ°œμ „μ„ λ³΄μ•˜μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
09:59
In the biological sciences, they explored
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생λͺ… κ³Όν•™μ—μ„œλŠ”, μžκΈ°μ‘°μ§ν™”λ₯Ό 톡해 λ°œμƒν•œ
10:03
the implications of the notion that order and complexity
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μ§ˆμ„œ, λ³΅μž‘μ„±κ³Ό κ΅¬μ‘°λΌλŠ” κ°œλ…μ˜ 함좕을
10:06
and structure arise in a self-organized way.
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νƒμ‚¬ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
10:10
That was the triumph of Neo-Darwinism and so forth.
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μ‹ -λ‹€μœ„λ‹ˆμ¦˜ λ“±λ“±μ˜ μŠΉλ¦¬μ˜€μ£ .
10:14
And slowly, that idea is leaking out to the cognitive sciences,
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또 천천히, κ·Έ μ•„μ΄λ””μ–΄λŠ” 인지과학과,
10:19
the human sciences, economics, et cetera.
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인문과학, κ²½μ œν•™ λ“±λ“±μœΌλ‘œ μŠ€λ©°λ“€μ–΄κ°”μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
10:23
At the same time, we physicists
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λ™μ‹œμ—, 우리 λ¬Όλ¦¬ν•™μžλ“€μ€
10:25
have been busy trying to make sense of
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μ–‘μž 이둠과 μƒλŒ€μ„±μ„ μ΄μΉ˜μ— 맞게 ν•˜κ³ 
10:28
and build on and integrate the discoveries
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κ±΄μ„€ν•˜κ³  λ°œκ²¬λ¬Όλ“€μ„ λ³‘ν•©ν•˜λ € ν•˜λŠλΌ
10:31
of quantum theory and relativity.
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λΆ„μ£Όν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
10:33
And what we’ve been working out is the implications, really,
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κ·Έλž˜μ„œ μš°λ¦¬κ°€ μΌν•΄μ˜¨κ²ƒμ€ μ •λ§λ‘œ,
10:37
of the idea that the universe is made up of relations.
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μš°μ£Όκ°€ κ΄€κ³„λ“€λ‘œ 이루어져 μžˆλ‹€λŠ” μ•„μ΄λ””μ–΄μ˜ μ•”μ‹œμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
10:40
21st-century science is going to be driven
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21μ„ΈκΈ°μ˜ 과학은 움직일 κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
10:43
by the integration of these two ideas:
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λ‹€μŒκ³Ό 같은 두가지 μ•„μ΄λ””μ–΄μ˜ 병합에 μ˜ν•΄μ„œ 말이죠.
10:46
the triumph of relational ways of thinking
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세상에 κ΄€ν•΄μ„œ μ‚¬κ³ μ˜ 관계적인 λ°©λ²•μ˜ μŠΉλ¦¬κ°€
10:49
about the world, on the one hand,
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ν•œνŽΈμ— 있고,
10:51
and self-organization or Darwinian ways of thinking about the world,
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세계에 κ΄€ν•œ, 세계에 λŒ€ν•΄ κ΄€ν•œ μ‚¬κ³ μ˜ μžκ°€-μ‘°μ§μ΄λ‚˜ λ‹€μœˆμ  사고방식이
10:54
on the other hand.
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λ‹€λ₯Έ ν•œνŽΈμ— μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
10:57
And also, is that in the 21st century
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λ˜ν•œ 21세기에
10:59
our thinking about space and time and cosmology,
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μš°μ£Όμ™€ μ‹œκ°„κ³Ό μš°μ£Όλ‘ μ— κ΄€ν•œ 우리의 생각과,
11:04
and our thinking about society are both going to continue to evolve.
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μ‚¬νšŒμ— κ΄€ν•œ 우리의 생각은 λ‘˜ λ‹€ κ³„μ†ν•΄μ„œ 진화할 κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
11:09
And what they’re evolving towards is the union
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또 그것듀이 μ§„ν™”ν•˜λŠ” λ°©ν–₯은 이 큰 두 가지 μ•„μ΄λ””μ–΄μ˜ 합집합인데
11:11
of these two big ideas, Darwinism and relationalism.
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이 μ•„μ΄λ””μ–΄λž€ λ‹€μœ„λ‹ˆμ¦˜κ³Ό κ΄€κ³„μ£Όμ˜μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
11:15
Now, if you think about democracy from this perspective,
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자, λ§Œμ•½ μ—¬λŸ¬λΆ„μ΄ 이 κ΄€μ μ—μ„œ λ―Όμ£Όμ£Όμ˜μ— κ΄€ν•΄μ„œ 생각해본닀면,
11:21
a new pluralistic notion of democracy would be one that recognizes
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μƒˆλ‘œμš΄ 볡수주의적인 민주주의의 κ°œλ… ν•œκ°€μ§€λŠ”
11:26
that there are many different interests, many different agendas,
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κ±°κΈ°μ—λŠ” λ§Žμ€ λ‹€λ₯Έ 관심듀과, λ§Žμ€ λ‹€λ₯Έ μ•ˆκ±΄λ“€κ³Ό,
11:29
many different individuals, many different points of view.
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λ§Žμ€ λ‹€λ₯Έ κ°œμΈλ“€κ³Ό, λ§Žμ€ λ‹€λ₯Έ 견해듀이 μžˆλ‹€λŠ”κ²ƒμ„ μΈμ •ν•œλ‹€λŠ” κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
11:33
Each one is incomplete, because you’re embedded
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κ°μžλŠ” λΆˆμ™„μ „ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€, μ™œλƒν•˜λ©΄ μ—¬λŸ¬λΆ„μ€ λ„€νŠΈμ›Œν¬λ‚˜ 인간관계에
11:37
in a network of relationships.
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μ’…μ†λ˜μ–΄ 있기 λ•Œλ¬Έμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
11:39
Any actor in a democracy is embedded
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민주주의의 μ–΄λ–€ λ°°μš°λ„ 인간관계 λ„€νŠΈμ›Œν¬μ—
11:41
in a network of relationships.
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μ’…μ†λ˜μ–΄ μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
11:42
And you understand some things better than other things,
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또 μ—¬λŸ¬λΆ„μ€ λͺ‡κ°€μ§€λ₯Ό λ‹€λ₯Έκ²ƒλ“€λ³΄λ‹€ 더 잘 μ•„μ‹€κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€,
11:45
and because of that there’s a continual jostling
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또 그것 λ•Œλ¬Έμ— κ±°κΈ°μ—λŠ” 연속적인 경쟁이 있고
11:49
and give and take, which is politics.
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μ •μΉ˜μΈ μŒλ°©κ΅ν™˜μ΄ 있고
11:54
And politics is, in the ideal sense,
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또 μ •μΉ˜λŠ”, 이상적인 κ°κ°μ—μ„œλŠ”,
11:56
the way in which we continually address
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μš°λ¦¬κ°€ μ—°μ†μ μœΌλ‘œ
12:00
our network of relations in order to achieve
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우리의 κ΄€κ³„μ˜ λ„€νŠΈμ›Œν¬λ₯Ό μ–ΈκΈ‰ν•˜λŠ” 방식인
12:03
a better life and a better society.
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더 λ‚˜μ€ 인생과 더 λ‚˜μ€ μ‚¬νšŒλ₯Ό νšλ“ν•˜κΈ° μœ„ν•œ κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
12:06
And I also think that science will never go away and --
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제게 λ”λΆˆμ–΄ μƒκ°ν•˜λŠ” 것은 과학은 μ ˆλŒ€λ‘œ 사라지지 μ•Šμ„κ²ƒμ΄κ³ ...
12:12
I’m finishing on this line.
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μ €λŠ” 이 λΆ€λΆ„μ—μ„œ 끝마치고 μžˆλŠ” μ€‘μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
12:14
(Laughter)
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(μ›ƒμŒ)
12:18
In fact, I’m finished. Science will never go away.
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사싀, μ €λŠ” λ§ˆμ³€μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€. 과학은 μ ˆλŒ€λ‘œ 사라지지 μ•Šμ„κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
이 μ›Ήμ‚¬μ΄νŠΈ 정보

이 μ‚¬μ΄νŠΈλŠ” μ˜μ–΄ ν•™μŠ΅μ— μœ μš©ν•œ YouTube λ™μ˜μƒμ„ μ†Œκ°œν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€. μ „ 세계 졜고의 μ„ μƒλ‹˜λ“€μ΄ κ°€λ₯΄μΉ˜λŠ” μ˜μ–΄ μˆ˜μ—…μ„ 보게 될 κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€. 각 λ™μ˜μƒ νŽ˜μ΄μ§€μ— ν‘œμ‹œλ˜λŠ” μ˜μ–΄ μžλ§‰μ„ 더블 ν΄λ¦­ν•˜λ©΄ κ·Έκ³³μ—μ„œ λ™μ˜μƒμ΄ μž¬μƒλ©λ‹ˆλ‹€. λΉ„λ””μ˜€ μž¬μƒμ— 맞좰 μžλ§‰μ΄ μŠ€ν¬λ‘€λ©λ‹ˆλ‹€. μ˜κ²¬μ΄λ‚˜ μš”μ²­μ΄ μžˆλŠ” 경우 이 문의 양식을 μ‚¬μš©ν•˜μ—¬ λ¬Έμ˜ν•˜μ‹­μ‹œμ˜€.

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