Lee Smolin: How science is like democracy

46,352 views ใƒป 2008-11-11

TED


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

ืžืชืจื’ื: Amit Lampit ืžื‘ืงืจ: Ariella Cwikel
00:12
So, about three years ago I was in London,
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ืœืคื ื™ ืฉืœื•ืฉ ืฉื ื™ื ื‘ืขืจืš ื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ื‘ืœื•ื ื“ื•ืŸ,
00:16
and somebody called Howard Burton came to me and said,
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ื•ืžื™ืฉื”ื• ื‘ืฉื ื”ื•ื•ืืจื“ ื‘ื•ืจื˜ื•ืŸ ื‘ื ืืœื™ื™ ื•ืืžืจ,
00:21
I represent a group of people,
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ืื ื™ ืžื™ื™ืฆื’ ืงื‘ื•ืฆืช ืื ืฉื™ื,
00:23
and we want to start an institute in theoretical physics.
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ืŸืื ื—ื ื• ืจื•ืฆื™ื ืœื”ืงื™ื ืžื›ื•ืŸ ืœืคื™ื–ื™ืงื” ืชื™ืื•ืจื˜ื™ืช.
00:27
We have about 120 million dollars, and we want to do it well.
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ื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ื‘ืขืจืš 120 ืžื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ื“ื•ืœืจ, ื•ืื ื—ื ื• ืจื•ืฆื™ื ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืืช ื–ื” ื”ื™ื˜ื‘.
00:32
We want to be in the forefront fields,
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืจื•ืฆื™ื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื‘ื—ื–ื™ืช ื”ืžื“ืข,
00:34
and we want to do it differently.
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ื•ืื ื—ื ื• ืจื•ืฆื™ื ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืืช ื–ื” ืื—ืจืช.
00:36
We want to get out of this thing
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืจื•ืฆื™ื ืœื”ืฉืชื—ืจืจ ืžื”ืžืฆื‘ ื”ื–ื”
00:38
where the young people have all the ideas, and the old people have all the power
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ืฉื‘ื• ืœืื ืฉื™ื ื”ืฆืขื™ืจื™ื ื™ืฉ ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ืจืขื™ื•ื ื•ืช, ื•ืœืžื‘ื•ื’ืจื™ื ื™ืฉ ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ื›ื•ื—
00:41
and decide what science gets done.
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ื•ืžื—ืœื™ื˜ื™ื ื‘ืื™ืœื• ืชื—ื•ืžื™ื ื”ืื—ืจื™ื ื™ืขื‘ื“ื•.
00:44
It took me about 25 seconds to decide that that was a good idea.
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ืœืงื— ืœื™ ื‘ืขืจืš 25 ืฉื ื™ื•ืช ืœื”ื—ืœื™ื˜ ืฉื–ื” ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ื˜ื•ื‘.
00:47
Three years later, we have the Perimeter Institute for Theoretical Physics
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ืฉืœื•ืฉ ืฉื ื™ื ืื—ืจ ื›ืš ื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ืืช ืžื›ื•ืŸ ืคืจื™ืžื˜ืจ (ื”ื™ืงืฃ) ืœืคื™ื–ื™ืงื” ืชื™ืื•ืจื˜ื™ืช
00:52
in Waterloo, Ontario. Itโ€™s the most exciting job Iโ€™ve ever had.
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ื‘ื•ื•ื˜ืจืœื•, ืื•ื ื˜ืจื™ื•. ื–ื•ื”ื™ ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื”ื›ื™ ืžืจื’ืฉืช ืฉื”ื™ืชื” ืœื™ ืื™ ืคืขื.
00:57
And itโ€™s the first time Iโ€™ve had a job where Iโ€™m afraid to go away
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ื•ื–ื• ื”ืคืขื ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืฉืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉืฉ ืœื”ื™ืขื“ืจ ืžื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื”
01:01
because of everything thatโ€™s going to happen in this week when Iโ€™m here.
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ื‘ื’ืœืœ ื›ืœ ืžื” ืฉื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืงืจื•ืช ื‘ืฉื‘ื•ืข ืฉื‘ื• ืื ื™ ื ืžืฆื ื›ืืŸ.
01:05
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
01:07
But in any case, what Iโ€™m going to do in my little bit of time
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ืื‘ืœ ื‘ื›ืœ ืžืงืจื”, ืžื” ืฉืื ื™ ื”ื•ืœืš ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ื”ืงืฆืจ ืฉื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื™,
01:11
is take you on a quick tour of some of the things
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ื–ื” ืœืงื—ืช ืืชื›ื ืœืกื™ื•ืจ ืงืฆืจ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื›ืžื” ืžื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื
01:14
that we talk about and we think about.
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ืขืœื™ื”ื ืื ื• ืžื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื•ื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื.
01:17
So, we think a lot about what really makes science work?
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ืื– ืื ื—ื ื• ื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ื”ืจื‘ื” ืขืœ ืžื” ื‘ืืžืช ืžื ื™ืข ืืช ื”ืžื“ืข?
01:20
The first thing that anybody who knows science,
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ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืฉื›ืœ ืื—ื“ ืฉืžื›ื™ืจ ืืช ื”ืžื“ืข
01:23
and has been around science,
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ื•ืขืกืง ื‘ืžื“ืข
01:24
is that the stuff you learn in school as a scientific method
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ื”ื•ื ืฉื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืœื•ืžื“ื™ื ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืกืคืจ ื›ืฉื™ื˜ื•ืช ืžื“ืขื™ื•ืช
01:26
is wrong. There is no method.
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ื”ื ืœื ื ื›ื•ื ื™ื. ืื™ืŸ ืฉื™ื˜ื”.
01:29
On the other hand, somehow we manage to reason together
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ืžืฆื“ ืฉื ื™, ืื™ื›ืฉื”ื• ืื ื—ื ื• ืžืฆืœื™ื—ื™ื ืœื”ืกื™ืง ื‘ื™ื—ื“
01:33
as a community, from incomplete evidence
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ื›ืงื”ื™ืœื”, ืžืชื•ืš ืจืื™ื•ืช ืฉืื™ื ืŸ ืฉืœืžื•ืช
01:36
to conclusions that we all agree about.
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ืžืกืงื ื•ืช ืขืœื™ื”ืŸ ื›ื•ืœื ื• ืžืกื›ื™ืžื™ื.
01:39
And this is, by the way, something that a democratic society also has to do.
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ื•ื–ื”, ืื’ื‘, ืžืฉื”ื• ืฉื’ื ืขืœ ืงื”ื™ืœื” ื“ืžื•ืงืจื˜ื™ืช ืœืขืฉื•ืช.
01:43
So how does it work?
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ืื– ืื™ืš ื–ื” ืขื•ื‘ื“?
01:45
Well, my belief is that it works
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ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ, ืœื“ืขืชื™ ื–ื” ืขื•ื‘ื“
01:48
because scientists are a community bound together by an ethics.
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ืžืคื ื™ ืฉืžื“ืขื ื™ื ื”ื ืงื”ื™ืœื” ื”ืžื—ื•ื‘ืจืช ืข"ื™ ืืชื™ืงื” ืžืฉื•ืชืคืช.
01:52
And here are some of the ethical principles.
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ื•ื”ื ื” ื›ืžื” ืžื”ืขืงืจื•ื ื•ืช ื”ืืชื™ื™ื ื”ืืœื”.
01:54
Iโ€™m not going to read them all to you because Iโ€™m not in teacher mode.
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ืื ื™ ืœื ืืงืจื™ื ืœื›ื ื›ืจื’ืข ืืช ื›ื•ืœื ืžืคื ื™ ืฉืื ื™ ืœื ื‘ืžืฆื‘ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžื•ืจื”,
01:57
Iโ€™m in entertain, amaze mode.
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ืื ื™ ื‘ืžืฆื‘ ืœื‘ื“ืจ, ื•ืœื”ื“ื”ื™ื.
02:00
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
02:03
But one of the principles is that everybody
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ืื‘ืœ ืื—ื“ ื”ืขืงืจื•ื ื•ืช ื”ื•ื ืฉื›ืœ ื”ืื ืฉื™ื
02:07
who is part of the community gets to fight and argue
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ืฉืžืฉืชื™ื™ื›ื™ื ืœืงื”ื™ืœื” ื ืœื—ืžื™ื ื•ืžืชื•ื•ื›ื—ื™ื
02:10
as hard as they can for what they believe.
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ื›ื›ืœ ื™ื›ื•ืœืชื ื‘ืขื“ ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉื”ื ืžืืžื™ื ื™ื ื‘ื”ื
02:13
But weโ€™re all disciplined by the understanding
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ืื‘ืœ ื›ื•ืœื ื• ื—ื•ื ื›ื ื• ืœืื•ืจ ื”ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ
02:16
that the only people who are going to decide, you know,
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ืฉื”ืื ืฉื™ื ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ื™ื ืฉืขืชื™ื“ื™ื ืœื”ื—ืœื™ื˜, ืืชื ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื,
02:18
whether Iโ€™m right or somebody else is right,
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ืื ืื ื™ ืฆื•ื“ืง ืื• ืฉืžื ืžื™ืฉื”ื• ืื—ืจ,
02:21
are the people in our community in the next generation,
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ื”ื ื”ื—ื‘ืจื™ื ื‘ืงื”ื™ืœื” ืฉืœื ื• ื‘ื“ื•ืจ ื”ื‘ื,
02:24
in 30 and 50 years.
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ื‘ืขื•ื“ 30 ืื• 50 ืฉื ื”.
02:26
So itโ€™s this combination of respect
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ืื– ื–ื”ื• ืฉื™ืœื•ื‘ ืฉืœ ื›ื‘ื•ื“
02:29
for the tradition and community weโ€™re in,
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ืœืžืกื•ืจืช ื•ืœืงื”ื™ืœื” ืฉืœื ื•,
02:31
and rebellion that the community requires to get anywhere,
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ืขื ื”ืžืจื™ื“ื” ืฉื”ืงื”ื™ืœื” ื–ืงื•ืงื” ืœื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื’ื™ืข ืœืื™ืคืฉื”ื•,
02:34
that makes science work.
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ืฉื’ื•ืจืžื™ื ืœืžื“ืข ืœืขื‘ื•ื“.
02:37
And being in this process of being in a community
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ื•ื”ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื”ื–ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืฉืชื™ื™ื›ื•ืช ืœืงื”ื™ืœื”
02:42
that reasons from shared evidence to conclusions,
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ืฉืžืกื™ืงื” ืžืกืงื ื•ืช ืžืจืื™ื•ืช ืžืฉื•ืชืคื•ืช,
02:46
I believe, teaches us about democracy.
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ืœื“ืขืชื™, ืžืœืžื“ ืื•ืชื ื• ืขืœ ื“ืžื•ืงืจื˜ื™ื”.
02:50
Not only is there a relationship between the ethics of science
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ืœื ืจืง ืฉื™ืฉ ืงืฉืจ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืืชื™ืงื” ื”ืžื“ืขื™ืช
02:53
and the ethics of being a citizen in democracy,
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ืœืืชื™ืงื” ื”ืื–ืจื—ื™ืช,
02:56
but there has been, historically, a relationship
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ืืœื ืฉื™ืฉ ื’ื, ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ืช, ืงืฉืจ
02:59
between how people think about space and time, and what the cosmos is,
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ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื™ืš ืฉืื ืฉื™ื ื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ืขืœ ื–ืžืŸ ื•ืžืจื—ื‘, ื•ืžื”ื• ื”ื™ืงื•ื,
03:05
and how people think about the society that they live in.
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ืœื‘ื™ืŸ ืื™ืš ืฉืื ืฉื™ื ื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื—ื‘ืจื” ื‘ื” ื”ื ื—ื™ื™ื.
03:09
And I want to talk about three stages in that evolution.
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ื•ืื ื™ ืจื•ืฆื” ืœื“ื‘ืจ ืขืœ ืฉืœื•ืฉื” ืฉืœื‘ื™ื ื‘ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื”ื”ืชืคืชื—ื•ืช ื”ื–ื”.
03:14
The first science of cosmology that was anything like science
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ืžื“ืข ื”ื™ืงื•ื ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืฉื”ื™ื” ืžื“ืข ื‘ืžืœื•ื ืžื•ื‘ืŸ ื”ืžื™ืœื”,
03:18
was Aristotelian science, and that was hierarchical.
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ื”ื™ื” ื”ืžื“ืข ื”ืืจื™ืกื˜ื•ื˜ืœื™, ืฉื”ื™ื” ื”ื™ืจืจื›ื™.
03:22
The earth is in the center, then there are these crystal spheres,
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ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ ื‘ืžืจื›ื–, ืื– ื‘ืื™ื ื›ื“ื•ืจื™ ื”ืงืจื™ืกื˜ืœ ื”ืืœื”,
03:26
the sun, the moon, the planets and finally the celestial sphere,
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ื”ืฉืžืฉ, ื”ื™ืจื—, ื”ืคืœื ื˜ื•ืช ื•ื‘ืกื•ืฃ ื›ื™ืคืช ื”ืฉืžื™ื,
03:30
where the stars are. And everything in this universe has a place.
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ื”ื™ื›ืŸ ืฉื ืžืฆืื™ื ื”ื›ื•ื›ื‘ื™ื. ื•ืœื›ืœ ื“ื‘ืจ ื‘ื™ืงื•ื ื”ื–ื” ื™ืฉ ืžืงื•ื.
03:34
And Aristotleโ€™s law of motion was that everything
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ื•ื—ื•ืง ื”ืชื ื•ืขื” ืฉืœ ืืจื™ืกื˜ื• ื”ื™ื” ืฉื›ืœ ื“ื‘ืจ
03:37
goes to its natural place, which was of course,
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ื”ื•ืœืš ืœืžืงื•ื ื”ื˜ื‘ืขื™ ืฉืœื•, ืฉื”ื™ื” ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ,
03:39
the rule of the society that Aristotle lived in,
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ื”ื—ื•ืง ื‘ื—ื‘ืจื” ืฉื‘ื” ืืจื™ืกื˜ื• ื—ื™,
03:43
and more importantly, the medieval society that, through Christianity,
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ื•ื™ื•ืชืจ ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืžื›ืš, ื—ื‘ืจืช ื™ืžื™ ื”ื‘ื™ื ื™ื™ื ืฉื“ืจืš ื”ื ืฆืจื•ืช,
03:46
embraced Aristotle and blessed it.
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ืื™ืžืฆื” ื•ื‘ื™ืจื›ื” ืืช ืืจื™ืกื˜ื•.
03:50
And the idea is that everything is defined.
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ื•ื”ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ื”ื•ื ืฉื›ืœ ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ื™ื ื• ืžื•ื’ื“ืจ.
03:53
Where something is, is defined with respect to this last sphere,
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ื”ื™ื›ืŸ ื ืžืฆื ืžืฉื”ื•, ืžื•ื’ื“ืจ ื‘ื”ืชืื ืœื›ื™ืคื” ื”ืžื•ื—ืœื˜ืช ื”ื–ื•,
03:58
the celestial sphere, outside of which is this eternal,
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ื›ื™ืคืช ื”ืฉืžื™ื™ื, ืืฉืจ ืžื—ื•ืฅ ืœื” ื ืžืฆื ื”ืชื—ื•ื ื”ื ืฆื—ื™ ื”ื–ื”,
04:00
perfect realm, where lives God,
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ื”ืžื•ืฉืœื, ื”ื™ื›ืŸ ืฉื—ื™ ื”ืืœื•ื”ื™ื,
04:03
who is the ultimate judge of everything.
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ืฉื”ื™ื ื• ื”ืฉื•ืคื˜ ื”ืกื•ืคื™ ืฉืœ ื”ื›ืœ.
04:06
So that is both Aristotelian cosmology,
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ื›ืš ื”ื™ื” ื’ื ืžื“ืข ื”ื™ืงื•ื ื”ืืจื™ืกื˜ื•ื˜ืœื™,
04:08
and in a certain sense, medieval society.
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ื•ื‘ืžื™ื“ื” ืžืกื•ื™ืžืช, ื—ื‘ืจืช ื™ืžื™ ื”ื‘ื™ื ื™ื™ื.
04:11
Now, in the 17th century there was a revolution in thinking about
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ื‘ืžืื” ื”- 17 ื”ืชื—ื•ืœืœื” ืžื”ืคื›ื” ื‘ื—ืฉื™ื‘ื” ืขืœ
04:16
space and time and motion and so forth of Newton.
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ืžืจื—ื‘ ื•ื–ืžืŸ ื•ืชื ื•ืขื”, ื•ื›ืŸ ื”ืœืื”, ืฉืœ ื ื™ื•ื˜ื•ืŸ.
04:20
And at the same time there was a revolution in social thought
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ื•ื‘ืื•ืชื• ื–ืžืŸ ื”ืชื—ื•ืœืœื” ืžื”ืคื›ื” ื‘ื—ืฉื™ื‘ื” ื”ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ืช
04:24
of John Locke and his collaborators.
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ืฉืœ ื’'ื•ืŸ ืœื•ืง ื•ืฉื•ืชืคื™ื•.
04:27
And they were very closely associated.
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ื•ื”ื ื”ื™ื• ืงืฉื•ืจื™ื ืžืื•ื“ ืื—ื“ ืœืฉื ื™.
04:28
In fact, Newton and Locke were friends.
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ืœืžืขืฉื”, ื ื™ื•ื˜ื•ืŸ ื•ืœื•ืง ื”ื™ื• ื—ื‘ืจื™ื.
04:31
Their way of thinking about space and time and motion on the one hand,
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ื“ืจืš ื”ื—ืฉื™ื‘ื” ืฉืœื”ื ืขืœ ืžืจื—ื‘ ื•ื–ืžืŸ ื•ืชื ื•ืขื” ืžืฆื“ ืื—ื“,
04:36
and a society on the other hand, were closely related.
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ื•ืขืœ ื”ื—ื‘ืจื” ืžืฆื“ ืฉื ื™, ื”ื™ื• ืงืฉื•ืจื™ื ืžืื•ื“.
04:40
And let me show you.
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ื•ืชื ื• ืœื™ ืœื”ืจืื•ืช ืœื›ื.
04:41
In a Newtonian universe, thereโ€™s no center -- thank you.
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ื‘ื™ืงื•ื ื ื™ื•ื˜ื•ื ื™, ืื™ืŸ ืžืจื›ื– -- ืชื•ื“ื” ืœืš.
04:46
There are particles and they move around
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ื™ืฉ ื—ืœืงื™ืงื™ื ื•ื”ื ื–ื–ื™ื ื‘ืžืจื—ื‘
04:49
with respect to a fixed, absolute framework of space and time.
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ื‘ื™ื—ืก ืœืžืกื’ืจืช ืงื‘ื•ืขื” ื•ืžื•ื—ืœื˜ืช ืฉืœ ื–ืžืŸ ื•ืžืจื—ื‘.
04:54
Itโ€™s meaningful to say absolutely where something is in space,
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ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืœื”ื’ื™ื“ ืื™ืคื” ืžืฉื”ื• ื ืžืฆื ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ื‘ื—ืœืœ,
04:58
because thatโ€™s defined, not with respect to say, where other things are,
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ืžืคื ื™ ืฉืื– ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื”ื’ื“ื™ืจ ืžื™ืงื•ื ืœื ื‘ื™ื—ืก ืœืžื™ืงื•ื ืฉืœ ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื,
05:02
but with respect to this absolute notion of space,
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ืืœื ื‘ื™ื—ืก ืœืžื•ืฉื’ ื”ืžื•ื—ืœื˜ ื”ื–ื” ืฉืœ ื—ืœืœ.
05:04
which for Newton was God.
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ืฉื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืœ ื ื™ื•ื˜ื•ืŸ ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ืืœื•ื”ื™ื.
05:06
Now, similarly, in Lockeโ€™s society there are individuals
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื•, ืขืœ ืื•ืชื• ืžืฉืงืœ, ื‘ื—ื‘ืจื” ืขืค"ื™ ืœื•ืง ื™ืฉ ื™ื—ื™ื“ื™ื
05:11
who have certain rights, properties in a formal sense,
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ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื”ื ื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืช ืžืกื•ื™ืžื•ืช, ืงื ื™ื™ื ื™ื ืจืฉืžื™ื™ื,
05:14
and those are defined with respect to some absolute,
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ืืฉืจ ืžื•ื’ื“ืจื™ื ื‘ื™ื—ืก ืœืžื•ืฉื’ื™ื ืžื•ื—ืœื˜ื™ื
05:18
abstract notions of rights and justice, and so forth,
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ื•ืžื•ืคืฉื˜ื™ื ืฉืœ ื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืช ื•ืฆื“ืง, ื•ื›ืŸ ื”ืœืื”,
05:22
which are independent of what else has happened in the society.
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ืฉืื™ื ื ืชืœื•ื™ื™ื ื‘ืžื” ืฉืงื•ืจื” ื‘ื—ื‘ืจื”.
05:27
Of who else there is, of the history and so forth.
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ื‘ืžื” ืขื•ื“ ื ืžืฆื, ื‘ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ื•ื›ื™ื•ืฆื ื‘ื–ื”.
05:30
There is also an omniscient observer
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ื‘ื ื•ืกืฃ ืงื™ื™ื ืฆื•ืคื” ื™ื•ื“ืข-ื›ืœ
05:33
who knows everything, who is God,
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ืฉื”ื•ื ืืœื•ื”ื™ื,
05:35
who is in a certain sense outside the universe,
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ืืฉืจ ื ืžืฆื ื‘ืžื•ื‘ืŸ ืžืกื•ื™ื ืžื—ื•ืฅ ืœื™ืงื•ื,
05:38
because he has no role in anything that happens,
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ืžืคื ื™ ืฉืื™ืŸ ืœื• ืชืคืงื™ื“ ื‘ืฉื•ื ื“ื‘ืจ ืฉืงื•ืจื”,
05:40
but is in a certain sense everywhere,
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ืื‘ืœ ื‘ืžื•ื‘ืŸ ืžืกื•ื™ื ื ืžืฆื ื‘ื›ืœ ืžืงื•ื,
05:42
because space is just the way that God knows
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ืžืคื ื™ ืฉื—ืœืœ ื”ื•ื ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ื”ื“ืจืš ืฉื‘ื” ืืœื•ื”ื™ื ื™ื•ื“ืข
05:45
where everything is, according to Newton, OK?
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ืื™ืคื” ื”ื›ืœ ื ืžืฆื, ืœืคื™ ื ื™ื•ื˜ื•ืŸ, ื‘ืกื“ืจ?
05:49
So this is the foundations of whatโ€™s called, traditionally,
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ืื– ืืœื” ื”ื™ืกื•ื“ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืžื” ืฉืžื›ื•ื ื”, ืžืกื•ืจืชื™ืช,
05:53
liberal political theory and Newtonian physics.
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ื”ืชืื•ืจื™ื” ื”ืœื™ื‘ืจืœื™ืช ื•ืคื™ื–ื™ืงื” ื ื™ื•ื˜ื•ื ื™ืช.
05:57
Now, in the 20th century we had a revolution
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื•, ื‘ืžืื” ื”- 20 ืขื‘ืจื ื• ืžื”ืคื›ื”
06:01
that was initiated at the beginning of the 20th century,
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ืฉื”ืชื—ื™ืœื” ื‘ืชื—ื™ืœื” ื”ืžืื” ื”- 20
06:04
and which is still going on.
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ื•ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืžืชืงื™ื™ืžืช.
06:07
It was begun with the invention
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ื”ื™ื ื”ืชื—ื™ืœื” ืขื ื”ืžืฆืืช
06:08
of relativity theory and quantum theory.
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ืชื•ืจืช ื”ื™ื—ืกื•ืช ื•ืชื•ืจืช ื”ืงื•ื•ืื ื˜ื™ื.
06:11
And merging them together to make the final quantum theory
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ื•ื”ืžื™ื–ื•ื’ ืฉืœ ืฉื ื™ื”ื ืœื›ื“ื™ ืชื•ืจืช ื”ืงื•ื•ืื ื˜ื™ื ื”ืกื•ืคื™ืช
06:14
of space and time and gravity, is the culmination of that,
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ืฉืœ ืžืจื—ื‘ ื•ื–ืžืŸ ื•ื›ื— ื”ื›ื‘ื™ื“ื”, ื”ื•ื ื”ืฉื™ื ืฉืœ ื–ื”,
06:19
something thatโ€™s going on right now.
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ืืฉืจ ืžืชืจื—ืฉ ื‘ื–ืžื ื ื• ืื ื•.
06:21
And in this universe thereโ€™s nothing fixed and absolute. Zilch, OK.
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ื•ื‘ื™ืงื•ื ื”ื–ื” ืฉื•ื ื“ื‘ืจ ืื™ื ื• ืงื‘ื•ืข ื•ืžื•ื—ืœื˜. ื›ืœื•ื.
06:26
This universe is described by being a network of relationships.
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ื”ื™ืงื•ื ื”ื–ื” ืžืชื•ืืจ ื›ืจืฉืช ืฉืœ ื™ื—ืกื™ื.
06:31
Space is just one aspect, so thereโ€™s no meaning to say
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ื”ื—ืœืœ ื”ื•ื ืจืง ืžื™ืฉื•ืจ ืื—ื“, ื›ืš ืฉืื™ืŸ ืฉื•ื ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช ืœืงื‘ื™ืขื”,
06:34
absolutely where something is.
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ืื™ืคื” ืžืฉื”ื• ื ืžืฆื ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง.
06:36
Thereโ€™s only where it is relative to everything else that is.
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ืžื” ืฉื—ืฉื•ื‘ ื–ื” ืจืง ืื™ืคื” ื”ื•ื ื ืžืฆื ื‘ื™ื—ืก ืœื›ืœ ืฉืืจ ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื.
06:39
And this network of relations is ever-evolving.
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ื•ืจืฉืช ื”ืงืฉืจื™ื ื”ืืœื” ืžืชืคืชื—ืช ื›ืœ ื”ื–ืžืŸ.
06:43
So we call it a relational universe.
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ืื– ืื ื• ืงื•ืจืื™ื ืœื–ื” ื™ืงื•ื ื™ื—ืกื™.
06:45
All properties of things are about these kinds of relationships.
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ื›ืœ ื”ืชื›ื•ื ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื›ืœ ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื ื•ื‘ืขื•ืช ืžืกื•ื’ื™ื ืืœื” ืฉืœ ื™ื—ืกื™ื.
06:49
And also, if youโ€™re embedded in such a network of relationships,
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ื•ื›ืžื• ื›ืŸ, ืื ืืชื” ืžื•ื˜ืžืข ื‘ืจืฉืช ื›ื–ื• ืฉืœ ื™ื—ืกื™ื,
06:52
your view of the world has to do with what information
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ืชืคื™ืฉืช ื”ืขื•ืœื ืฉืœืš ืชืœื•ื™ื” ื‘ืžื™ื“ืข
06:56
comes to you through the network of relations.
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ืืฉืจ ืžื’ื™ืข ืืœื™ืš ื“ืจืš ืจืฉืช ื”ื™ื—ืกื™ื.
06:58
And thereโ€™s no place for an omniscient observer
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ื•ืื™ืŸ ืžืงื•ื ืœืจื•ืื” ื›ืœ-ื™ื›ื•ืœ
07:01
or an outside intelligence knowing everything and making everything.
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ืื• ืœืชื‘ื•ื ื” ื—ื™ืฆื•ื ื™ืช ืฉื™ื•ื“ืขืช ื•ืขื•ืฉื” ื”ื›ืœ.
07:06
So this is general relativity, this is quantum theory.
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ืื– ื–ื•ื”ื™ ื”ื™ื—ืกื•ืช ื”ื›ืœืœื™ืช, ื–ื•ื”ื™ ืชื•ืจืช ื”ืงื•ื•ืื ื˜ื™ื.
07:09
This is also, if you talk to legal scholars,
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ืืœื” ื’ื, ืื ืืชื” ืžื“ื‘ืจ ืขื ืžืฉืคื˜ื ื™ื,
07:12
the foundations of new ideas in legal thought.
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ื”ื™ืกื•ื“ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืจืขื™ื•ื ื•ืช ื”ื—ื“ืฉื™ื ื‘ื—ืฉื™ื‘ื” ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ืช.
07:16
Theyโ€™re thinking about the same things.
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ื”ื ื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ืขืœ ืื•ืชื ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื.
07:17
And not only that, they make the analogy
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ื•ืœื ืจืง ื–ืืช, ื”ื ื™ื•ืฆืจื™ื ืœืขื™ืชื™ื ืชื›ื•ืคื•ืช ืื ืœื•ื’ื™ื•ืช
07:20
to relativity theory and cosmology often.
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ืœืชื•ืจืช ื”ื™ื—ืกื•ืช ื•ืœื—ืงืจ ื”ื—ืœืœ.
07:23
So thereโ€™s an interesting discussion going on there.
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ืื– ืžืชื ื”ืœ ื›ืืŸ ื“ื™ื•ืŸ ืžืขื ื™ื™ืŸ.
07:26
This last view of cosmology is called the relational view.
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ื”ืชืคื™ืฉื” ื”ืื—ื•ื ื” ื”ื–ื• ื‘ื—ืงืจ ื”ื—ืœืœ ืžื›ื•ื ื” ื”ืชืคื™ืกื” ื”ื™ื—ืกื™ืช.
07:31
So the main slogan here is that thereโ€™s nothing outside the universe,
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ืื– ื”ืกื™ืกืžื ื”ืžืจื›ื–ื™ืช ื›ืืŸ ื”ื™ื ืฉืื™ืŸ ืฉื•ื ื“ื‘ืจ ืžื—ื•ืฅ ืœื™ืงื•ื,
07:34
which means that thereโ€™s no place
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ื›ืœื•ืžืจ ืฉืื™ืŸ ืžืงื•ื
07:36
to put an explanation for something outside.
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ืœื”ืกื‘ื™ืจ ืžืฉื”ื• ื—ื™ืฆื•ื ื™.
07:40
So in such a relational universe,
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ื›ืš ืฉื‘ื™ืงื•ื ื™ื—ืกื™ ื›ื–ื”,
07:42
if you come upon something thatโ€™s ordered and structured,
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ืื ืืชื” ื ืชืงืœ ื‘ืžืฉื”ื• ืžืกื•ื“ืจ ื•ืžื•ื‘ื ื”,
07:46
like this device here, or that device there,
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ื›ืžื• ื”ืžื›ืฉื™ืจ ื›ืืŸ, ืื• ื”ืžื›ืฉื™ืจ ืฉื,
07:48
or something beautiful, like all the living things,
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ืื• ืžืฉื”ื• ื™ืคื”, ื›ืžื• ื›ืœ ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื”ื—ื™ื™ื,
07:50
all of you guys in the room --
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ื›ืœ ื”ื—ื‘ืจ'ื” ื‘ื—ื“ืจ ื”ื–ื” --
07:53
"guys" in physics, by the way, is a generic term: men and women.
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ื‘ืคื™ื–ื™ืงื”, ืื’ื‘, "ื—ื‘ืจ'ื”" ื”ื•ื ืžื•ืฉื’ ื›ืœืœื™; ื’ื‘ืจื™ื ื•ื ืฉื™ื
07:58
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
08:01
Then you want to know, youโ€™re a person,
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ื•ืื– ืืชื” ืจื•ืฆื” ืœื“ืขืช, ืืชื” ื‘ืŸ ืื“ื,
08:04
you want to know how is it made.
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ืืชื” ืจื•ืฆื” ืœื“ืขืช ืื™ืš ื–ื” ื ื•ืฆืจ.
08:06
And in a relational universe the only possible explanation was, somehow it made itself.
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ื•ื‘ื™ืงื•ื ืจืฆื™ื•ื ืœื™ ื”ื”ืกื‘ืจ ื”ืืคืฉืจื™ ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ื™ ื”ื•ื ืฉืื™ื›ืฉื”ื• ื–ื” ื ื•ืฆืจ ืžืขืฆืžื•.
08:11
There must be mechanisms of self-organization
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ื—ื™ื™ื‘ื™ื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžื ื’ื ื•ื ื™ื ืฉืœ ืืจื’ื•ืŸ ืขืฆืžื™
08:14
inside the universe that make things.
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ื‘ืชื•ืš ื”ื™ืงื•ื, ืฉื™ื•ืฆืจ ื“ื‘ืจื™ื.
08:16
Because thereโ€™s no place to put a maker outside,
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ืžืคื ื™ ืฉืื™ืŸ ืžืงื•ื ืœื™ื•ืฆืจ,
08:19
as there was in the Aristotelian and the Newtonian universe.
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ื›ืคื™ ืฉื”ื™ื” ื‘ื™ืงื•ืžื™ื ืฉืœ ืืจื™ืกื˜ื• ื•ืฉืœ ื ื™ื•ื˜ื•ืŸ.
08:23
So in a relational universe we must have processes of self-organization.
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ืื– ื‘ื™ืงื•ื ืจืฆื™ื•ื ืœื™ ื—ื™ื™ื‘ื™ื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืœื ื• ืชื”ืœื™ื›ื™ื ืฉืœ ืืจื’ื•ืŸ ืขืฆืžื™.
08:27
Now, Darwin taught us that there are processes of self-organization
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื•, ื“ืจื•ื•ื™ืŸ ื—ืฉื‘ ืฉื™ืฉ ืชื”ืœื™ื›ื™ื ืฉืœ ืืจื’ื•ืŸ ืขืฆืžื™,
08:33
that suffice to explain all of us and everything we see.
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ืฉืžืกืคืงื™ื ื”ืกื‘ืจ ื”ื•ืœื ืœืงื™ื•ื ืฉืœื ื• ื•ืฉืœ ื›ืœ ื“ื‘ืจ ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืจื•ืื™ื.
08:37
So it works. But not only that,
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ื›ืš ื–ื” ืขื•ื‘ื“. ืื‘ืœ ื™ืชืจื” ืžื›ืš,
08:39
if you think about how natural selection works,
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ืื ืืชื” ื—ื•ืฉื‘ ืขืœ ื”ื“ืจืš ื‘ื• ืขื•ื‘ื“ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืจื” ื”ื˜ื‘ืขื™ืช,
08:43
then it turns out that natural selection
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ืžืชื‘ืจืจ ืฉื”ื‘ืจื™ืจื” ื”ื˜ื‘ืขื™ืช
08:45
would only make sense in such a relational universe.
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ืชื™ืชื›ืŸ ืจืง ื‘ื™ืงื•ื ืจืฆื™ื•ื ืœื™.
08:49
That is, natural selection works on properties,
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ื›ืœื•ืžืจ, ื‘ืจื™ืจื” ื˜ื‘ืขื™ืช ืžื‘ื•ืกืกืช ืขืœ ืชื›ื•ื ื•ืช,
08:53
like fitness, which are about relationships
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ื›ืžื• ืขืžื™ื“ื•ืช, ื”ืงืฉื•ืจื•ืช ืœื™ื—ืกื™ื
08:56
of some species to some other species.
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ื‘ื™ืŸ ื–ื ื™ื ืžืกื•ื™ืžื™ื ืœืื—ืจื™ื.
08:59
Darwin wouldnโ€™t make sense in an Aristotelian universe,
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ื“ืจื•ื•ื™ื ื™ื–ื ืœื ื”ื™ื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื™ื—ืฉื‘ ื”ื’ื™ื•ื ื™ ื‘ื™ืงื•ื ืืจื™ืกื˜ื•ื˜ืœื™,
09:03
and wouldnโ€™t really make sense in a Newtonian universe.
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ื•ื’ื ืœื ืžืžืฉ ื‘ื™ืงื•ื ื”ื ื™ื•ื˜ื•ื ื™.
09:07
So a theory of biology based on natural selection
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ืื– ืชื™ืื•ืจื™ื” ื‘ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ืช ื”ืžื‘ื•ืกืกืช ืขืœ ื‘ืจื™ืจื” ื˜ื‘ืขื™ืช
09:12
requires a relational notion of
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ื“ื•ืจืฉืช ื—ืฉื™ื‘ื” ื™ื—ืกื™ืช ื‘ืืฉืจ
09:15
what are the properties of biological systems.
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ืœืชื›ื•ื ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืžืขืจื›ื•ืช ื‘ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื•ืช.
09:18
And if you push that all the way down, really,
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ื•ืื ืืชื” ื—ื•ืฉื‘ ืขืœ ื–ื” ืœืขื•ืžืง, ื‘ืืžืช,
09:21
it makes the best sense in a relational universe
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ื–ื”ื• ื”ื”ืกื‘ืจ ื”ืกื‘ื™ืจ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ื™ืงื•ื ื™ื—ืกื™
09:24
where all properties are relational.
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ื‘ื”ืŸ ื›ืœ ื”ืชื›ื•ื ื•ืช ื”ืŸ ื™ื—ืกื™ื•ืช.
09:27
Now, not only that, but Einstein taught us
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ื•ืœื ืจืง ื–ื”, ืืœื ืฉืื™ื ืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ ืœื™ืžื“ ืื•ืชื ื•
09:30
that gravity is the result of the world being relational.
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ืฉื›ื— ื”ืžืฉื™ื›ื” ื”ื•ื ื”ืชื•ืฆืื” ืฉืœ ื”ื™ื•ืชื• ืฉืœ ื”ืขื•ืœื ื™ื—ืกื™.
09:36
If it wasnโ€™t for gravity, there wouldnโ€™t be life,
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ืœืœื ื›ื— ื”ืžืฉื™ื›ื”, ืœื ื”ื™ื• ื—ื™ื™ื,
09:39
because gravity causes stars to form and live for a very long time,
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ืžืคื ื™ ืฉื›ื•ื— ื”ืžืฉื™ื›ื” ื’ื•ืจื ืœื›ื•ื›ื‘ื™ื ืœื”ื™ื•ื•ืฆืจ ื•ืœื—ื™ื•ืช ืœืฉื ื™ื ืจื‘ื•ืช,
09:45
keeping pieces of the world, like the surface of the Earth,
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ืฉื•ืžืจ ืขืœ ื—ืœืงื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืขื•ืœื, ื›ืžื• ื”ืื“ืžื”,
09:48
out of thermal equilibrium for billions of years so life can evolve.
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ืžืคื ื™ ืฉื™ื•ื•ื™ ืžืฉืงืœ ืชืจืžื™ ืœืžืฉืš ืžื™ืœื™ืืจื“ื™ ืฉื ื™ื ื›ื“ื™ ืฉื—ื™ื™ื ื™ื•ื›ืœื• ืœื”ื™ื•ื•ืฆืจ.
09:52
In the 20th century,
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ื‘ืžืื” ื”- 20,
09:54
we saw the independent development of two big themes in science.
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ืจืื™ื ื• ืืช ื”ื”ืชืคืชื—ื•ืช ื”ืขืฆืžืื™ืช ืฉืœ ืฉื ื™ ืชื—ื•ืžื™ื ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื ื‘ืžื“ืข.
09:59
In the biological sciences, they explored
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ื‘ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื ื—ืงืจื•
10:03
the implications of the notion that order and complexity
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ืืช ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช ื”ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ืฉืกื“ืจ ื•ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ื•ืช
10:06
and structure arise in a self-organized way.
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ื•ืžื‘ื ื” ืฆืฆื™ื ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืขืฆืžืื™.
10:10
That was the triumph of Neo-Darwinism and so forth.
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ื–ื”ื• ื”ื ื™ืฆื—ื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ื”ื ืื•-ื“ืจื•ื•ื™ื ื™ื–ื ื•ื›ืŸ ื”ืœืื”.
10:14
And slowly, that idea is leaking out to the cognitive sciences,
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ื•ืœืื˜ ืœืื˜, ื”ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ื”ื–ื” ื—ื•ื“ืจ ืœืžื“ืขื™ื ื”ืงื•ื’ื ื™ื˜ื™ื‘ื™ื™ื,
10:19
the human sciences, economics, et cetera.
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ืœืžื“ืขื™ ื”ืื“ื, ืœื›ืœื›ืœื” ื•ืขื•ื“.
10:23
At the same time, we physicists
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ื‘ืื•ืชื• ื”ื–ืžืŸ, ืื ื• ื”ืคื™ื–ื™ืงืื™ื
10:25
have been busy trying to make sense of
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ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ืขืกื•ืงื™ื ื‘ืœืžืฆื•ื ื”ื™ื’ื™ื•ืŸ
10:28
and build on and integrate the discoveries
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ื•ืœืงื“ื ื•ืœืฉืœื‘ ืืช ื”ื’ื™ืœื•ื™ื™ื
10:31
of quantum theory and relativity.
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ืฉืœ ืชื•ืจืช ื”ืงื•ื•ืื ื˜ื™ื ื•ื”ื™ื—ืกื™ื•ืช.
10:33
And what weโ€™ve been working out is the implications, really,
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ืื‘ืœ ืœืžืขืฉื” ืขื‘ื“ื ื• ืขืœ ื”ื”ืฉืœื›ื•ืช,
10:37
of the idea that the universe is made up of relations.
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ืฉืœ ื”ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ืฉื”ื™ืงื•ื ื‘ื ื•ื™ ืžื™ื—ืกื™ื.
10:40
21st-century science is going to be driven
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ื”ืžืื” ื”- 21 ืขื•ืžื“ืช ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžื•ื‘ืœืช
10:43
by the integration of these two ideas:
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ืข"ื™ ื”ืฉื™ืœื•ื‘ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืฉื ื™ ืจืขื™ื•ื ื•ืช:
10:46
the triumph of relational ways of thinking
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ื ื™ืฆื—ื•ื ื” ืฉืœ ื”ื—ืฉื™ื‘ื” ื”ื™ื—ืกื™ืช
10:49
about the world, on the one hand,
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ืขืœ ื”ืขื•ืœื, ืžืฆื“ ืื—ื“,
10:51
and self-organization or Darwinian ways of thinking about the world,
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ื•ืืจื’ื•ืŸ ืขืฆืžื™ ืื• ื“ืจื›ื™ ื—ืฉื™ื‘ื” ื“ืจื•ื•ื™ื ื™ืกื˜ื™ื•ืช ืขืœ ื”ืขื•ืœื,
10:54
on the other hand.
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ืขืœ ื”ืขื•ืœื, ืžืฆื“ ืฉื ื™.
10:57
And also, is that in the 21st century
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ื•ื›ืžื• ื›ืŸ, ื‘ืžืื” ื”- 21
10:59
our thinking about space and time and cosmology,
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ื’ื ื”ื—ืฉื™ื‘ื” ืฉืœื ื• ืขืœ ืžืจื—ื‘ ื•ื–ืžืŸ ื•ื—ืงืจ ื”ื—ืœืœ,
11:04
and our thinking about society are both going to continue to evolve.
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ื•ื’ื ื”ื—ืฉื™ื‘ื” ืฉืœื ื• ืขืœ ื”ื—ื‘ืจื” ืขื•ืžื“ื™ื ืœื”ืชืคืชื—.
11:09
And what theyโ€™re evolving towards is the union
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ื•ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ื”ืชืชืคื—ื•ืช ืฉืœื”ื ื”ื•ื ืื™ื—ื•ื“
11:11
of these two big ideas, Darwinism and relationalism.
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ืฉืœ ืฉื ื™ ืจืขื™ื•ื ื•ืช, ื“ืจื•ื•ื™ื–ื™ื ื ื•ืจืฆื™ื•ื ืœื™ื–ื.
11:15
Now, if you think about democracy from this perspective,
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื•, ืื ืืชื” ื—ื•ืฉื‘ ืขืœ ื“ืžื•ืงืจื˜ื™ื” ืžื ืงื•ื“ืช ื”ืžื‘ื˜ ื”ื–ื•,
11:21
a new pluralistic notion of democracy would be one that recognizes
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ืžื•ืฉื’ ื—ื“ืฉ ื•ืคืœื•ืจืœื™ืกื˜ื™ ืฉืœ ื“ืžื•ืงืจื˜ื™ื” ื™ื”ื™ื” ื–ื” ืฉืžื–ื”ื”
11:26
that there are many different interests, many different agendas,
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ืฉื™ืฉ ื‘ื—ื‘ืจื” ื”ืจื‘ื” ืื™ื ื˜ืจืกื™ื ื•ืื’'ื ื“ื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื•ืช,
11:29
many different individuals, many different points of view.
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ื”ืจื‘ื” ืื ืฉื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื, ื”ืจื‘ื” ืชืคื™ืกื•ืช ืขื•ืœื ืฉื•ื ื•ืช.
11:33
Each one is incomplete, because youโ€™re embedded
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ื›ืœ ืื—ืช ืื™ื ื” ืฉืœืžื”, ืžืคื ื™ ืฉืืชื” ืžื•ื˜ืžืข
11:37
in a network of relationships.
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ื‘ืจืฉืช ื”ื™ื—ืกื™ื.
11:39
Any actor in a democracy is embedded
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ืฉื—ืงืŸ ื‘ื“ืžื•ืงืจื˜ื™ื” ื”ื™ื ื• ืžื•ื˜ืžืข
11:41
in a network of relationships.
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ื‘ืจืฉืช ื™ื—ืกื™ื.
11:42
And you understand some things better than other things,
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ื•ืืชื” ืžื‘ื™ืŸ ืฉื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืžืกื•ื™ืžื™ื ื˜ื•ื‘ื™ื ืžืื—ืจื™ื,
11:45
and because of that thereโ€™s a continual jostling
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ื•ืžืฉื•ื ื›ืš ื™ืฉ ื”ืชื ื’ืฉื•ืช ืžืชืžื“ืช
11:49
and give and take, which is politics.
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ื•ืžืงื— ื•ืžืžื›ืจ, ืฉื–ื•ื”ื™ ื”ืคื•ืœื•ื˜ื™ืงื”.
11:54
And politics is, in the ideal sense,
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ื•ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ืงื” ื”ื™ื, ื‘ืžื•ื‘ืŸ ื”ืžื•ืฉืœื,
11:56
the way in which we continually address
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ื”ื“ืจืš ืฉื‘ื” ืื ื• ืฉื•ื‘ ื•ืฉื•ื‘ ืžืชืžื•ื“ื“ื™ื
12:00
our network of relations in order to achieve
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ืขื ืจืฉืช ื”ืงืฉืจื™ื ื‘ื—ื‘ืจื” ืขืž"ื  ืœื”ืฉื™ื’
12:03
a better life and a better society.
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ื—ื™ื™ื ื˜ื•ื‘ื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ, ื•ื—ื‘ืจื” ื˜ื•ื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ.
12:06
And I also think that science will never go away and --
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ื•ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ ืฉื’ื ื”ืžื“ืข ืืฃ ืคืขื ืœื ื™ืขืœื ื• --
12:12
Iโ€™m finishing on this line.
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ืื ื™ ืžืกื™ื™ื ื›ืืŸ.
12:14
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
12:18
In fact, Iโ€™m finished. Science will never go away.
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ืœืžืขืฉื”, ืกื™ื™ืžืชื™. ื”ืžื“ืข ืืฃ ืคืขื ืœื ื™ื™ืขืœื.
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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