Deep Under the Earth's Surface, Discovering Beauty and Science | Francesco Sauro | TED Talks

133,134 views ใƒป 2015-11-16

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ูŠุฑุฌู‰ ุงู„ู†ู‚ุฑ ู†ู‚ุฑู‹ุง ู…ุฒุฏูˆุฌู‹ุง ููˆู‚ ุงู„ุชุฑุฌู…ุฉ ุงู„ุฅู†ุฌู„ูŠุฒูŠุฉ ุฃุฏู†ุงู‡ ู„ุชุดุบูŠู„ ุงู„ููŠุฏูŠูˆ.

ุงู„ู…ุชุฑุฌู…: Riyad Almubarak ุงู„ู…ุฏู‚ู‘ู‚: Rania Nakhli
00:12
I would like to invite you
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ุฃูˆุฏ ุฃู† ุฃุตุทุญุจูƒู…
00:14
to come along on a visit
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ููŠ ุฒูŠุงุฑุฉ
00:16
to a dark continent.
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ุฅู„ู‰ ู‚ุงุฑุฉ ู…ุนุชู…ุฉ.
00:18
It is the continent hidden
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ุฅู†ู‡ุง ู‚ุงุฑุฉ ู…ุฎููŠุฉ
00:20
under the surface of the earth.
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ุชุญุช ุณุทุญ ุงู„ุฃุฑุถ.
00:22
It is largely unexplored,
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ูˆู‡ูŠ ุบูŠุฑ ู…ูƒุชุดูุฉ ุชู…ุงู…ู‹ุงุŒ
00:24
poorly understood, and the stuff of legends.
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ู…ุจู‡ู…ุฉ ูˆุชุญูˆู… ุญูˆู„ู‡ุง ุงู„ุฃุณุงุทูŠุฑ.
00:27
But it is made also of dramatic landscapes
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ูˆุชุญุชูˆูŠ ุนู„ู‰ ู…ู†ุงุธุฑ ุทุจูŠุนูŠุฉ ุฎู„ุงุจุฉ
00:29
like this huge underground chamber,
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ู…ุซู„ ู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ุชุฌูˆูŠู ุงู„ุฃุฑุถูŠ ุงู„ุถุฎู…ุŒ
00:32
and it is rich with surprising biological and mineralogical worlds.
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ูˆู‡ูŠ ุบู†ูŠุฉ ุจุนูˆุงู„ู… ุจูŠูˆู„ูˆุฌูŠุฉ ูˆู…ุนุฏู†ูŠุฉ ู…ุฏู‡ุดุฉ.
00:38
Thanks to the efforts of intrepid voyagers in the last three centuries --
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ุจูุถู„ ุฌู‡ูˆุฏ ุงู„ุฑุญุงู„ุฉ ุงู„ุฌุฑูŠุฆูŠู† ุนู„ู‰ ู…ุฏู‰ ุงู„ู‚ุฑูˆู† ุงู„ุซู„ุงุซุฉ ุงู„ู…ุงุถูŠุฉ.
00:42
actually, we know also thanks to satellite technology, of course --
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ููŠ ุงู„ูˆุงู‚ุนุŒ ูƒุฐู„ูƒ ุจูุถู„ ุชูƒู†ูˆู„ูˆุฌูŠุง ุงู„ุฃู‚ู…ุงุฑ ุงู„ุฅุตุทู†ุงุนูŠุฉุŒ ุจุงู„ุชุฃูƒูŠุฏ
00:46
we know almost every single square meter of our planet's surface.
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ู†ุญู† ู…ู„ู…ูˆู† ุชู‚ุฑูŠุจู‹ุง ุจูƒู„ ู…ุชุฑ ู…ุฑุจุน ุนู„ู‰ ุณุทุญ ูƒูˆูƒุจู†ุง.
00:51
However, we know still very little about what is hidden inside the earth.
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ูˆู…ุน ุฐู„ูƒุŒ ู„ุง ุชุฒุงู„ ู…ุนุฑูุชู†ุง ุจู…ุง ูŠุญูˆูŠู‡ ุจุงุทู† ุงู„ุฃุฑุถ ู…ุชูˆุงุถุนุฉ ุฌุฏู‹ุง.
00:56
Because a cave landscape, like this deep shaft in Italy, is hidden,
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ู„ุฃู† ู…ู†ุธุฑ ูƒู‡ู ุทุจูŠุนูŠ ู…ุซู„ ู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ู†ูู‚ ุงู„ุนู…ูŠู‚ ููŠ ุฅูŠุทุงู„ูŠุง ูŠูƒูˆู† ู…ุฎููŠู‹ุงุŒ
01:01
the potential of cave exploration -- the geographical dimension --
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ุฅู…ูƒุงู†ูŠุฉ ุงูƒุชุดุงู ุงู„ูƒู‡ูˆูุŒ ูˆุงู„ุจุนุฏ ุงู„ุฌุบุฑุงููŠ
01:05
is poorly understood and unappreciated.
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ุชุนุชุจุฑ ู…ุจู‡ู…ุฉ ูˆุบูŠุฑ ู…ู‚ุฏุฑุฉ.
01:07
Because we are creatures living on the surface,
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ู„ุฃู†ู†ุง ู…ุฎู„ูˆู‚ุงุช ุชุนูŠุด ุนู„ู‰ ุงู„ุณุทุญุŒ
01:10
our perception of the inner side of the planet
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ุฃู…ุง ุงุฏุฑุงูƒู†ุง ู„ุจุงุทู† ุงู„ูƒูˆูƒุจ
01:14
is in some ways skewed,
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ูู‡ูˆ ู…ุดูˆู‡ ู†ูˆุนู‹ุง ู…ุง.
01:16
as is that of the depth of the oceans
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ูƒู…ุง ู‡ูˆ ุงู„ุฃู…ุฑ ู…ุน ุฃุนู…ุงู‚ ุงู„ู…ุญูŠุทุงุช
01:19
or of the upper atmosphere.
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ุฃูˆ ุงู„ุบู„ุงู ุงู„ุฌูˆูŠ ุงู„ุนู„ูˆูŠ.
01:23
However, since systematic cave exploration started about one century ago,
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ูˆู…ุน ุฐู„ูƒุŒ ู…ู†ุฐ ุฃู† ุจุฏุฃ ุงุณุชูƒุชุดุงู ุงู„ูƒู‡ูˆู ุงู„ู…ู…ู†ู‡ุฌ ู…ู†ุฐ ู…ุงูŠู‚ุฑุจ ู…ู† ู‚ุฑู† ู…ู† ุงู„ุฒู…ุงู†ุŒ
01:30
we know actually that caves exist in every continent of the world.
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ู†ุนู„ู… ุฃู† ุงู„ูƒู‡ูˆู ู…ูˆุฌูˆุฏุฉ ููŠ ูƒู„ ู‚ุงุฑุฉ ุญูˆู„ ุงู„ุนุงู„ู….
01:34
A single cave system, like Mammoth Cave, which is in Kentucky,
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ู†ุธุงู… ูƒู‡ููŠ ูˆุญูŠุฏ ู…ุซู„ ูƒู‡ู ุงู„ู…ุงู…ูˆุซุŒ ุงู„ู…ูˆุฌูˆุฏ ููŠ ูˆู„ุงูŠุฉ ูƒู†ุชุงูƒูŠ.
01:38
can be as long as more than 600 kilometers.
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ู‚ุฏ ูŠุตู„ ุนู…ู‚ู‡ ุญุชู‰ 600 ูƒูŠู„ูˆู…ุชุฑ.
01:43
And an abyss like Krubera Voronya, which is in the Caucasus region,
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ูˆูƒู‡ุงูˆูŠุฉ ู…ุซู„ ูƒุฑูˆุจูŠุฑุง ููˆุฑูˆู†ูŠุง ุงู„ู…ูˆุฌูˆุฏุฉ ููŠ ุฅู‚ู„ูŠู… ุงู„ู‚ูˆู‚ุงุฒุŒ
01:47
actually the deepest cave explored in the world,
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ููŠ ุงู„ูˆุงู‚ุน ุฃุนู…ู‚ ูƒู‡ู ุชู… ุงูƒุชุดุงูู‡ ููŠ ุงู„ุนุงู„ู…ุŒ
01:50
can go as far as more than 2,000 meters below the surface.
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ู‚ุฏ ูŠุตู„ ุนู…ู‚ู‡ ุญุชู‰ 2000 ู…ุชุฑ ุชุญุช ุณุทุญ ุงู„ุฃุฑุถ.
01:54
That means a journey of weeks for a cave explorer.
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ู…ู…ุง ูŠุนู†ูŠ ุฑุญู„ุฉ ุชุณุชุบุฑู‚ ุฃุณุงุจูŠุนู‹ุง ุจุงู„ู†ุณุจุฉ ู„ู…ุณุชูƒุดู ูƒู‡ูˆู.
01:59
Caves form in karstic regions.
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ุชูƒูˆูŠู† ู…ู† ุงู„ูƒู‡ูˆู ููŠ ู…ู†ุงุทู‚ ุงู„ูƒุงุฑุณุชูƒ.
02:02
So karstic regions are areas of the world
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ุงู„ู…ู†ุงุทู‚ ุงู„ูƒุงุฑุณุชูƒูŠุฉ ู‡ูŠ ู…ู†ุงุทู‚ ู…ู† ุงู„ุนุงู„ู…
02:05
where the infiltrating water along cracks, fractures,
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ุญูŠุซ ุงู„ู…ุงุก ุงู„ู…ุชุณู„ู„ ุนู„ู‰ ุทูˆู„ ุงู„ุดู‚ูˆู‚ ูˆุงู„ูƒุณูˆุฑ
02:09
can easily dissolve soluble lithologies,
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ูŠู…ูƒู† ุฃู† ูŠุฐูˆู‘ุจ ุจุณู‡ูˆู„ุฉ ุงู„ุตุฎูˆุฑ ุงู„ู‚ุงุจู„ุฉ ู„ู„ุฐูˆุจุงู†ุŒ
02:13
forming a drainage system of tunnels, conduits --
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ู…ุดูƒู„ู‹ุง ู†ุธุงู… ุตุฑู ุตุญูŠ ู…ู† ุงู„ุฃู†ูุงู‚ ูˆุงู„ู‚ู†ูˆุงุช -
02:16
a three-dimensional network, actually.
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ููŠ ุงู„ูˆุงู‚ุนุŒ ุดุจูƒุฉ ุซู„ุงุซูŠุฉ ุงู„ุฃุจุนุงุฏ.
02:18
Karstic regions cover almost 20 percent of the continents' surface,
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ุชุบุทูŠ ุงู„ู…ู†ุงุทู‚ ุงู„ูƒุงุฑุณุชูŠุฉ ุชู‚ุฑูŠุจู‹ุง 20 ุจุงู„ู…ุฆุฉ ู…ู† ุณุทุญ ุงู„ู‚ุงุฑุงุชุŒ
02:24
and we know actually that speleologists in the last 50 years
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ูˆู†ุนู„ู… ุฃู† ู…ุณุชูƒุดููŠ ุงู„ูƒู‡ูˆู ุฎู„ุงู„ ุงู„ุฎู…ุณูŠู† ุณู†ุฉ ุงู„ู…ุงุถูŠุฉ
02:29
have explored roughly 30,000 kilometers of cave passages around the world,
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ุงูƒุชุดููˆุง ุชู‚ุฑูŠุจุง 30000 ูƒูŠู„ูˆู…ุชุฑ ู…ู† ู…ู…ุฑุงุช ุงู„ูƒู‡ูˆู ุญูˆู„ ุงู„ุนุงู„ู…ุŒ
02:35
which is a big number.
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ูˆู‡ูˆ ุฑู‚ู… ูƒุจูŠุฑ.
02:36
But geologists have estimated that what is still missing,
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ูˆู„ูƒู† ุนู„ู…ุงุก ุทุจู‚ุงุช ุงู„ุฃุฑุถ ู‚ุฏุฑูˆุง ุฃู† ุงู„ู…ุชุจู‚ูŠุŒ
02:41
to be discovered and mapped,
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ุญุชู‰ ูŠุชู… ุงูƒุชุดุงูู‡ ูˆุฑุณู…ู‡ ููŠ ุดูƒู„ ุฎุฑุงุฆุทุŒ
02:43
is something around 10 million kilometers.
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ูŠู…ุซู„ ุญูˆุงู„ูŠ 10 ู…ู„ูŠูˆู† ู…ู† ุงู„ูƒูŠู„ูˆู…ุชุฑุงุช.
02:47
That means that for each meter of a cave that we already know,
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ุงู„ุดูŠุก ุงู„ุฐูŠ ูŠุนู†ูŠ ุฃู†ู‡ ู…ู‚ุงุจู„ ูƒู„ ู…ุชุฑ ููŠ ูƒู‡ู ู†ุนู„ู…ู‡ ู…ุณุจู‚ู‹ุงุŒ
02:50
that we have explored,
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ุชู… ุงูƒุชุดุงูู‡ุŒ
02:52
there are still some tens of kilometers of undiscovered passages.
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ู…ุง ุชุฒุงู„ ู‡ู†ุงู„ูƒ ุญูˆุงู„ูŠ ุนุดุฑุงุช ุงู„ูƒูŠู„ูˆู…ุชุฑุงุช ู…ู† ุงู„ู…ู…ุฑุงุช ุงู„ุบูŠุฑ ู…ูƒุชุดูุฉ.
02:57
That means that this is really an endless continent,
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ู…ู…ุง ูŠุนู†ูŠ ุฃู†ู‡ุง ู‚ุงุฑุฉ ู„ุง ุญุฏูˆุฏ ู„ู‡ุง ุจุญู‚ุŒ
03:00
and we will never be able to explore it completely.
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ูˆู„ู† ูŠูƒูˆู† ุจู…ู‚ุฏูˆุฑู†ุง ุงุณูƒุชุดุงูู‡ุง ุชู…ุงู…ู‹ุง.
03:04
And this estimation is made without considering other types of caves,
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ูˆู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ุชู‚ุฏูŠุฑุงุช ุชู… ูˆุถุนู‡ุง ุฏูˆู† ุงู„ู†ุธุฑ ุฅู„ู‰ ุจู‚ูŠุฉ ุฃู†ูˆุงุน ุงู„ูƒู‡ูˆูุŒ
03:08
like, for example, inside glaciers or even volcanic caves,
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ูƒู…ุซุงู„ ู„ุฐู„ูƒุŒ ุงู„ุฃู†ู‡ุงุฑ ุงู„ุฌู„ูŠุฏูŠุฉ ููŠ ุงู„ุฏุงุฎู„ ูˆุญุชู‰ ุงู„ูƒู‡ูˆู ุงู„ุจุฑูƒุงู†ูŠุฉุŒ
03:12
which are not karstic, but are formed by lava flows.
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ูˆุงู„ุชูŠ ุชุนุชุจุฑ ุบูŠุฑ ูƒุงุฑุณุชูŠุฉุŒ ูˆู„ูƒู†ู‡ุง ุชุดูƒู„ุช ู†ุชุงุฌ ุชุฏูู‚ุงุช ุงู„ุญู…ู… ุงู„ุจุฑูƒุงู†ูŠุฉ.
03:16
And if we have a look at other planets like, for example, Mars,
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ูˆุฅุฐุง ู…ุง ุฃู„ู‚ูŠู†ุง ู†ุธุฑุฉ ุนู„ู‰ ุงู„ูƒูˆุงูƒุจ ุงู„ุฃุฎุฑู‰ ูƒุงู„ู…ุฑูŠุฎุŒ
03:21
you will see that this characteristic
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ุณุชุฌุฏูˆู† ุฃู† ู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ุฎุงุตูŠุฉ
03:23
is not so specific of our home planet.
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ู„ูŠุณุช ู…ู‚ุตูˆุฑุฉ ูู‚ุท ุนู„ู‰ ูƒูˆูƒุจู†ุง.
03:27
However, I will show to you now that we do not need to go to Mars
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ูˆู…ุน ุฐู„ูƒุŒ ุณุฃุฑูŠูƒู… ุฃู†ู†ุง ู„ุณู†ุง ุจุญุงุฌุฉ ุฅู„ู‰ ุงู„ุฐู‡ุงุจ ุฅู„ู‰ ุงู„ู…ุฑูŠุฎ
03:31
to explore alien worlds.
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ู„ุงุณุชูƒุดุงู ุงู„ุนูˆุงู„ู… ุงู„ุบุฑูŠุจุฉ.
03:35
I'm a speleologist, that means a cave explorer.
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ุฃู†ุง ู…ุณุชูƒุดู ูƒู‡ูˆู.
03:39
And I started with this passion when I was really young
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ูˆู‚ุฏ ุจุฏุฃุช ุฃุชุจุน ู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ุดุบู ุนู†ุฏู…ุง ูƒู†ุช ูŠุงูุนุง
03:43
in the mountains not far from my hometown in North Italy,
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ููŠ ุฌุจุงู„ ู„ุง ุชุจุนุฏ ูƒุซูŠุฑุง ุนู† ู…ุณู‚ุท ุฑุฃุณูŠ ููŠ ุดู…ุงู„ูŠ ุฅูŠุทุงู„ูŠุงุŒ
03:47
in the karstic regions of the Alps and the Dolomites.
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ููŠ ุงู„ู…ู†ุงุทู‚ ุงู„ูƒุงุฑุณุชูŠุฉ ู„ุฌุจุงู„ ุงู„ุฃู„ุจ ูˆุงู„ุฏูˆู„ูˆู…ูŠุชุฒ.
03:51
But soon, the quest for exploration brought me to the farthest corner
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ูˆู„ูƒู† ุงู„ุณุนูŠ ูˆุฑุงุก ุงู„ุงุณุชูƒุดุงู ุณุฑุนุงู† ู…ุง ู‚ุงุฏู†ูŠ ุฅู„ู‰ ุฃุจุนุฏ ุฒุงูˆูŠุฉ
03:55
of the planet, searching for new potential entrances
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ููŠ ุงู„ูƒูˆูƒุจุŒ ุจุงุญุซู‹ุง ุนู† ู…ุฏุงุฎู„ ู…ุญุชู…ู„ุฉ
03:57
of this undiscovered continent.
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ู„ู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ู‚ุงุฑุฉ ุงู„ุบูŠุฑ ู…ูƒุชุดูุฉ.
04:00
And in 2009, I had the opportunity to visit the tepui table mountains,
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ูˆููŠ ุนุงู… 2009 ุฃุชูŠุญุช ู„ูŠ ูุฑุตุฉ ุฒูŠุงุฑุฉ ุณู„ุณู„ุฉ ุฌุจุงู„ ุชูŠุจูˆูŠุŒ
04:05
which are in the Orinoco and Amazon basins.
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ุงู„ูˆุงู‚ุนุฉ ููŠ ุฃูˆุฑูŠู†ูˆูƒูˆ ูˆุฃุญูˆุงุถ ุงู„ุฃู…ุงุฒูˆู†.
04:08
These massifs enchanted me from the first time I saw them.
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ู„ู‚ุฏ ุณุญุฑุชู†ูŠ ู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ูƒุชู„ ู…ู† ุฃูˆู„ ู†ุธุฑุฉ.
04:13
They are surrounded by vertical, vertiginous rock walls
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ูู‡ูŠ ู…ุญุงุทุฉ ุจุฌุฏุฑุงู† ุตุฎุฑูŠุฉ ุฑุฃุณูŠุฉ ู…ุฐู‡ู„ุฉ
04:16
with silvery waterfalls that are lost in the forest.
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ู…ุน ุดู„ุงู„ุงุช ูุถูŠุฉ ูŠุชุฏูู‚ ู…ุงุคู‡ุง ุฅู„ู‰ ุงู„ุบุงุจุฉ.
04:20
They really inspired in me a sense of wilderness,
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ูˆู„ู‘ุฏุช ููŠ ุฏุงุฎู„ูŠ ุงู„ุฅุญุณุงุณ ุจุงู„ุจุฑูŠุฉุŒ
04:23
with a soul older than millions and millions of years.
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ู…ุน ุฑูˆุญ ุชุนูˆุฏ ุฅู„ู‰ ู…ู„ุงูŠูŠู† ูˆู…ู„ุงูŠูŠู† ุงู„ุณู†ูŠู†.
04:27
And this dramatic landscape inspired among other things
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ุฃู„ู‡ู…ุช ู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ู…ู†ุงุธุฑ ุงู„ุทุจูŠุนูŠุฉ ุงู„ูุงุชู†ุฉ ุถู…ู† ุฃุณุจุงุจ ุฃุฎุฑู‰
04:31
also Conan Doyle's "The Lost World" novel in 1912.
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ุงู„ูƒุงุชุจ ูƒูˆู†ุงู† ุฏูˆูŠู„ูŠ ุตุงุญุจ ุฑูˆุงูŠุฉ "ุงู„ุนุงู„ู… ุงู„ู…ูู‚ูˆุฏ" ูˆุงู„ุชูŠ ุตุฏุฑุช ุนุงู… 1912.
04:35
And they are, really, a lost world.
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ูˆู‡ูŠ ุญู‚ู‹ุง ุชุนุชุจุฑ ุนุงู„ู…ู‹ุง ู…ูู‚ูˆุฏู‹ุง.
04:41
Scientists consider those mountains as islands in time,
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ุฎู„ุต ุงู„ุนู„ู…ุงุก ุฅู„ู‰ ุฃู† ู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ุฌุจุงู„ ูƒุงู†ุช ุฌุฒุฑู‹ุง ููŠ ูˆู‚ุช ู…ุงุŒ
04:46
being separated from the surrounding lowlands
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ุงู†ูุตู„ุช ู…ู† ุงู„ุฃุฑุงุถูŠ ุงู„ู…ู†ุฎูุถุฉ ุงู„ู…ุญูŠุทุฉ ุจู‡ุง
04:48
since tens of millions of years ago.
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ู…ู†ุฐ ุนุดุฑุงุช ู…ู„ุงูŠูŠู† ุงู„ุณู†ูŠู†.
04:51
They are surrounded by up to 1,000-meter-high walls,
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ู‡ูŠ ู…ุญุงุทุฉ ุจุฌุฏุฑุงู† ูŠุจู„ุบ ุทูˆู„ู‡ุง ุญุชู‰ 1000 ู…ุชุฑุŒ
04:55
resembling a fortress, impregnable by humans.
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ุชุดุจู‡ ู‚ู„ุนุฉ ู…ู†ูŠุนุฉ ู…ู† ู‚ุจู„ ุงู„ุจุดุฑ.
04:58
And, in fact, only a few of these mountains have been climbed
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ูˆููŠ ุงู„ูˆุงู‚ุนุŒ ุงู„ู‚ู„ูŠู„ ูู‚ุท ู…ู† ู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ุฌุจุงู„ ุชู… ุชุณู„ู‚ู‡ุง
05:01
and explored on their top.
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ูˆุงูƒุชุดุงูู‡ุง.
05:04
These mountains contain also a scientific paradox:
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ุชุญูŠุท ุจู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ุฌุจุงู„ ู…ูุงุฑู‚ุฉ ุนู„ู…ูŠุฉ:
05:07
They are made by quartz,
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ูู‡ูŠ ู…ุตู†ูˆุนุฉ ู…ู† ุงู„ูƒูˆุงุฑุชุฒุŒ
05:09
which is a very common mineral on the earth's crust,
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ูˆู‡ูˆ ู…ุนุฏู† ุดุงุฆุน ุฌุฏู‹ุง ุนู„ู‰ ุงู„ู‚ุดุฑุฉ ุงู„ุฃุฑุถูŠุฉุŒ
05:12
and the rock made up by quartz is called quartzite,
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ูˆุชุณู…ู‰ ุงู„ุตุฎูˆุฑ ุงู„ู…ุชูƒูˆู†ุฉ ู…ู† ุงู„ูƒูˆุงุฑุชุฒ ุจุงู„ูƒูˆุงุฑุชุฒูŠุชุŒ
05:17
and quartzite is one of the hardest and least soluble minerals on earth.
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ูˆูŠุนุชุจุฑ ุงู„ูƒูˆุงุฑุชุฒูŠุช ู…ู† ุฃุตุนุจ ูˆุฃู‚ู„ ุงู„ู…ุนุงุฏู† ุฐูˆุจุงู†ู‹ุง ุนู„ู‰ ูˆุฌู‡ ุงู„ุฃุฑุถ.
05:22
So we do not expect at all to find a cave there.
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ู„ุฐู„ูƒ ูู†ุญู† ู„ุง ู†ุชูˆู‚ุน ุฃุจุฏู‹ุง ุฃู† ู†ุฌุฏ ูƒู‡ูู‹ุง ู‡ู†ุงูƒ.
05:26
Despite this, in the last 10 years, speleologists from Italy,
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ูˆุนู„ู‰ ุงู„ุฑุบู… ู…ู† ุฐู„ูƒุŒ ุฎู„ุงู„ ุงู„ุณู†ูŠู† ุงู„ุนุดุฑ ุงู„ู…ุงุถูŠุฉ ู‚ุงู… ู…ุณุชูƒุดููˆ ูƒู‡ูˆู ู…ู† ุฅูŠุทุงู„ูŠุงุŒ
05:30
Slovakia, Czech Republic, and, of course, Venezuela and Brazil,
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ูˆุณู„ูˆูุงูƒูŠุงุŒ ูˆุฌู…ู‡ูˆุฑูŠุฉ ุชุดูŠูƒุŒ ูˆุจุทุจูŠุนุฉ ุงู„ุญุงู„ ู…ู† ูู†ุฒูˆูŠู„ุง ูˆุงู„ุจุฑุงุฒูŠู„ุŒ
05:34
have explored several caves in this area.
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ู‚ุงู…ูˆุง ุจุงูƒุชุดุงู ุงู„ุนุฏูŠุฏ ู…ู† ุงู„ูƒู‡ูˆู ููŠ ู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ู…ู†ุทู‚ุฉ.
05:37
So how can it be possible?
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ุงุฐุงุŒ ูƒูŠู ูŠู…ูƒู† ุฃู† ูŠูƒูˆู† ุฐู„ูƒ ู…ู…ูƒู†ู‹ุงุŸ
05:40
To understand this contradiction, we have to consider the time factor,
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ุญุชู‰ ู†ูู‡ู… ู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ู†ุชุงู‚ุถุŒ ู†ุญู† ุจุญุงุฌุฉ ุฅู„ู‰ ุฅุฎุฐ ุนุงู…ู„ ุงู„ุฒู…ู† ููŠ ุงู„ุญุณุจุงู†ุŒ
05:44
because the history of the tepuis is extremely long,
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ุจุณุจุจ ุฃู† ุชุงุฑูŠุฎ ุชุจูˆูŠ ุถุงุฑุจ ููŠ ุงู„ู‚ุฏู…ุŒ
05:47
starting about 1.6 billion years ago with the formation of the rock,
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ุญูŠุซ ุจุฏุฃ ุชุดูƒูŠู„ ุงู„ุตุฎูˆุฑ ู…ู†ุฐ 1.6 ู…ู„ูŠูˆู† ุณู†ุฉ ุฎู„ุชุŒ
05:52
and then evolving with the uplift of the region 150 million years ago,
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ุซู… ุชุทูˆุฑ ุงู„ุฃู…ุฑ ู…ุน ู†ู‡ูˆุถ ุงู„ุฅู‚ู„ูŠู… ู…ู†ุฐ 150 ู…ู„ูŠูˆู† ุณู†ุฉ ุฎู„ุชุŒ
05:58
after the disruption of the Pangaea supercontinent
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ุจุนุฏ ุชุตุฏุน ุงู„ุนู…ู„ุงู‚ุฉ ุจุงู†ุฌูŠุง
06:01
and the opening of the Atlantic Ocean.
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ูˆุงู†ูุชุงุญ ุงู„ู…ุญูŠุท ุงู„ุฃุทู„ู†ุทูŠ.
06:04
So you can imagine that the water had tens or even hundreds of millions of years
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ู„ุฐุง ู„ูƒู… ุฃู† ุชุชุฎูŠู„ูˆุง ุฃู† ุงู„ุฃู…ุฑ ุงุญุชุงุฌ ุฅู„ู‰ ุนุดุฑุงุช ุจู„ ุญุชู‰ ู…ุฆุงุช ุงู„ู…ู„ุงูŠูŠู† ู…ู† ุงู„ุณู†ูŠู†
06:10
to sculpt the strangest forms on the tepuis' surfaces,
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ุญุชู‰ ูŠู†ุญุช ุงู„ู…ุงุก ุชู„ูƒ ุงู„ุฃุดูƒุงู„ ุงู„ุบุฑูŠุจุฉ ุนู„ู‰ ุณุทูˆุญ ุชุจูˆูŠุŒ
06:14
but also to open the fractures and form stone cities, rock cities,
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ูˆุญุชู‰ ูŠูุชุญ ุงู„ุดู‚ูˆู‚ ูˆูŠุดูƒู„ ุงู„ู…ุฏู† ุงู„ุญุตูˆูŠุฉุŒ ูˆุงู„ู…ุฏู† ุงู„ุตุฎุฑูŠุฉุŒ
06:20
fields of towers which are characterized in the famous landscape of the tepuis.
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ูˆุญู‚ูˆู„ ุงู„ุฃุจุฑุงุฌ ุงู„ุชูŠ ุชู…ูŠุฒ ุงู„ู…ุดู‡ุฏ ุงู„ุดู‡ูŠุฑ ููŠ ุชุจูˆูŠุฒ.
06:26
But nobody could have imagined
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ูˆู„ูƒู† ู„ู… ูŠูƒู† ุจู…ู‚ุฏูˆุฑ ุดุฎุต ุฃู† ูŠุชุฎูŠู„
06:27
what was happening inside a mountain in so long a time frame.
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ู…ุง ูƒุงู† ูŠุญุฏุซ ุฏุงุฎู„ ุฌุจู„ ุฎู„ุงู„ ูƒู„ ู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ู…ุฏุฉ ู…ู† ุงู„ุฒู…ู†.
06:32
And so I was focusing in 2010 on one of those massifs,
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ู„ุฐูƒ ููŠ ุนุงู… 2010 ูƒู†ุช ู…ุฑูƒุฒู‹ุง ุนู„ู‰ ูˆุงุญุฏุฉ ู…ู† ู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ุณู„ุงุณู„ ุงู„ุฌุจู„ูŠุฉุŒ
06:37
the Auyรกn-tepui, which is very famous because it hosts Angel Falls,
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ูˆู‡ูŠ ุฃูŠุงู†-ุชุจูˆูŠ ุงู„ุดู‡ูŠุฑุฉ ุฌุฏู‹ุงุŒ ุจุณุจุจ ุฃู†ู‡ุง ุชุญุชุถู† ุดู„ุงู„ุงุช ุงู„ู…ู„ุงูƒุŒ
06:40
which is the highest waterfall in the world --
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ูˆุงู„ุชูŠ ุชุนุชุจุฑ ุฃุนู„ู‰ ุดู„ุงู„ ููŠ ุงู„ุนุงู„ู…
06:43
about 979 meters of vertical drop.
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ูˆุชุจู„ุบ ุญูˆุงู„ูŠ 979 ู…ุชุฑ ุนู„ู‰ ุงู„ูˆุถุน ุงู„ุฑุฃุณูŠ.
06:47
And I was searching for hints of the existence of cave systems
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ูˆู‚ุฏ ูƒู†ุช ุฃุจุญุซ ุนู† ุฅุดุงุฑุงุช ู„ูˆุฌูˆุฏ ุฃู†ุธู…ุฉ ูƒู‡ูˆู
06:52
through satellite images,
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ุนู† ุทุฑูŠู‚ ุตูˆุฑ ุงู„ุฃู‚ู…ุงุฑ ุงู„ุฅุตุทู†ุงุนูŠุฉุŒ
06:54
and finally we identified an area of collapses of the surface --
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ูˆุฃุฎูŠุฑู‹ุง ุชุนุฑูู†ุง ุนู„ู‰ ู…ู†ุทู‚ุฉ ุงู†ู‡ูŠุงุฑุงุช ุณุทุญูŠุฉ
06:59
so, big boulders, rock piles --
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ุตุฎูˆุฑ ูƒุจูŠุฑุฉ ูˆุฃูƒูˆุงู… ุตุฎูˆุฑ
07:01
and that means that there was a void below.
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ูˆุฐู„ูƒ ูŠุนู†ูŠ ุฃู†ู‡ ูƒุงู† ู‡ู†ุงู„ูƒ ูุฑุงุบ ููŠ ุงู„ุฃุณูู„.
07:04
It was a clear indication that there was something inside the mountain.
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ุฅู†ู‡ุง ุฏู„ุงู„ุฉ ูˆุงุถุญุฉ ุนู„ู‰ ูˆุฌูˆุฏ ุดูŠุก ู…ุง ุฏุงุฎู„ ุงู„ุฌุจู„.
07:08
So we did several attempts to reach this area,
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ู„ุฐู„ูƒ ู‚ู…ู†ุง ุจุนุฏุฉ ู…ุญุงูˆู„ุงุช ู„ู„ูˆุตูˆู„ ุฅู„ู‰ ุชู„ูƒ ุงู„ู…ู†ุทู‚ุฉุŒ
07:13
by land and with a helicopter,
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ุนู† ุทุฑูŠู‚ ุงู„ูŠุงุจุณุฉ ูˆุนู† ุทุฑูŠู‚ ุงู„ู…ุฑูˆุญูŠุฉุŒ
07:15
but it was really difficult because -- you have to imagine
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ูˆู„ูƒู† ุฐู„ูƒ ูƒุงู† ุตุนุจู‹ุง ู„ู„ุบุงูŠุฉุŒ ุจุณุจุจ ุฃู†...ุนู„ูŠูƒู… ุฃู† ุชุชุฎูŠู„ูˆุง
07:18
that these mountains are covered by clouds most of the year, by fog.
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ุฃู† ู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ุฌุจุงู„ ู…ุญุงุทุฉ ุจุงู„ุบูŠูˆู… ุนู„ู‰ ุทูˆู„ ุงู„ุณู†ุฉุŒ ูˆูƒุฐู„ูƒ ุงู„ุถุจุงุจ.
07:23
There are strong winds,
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ูˆุชูˆุฌุฏ ุฑูŠุงุญ ู‚ูˆูŠุฉุŒ
07:24
and there are almost 4,000 millimeters of rainfall per year,
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ูˆุชุณู‚ุท ุฃู…ุทุงุฑ ุจู…ุนุฏู„ 4000 ู…ูŠู„ูŠู…ุชุฑ ููŠ ุงู„ุณู†ุฉุŒ
07:29
so it's really, really difficult to find good conditions.
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ู„ุฐู„ูƒ ูุฅู†ู‡ ู…ู† ุงู„ุตุนุจ ุฌุฏู‹ุง ุฌุฏู‹ุง ุฃู† ุชุฌุฏ ุธุฑูˆูู‹ุง ู…ู„ุงุฆู…ุฉ.
07:32
And only in 2013 we finally landed on the spot
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ููŠ ุนุงู… 2013 ุงุณุชุทุนู†ุง ุฃุฎูŠุฑู‹ุง ุงู„ู‡ุจูˆุท ุนู„ู‰ ุชู„ูƒ ุงู„ุจู‚ุนุฉ
07:37
and we started the exploration of the cave.
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ุซู… ุจุฏุฃู†ุง ุนู…ู„ูŠุฉ ุงุณุชูƒุดุงู ุงู„ูƒู‡ู.
07:40
The cave is huge.
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ุงู„ูƒู‡ู ุถุฎู….
07:42
It's a huge network under the surface of the tepui plateau,
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ุฅู†ู‡ุง ุดุจูƒุฉ ุถุฎู…ุฉ ุชุญุช ุณุทุญ ู‡ุถุจุฉ ุชูŠุจูˆูŠุŒ
07:46
and in only ten days of expedition,
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ูˆุฎู„ุงู„ ุนุดุฑุฉ ุฃูŠุงู… ูู‚ุท ู…ู† ุงู„ุญู…ู„ุฉุŒ
07:50
we explored more than 20 kilometers of cave passages.
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ุงูƒุชุดูู†ุง ุฃูƒุซุฑ ู…ู† 20 ูƒูŠู„ูˆู…ุชุฑ ู…ู† ุงู„ู…ู…ุฑุงุช ุงู„ูƒู‡ููŠุฉ.
07:54
And it's a huge network of underground rivers,
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ูˆู‡ูŠ ุชู…ุซู„ ุดุจูƒุฉ ุถุฎู…ุฉ ู…ู† ุงู„ุฃู†ู‡ุงุฑ ุงู„ุฌูˆููŠุฉุŒ
07:59
channels, big rooms, extremely deep shafts.
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ู‚ู†ูˆุงุชุŒ ูˆุบุฑู ุถุฎู…ุฉุŒ ูˆุฃู†ูุงู‚ ุนู…ูŠู‚ุฉ ู„ู„ุบุงูŠุฉ.
08:04
So it's really an incredible place.
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ู„ุฐู„ูƒ ูู‡ูˆ ู…ูƒุงู† ู„ุงูŠุตุฏู‚ ุจุญู‚.
08:08
And we named it Imawarรฌ Yeuta.
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ูˆุฃุทู„ู‚ู†ุง ุนู„ูŠู‡ ุงุณู… ุงูŠู…ุงูˆุงุฑูŠ ูŠูˆูŠุชุง.
08:10
That means, in the Pemรณn indigenous language, "The House of the Gods."
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ุฐู„ูƒ ูŠุนู†ูŠ ููŠ ู„ุบุฉ ุงู„ุจู…ูŠูˆู† ุงู„ู…ุญู„ูŠุฉุŒ "ุจูŠุช ุงู„ุขู„ู‡ุฉ"
08:16
You have to imagine that indigenous people have never been there.
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ู„ูƒู… ุฃู† ุชุชุฎูŠู„ูˆุง ุฃู† ุงู„ุณูƒุงู† ุงู„ุฃุตู„ูŠูŠู† ู„ู… ูŠูƒูˆู†ูˆุง ู‡ู†ุงูƒ ู…ุทู„ู‚ู‹ุง.
08:20
It was impossible for them to reach this area.
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ูƒุงู† ู…ู† ุงู„ู…ุณุชุญูŠู„ ุจุงู„ู†ุณุจุฉ ู„ู‡ู… ุงู„ูˆุตูˆู„ ุฅู„ู‰ ู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ู…ู†ุทู‚ุฉ.
08:24
However, there were legends about the existence
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ูˆู…ุน ุฐู„ูƒุŒ ูƒุงู†ุช ุชุญูˆู… ุจุนุถ ุงู„ุฃุณุงุทูŠุฑ ุนู† ูˆุฌูˆุฏ
08:26
of a cave in the mountain.
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ูƒู‡ู ุนู„ู‰ ุงู„ุฌุจู„.
08:28
So when we started the exploration,
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ู„ุฐู„ูƒ ุนู†ุฏู…ุง ุจุฏุฃู†ุง ุงู„ุงุณุชูƒุดุงูุŒ
08:30
we had to explore with a great respect,
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ุชูˆุฌุจ ุนู„ูŠู†ุง ุงู„ุจุญุซ ู…ุน ุชูˆุฎูŠ ุงู„ุฅุญุชุฑุงู… ุงู„ุดุฏูŠุฏุŒ
08:32
both because of the religious beliefs of the indigenous people,
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ุจุณุจุจ ุงู„ู…ุนุชู‚ุฏุงุช ุงู„ุฏูŠู†ูŠุฉ ู„ู„ุณูƒุงู† ุงู„ุฃุตู„ูŠูŠู†ุŒ
08:36
but also because it was really a sacred place,
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ูˆุฃูŠุถุง ุจุณุจุจ ุฃู† ุงู„ู…ูƒุงู† ูƒุงู† ู…ู‚ุฏุณู‹ุง ุจุญู‚ุŒ
08:38
because no human had entered there before.
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ู„ุฃู†ู‡ ู„ู… ูŠุฏุฎู„ ุฅู„ู‰ ุฐู„ูƒ ุงู„ู…ูƒุงู† ุงู†ุณุงู† ู…ู† ู‚ุจู„.
08:41
So we had to use special protocols
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ู„ุฐู„ูƒ ุชูˆุฌุจ ุนู„ูŠู†ุง ุงุชุจุงุน ุจุฑูˆุชูˆูƒูˆู„ุงุช ุฎุงุตุฉ
08:43
to not contaminate the environment with our presence,
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ุญุชู‰ ู„ุง ู†ู„ูˆุซ ุงู„ุจูŠุฆุฉ ุจูˆุฌูˆุฏู†ุงุŒ
08:46
and we tried also to share with the community,
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ูˆุญุงูˆู„ู†ุง ุฃูŠุถุง ุฃู† ู†ุชุดุงุฑูƒ ุงู„ุฃู…ุฑ ู…ุน ุงู„ู…ุฌุชู…ุน ุงู„ู…ุญู„ูŠุŒ
08:48
with the indigenous community, our discoveries.
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ุฃู† ู†ุชุดุงุฑูƒ ุงูƒุชุดุงูุงุชู†ุง ู…ุน ุงู„ุณูƒุงู† ุงู„ู…ุญู„ูŠูŠู†.
08:51
And the caves represent, really, a snapshot of the past.
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ูŠู…ุซู„ ุงู„ูƒู‡ู ุญู‚ู‹ุง ู„ู‚ุทุฉ ู…ู† ุงู„ู…ุงุถูŠ.
08:56
The time needed for their formation
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ุงู„ูˆู‚ุช ุงู„ุฐูŠ ู†ุญุชุงุฌ ู„ุฌู…ุน ุชู„ูƒ ุงู„ู…ุนู„ูˆู…ุงุช
08:59
could be as long as 50 or even 100 million years,
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ู‚ุฏ ูŠุตู„ ุฅู„ู‰ 50 ุฃูˆ ุญุชู‰ ู…ุฆุงุช ู…ู„ุงูŠูŠู† ุงู„ุณู†ูŠู†ุŒ
09:04
which makes them possibly the oldest caves that we can explore on earth.
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ุงู„ุดูŠุก ุงู„ุฐูŠ ุฑุจู…ุง ูŠุฌุนู„ู‡ุง ุฃู‚ุฏู… ุงู„ูƒู‡ูˆู ุงู„ุชูŠ ุจู…ู‚ุฏูˆุฑู†ุง ุงูƒุชุดุงูู‡ุง ุนู„ู‰ ูˆุฌู‡ ุงู„ุฃุฑุถ.
09:10
What you can find there is really evidence of a lost world.
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ู…ุง ุชุฌุฏู‡ ู‡ู†ุงูƒ ู‡ูˆ ูุนู„ู‹ุง ุฏู„ูŠู„ ุนู„ู‰ ุนุงู„ู… ู…ูู‚ูˆุฏ.
09:17
When you enter a quartzite cave,
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ุนู†ุฏู…ุง ุชุฏุฎู„ ูƒู‡ู ูƒูˆุงุฑุชุฒูŠุชุŒ
09:19
you have to completely forget what you know about caves --
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ู„ุงุจุฏ ุฃู† ุชู†ุณู‰ ุชู…ุงู…ู‹ุง ู…ุง ุชุนุฑูู‡ ุนู† ุงู„ูƒู‡ูˆู
09:22
classic limestone caves or the touristic caves
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ุงู„ูƒู‡ูˆู ุงู„ุฌูŠุฑูŠุฉ ุงู„ูƒู„ุงุณูŠูƒูŠุฉ ุฃูˆ ุงู„ูƒู‡ูˆู ุงู„ุณูŠุงุญูŠุฉ
09:25
that you can visit in several places in the world.
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ุงู„ุชูŠ ูŠู…ูƒู†ูƒ ุฒูŠุงุฑุชู‡ุง ููŠ ุนุฏุฉ ุฃู…ุงูƒู† ุญูˆู„ ุงู„ุนุงู„ู….
09:28
Because what seems a simple stalactite here
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ู„ุฃู† ู…ุง ูŠุจุฏูˆ ุฃู†ู‡ ุฑูˆุงุณุจ ูƒู„ุณูŠุฉ ุจุณูŠุทุฉ ู‡ู†ุง
09:31
is not made by calcium carbonate, but is made by opal,
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ู„ูŠุณ ู…ุตู†ูˆุนุง ู…ู† ูƒุงุฑุจูˆู†ุงุช ุงู„ูƒุงู„ุณูŠูˆู…ุŒ ูˆู„ูƒู†ู‡ ู…ุตู†ูˆุน ู…ู† ุงู„ุฃูˆุจุงู„ุŒ
09:36
and one of those stalactites can require tens of millions of years to be formed.
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ูˆุงู„ูˆุงุญุฏ ู…ู† ุชู„ูƒ ุงู„ุฑูˆุงุณุจ ุงู„ูƒู„ุณูŠุฉ ูŠุชุทู„ุจ ุนุดุฑุงุช ุงู„ู…ู„ุงูŠูŠู† ู…ู† ุงู„ุณู†ูŠู† ุญุชู‰ ูŠุชุดูƒู„.
09:42
But you can find even stranger forms, like these mushrooms of silica
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ูˆู„ูƒู† ู‚ุฏ ุชุฌุฏ ุฃุดูƒุงู„ู‹ุง ุฃุบุฑุจุŒ ู…ุซู„ ู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ูุทุฑ ู…ู† ุงู„ุณูŠู„ูŠูƒุง
09:46
growing on a boulder.
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ุงู„ู†ุงู…ูŠ ุนู„ู‰ ุงู„ุตุฎุฑ.
09:48
And you can imagine our talks when we were exploring the cave.
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ูˆู„ูƒู… ุฃู† ุชุชุฎูŠู„ูˆุง ู…ุง ูƒุงู† ูŠุฏูˆุฑ ุจูŠู†ู†ุง ู…ู† ุญุฏูŠุซ ุญูŠู†ู…ุง ูƒู†ุง ู†ุณุชูƒุดู ุงู„ูƒู‡ู.
09:52
We were the first entering and discovering those unknown things,
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ูƒู†ุง ุฃูˆู„ ู…ู† ูŠุฏุฎู„ ูˆูŠูƒุชุดู ู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ุฃุดูŠุงุก ุงู„ู…ุฌู‡ูˆู„ุฉุŒ
09:57
things like those monster eggs.
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ุฃุดูŠุงุก ู…ุซู„ ุจูŠุถ ุงู„ูˆุญุด ู‡ุฐู‡.
10:00
And we were a bit scared because it was all a discovery,
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ูˆู‚ุฏ ูƒู†ุง ุฎุงุฆููŠู† ุจุนุถ ุงู„ุดูŠุฆ ู„ุฃู† ุงู„ุฃู…ุฑ ุจุฑู…ุชู‡ ูƒุงู† ุงุณุชูƒุดุงูู‹ุงุŒ
10:04
and we didn't want to find a dinosaur.
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ูˆู„ู… ู†ูƒู† ู†ุฑูŠุฏ ุฃู† ู†ุฌุฏ ุฏูŠู†ุงุตูˆุฑู‹ุง.
10:07
We didn't find a dinosaur.
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ูˆู„ุญุณู† ุงู„ุญุธุŒ ู„ู… ู†ุฌุฏ ุฏูŠู†ุงุตูˆุฑู‹ุง.
10:08
(Laughter)
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(ุถุญูƒ)
10:10
Anyway, actually, we know that this kind of formation,
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ุนู„ู‰ ูƒู„ ุญุงู„ุŒ ููŠ ุงู„ูˆุงู‚ุนุŒ ู†ุนู„ู… ุฃู† ู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ู†ูˆุน ู…ู† ุงู„ุชูƒูˆูŠู†ุŒ
10:13
after several studies,
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ุจุนุฏ ุฏุฑุงุณุงุช ู…ุณุชููŠุถุฉุŒ
10:16
we know that these kinds of formations are living organisms.
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ู†ุนู„ู… ุฃู† ู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ู†ูˆุน ู…ู† ุงู„ุชูƒูˆูŠู†ุงุช ู‡ูˆ ูƒุงุฆู†ุงุช ุญูŠุฉ.
10:19
They are bacterial colonies using silica to build mineral structures
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ู‡ูŠ ู…ุณุชุนู…ุฑุงุช ุจูƒุชูŠุฑูŠุฉ ุชุณุชุฎุฏู… ุงู„ุณูŠู„ูŠูƒุง ุญุชู‰ ุชุจู†ูŠ ู‡ูŠุงูƒู„ ู…ุนุฏู†ูŠุฉ
10:24
resembling stromatolites.
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ุดุจูŠู‡ุฉ ุจุงู„ุณุชุฑูˆู…ุงุชูˆู„ูŠุชูŠุณ.
10:26
Stromatolites are some of the oldest forms of life that we can find on earth.
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ูŠุนุชุจุฑ ุงู„ุณุชุฑูˆู…ุงุชูˆู„ูŠุชูŠุณ ุจุนุถู‹ุง ู…ู† ุฃู‚ุฏู… ุฃุดูƒุงู„ ุงู„ุญูŠุงุฉ ุงู„ุชูŠ ูŠู…ูƒู† ุฃู† ู†ุฌุฏู‡ุง ุนู„ู‰ ูˆุฌู‡ ุงู„ุฃุฑุถ.
10:31
And here in the tepuis,
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ูˆู‡ู†ุง ููŠ ุชูŠุจูˆุณุŒ
10:33
the interesting thing is that these bacteria colonies have evolved
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ุงู„ุดูŠุก ุงู„ู…ุซูŠุฑ ู„ู„ุฅู‡ุชู…ุงู… ุฃู† ู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ู…ุณุชุนู…ุฑุงุช ุงู„ุจูƒุชูŠุฑูŠุฉ ู‚ุฏ ุชุทูˆุฑุช
10:37
in complete isolation from the external surface,
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ููŠ ุนุฒู„ุฉ ุชุงู…ุฉ ุนู† ุงู„ุณุทุญ ุงู„ุฎุงุฑุฌูŠุŒ
10:42
and without being in contact with humans.
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ูˆู…ู† ุฏูˆู† ูˆุฌูˆุฏ ุชูˆุงุตู„ ุจูŠู†ู‡ุง ูˆุงู„ุจุดุฑ.
10:44
They have never been in contact with humans.
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ู„ู… ุชูƒู† ุนู„ู‰ ุงุชุตุงู„ ุฃุจุฏู‹ุง ู…ุน ุงู„ุจุดุฑ.
10:47
So the implications for science are enormous,
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ู„ุฐู„ูƒ ูุฅู† ุณุจู„ ุงุดุฑุงูƒ ุงู„ุนู„ู… ู…ุชุนุฏุฏุฉุŒ
10:50
because here you could find, for example, microbes
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ู‡ู†ุง ุนู„ู‰ ุณุจูŠู„ ุงู„ู…ุซุงู„ุŒ ูŠู…ูƒู†ูƒ ุฃู† ุชุฌุฏ ุงู„ู…ูŠูƒุฑูˆุจุงุช
10:54
that could be useful to resolve diseases in medicine,
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ูˆุงู„ุชูŠ ูŠู…ูƒู† ุฃู† ุชูƒูˆู† ู…ููŠุฏุฉ ู„ุนู„ุงุฌ ุงู„ุฃู…ุฑุงุถ ููŠ ุงู„ุทุจุŒ
10:59
or you could find even a new kind of material with unknown properties.
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ุฃูˆ ู‚ุฏ ุชุฌุฏ ู†ูˆุนู‹ุง ุฌุฏูŠุฏู‹ุง ู…ู† ุงู„ู…ูˆุงุฏ ูŠุชู…ุชุน ุจุฎุตุงุฆุต ุบูŠุฑ ู…ุนุฑูˆูุฉ.
11:03
And, in fact, we discovered in the cave a new mineral structure for science,
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ูˆููŠ ุงู„ุญู‚ูŠู‚ุฉุŒ ุงูƒุชุดูู†ุง ููŠ ุงู„ูƒู‡ู ู‡ูŠูƒู„ู‹ุง ู…ุนุฏู†ูŠู‹ุง ุฌุฏูŠุฏู‹ุง ู„ู„ุนู„ู…ุŒ
11:07
which is rossiantonite, a phosphate-sulfate.
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ูˆู‡ูˆ ุฑูˆุณูŠุงู†ุชูˆู†ูŠุชุŒ ุณู„ูุงุช ูƒุจุฑูŠุชุงุช.
11:11
So whatever you find in the cave, even a small cricket,
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ู„ุฐุง ุฃูŠุง ูƒุงู† ู…ุง ุชุฌุฏู‡ ููŠ ุงู„ูƒู‡ูุŒ ุญุชู‰ ูˆุฅู† ูƒุงู† ุตุฑุตุงุฑุง ุตุบูŠุฑุงุŒ
11:16
has evolved in the dark in complete isolation.
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ูู‚ุฏ ุชุทูˆุฑ ููŠ ุงู„ุนุชู…ุฉ ูˆููŠ ุนุฒู„ุฉ ุชุงู…ุฉ.
11:20
And, really, everything that you can feel in the cave are real connections
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ูˆููŠ ุงู„ุญู‚ูŠู‚ุฉุŒ ุฃูŠ ุดูŠุฆ ุชุดุนุฑ ุจู‡ ููŠ ุงู„ูƒู‡ู ูŠุนุชุจุฑ ุฑูˆุงุจุท ุญู‚ูŠู‚ูŠุฉ
11:24
between the biological and the mineralogical world.
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ุจูŠู† ุงู„ุนุงู„ู… ุงู„ุจูŠูˆู„ูˆุฌูŠ ูˆุงู„ุนุงู„ู… ุงู„ู…ุนุฏู†ูŠ.
11:28
So as we explore this dark continent
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ู„ุฐู„ูƒ ุจูŠู†ู…ุง ู†ุญู† ู†ุณุชูƒุดู ู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ู‚ุงุฑุฉ ุงู„ู…ุนุชู…ุฉ
11:34
and discover its mineralogical and biological diversity and uniqueness,
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ูˆู†ูƒุชุดู ุชู†ูˆุนู‡ุง ูˆุชูุฑุฏู‡ุง ุงู„ุจูŠูˆู„ูˆุฌูŠ ูˆุงู„ู…ุนุฏู†ูŠุŒ
11:40
we will find probably clues about the origin of life on our planet
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ูู…ู† ุงู„ู…ุญุชู…ู„ ุฃู† ู†ุฌุฏ ุฃุฏู„ุฉ ุนู† ุฃุตู„ ุงู„ุญูŠุงุฉ ุนู„ู‰ ูƒูˆูƒุจู†ุง
11:45
and on the relationship and evolution of life
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ูˆุนู† ุนู„ุงู‚ุฉ ูˆุชุทูˆุฑ ุงู„ุญูŠุงุฉ
11:48
in relationship with the mineral world.
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ุงู„ู…ุชุนู„ู‚ ุจุงู„ุนุงู„ู… ุงู„ู…ุนุฏู†ูŠ.
11:51
What seems only a dark, empty environment
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ู…ุงู‚ุฏ ูŠุจุฏูˆ ุจูŠุฆุฉ ู…ุนุชู…ุฉ ูˆูุงุฑุบุฉ
11:55
could be in reality a chest of wonders
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ู‚ุฏ ูŠูƒูˆู† ููŠ ุงู„ูˆุงู‚ุน ุตู†ุฏูˆู‚ู‹ุง ู…ู† ุงู„ุนุฌุงุฆุจ
11:57
full of useful information.
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ู…ู„ูŠุฆู‹ุง ุจุงู„ู…ุนู„ูˆู…ุงุช ุงู„ู…ููŠุฏุฉ.
12:02
With a team of Italian, Venezuelan and Brazilian speleologists,
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ุจุตุญุจุฉ ูุฑูŠู‚ ู…ู† ู…ุณุชูƒุดููŠ ุงู„ูƒู‡ูˆู ู…ู† ุฅูŠุทุงู„ูŠุงุŒ ูˆูู†ุฒูˆูŠู„ุงุŒ ูˆุงู„ุจุฑุงุฒูŠู„
12:05
which is called La Venta Teraphosa,
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ูˆุงู„ุฐูŠ ูŠุฏุนู‰ ู„ุงููŠุชุง ุชูŠุฑุงููˆุณุงุŒ
12:09
we will be back soon to Latin America,
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ุณู†ุนูˆุฏ ู‚ุฑูŠุจุง ุฅู„ู‰ ุฃู…ุฑูŠูƒุง ุงู„ู„ุงุชูŠู†ูŠุฉุŒ
12:11
because we want to explore other tepuis in the farthest areas of the Amazon.
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ู„ุฃู†ู†ุง ู†ุฑูŠุฏ ุฃู† ู†ุณุชูƒุดู ู…ู†ุงุทู‚ ุฃุฎุฑู‰ ููŠ ุฃู‚ุงุตูŠ ุงู„ุฃู…ุงุฒูˆู†.
12:16
There are still very unknown mountains,
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ู„ุงุฒุงู„ ู‡ู†ุงูƒ ุงู„ูƒุซูŠุฑ ู…ู† ุงู„ุฌุจุงู„ ุบูŠุฑ ุงู„ู…ุนุฑูˆูุฉุŒ
12:19
like Marahuaca, which is almost 3,000 meters high above sea level,
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ู…ุซู„ ู…ุงุฑุงู‡ูˆุงุณุงุŒ ูˆุงู„ุฐูŠ ูŠุจู„ุบ ุงุฑุชูุงุนู‡ ุชู‚ุฑูŠุจุง 3000 ู…ุชุฑ ุนู† ุณุทุญ ุงู„ุจุญุฑุŒ
12:24
or Aracร , which is in the upper region of Rio Negro in Brazil.
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ุฃูˆ ุฃุฑุงูƒุงุŒ ุงู„ุฐูŠ ูŠู‚ุน ููŠ ุงู„ู…ู†ุทู‚ุฉ ุงู„ุนู„ูŠุง ู„ุฑูŠูˆ ู†ูŠุฌุฑูˆ ููŠ ุงู„ุจุฑุงุฒูŠู„.
12:28
And we suppose that we could find there even bigger cave systems,
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ูˆู†ูุชุฑุถ ุฃู†ู†ุง ุณู†ุฌุฏ ู‡ู†ุงูƒ ุฃู†ุธู…ุฉ ูƒู‡ูˆู ุฃูƒุจุฑุŒ
12:33
and each one with its own undiscovered world.
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ูƒู„ ูˆุงุญุฏ ู…ู†ู‡ุง ูˆุนุงู„ู…ู‡ ุงู„ุบูŠุฑ ู…ูƒุชุดู.
12:38
Thank you.
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ุดูƒุฑุง ู„ูƒู….
12:39
(Applause)
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(ุชุตููŠู‚)
12:45
Bruno Giussani: Thank you, Francesco. Give me that to start so we don't forget.
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ุจุฑูˆู†ูˆ ุบูŠูˆุณุงู†ูŠ: ุดูƒุฑุง ู„ูƒ ูุฑุงู†ุณุณูƒูˆ. ุจุฏุงูŠุฉู‹ ุญุชู‰ ู„ุง ู†ู†ุณู‰.
12:49
Francesco, you said we don't need to go to Mars to find alien life,
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ูุฑุงู†ุณุณูƒูˆุŒ ู„ู‚ุฏ ู‚ู„ุช ุฃู†ู†ุง ู„ุณู†ุง ุจุญุงุฌุฉ ุฅู„ู‰ ุงู„ุฐู‡ุงุจ ุฅู„ู‰ ุงู„ู…ุฑูŠุฎ ุญุชู‰ ู†ูƒุชุดู ุญูŠุงุฉ ุฌุฏูŠุฏุฉ
12:52
and indeed, last time we spoke, you were in Sardinia
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ูˆููŠ ุงู„ูˆุงู‚ุนุŒ ุขุฎุฑ ู…ุฑุฉ ุชุญุฏุซู†ุง ููŠู‡ุงุŒ ูƒู†ุช ููŠ ุณุงุฑุฏูŠู†ูŠุง
12:55
and you were training European astronauts.
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ุชุฏุฑุจ ุฑูˆุงุฏ ุงู„ูุถุงุก ุงู„ุฃูˆุฑูˆุจูŠูŠู†.
12:58
So what do you, a speleologist, tell and teach to the astronauts?
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ูู…ุง ุงู„ุฐูŠ ุชู‚ูˆู„ู‡ ูˆุชุนู„ู…ู‡ ุฃู†ุช ู…ุณุชูƒุดู ุงู„ูƒู‡ูˆู ู„ุฑูˆุงุฏ ุงู„ูุถุงุกุŸ
13:01
Francesco Sauro: Yeah, we are -- it's a program of training
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ูุฑุงู†ุณุณูƒูˆ ุณุงูˆุฑูˆ: ู†ุนู…ุŒ ู†ุญู†... ุฅู†ู‡ ุจุฑู†ุงู…ุฌ ุชุฏุฑูŠุจ ุฏุงุฎู„ ุงู„ูƒู‡ูˆู
13:04
for not only European, but also NASA, Roskosmos, JAXA astronauts, in a cave.
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ู„ูŠุณ ู„ู„ุฃูˆุฑูˆุจูŠูŠู† ูู‚ุทุŒ ูˆู„ูƒู† ุฃูŠุถุง ูˆูƒุงู„ุฉ ุงู„ูุถุงุก ุงู„ุฃู…ุฑูŠูƒูŠุฉุŒ ูˆุฑูˆุณูƒูˆุณู…ูˆุณุŒ ูˆุฑูˆุงุฏ ูุถุงุก ุฌุงูƒุณุง.
13:09
So they stay in a cave for about one week in isolation.
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ููŠู…ูƒุซูˆู† ู‚ุฑุงุจุฉ ุฃุณุจูˆุน ูˆุงุญุฏ ููŠ ูƒู‡ู ู…ุนุฒูˆู„ูŠู† ุนู† ุงู„ุนุงู„ู….
13:12
They have to work together in a real, real dangerous environment,
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ูˆูŠุชูˆุฌุจ ุนู„ูŠู‡ู… ุงู„ุนู…ู„ ู…ุนุง ููŠ ุจูŠุฆุฉ ุฎุทุฑุฉ ุฌุฏู‹ุง ุฌุฏู‹ุงุŒ
13:16
and it's a real alien environment for them because it's unusual.
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ูˆู‡ูŠ ูุนู„ู‹ุง ุจูŠุฆุฉ ุบุฑูŠุจุฉ ุนู„ูŠู‡ู… ู„ุฃู†ู‡ุง ุบูŠุฑ ุงุนุชูŠุงุฏูŠุฉ.
13:20
It's always dark. They have to do science. They have a lot of tasks.
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ูู‡ูŠ ุฏุงุฆู…ุง ู…ุนุชู…ุฉ. ุนู„ูŠู‡ู… ุงู„ู‚ูŠุงู… ุจุฃุนู…ุงู„ ุงู„ุจุญุซ ูˆุนู„ูŠู‡ู… ูˆุงุฌุจุงุช ูƒุซูŠุฑุฉ.
13:24
And it's very similar to a journey to Mars
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ูˆู‡ูŠ ุดุจูŠู‡ุฉ ูุนู„ู‹ุง ุจุฑุญู„ุฉ ุฅู„ู‰ ุงู„ู…ุฑูŠุฎ
13:27
or the International Space Station.
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ุฃูˆ ู…ุญุทุฉ ุงู„ูุถุงุก ุงู„ุนุงู„ู…ูŠุฉ.
13:29
BG: In principle. FS: Yes.
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ุจุฑู†ูˆ: ู…ู† ุญูŠุซ ุงู„ู…ุจุฏุฃ. ูุฑุงู†ุณุณูƒูˆ: ู†ุนู…
13:30
BG: I want to go back to one of the pictures
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ุจุฑูˆู†ูˆ: ุฃูˆุฏ ุฃู† ุฃุนูˆุฏ ุฅู„ู‰ ุฅุญุฏู‰ ุงู„ุตูˆุฑ
13:32
that was in your slide show,
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ุงู„ุชูŠ ูƒุงู†ุช ุถู…ู† ุนุฑุถ ุงู„ุตูˆุฑุŒ
13:34
and it's just representative of the other photos --
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ูˆู‡ูŠ ูุนู„ุง ุชู…ุซู„ ุจุงู‚ูŠ ุงู„ุตูˆุฑ...
13:36
Weren't those photos amazing? Yeah?
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ุฃู„ูŠุณุช ู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ุตูˆุฑ ู…ุฏู‡ุดุฉุŸ ู†ุนู…ุŸ
13:39
Audience: Yeah!
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ุงู„ุญุถูˆุฑ: ู†ุนู…!
13:40
(Applause)
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(ุชุตููŠู‚)
13:44
FS: I have to thank the photographers from the team La Venta,
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ูุฑุงู†ุณุณูƒูˆ: ู„ุงุจุฏ ุฃู† ุฃูˆุฌู‡ ุตูˆุช ุดูƒุฑ ุฅู„ู‰ ุงู„ู…ุตูˆุฑูŠู† ู…ู† ูุฑูŠู‚ ู„ุงููŠู†ุชุงุŒ
13:47
because all of those photos are from the photographers.
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ู„ุฃู† ูƒู„ ู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ุตูˆุฑ ู‡ูŠ ุนู…ู„ ุงู„ู…ุตูˆุฑูŠู†.
13:51
BG: You bring, actually, photographers with you in the expedition.
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ุจุฑูˆู†ูˆ: ุฅุฐุงุŒ ูƒู†ุช ุชุฃุฎุฐ ู…ุตูˆุฑูŠู† ู…ุนูƒ ุถู…ู† ุงู„ุจุนุซุฉ.
13:54
They're professionals, they're speleologists and photographers.
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ุฅู†ู‡ู… ู…ุญุชุฑููˆู†ุŒ ุฅู†ู‡ู… ู…ูƒุชุดููˆ ูƒู‡ูˆู ูˆู…ุตูˆุฑูˆู†.
13:57
But when I look at these pictures, I wonder: there is zero light down there,
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ูˆู„ูƒู† ุญูŠู†ู…ุง ุฃู†ุธุฑ ุฅู„ู‰ ู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ุตูˆุฑุŒ ูุฃู†ุง ุฃุชุนุฌุจ ุจุณุจุจ ุฃู†ู‡ ู„ุงูŠูˆุฌุฏ ุฃุฏู†ู‰ ุถูˆุก ู‡ู†ุงูƒ ููŠ ุงู„ุฃุณูู„ุŒ
14:02
and yet they look incredibly well-exposed.
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ูˆุนู„ู‰ ุงู„ุฑุบู… ู…ู† ุฐู„ูƒ ูŠุจุฏูˆ ุงู„ู…ูƒุงู† ูˆุงุถุญู‹ุง ุฌุฏู‹ุง.
14:05
How do you take these pictures?
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ูƒูŠู ุชู„ุชู‚ุทูˆู† ู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ุตูˆุฑุŸ
14:07
How do your colleagues, the photographers, take these pictures?
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ูƒูŠู ูŠู„ุชู‚ุท ุฒู…ู„ุงุคูƒ ุงู„ู…ุตูˆุฑูˆู† ู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ุตูˆุฑุŸ
14:10
FS: Yeah. They are working in a darkroom, basically,
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ูุฑุงู†ุณุณูƒูˆ: ู†ุนู…ุŒ ุฃุณุงุณุง ู‡ู… ูŠุนู…ู„ูˆู† ููŠ ุบุฑูุฉ ู…ุธู„ู…ุฉุŒ
14:12
so you can open the shutter of the camera
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ู„ุฐุง ุชู‚ูˆู… ุจูุชุญ ู…ุตุฑุงุน ุงู„ูƒุงู…ูŠุฑุง
14:14
and use the lights to paint the environment.
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ูˆุชุณุชุฎุฏู… ุงู„ุฃุถูˆุงุก ู„ุชุทู„ูŠ ุจุฃู„ูˆุงู†ู‡ุง ุงู„ุจูŠุฆุฉ.
14:17
BG: So you're basically --
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ุจุฑูˆู†ูˆ: ุฅุฐุง ุฃู†ุชู… ุฃุณุงุณุง...
14:18
FS: Yes. You can even keep the shutter open for one minute
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ูุฑุงู†ุณุณูƒูˆ: ู†ุนู…ุŒ ูŠู…ูƒู†ูƒ ุฃู† ุชุจู‚ูŠ ุงู„ู…ุตุฑุงุน ู…ูุชูˆุญุง ู„ุฏู‚ูŠู‚ุฉ ูƒุงู…ู„ุฉ
14:21
and then paint the environment.
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ุซู… ุชุทู„ูŠ ุงู„ุจูŠุฆุฉ.
14:22
The final result is what you want to achieve.
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ุงู„ู†ุชูŠุฌุฉ ุงู„ู†ู‡ุงุฆูŠุฉ ู‡ูŠ ู…ุง ุชูˆุฏ ุงู†ุฌุงุฒู‡.
14:25
BG: You spray the environment with light and that's what you get.
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ุจุฑูˆู†ูˆ: ุฃู†ุช ุชุฑุด ุงู„ุจูŠุฆุฉ ุจุงู„ุถูˆุก ูˆุฐู„ูƒ ู…ุง ุชุญุตู„ ุนู„ูŠู‡.
14:28
Maybe we can try this at home someday, I don't know.
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ุฑุจู…ุง ู†ุฌุฑุจ ู‡ุฐุง ููŠ ุงู„ู…ู†ุฒู„ ูŠูˆู…ู‹ุง ู…ุงุŒ ู„ุง ุฃุฏุฑูŠ.
14:31
(Laughter)
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(ุชุตููŠู‚)
14:32
BG: Francesco, grazie. FS: Grazie.
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ุจุฑูˆู†ูˆ: ูุฑุงู†ุณุณูƒูˆุŒ ุดูƒุฑุง. ูุฑุงู†ุณุณูƒูˆ: ุดูƒุฑุง.
14:33
(Applause)
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(ุชุตููŠู‚)
ุญูˆู„ ู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ู…ูˆู‚ุน

ุณูŠู‚ุฏู… ู„ูƒ ู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ู…ูˆู‚ุน ู…ู‚ุงุทุน ููŠุฏูŠูˆ YouTube ุงู„ู…ููŠุฏุฉ ู„ุชุนู„ู… ุงู„ู„ุบุฉ ุงู„ุฅู†ุฌู„ูŠุฒูŠุฉ. ุณุชุฑู‰ ุฏุฑูˆุณ ุงู„ู„ุบุฉ ุงู„ุฅู†ุฌู„ูŠุฒูŠุฉ ุงู„ุชูŠ ูŠุชู… ุชุฏุฑูŠุณู‡ุง ู…ู† ู‚ุจู„ ู…ุฏุฑุณูŠู† ู…ู† ุงู„ุฏุฑุฌุฉ ุงู„ุฃูˆู„ู‰ ู…ู† ุฌู…ูŠุน ุฃู†ุญุงุก ุงู„ุนุงู„ู…. ุงู†ู‚ุฑ ู†ู‚ุฑู‹ุง ู…ุฒุฏูˆุฌู‹ุง ููˆู‚ ุงู„ุชุฑุฌู…ุฉ ุงู„ุฅู†ุฌู„ูŠุฒูŠุฉ ุงู„ู…ุนุฑูˆุถุฉ ุนู„ู‰ ูƒู„ ุตูุญุฉ ููŠุฏูŠูˆ ู„ุชุดุบูŠู„ ุงู„ููŠุฏูŠูˆ ู…ู† ู‡ู†ุงูƒ. ูŠุชู… ุชู…ุฑูŠุฑ ุงู„ุชุฑุฌู…ุงุช ุจุงู„ุชุฒุงู…ู† ู…ุน ุชุดุบูŠู„ ุงู„ููŠุฏูŠูˆ. ุฅุฐุง ูƒุงู† ู„ุฏูŠูƒ ุฃูŠ ุชุนู„ูŠู‚ุงุช ุฃูˆ ุทู„ุจุงุช ุŒ ูŠุฑุฌู‰ ุงู„ุงุชุตุงู„ ุจู†ุง ุจุงุณุชุฎุฏุงู… ู†ู…ูˆุฐุฌ ุงู„ุงุชุตุงู„ ู‡ุฐุง.

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